[go: up one dir, main page]

BR9712538A - Plantas transgênicas como uma fonte alternativa de enzimas degradadoras lignocelulósicas - Google Patents

Plantas transgênicas como uma fonte alternativa de enzimas degradadoras lignocelulósicas

Info

Publication number
BR9712538A
BR9712538A BR9712538-5A BR9712538A BR9712538A BR 9712538 A BR9712538 A BR 9712538A BR 9712538 A BR9712538 A BR 9712538A BR 9712538 A BR9712538 A BR 9712538A
Authority
BR
Brazil
Prior art keywords
transgenic plants
degrading enzymes
alternative source
lignocellulosic
lignocellulosic degrading
Prior art date
Application number
BR9712538-5A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Sandra Austin-Phillips
Richard R Burgess
Thomas L German
Original Assignee
Wisconsin Alumni Res Found
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Wisconsin Alumni Res Found filed Critical Wisconsin Alumni Res Found
Publication of BR9712538A publication Critical patent/BR9712538A/pt

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/24—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2)
    • C12N9/2402—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2) hydrolysing O- and S- glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12N9/2405—Glucanases
    • C12N9/2434—Glucanases acting on beta-1,4-glucosidic bonds
    • C12N9/2437—Cellulases (3.2.1.4; 3.2.1.74; 3.2.1.91; 3.2.1.150)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
    • C12N15/8242—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
    • C12N15/8242—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits
    • C12N15/8243—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits involving biosynthetic or metabolic pathways, i.e. metabolic engineering, e.g. nicotine, caffeine
    • C12N15/8245—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits involving biosynthetic or metabolic pathways, i.e. metabolic engineering, e.g. nicotine, caffeine involving modified carbohydrate or sugar alcohol metabolism, e.g. starch biosynthesis
    • C12N15/8246—Non-starch polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose, fructans, levans
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
    • C12N15/8242—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits
    • C12N15/8257—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits for the production of primary gene products, e.g. pharmaceutical products, interferon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/24—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2)
    • C12N9/2402—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2) hydrolysing O- and S- glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12N9/2405—Glucanases
    • C12N9/2434—Glucanases acting on beta-1,4-glucosidic bonds
    • C12N9/2445—Beta-glucosidase (3.2.1.21)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y302/00—Hydrolases acting on glycosyl compounds, i.e. glycosylases (3.2)
    • C12Y302/01—Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12Y302/01004—Cellulase (3.2.1.4), i.e. endo-1,4-beta-glucanase
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y302/00—Hydrolases acting on glycosyl compounds, i.e. glycosylases (3.2)
    • C12Y302/01—Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12Y302/01021—Beta-glucosidase (3.2.1.21)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y302/00—Hydrolases acting on glycosyl compounds, i.e. glycosylases (3.2)
    • C12Y302/01—Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12Y302/01091—Cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase (3.2.1.91)

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Cell Biology (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Nutrition Science (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
  • Enzymes And Modification Thereof (AREA)
  • Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Compounds Of Unknown Constitution (AREA)
  • Chemical Or Physical Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)

Abstract

Patente de Invenção:<B>"PLANTAS TANSGêNICAS COMO UMA FONTE ALTERNATIVA DE ENZIMAS DEGRADADORAS LIGNOCELULóSICAS"<D>. São divulgados plantas transgênicas que expressam enzimas degradadoras de celulose, processos para a obtenção das plantas transgênicas e processos para uso das enzimas degradadoras de celulose produzidas pelas plantas transgênicas.
BR9712538-5A 1996-10-17 1997-10-13 Plantas transgênicas como uma fonte alternativa de enzimas degradadoras lignocelulósicas BR9712538A (pt)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US2871896P 1996-10-17 1996-10-17
US08/883,495 US5981835A (en) 1996-10-17 1997-06-26 Transgenic plants as an alternative source of lignocellulosic-degrading enzymes
PCT/US1997/018284 WO1998016651A1 (en) 1996-10-17 1997-10-13 Transgenic plants as an alternative source of lignocellulosic-degrading enzymes

