WO2026023791A1 - Solar cell module - Google Patents

Abstract

A solar cell module includes a substrate; and a plurality of solar cells spaced apart from each other on the substrate and each solar cell including a photoactive layer including a perovskite (ABC3) material, in which the perovskite (ABC3) material included in the photoactive layer of at least one solar cell among the plurality of solar cells is different from the perovskite (ABC3) material included in the photoactive layer of another solar cell among the plurality of solar cells.

Description

SOLAR CELL MODULE

The present disclosure relates to a solar cell module.

A solar cell may be a device converting light energy into electrical energy using a photovoltaic effect. Depending on a material of a composition thereof, a solar cell may be classified as a silicon solar cell, a thin film solar cell, a dye-sensitized solar cell, an organic polymer solar cell, and a perovskite solar cell. A perovskite solar cell may have high efficiency and flexibility, and has drawn attention as a next-generation solar cell.

Particularly, transmittance and a color of a perovskite solar cell may be adjusted such that, when a perovskite solar cell is used in building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems applied to various fields, such as an exterior wall, roof, and window of a building, more diverse BIPV systems may be implemented.

Aesthetic appeal may be one of the more important factors in applying in a BIPV system; however, the colors which may be implemented in general solar cells may be limited, such that such colors may be insufficient for application to a BIPV system, and efficiency may also be lowered.

An embodiment of the present disclosure is to provide a solar cell module having improved efficiency.

An embodiment of the present disclosure is to provide a solar cell module which may implement various colors.

An embodiment of the present disclosure is to provide a solar cell module in which a simultaneous contrast effect is applied.

An embodiment of the present disclosure is to provide a solar cell module applicable to a BIPV system.

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a solar cell module includes a substrate; and a plurality of solar cells spaced apart from each other on the substrate and each solar cell having a photoactive layer including a perovskite (ABC₃) material, in which the perovskite (ABC₃) material included in the photoactive layer of at least one solar cell among the plurality of solar cells is different from the perovskite (ABC₃) material included in the photoactive layer of another solar cell among the plurality of solar cells.

According to an aspect of the present disclosure, a solar cell module includes the perovskite (ABC₃) material included in the photoactive layer of at least one solar cell among the plurality of solar cells is different from the perovskite (ABC₃) material included in the photoactive layer of another solar cell among the plurality of solar cells. This improves the efficiency of the solar module and enables it to be implemented in a variety of colors for application in a BIPV system.

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional diagram illustrating a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; and

FIG. 3 is a plan diagram illustrating a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described as below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention. It is to be understood that the various embodiments of the invention, although different, are not necessarily mutually exclusive. For example, structures, shapes, and sizes described as examples in embodiments in the present disclosure may be implemented in another embodiment without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Further, modifications of positions or arrangements of elements in embodiments may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. The following detailed description is, accordingly, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present disclosure are defined only by appended claims, appropriately interpreted, along with the full range of equivalents to which the claims are entitled.

In the drawings, same elements will be indicated by same reference numerals. Also, redundant descriptions and detailed descriptions of known functions and elements which may unnecessarily make the gist of the present disclosure obscure will be omitted. In the accompanying drawings, some elements may be exaggerated, omitted or briefly illustrated, and the sizes of the elements do not necessarily reflect the actual sizes of these elements. The terms, "include," "comprise," "is configured to," or the like of the description are used to indicate the presence of features, numbers, steps, operations, elements, portions or combination thereof, and do not exclude the possibilities of combination or addition of one or more features, numbers, steps, operations, elements, portions or combination thereof.

In the drawings, a first direction may be defined as a lamination direction or a thickness (T) direction, a second direction may be defined as a length (L) direction, and a third direction may be defined as a width (W) direction.

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a solar cell according to an embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional diagram illustrating a solar cell according to an embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a plan diagram illustrating a solar cell according to an embodiment.

Hereinafter, a solar cell module according to an embodiment may be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3.

