Air pollution

Air-pollution is an atmospheric phenomenon that has no natural cause. The most and largest sources of pollution are found in the industrialized countries, but because the polluting substances can spread themselves easily in the
atmosphere other are countries also has to deal with the pollution. The industry consists of a large number of processes where several substances are released that causes air pollution.
The best way to fight the air pollution is to ensure that is a production of air pollution. One can do this to use other fuels or to change the process. Besides these steps one can ensure that if air-pollutants are formed, these can be removed and caught before they come in to the environment. Preventing the consequences for the environment directives have been established for the emission of air-polluted substances.

Air-pollutants

Air pollution is the presence of substances in air, that on itself or with other substances has disadvantageous affects for the health of people, animals or plants. Also if the composition of air has changed and this can damage the environment is called air pollution. Because of a large mixture of processes in the industry, therefore a large number of several air pollution are released in the atmosphere. Air pollution caused by air pollutants have bad consequences for the health and the environment.
Some polluting substances have a similar functioning (NOx and SO2
contributes to acidification, for example), other substances form into new polluting substances (NOx and VOC (VolatileOrganicCompounds) together gives ozone). To reduce atmospheric problems there is tried to maintain the emission of
certain polluting substances by introducing several policy plans. The small number of polluted substances is carbondioxide (CO2), dinitrogen-oxide (N2O), carbonmono-oxide (CO), sulfurdioxide (SO2), methane (CH4), VolatileOrganicCompounds(VOC), hydrogen disulphide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3).
The table mentioned below indicates the relation between the polluting
substance and the atmospheric problems.

Atmospherische Problemen	SO₂	NOx	NH₃	VOC	CO	CH₄	Fijne stof
Photochemical smog		+		+	+	+
Winter smog	+						+
Acidification	+	+	+		+
Eutrofiëring		+	+
Climate changes		+*		+*	+	+

Table 1:Relation between polluted substances and atmospheric problems
* Indirect consequence: these polluting substances have been involved in the forming of ozone, a greenhouse gas.

Legislation Environmental-policy

Environment-rules are established by several governments. Nowadays a large part of the environment-rules is established by the European Union (EU). The European Union establishes directives, that must be converted by the Dutch government in legislation.
As from October 1999 new (and important modifications to existing) industrial institutions must be satisfied to the European IPPC (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control) directive. This directive forces the Member States of the EU to regulate large environmental polluting companies by means of an integrated license based on best available techniques (further BBT). Best available techniques (BBT) have been described in so-called BREF documents. Vertical BREF's describes the best available techniques for a certain industry. Horizontal Bref's describes the best available techniques for certain processes which are used in several processes. In the Netherlands the directive IPPC has been implemented in the law environment management (Wm) and in the law pollution surface water (further Wvo).

NeR

The aim of the NeR, the Nederlandse emissie Richtlijn Lucht, is first harmonizing the environment licenses concerning emissions to air and secondly providing information on the Stand der Techniek in the field of emission reduction. The NeR is intended for everyone which has been involved, such as municipalities and provinces, but also, consultancies and individuals. NeR have determined the emission directive that is equal or even stricter than Ippc-richtlijn.
The NeR are related to procesemissions and fuel-emissions to air. According to the NeR the judgement of emissions to the air, it is necessary that these emissions are known.
This means that the sources, composition, the quantities and the concentrations of the emissions must be described in the license application.
Determing license regulations according to NeR the ALARA-principal(As Low as Reasonable Achievable) is applied. At choosing of the emission reduction regulations the NeR assumes the Stand der Techniek.
The Stand der Techniek includes supplies and the emission-demands which are technical and economically possible (Bref's).
The NeR assumes seven substance categories (see table mentioned below) that is divided in classes on the basis of their chemical, fysical and toxicological properties.

Describtion	Category	Class
Minimalisation compulsary substances	MVP	ERS, MVP1, MVP2
Particulates	S
Anorganic substances	sA	sA1, sA2, sA3
Anorganic gas-and vaporous substances	gA	gA1, gA2, gA3, gA4
Organic substances	sO	sO1, sO2, sO3
Organic gas-and vaporous substances	gO	gO1, gO2, gO3

Table: Classification category and air pollutants.

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