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
BR9712538A true BR9712538A (pt) 1999-10-19

Family

ID=26704010

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
BR9712538-5A BR9712538A (pt) 1996-10-17 1997-10-13 Plantas transgênicas como uma fonte alternativa de enzimas degradadoras lignocelulósicas

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US5981835A (pt)
EP (1) EP0932692A1 (pt)
AU (1) AU739964B2 (pt)
BR (1) BR9712538A (pt)
NZ (1) NZ335232A (pt)
WO (1) WO1998016651A1 (pt)

Families Citing this family (39)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA2263726C (en) * 1996-09-12 2009-12-29 Novartis Ag Transgenic plants expressing cellulolytic enzymes
US6818803B1 (en) * 1997-06-26 2004-11-16 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Transgenic plants as an alternative source of lignocellulosic-degrading enzymes
US6013860A (en) * 1998-07-24 2000-01-11 Calgene Llc Expression of enzymes involved in cellulose modification
US6331416B1 (en) * 1999-06-10 2001-12-18 Cbd Technologies Ltd. Process of expressing and isolating recombinant proteins and recombinant protein products from plants, plant derived tissues or cultured plant cells
US6429359B1 (en) * 1999-09-02 2002-08-06 Arch Development Corporation Production of cellulase in plastids of transgenic plants
US20050198704A1 (en) * 2000-10-20 2005-09-08 Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University Chloroplast transgenesis of monocots: bioconfined genetically engineered monocot crops that will eliminate transgene flow
US7049485B2 (en) 2000-10-20 2006-05-23 Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University Transgenic plants containing ligninase and cellulase which degrade lignin and cellulose to fermentable sugars
US8093456B2 (en) * 2000-10-20 2012-01-10 Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University Transgenic cover plants containing hemicellulase and cellulase which degrade lignin and cellulose to fermentable sugars
US20070192900A1 (en) * 2006-02-14 2007-08-16 Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University Production of beta-glucosidase, hemicellulase and ligninase in E1 and FLC-cellulase-transgenic plants
EP2390256A1 (en) 2001-05-30 2011-11-30 Agrisoma, Inc. Plant artificial chromosomes, uses thereof and methods of preparing plant artificial chromosomes
CN1555413A (zh) 2001-07-13 2004-12-15 �ȷ�߼����ֹ��ʹɷ����޹�˾ 维管组织优选的启动子
RU2312144C2 (ru) * 2001-08-27 2007-12-10 Синджента Партисипейшнс Аг Аутопроцессирующиеся растения и части растений
DE10143205A1 (de) * 2001-09-04 2003-03-20 Icon Genetics Ag Verfahren zur Proteinproduktion in Pflanzen
AU2002346656A1 (en) * 2001-12-06 2003-06-23 Prodigene, Inc. Methods for the cost-effective saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass
US8558058B2 (en) 2001-12-06 2013-10-15 Applied Biotechnology Institute Monocotyledonous seed expressing exo-1,4B-glucanase
CN101993906B (zh) 2002-01-08 2017-03-01 迈克尔·R·拉尔布 表达civps或内含肽修饰蛋白的转基因植物及其制备方法
US20040005674A1 (en) * 2002-04-30 2004-01-08 Athenix Corporation Methods for enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose
CA2490781A1 (en) 2002-06-28 2004-01-08 University Of Guelph Harvest-inducible genes from alfalfa (medicago sativa) and methods of use thereof
US7329798B2 (en) * 2002-06-28 2008-02-12 University Of Guelph Harvest-inducible regulatory elements and methods of using same
US7332299B2 (en) † 2003-02-20 2008-02-19 Glycofi, Inc. Endomannosidases in the modification of glycoproteins in eukaryotes
CN1954072A (zh) * 2004-03-08 2007-04-25 辛根塔参与股份公司 自加工的植物和植物部分
WO2005112597A2 (en) * 2004-05-19 2005-12-01 Agrivida, Inc. Transgenic plants expressing intein modified proteins and associated processes for bio-pharmaceutical production
GB0425102D0 (en) * 2004-11-15 2004-12-15 Ciba Spec Chem Water Treat Ltd Polymeric compositions and methods of employing them in papermaking processes
WO2006098952A2 (en) * 2005-03-16 2006-09-21 Syngenta Participations Ag Corn event 3272 and methods of detection thereof
US7745698B2 (en) * 2006-11-16 2010-06-29 Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Peptide extension for enhancement of transgene expression in chloroplasts
BRPI0807132A2 (pt) * 2007-01-30 2018-12-04 Syngenta Participations Ag enzimas para o tratamento de lignocelulósicos, ácidos nucléicos que codificam as mesmas, e metodos e uso das mesmas
US20090205075A1 (en) * 2008-01-30 2009-08-13 Stacy Miles Use of plastid transit peptides derived from glaucocystophytes
US8495149B2 (en) * 2008-05-15 2013-07-23 International Business Machines Corporation Off-line smartphone file system snapshots
US20100017916A1 (en) * 2008-05-30 2010-01-21 Edenspace Systems Corporation Systems for reducing biomass recalcitrance
US8709761B2 (en) * 2009-10-22 2014-04-29 Applied Biotechnology Institute, Inc. Methods of saccharification of polysaccharides in plants
US8709742B2 (en) * 2009-10-22 2014-04-29 Applied Biotechnology Institute, Inc. Methods of saccharification of polysaccharides in plants
US10407742B2 (en) 2009-11-06 2019-09-10 Agrivida, Inc. Intein-modified enzymes, their production and industrial applications
US9464333B2 (en) 2009-11-06 2016-10-11 Agrivida, Inc. Intein-modified enzymes, their production and industrial applications
US8420387B2 (en) * 2009-11-06 2013-04-16 Agrivida, Inc. Intein-modified enzymes, their production and industrial applications
US10443068B2 (en) 2010-06-25 2019-10-15 Agrivida, Inc. Plants with engineered endogenous genes
US9598700B2 (en) 2010-06-25 2017-03-21 Agrivida, Inc. Methods and compositions for processing biomass with elevated levels of starch
AU2012225487B2 (en) 2011-03-07 2017-04-06 Agrivida, Inc. Consolidated pretreatment and hydrolysis of plant biomass expressing cell wall degrading enzymes
US10308948B2 (en) 2011-07-27 2019-06-04 Applied Biotechnology Institute, Inc. Method of increasing expression of nucleic acid molecules in plants using multiple transcription units
EP2584042A1 (en) * 2011-10-17 2013-04-24 Nomad Bioscience GmbH Production, storage and use of cell wall-degrading enzymes