A solar cell module 100 according to an embodiment may include a substrate 110; and a plurality of solar cells 130 spaced apart from each other on the substrate 110, including a photoactive layer 132 including a perovskite (ABC₃) material, and the perovskite (ABC₃) material included in the photoactive layer 132 of at least one solar cell among the plurality of solar cells 130 may be different from the perovskite (ABC₃) material included in the photoactive layer 132 of another solar cell among plurality of solar cells 130.

In the embodiment, the solar cell module 100 may include the substrate 110, a first electrode layer 120 disposed on the substrate 110, and the plurality of solar cells 130 disposed on the first electrode layer 120.

The substrate 110 may be disposed to support the solar cell module 100 including the solar cells 130, and may allow light to pass through each of the solar cells 130.

In general, the substrate 110 may include a glass substrate, but an embodiment thereof is not limited thereto, and any material that can sufficiently support the solar cell 130 and have transparency may be used.

The first electrode layer 120 may be disposed on the substrate 110, and more specifically, the first electrode layer 120 may be disposed to be in direct contact with one surface of the substrate 110 in the first direction.

The first electrode layer 120 may perform conduction to effectively collect and transmit a current, and may allow light to pass through the solar cell 130. In other words, the first electrode layer 120 may be transparent.

The first electrode layer 120 may include at least one of silver (Ag) or copper (Cu) nanowire, silver (Ag) or copper (Cu) mesh, graphene, carbon nanotube, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO), or aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO), but an embodiment thereof is not limited thereto, and any material having excellent electrical conductivity and transparency may be used.

An average thickness of the first electrode layer 120 is not limited to any particular example, but may be, for example, 50 nm or more and 300 nm or less. In order to diversify a color of the solar cell module 100, the average thickness of the first electrode layer 120 may be controlled to an appropriate average thickness to properly implement the necessary color, but is not limited to any particular example.

The solar cell 130 may be disposed on the substrate 110, and specifically, the solar cell 130 may be disposed on the first electrode layer 120.

More specifically, for example, the solar cell 130 may be in direct contact with one surface of the first electrode layer 120 in the first direction, and the substrate 110 may be in direct contact with the other surface of the first electrode layer 120 in the first direction, but an embodiment thereof is not limited thereto, and another member may be interposed between the substrate 110 and the solar cell 130 or between the first electrode layer 120 and the solar cell 130.

The solar cell 130 may have a structure including an electron transport layer 131, a photoactive layer 132 disposed on the electron transport layer 131, a hole transport layer 133 disposed on the photoactive layer 132, and a second electrode layer 134 disposed on the hole transport layer 133.

More specifically, the solar cell 130 may have a structure in which an electron transport layer 131, a photoactive layer 132, a hole transport layer 133, and a second electrode layer 134 are disposed (laminated) in order with respect to the first direction, but an embodiment thereof is not limited thereto, and other members may be interposed between the layers.

The solar cell 130 may be provided in plural, and each solar cell 130 may include a first solar cell 130a and a second solar cell 130b.

More specifically, the first solar cell 130a may include an electron transport layer 131a, a photoactive layer 132a, a hole transport layer 133a, and a second electrode layer 134a, and the second solar cell 130b may include an electron transport layer 131b, a photoactive layer 132b, a hole transport layer 133b, and a second electrode layer 134b.

In the embodiment, the description of the solar cell 130 may be applied to the description of the first solar cell 130a and the second solar cell 130b unless otherwise indicated.

The electron transport layer 131 may extract, collect, and transport electrons generated by the photoactive layer 132 externally.

A polymer, a single molecule, or an oxide material may be used for the electron transport layer 131, and specifically, the electron transport layer 131 may include an organic material, an oxide, a fullerene, a fullerene derivative, and/or an alkali carbonate.

More specifically, for example, the organic material may include at least one of polybenzimidazole (PBI), 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic bisbenzimidazole (PTCBI), tetra uorotetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ), tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (Alq3), Ytterbium (Yb), tris(4-carbazoyl-9-ylphenyl)amine (TCTA), or 4,4-Bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (CBP).

