MX2023010117A - Craqueo termico de materiales polimericos organicos con sistemas de separacion de gas-liquido y liquido-solido. - Google Patents
Craqueo termico de materiales polimericos organicos con sistemas de separacion de gas-liquido y liquido-solido.Info
- Publication number
- MX2023010117A MX2023010117A MX2023010117A MX2023010117A MX2023010117A MX 2023010117 A MX2023010117 A MX 2023010117A MX 2023010117 A MX2023010117 A MX 2023010117A MX 2023010117 A MX2023010117 A MX 2023010117A MX 2023010117 A MX2023010117 A MX 2023010117A
- Authority
- MX
- Mexico
- Prior art keywords
- liquid
- solid separation
- organic polymeric
- gas
- polymeric materials
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title abstract 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 title abstract 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 title abstract 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title 1
- 238000004227 thermal cracking Methods 0.000 title 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/10—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal from rubber or rubber waste
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
- C10B53/07—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form of solid raw materials consisting of synthetic polymeric materials, e.g. tyres
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D17/00—Separation of liquids, not provided for elsewhere, e.g. by thermal diffusion
- B01D17/02—Separation of non-miscible liquids
- B01D17/0217—Separation of non-miscible liquids by centrifugal force
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D5/00—Condensation of vapours; Recovering volatile solvents by condensation
- B01D5/0027—Condensation of vapours; Recovering volatile solvents by condensation by direct contact between vapours or gases and the cooling medium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D5/00—Condensation of vapours; Recovering volatile solvents by condensation
- B01D5/0033—Other features
- B01D5/0036—Multiple-effect condensation; Fractional condensation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D5/00—Condensation of vapours; Recovering volatile solvents by condensation
- B01D5/0033—Other features
- B01D5/0054—General arrangements, e.g. flow sheets
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J6/00—Heat treatments such as Calcining; Fusing ; Pyrolysis
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
- C10B47/00—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials with indirect heating, e.g. by external combustion
- C10B47/28—Other processes
- C10B47/30—Other processes in rotary ovens or retorts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/002—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal in combination with oil conversion- or refining processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G31/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by methods not otherwise provided for
- C10G31/09—Refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by methods not otherwise provided for by filtration
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10K—PURIFYING OR MODIFYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE
- C10K1/00—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide
- C10K1/04—Purifying combustible gases containing carbon monoxide by cooling to condense non-gaseous materials
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B7/00—Rotary-drum furnaces, i.e. horizontal or slightly inclined
- F27B7/20—Details, accessories or equipment specially adapted for rotary-drum furnaces
- F27B7/22—Rotary drums; Supports therefor
- F27B7/24—Seals between rotary and stationary parts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1003—Waste materials
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/141—Feedstock
- Y02P20/143—Feedstock the feedstock being recycled material, e.g. plastics
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Abstract
Se proveen sistemas y métodos relacionados para procesar materias primas poliméricas orgánicas, tales como plásticos, para formar aceite de pirólisis; los sistemas descritos pueden operarse de manera continua, y pueden usarse técnicas novedosas de separación de líquido sólido integradas con un procedimiento de condensación novedoso para funcionar de una manera eficiente en cuanto al producto y la energía.