Family Cites Families (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
HU185784B (en) * 1979-02-12 1985-03-28 Sanofi Sante Animale Sa Method for preserving vegetables for foddering purposes
FI841500A0 (fi) * 1984-04-13 1984-04-13 Valtion Teknillinen Foerfarande foer uppbygnande av cellulolytiska jaeststammar.
US4956282A (en) * 1985-07-29 1990-09-11 Calgene, Inc. Mammalian peptide expression in plant cells
EP0311469A3 (en) * 1987-09-02 1990-05-30 Plant Genetic Systems N.V. Transformed lactic acid bacteria
PT97110B (pt) * 1990-03-23 1998-11-30 Gist Brocades Nv Processo para catalisar reaccoes acelaraveis por enzimas, mediante adicao ao meio reaccional de sementes de plantas transgenicas e para obtencao das referidas sementes
GB9009307D0 (en) * 1990-04-25 1990-06-20 Ici Plc Dna,constructs,cells and plant derived therefrom
DK115890D0 (da) * 1990-05-09 1990-05-09 Novo Nordisk As Enzym
DK162790D0 (da) * 1990-07-06 1990-07-06 Novo Nordisk As Plantecelle
IE913215A1 (en) * 1990-09-13 1992-02-25 Gist Brocades Nv Transgenic plants having a modified carbohydrate content
GB9027303D0 (en) * 1990-12-17 1991-02-06 Enzymatix Ltd Enzyme formulation
LT3208B (en) * 1992-04-10 1995-03-27 Ssv Dev Oy Enzyme products for use in the improvement of feed value and conservation of fibrous crops
EP0656057A1 (en) * 1993-05-10 1995-06-07 Gist-Brocades N.V. Combined action of endoglucanases and cellobiohydrolases
WO1994029460A1 (en) * 1993-06-11 1994-12-22 Midwest Research Institute Active heteroconjugates of cellobiohydrolase and beta-glucosidase
US5677151A (en) * 1994-06-24 1997-10-14 Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. Thermostable cellulase from a thermomonospora gene
US5608144A (en) * 1994-08-12 1997-03-04 Dna Plant Technology Corp. Plant group 2 promoters and uses thereof
GB9505475D0 (en) * 1995-03-17 1995-05-03 Danisco Enzyme