The oxide may include at least one of titanium dioxide (TiO₂), spin-coated titanium dioxide (TiO₂), zinc oxide(ZnO), spin-coated zinc oxide (ZnO), tungsten oxide (WO₃), alumina(Al₂O₃), or titanium strontium oxide (TiSrO₃).

The fullerene and fullerene derivative may include at least one of fullerene (C60, C70, C74, C76, C78, C82, and C95), [6,6]-phenyl-C61butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), or [6,6]-phenyl C70-butyric acid methyl ester (C71-PCBM, C84-PCBM, PC70BM). The alkali carbonate may include at least one of, for example, Cs₂CO₃, Li₂CO₃, or Na₂CO₃.

However, an embodiment thereof is not limited thereto, and any material facilitating transport of electrons may be used.

The average thickness of the electron transport layer 131 is not limited to any particular example, but may be, for example, 50 nm or more and 150 nm or less. To diversify the color of the solar cell module 100, the average thickness of the electron transport layer 131 may be controlled to an appropriate average thickness to properly implement the necessary color, but is not limited to any particular example.

The photoactive layer 132 may have a high absorption coefficient absorbing light, and may generate electron-hole pairs by absorbing light energy.

In this case, the photoactive layer 132 may include a material having a perovskite (ABC₃) crystal lattice structure.

The average thickness of the photoactive layer 132 is not limited to any particular example, but may be, for example, 50 nm or more and 500 nm or less. In order to diversify the color of the solar cell module 100, the average thickness of the photoactive layer 132 may be controlled to an appropriate average thickness to properly implement the necessary color, but is not limited to any particular example.

As for a solar cell (or a perovskite solar cell) including a photoactive layer 132 containing perovskite (ABC₃), the transmittance and color may be adjusted to some extent depending on the material included in each component of the solar cell and the average thickness of each component, such that, when used in a building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system applied to various fields such as an exterior wall, roof, and window of a building, diverse BIPV systems may be implemented. Here, the BIPV system may indicate that the solar cell is applied to an exterior wall, roof, and window of a building.

However, as aesthetic appeal is one of the important factors in applying in the BIPV system, the colors implemented in a general solar cell may be limited, such that the color may be relatively insufficient for application to the BIPV system, and efficiency may be lowered.

Accordingly, in the embodiment, using a perovskite solar cell, a perovskite solar cell having excellent photoelectric effect and implemented in various colors may be provided, such that the cell may be excellently used in the BIPV system.

In other words, the solar cell module 100 according to the embodiment may be applied to a BIPV system.

To this end, the perovskite (ABC₃) material included in the photoactive layer 132 of at least one solar cell among the plurality of solar cells 130 may be different from the perovskite (ABC₃) material included in the photoactive layer 132 of another solar cell among the plurality of solar cells 130. In other words, the perovskite (ABC₃) material included in the photoactive layer 132a of the first solar cell 130a may be different from the perovskite (ABC₃) material included in the photoactive layer 132b of the second solar cell 130b. In the embodiment, the first and second solar cells 130a and 130b are mainly described, or the perovskite (ABC₃) materials in the photoactive layers included in more than one solar cell ('n' number of solar cells) may be configured to be different.

The arrangement form of the solar cells 130 including different perovskite (ABC₃) materials is not limited to any particular example in order to obtain the target solar cell efficiency or to implement the BIPV system to be installed or provided.

For example, the perovskite (ABC₃) materials of the first and second solar cells 130a and 130b disposed adjacent to each other may be different from each other, or the perovskite (ABC₃) materials of the first and second solar cells 130a and 130b spaced apart from each other may be different from each other. Further, a plurality of solar cells disposed in a portion of regions may include the same first perovskite (ABC₃) material, and a plurality of solar cells disposed in other regions may include the same second perovskite (ABC₃) material, but the second perovskite (ABC₃) material may be different from the first perovskite (ABC₃) material. Also, the photoactive layers included in the 'n' number of solar cells may include different numbers of perovskite (ABC₃) materials.