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US202163157371P | 2021-03-05 | 2021-03-05 | |
| US202163157316P | 2021-03-05 | 2021-03-05 | |
| US202163157391P | 2021-03-05 | 2021-03-05 | |
| US202163157414P | 2021-03-05 | 2021-03-05 | |
| US202163193669P | 2021-05-27 | 2021-05-27 | |
| PCT/US2021/045787 WO2022186858A1 (en) | 2021-03-05 | 2021-08-12 | Thermal cracking of organic polymeric materials with gas-liquid and liquid-solid separation systems |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| MX2023010117A true MX2023010117A (es) | 2023-11-17 |
Family
ID=77655654
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| MX2023010117A MX2023010117A (es) | 2021-03-05 | 2021-08-12 | Craqueo termico de materiales polimericos organicos con sistemas de separacion de gas-liquido y liquido-solido. |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (4) | US12146107B2 (es) |
| EP (3) | EP4114907A1 (es) |
| JP (1) | JP2024508518A (es) |
| KR (1) | KR20230156085A (es) |
| AU (1) | AU2021431092A1 (es) |
| CA (1) | CA3208850A1 (es) |
| MX (1) | MX2023010117A (es) |
| WO (1) | WO2022186858A1 (es) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2024090323A (ja) * | 2022-12-23 | 2024-07-04 | 賢三 高橋 | 連続式廃プラスチックリサイクルシステム |
| WO2025247791A1 (en) * | 2024-05-27 | 2025-12-04 | Basell Poliolefine Italia S.R.L. | Process for the depolymerization of plastic waste material |
Family Cites Families (38)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1280475B (de) * | 1965-05-19 | 1968-10-17 | Miag Muehlenbau & Ind Gmbh | Vorrichtung zum Abdichten von Drehrohroefen gegenueber dem feststehenden Einlaufgehaeuse |
| US3408083A (en) * | 1966-09-02 | 1968-10-29 | Air Reduction | Inflatable seal |
| US3776560A (en) * | 1971-03-04 | 1973-12-04 | Borg Warner | Bellows type fluid seal |
| US3724887A (en) * | 1971-05-18 | 1973-04-03 | Treadwell Corp | Kiln seal |
| JPS5811553B2 (ja) | 1974-07-15 | 1983-03-03 | アルマ−サンギヨウ カブシキガイシヤ | 回転乾燥機 |
| US4199154A (en) * | 1976-07-28 | 1980-04-22 | Stauffer Chemical Company | Labyrinth sealing system |
| US4284616A (en) * | 1978-02-15 | 1981-08-18 | Intenco, Inc. | Process for recovering carbon black and hydrocarbons from used tires |
| US4260473A (en) * | 1979-05-03 | 1981-04-07 | Occidental Research Corporation | Removal of particulates from pyrolytic oil |
| DE3008741C2 (de) * | 1980-03-07 | 1982-10-21 | Buckau-Walther AG, 4048 Grevenbroich | Vorrichtung für die Pyrolyse von Müll |
| US4389794A (en) * | 1980-12-23 | 1983-06-28 | Bitterly Jack G | Vacuum chamber and method of creating a vacuum |
| DE3226866C2 (de) * | 1982-07-17 | 1985-11-07 | Metallgesellschaft Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Vorrichtung zum Abdichten eines Drehrohres |
| JPS62195083A (ja) * | 1986-02-20 | 1987-08-27 | Hakusan Kogyo Kk | 樹脂系廃棄物から油を回収する装置 |
| US5090610A (en) | 1990-10-15 | 1992-02-25 | Bernt Jorgen O | Kiln liner |
| US5106105A (en) * | 1990-10-17 | 1992-04-21 | United States Department Of Energy | Rotary kiln seal |
| JPH06316695A (ja) * | 1991-10-09 | 1994-11-15 | Norio Mitsui | 廃プラスチックの油化方法 |
| US5595349A (en) | 1992-02-27 | 1997-01-21 | Bergstrom; David A. | Continuous flow rotary materials processing apparatus |
| DE4334544A1 (de) * | 1993-10-11 | 1995-04-13 | Gartzen Johannes Prof Dr Rer N | Verfahren zur Verwertung eines Ausgangsmaterials |
| JP2964378B2 (ja) * | 1994-02-07 | 1999-10-18 | 日立造船株式会社 | 廃プラスチック油化装置 |