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NZ335232A (en) 2000-08-25
AU739964B2 (en) 2001-10-25
US5981835A (en) 1999-11-09
AU4980797A (en) 1998-05-11
WO1998016651A1 (en) 1998-04-23
EP0932692A1 (en) 1999-08-04

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
BR9712538A (pt) Plantas transgênicas como uma fonte alternativa de enzimas degradadoras lignocelulósicas
BRPI0408165A (pt) processos para melhorar a atividade das enzimas de degradação de lignocelulose
HN1996000017A (es) Isotiazolonas
BR9612258B1 (pt) inibidores de enzima conversora de interleucina-1beta, bem como composição farmacêutica.
ES2105999T3 (es) Procedimiento para la preparacion industrial de fosfatidilserina.
DK0891420T3 (da) Fremgangsmåde til replikation af influenzavirus i cellekultur samt de ved fremgangsmåden opnåelige influenzavirus
BRPI0410520A (pt) produção de proteìnas de alta manose em cultura de plantas
MA24643A1 (fr) Tetrahydro-naphtalenes substitues et composes analogues
BR9803602A (pt) Sistema de vários componentes para alterar, degradar ou alvejar lignina, materiais contendo lignina, bem como processos para sua aplicação.
BR0314017A (pt) Um método de produção de polpa mecânica e a polpa mecânica assim produzida
PA8630001A1 (es) Prolina cci-779, produccion y usos de la misma, y sintesis enzimatica de dos etapas de prolina cci-779 y cci-779
ATE428768T1 (de) Biotechnische kollagenfibrillen
ES2050954T3 (es) Encolado con goma gelano.
ATE319816T1 (de) Verwendung einer xylanase zur herstellung eines lebensmittels
IT1317074B1 (it) Metodo per la fabbricazione di fibra di cellulosa rigeneratamigliorata.
DE50105798D1 (de) Verfahren zur sauer katalysierten, hydrolytischen Depolymerisierung von Celluloseethern
MXPA05002399A (es) Fibras celulosicas reticuladas con acido poliacrilico blanqueadas.
PT1049706E (pt) Novos penta-sacaridos os respectivos metodos de producao e as composicoes farmaceuticas que os contem
DE69827317D1 (de) C3-Pflanzen, welche photosynthetische Enzyme von C4-Pflanzen exprimieren
ID27649A (id) Proses pembuatan kertas
BR0016638B1 (pt) compostos anÁlogos de homopiperidilbenzimidazàis substituÍdos como relaxantes féndicos, processo para preparar os mesmos, composiÇço farmacÊutica e processo para preparÁ-la.
ES2183313T3 (es) Carbonatos para la generacion de aldehidos y/o cetonas.
ES2163220T3 (es) Dioxacicloalcan-8-ona.
ATE305517T1 (de) Neurotrypsin
BR9813465A (pt) Polissacarìdeos modificados que exibem reconhecimento biológico alterado

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
B07A Application suspended after technical examination (opinion) [chapter 7.1 patent gazette]
B09B Patent application refused [chapter 9.2 patent gazette]
B15K Others concerning applications: alteration of classification

Ipc: C12N 9/42 (2006.01), C12N 15/82 (2006.0