In the embodiment, the different perovskite (ABC₃) materials may include the example in which the elements of A, B, and C described below are different from each other, and also, for example, in the example in which, when C includes different C1 and C2 materials, and the ratio of C1 is 3-x and the ratio of C2 is x, the color of the perovskite (ABC₃) material may include different materials depending on the ratio of x. In the embodiment, the color of the perovskite (ABC₃) material may be classified into one of red, green, blue, orange, yellow, gold, cyan, violet (including purple), brown, pink, and white, but an embodiment thereof is not limited thereto, and various colors may be included. The specific color of the perovskite (ABC₃) material will be described later.

Accordingly, at least one of the plurality of solar cells 130 may have a color different from that of one of the other solar cells 130.

In other words, various colors may be implemented by the photoactive layers 132a and 132b of the first and second solar cells 130a and 130b including different perovskite (ABC₃) materials, and accordingly, a simultaneous contrast effect may appear.

The "simultaneous contrast effect" may refer to a phenomenon in which two adjacent different colors are viewed from a distance and the two colors are mixed to appear as an intermediate color, and may indicate that densely juxtaposed colors may appear as mixed colors due to an optical illusion. In the simultaneous contrast effect, a more variety of colors may be viewed when two different colors are applied, and also when the 'n' number of different colors are applied.

The type of material of perovskite (ABC₃) included in the photoactive layer 132 of the solar cell 130 is not limited to any particular example, but A may include an organic material or cesium (Cs), B may include lead (Pb) or tin (Sn), and C may include a halogen element.

Here, the organic material of A may include methylammonium (MA) or formamidinium (FA), but an embodiment thereof is not limited thereto, and the halogen element of C may include at least one of fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), or iodine (I), but an embodiment thereof is not limited thereto.

More specifically, for example, the perovskite material may include at least one of methyl ammonium lead iodide (MAPbI₃), methyl ammonium lead iodide chloride (MAPbI_{3 - x}Cl_x, 0<x<3), methyl ammonium lead chloride (MAPbCl₃), methyl ammonium lead bromide chloride (MAPbBr_{3 - y}Cl_y, 0<y<3), methyl ammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr₃), methyl ammonium lead iodide bromide (MAPbBr_{3 - z}I_z, 0<z<3), formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI₃), formamidinium lead bromide (FAPbBr₃) cesium lead iodide (CsPbI₃), or cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr₃).

Here, MAPbBr_{3 - y}Cl_y may be yellow when y=0 (MAPbBr₃), light yellow when 0 < y < 1, yellow fluorescent when 1 ≤ y < 2, light yellow fluorescent when 2 ≤ y < 3, and colorless or transparent when y = 3 (MAPbCl₃).

MaPbBr_{3 - z}I_z may be yellow when z = 0 (MAPbBr₃), orange when 0 < z < 1, red when 1 ≤ z < 1.5, brown when 1.5 ≤ z < 3, and black when z = 3 (MAPbI₃).

The hole transport layer 133 may extract and collect holes generated by the photoactive layer 132 and may transport the holes externally.

The hole transport layer 133 may generally use a polymer, a single molecule, or an oxide material, and specifically may include an organic material and/or an oxide.

For more specific examples, the organic material may include at least one of poly(triaryl amine) (PTAA), N,N'-Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)-N,N'-bis(phenylmethyl)-9,9'-spirobifluorene-2,7-diamine (Spiro-OMeTAD), Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, poly(3-hexylthiophene), pentacene, coumarin 6 (coumarin 6, 3-(2-benzothiazolyl)-7-(diethylamino)coumarin), zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPC), copper phthalocyanine (CuPC), TiOPC(titanium oxide phthalocyanine), F16CuPC(copper(II) 1,2,3,4,8,9,10,11,15,16,17,18,22,23,24,25-hexadecafluoro-29H, 31H-phthalocyanine), SubPc(boron subphthalocyanine chloride) and N3(cis-di(thiocyanato)-bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid)-ruthenium(II)), or P3HT(Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl)).