| DE4428355A1 (de) * | 1994-05-20 | 1996-02-15 | Veba Oel Ag | Vorrichtung zur Depolymerisation von Alt- und Abfallkunststoffen |
| US5551870A (en) | 1994-12-08 | 1996-09-03 | Summit Valley Equipment And Engineering | Rotating kiln seal |
| JP4154029B2 (ja) * | 1998-04-07 | 2008-09-24 | 株式会社東芝 | 廃棄物の処理方法および廃棄物処理装置 |
| US7101463B1 (en) * | 1999-05-05 | 2006-09-05 | Metso Minerals Industries, Inc. | Condensation and recovery of oil from pyrolysis gas |
| US7087140B1 (en) * | 2001-09-10 | 2006-08-08 | Menian Harry H | Carbonizing waste processing apparatus |
| JP2006016594A (ja) * | 2004-06-03 | 2006-01-19 | Toshiba Corp | 廃プラスチック油化処理装置および廃プラスチックの油化処理方法 |
| JP2006002088A (ja) * | 2004-06-18 | 2006-01-05 | Toshiba Plant Systems & Services Corp | 熱分解ガスの処理方法と処理装置 |
| GB0514282D0 (en) * | 2005-07-12 | 2005-08-17 | Item Wales Ltd | Pyrolysis system |
| US8999017B2 (en) * | 2010-09-10 | 2015-04-07 | Coates Engineering, Llc | Method and apparatus for fast pyrolysis of biomass in rotary kilns |
| US9193924B2 (en) * | 2011-06-16 | 2015-11-24 | Uop Llc | Methods and apparatuses for forming low-metal biomass-derived pyrolysis oil |
| WO2013015819A1 (en) * | 2011-07-28 | 2013-01-31 | Jbi Inc. | System and process for converting plastics to petroleum products |
| WO2013119941A1 (en) | 2012-02-09 | 2013-08-15 | Ullom William | Zone-delineated pyrolysis apparatus for conversion of polymer waste |
| CN104185672B (zh) | 2012-02-15 | 2016-01-20 | 梵德克斯能源有限责任公司 | 双阶段区域-划定的热解设备 |
| US10752841B2 (en) | 2015-10-22 | 2020-08-25 | Enventix, Inc. | Pyrolysis reactor |
| CN105327550A (zh) * | 2015-11-24 | 2016-02-17 | 陕西延长石油(集团)有限责任公司 | 一种粗煤焦油除尘净化装置及方法 |
| US10428952B1 (en) * | 2016-03-11 | 2019-10-01 | Pyrodyne Thermal, LLC | Mechanical rotary hydraulically cooled seal, roller support, and drive for thermal kiln retorts |
| SG11202009996PA (en) | 2018-04-18 | 2020-11-27 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc | Processing pyrolysis tar particulates |
| US12305043B2 (en) * | 2019-06-27 | 2025-05-20 | Luis Javier RUIZ HERRERA | Thermolysis system and method for obtaining recovered carbon black and fuel from disused tires |
| US11180699B1 (en) | 2019-07-01 | 2021-11-23 | Gen Tech PTD, LLC | System and method for converting plastic into diesel |
| CN112391178A (zh) * | 2019-08-14 | 2021-02-23 | 招远市汇潮新能源科技有限公司 | 一种回转设备 |
-
2021
- 2021-08-12 JP JP2023553335A patent/JP2024508518A/ja active Pending
- 2021-08-12 EP EP21766295.6A patent/EP4114907A1/en active Pending
- 2021-08-12 AU AU2021431092A patent/AU2021431092A1/en active Pending
- 2021-08-12 MX MX2023010117A patent/MX2023010117A/es unknown
- 2021-08-12 EP EP24205876.6A patent/EP4491696A1/en active Pending
- 2021-08-12 WO PCT/US2021/045787 patent/WO2022186858A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2021-08-12 CA CA3208850A patent/CA3208850A1/en active Pending
- 2021-08-12 EP EP24219786.1A patent/EP4497803A3/en active Pending
- 2021-08-12 KR KR1020237033596A patent/KR20230156085A/ko active Pending
-
2022
- 2022-08-02 US US17/879,458 patent/US12146107B2/en active Active
- 2022-09-26 US US17/952,467 patent/US12269994B2/en active Active
- 2022-11-22 US US17/992,175 patent/US20230078319A1/en active Pending
- 2022-11-22 US US17/992,225 patent/US12031092B2/en active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20230078319A1 (en) | 2023-03-16 |
| US20220372376A1 (en) | 2022-11-24 |
| EP4497803A3 (en) | 2025-05-07 |
| EP4497803A2 (en) | 2025-01-29 |
| US12269994B2 (en) | 2025-04-08 |