The oxide may include at least one of, for example, Mo oxide, Ni oxide, W oxide, Cu oxide, V oxide, or graphene oxide including carbon nanotubes (CNTs).

However, an embodiment thereof is not limited thereto, and any material facilitating the transport of holes may be used.

The average thickness of the hole transport layer 133 is not limited to any particular example, but may be 50 nm or more and 150 nm or less. To diversify the colors of the solar cell module 100, the average thickness of the hole transport layer 133 may be controlled to an appropriate average thickness to properly implement the necessary color, but is not limited to any particular example.

The second electrode layer 134 may work as an electrode.

The second electrode layer 134 may generally include at least one of aluminum (Al), silver (Ag), gold (Au), copper (Cu), or carbon, but an embodiment thereof is not limited thereto, and any material having excellent electrical conductivity may be used.

The average thickness of the second electrode layer 134 is not limited to any particular example, but may be, for example, 50 nm or more and 300 nm or less. In order to diversify the color of the solar cell module 100, the average thickness of the second electrode layer 134 may be controlled to an appropriate average thickness to properly implement the necessary color, but is not limited to any particular example.

As described with reference to an example in FIG. 1, each solar cell 130 may have a square shape or a rectangular shape. However, the shape of the solar cell 130 is not limited thereto, and may include a circular shape, an oval shape, or a polygonal shape.

The solar cell 130 in the embodiment may have a size of 0.1 cm or more and 1 m or less in one direction, and a size of 0.1 cm or more and 1 m or less in the other direction perpendicular to the one direction.

More specifically, for example, the size W1 in the second direction of the solar cell 130 may be 0.1 cm or more and 1 m or less, and the size W2 in the third direction of the solar cell 130 may be 0.1 cm or more and 1 m or less. The size W1 in the second direction or the size W2 in the third direction of each solar cell 130 may not need to be completely the same and may have various shapes if desired.

The lower limit value of the size W1 in the second direction or the size W2 in the third direction of the solar cell 130 is not limited to any particular example, but when the size is less than 0.1 cm, the solar cell 130 may be destroyed by the external environment. Similarly, the upper limit value of the size W1 in the second direction or the size W2 in the third direction of the solar cell 130 is not limited to any particular example, but when the size exceeds 1 m, the efficiency of the solar cell may be reduced.

A plurality of the solar cell 130 may be spaced apart from each other.

In this case, the distance between adjacent solar cells 130 may be 1 μm or more and 1 cm or less. Here, the adjacent solar cell 130 may be the other solar cells 130 spaced apart from each other in the closest position with respect to one solar cell 130.

As an example in FIG. 1, the distance D1 in the second direction between adjacent solar cells 130 may be 1 μm or more and 1 cm or less, the distance D2 in the third direction between adjacent solar cells 130 may be 1 μm or more and 1 cm or less, and the distance D1 in the second direction and the distance D2 in the third direction between adjacent solar cells 130 may not need to be the same. Also, in FIG. 1, the distance between adjacent solar cells 130 is depicted as a linear line, but an embodiment thereof is not limited thereto, and various shapes may be included if desired.

The lower limit value of the distance between adjacent solar cells 130 is not limited to any particular example, but when the size is less than 1 μm, a current may flow between adjacent solar cells 130 or a short may occur. Similarly, the upper limit value of the distance between adjacent solar cells 130 is not limited to any particular example, but when the size exceeds 1 cm, the efficiency of the solar cell may be reduced.

In the description below, various colors according to the average thickness of each component included in the solar cell module 100 or the type of perovskite material included in the photoactive layer 132 will be described as an example, but the color of the solar cell module 100 according to the embodiment, the average thickness of each component, or the type of perovskite material included in the photoactive layer 132 is not limited thereto.