| WO2022186858A1 (en) | 2022-09-09 |
| EP4491696A1 (en) | 2025-01-15 |
| EP4114907A1 (en) | 2023-01-11 |
| US12031092B2 (en) | 2024-07-09 |
| KR20230156085A (ko) | 2023-11-13 |
| CA3208850A1 (en) | 2022-09-09 |
| US20230085993A1 (en) | 2023-03-23 |
| JP2024508518A (ja) | 2024-02-27 |
| US12146107B2 (en) | 2024-11-19 |
| US20230279298A1 (en) | 2023-09-07 |
| AU2021431092A1 (en) | 2023-09-28 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Usón et al. | Uses of alternative fuels and raw materials in the cement industry as sustainable waste management options | |
| Lee et al. | A review of the production and applications of waste-derived volatile fatty acids | |
| Benhelal et al. | Global strategies and potentials to curb CO2 emissions in cement industry | |
| Yang et al. | Current states and prospects of organic waste utilization for biorefineries | |
| Bartoňová | Unburned carbon from coal combustion ash: An overview | |
| WO2014153570A3 (en) | New and improved system for processing various chemicals and materials | |
| CA2883190C (en) | Process and system for whole tyres and plastic composites pyrolysis to fuel conversion and compound recovery | |
| WO2012142486A3 (en) | High-carbon biogenic reagents and uses thereof | |
| AR071224A1 (es) | Metodos y sistemas para producir biocombustibles y productos bioenergeticos a partir de lodos de desecho incluyendo lodo recalcitrante | |
| MX2023010117A (es) | Craqueo termico de materiales polimericos organicos con sistemas de separacion de gas-liquido y liquido-solido. | |
| WO2008142007A3 (de) | Fermenter zur erzeugung von biogas aus pumpbarem organischen material | |
| MY175037A (en) | Comprehensive utilization method for biomass containing amorphous silicon dioxide | |
| PE20100038A1 (es) | Proceso para la conversion de biogas en combustible liquido | |
| TWI412493B (en) | Graphene and hexagonal boron nitride planes and associated methods | |
| WO2014031512A3 (en) | Methane conversion apparatus and process using a supersonic flow reactor | |
| MY180016A (en) | Production of high solids syrup from lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysate fermentation broth | |
| CL2009001034A1 (es) | Equipo y proceso para producir bio-combustible mediante pirolisis rapida de material organico que comprende un sistema de tres reactores de lecho fluidizado en serie, reactor inferior de combustion, intermedio de pirolisis rapida y superior de precalentamiento, ademas de un sistema neumatico de recirculacion de material particulado. | |
| WO2010151462A3 (en) | Pitch composition | |
| CL2016002625A1 (es) | Sistema y método para el tratamiento termocatalítico de materiales y el aceite de pirólisis producido con éste. | |
| AR062602A1 (es) | Proceso para la produccion de bioalcohol, en particular bioetanol y/o biobutanol a partir de fermentacion de biomasa. | |
| WO2012053804A3 (ko) | 바이오매스 혹은 유기성 폐기물로부터 탄화수소를 제조하는 방법 | |
| WO2014031464A3 (en) | Methane conversion apparatus and process using a supersonic flow reactor | |
| EA202191688A1 (ru) | Способ (варианты) и установка (варианты) для термического гидролиза жидкого субстрата, а также способ (варианты) модернизации существующей установки для гидролиза жидкого субстрата | |
| WO2010151463A3 (en) | Process and apparatus for separating pitch from slurry hydrocracked vacuum gas oil and composition | |
| WO2014031513A3 (en) | Methane conversion apparatus and process using a supersonic flow reactor |