In the description below, the representative components of the solar cell module, substrate/first electrode layer/electron transport layer/photoactive layer/hole transport layer/second electrode layer, are described as examples, but some components may be excluded or some components may include a plurality of layers, which will be easily understood to those skilled in the art.

In a solar cell module having the composition of FTO/bI-TiO₂/perovskite/Spiro-OmeTAD/Au, as for the types of perovskite materials in the photoactive layer, MAPbI₃ may be dark brown, MAPbBrI₂ may be dark red, MAPbBr₂I may be red, and MAPbBr₃ may be orange.

In the solar cell module having the composition of ITO/C60/perovskite/Spiro-OMeTAD/MoO3/Au/MoO3, as the types of perovskite materials in the photoactive layer, orange may be MAPbI₃, light orange may be MAPbI_2.5Br_0.5, light gold may be MAPbI₂Br, and light yellow may be MAPbI_{1 . 5}Br_{1 .5}.

In the solar cell module having the composition of ITO/C60/perovskite/Spiro-OMeTAD/MoO₃/Au/MoO₃, the color may be very pale pink when the average thickness of the photoactive layer is 150 nm, pale pink when the thickness is 200 nm, pale yellow-orange when the thickness is 250 nm, and pale orange when the thickness is 300 nm.

In the solar cell module having the composition of FTO/TiO₂/Cs_0.05(MA_0.17FA_0.83)0.95Pb(I_0.83Br_0.17)₃/CuSCN/electrode, when the average thickness of the first electrode layer is 105 nm, the color may be light green, orange when the thickness is 130 nm, pink when 145 nm, purple when 170 nm, blue when 190 nm, green when 210 nm, and yellow when 240 nm.

In the solar cell module having the composition of FTO/SnO₂/PCBM/MAPbI₃/Spiro-OMeTAD/Ag/electrode, when the average thickness of the first electrode layer is 115 nm, the color is cyan, yellow when 140 nm, pink when 165 nm, purple when 180 nm, violet when 195 nm, cyan when 210 nm, and green when 220 nm.

In the solar cell module having the composition of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/MAPbI₃/PCBM/Ag/electrode/Ag, when the average thickness of the hole transport layer is 57 nm, the color is brown, yellow when 65 nm, and red when 143 nm.

According to the aforementioned embodiments, the efficiency of solar cell module may improve.

Also, the solar cell module may be implemented in various colors.

Also, the simultaneous contrast effect may be applied to the solar cell module.

Also, the solar cell module may be applied to a BIPV system.

The embodiments do not necessarily limit the scope in the embodiments to a specific embodiment form. Instead, modifications, equivalents and replacements included in the disclosed concept and technical scope of this description may be employed. Throughout the specification, similar reference numerals are used for similar elements.

In the embodiments, the term "embodiment" may not refer to one same embodiment, and may be provided to describe and emphasize different unique features of each embodiment. The suggested embodiments may be implemented do not exclude the possibilities of combination with features of other embodiments. For example, even though the features described in an embodiment are not described in the other embodiment, the description may be understood as relevant to the other embodiment unless otherwise indicated.

Terms used in the present specification are for explaining the embodiments rather than limiting the embodiments. Unless explicitly described to the contrary, a singular form may include a plural form in the present specification

While the embodiments have been illustrated and described above, it will be configured as apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications and variations could be made without departing from the scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims.

Claims (11)

1. A solar cell module, comprising:

   a substrate; and

   a plurality of solar cells spaced apart from each other on the substrate, each solar cell comprising a photoactive layer including a perovskite (ABC₃) material,

   wherein the perovskite (ABC₃) material included in the photoactive layer of at least one solar cell among the plurality of solar cells is different from the perovskite (ABC₃) material included in the photoactive layer of another solar cell among the plurality of solar cells.
2. The solar cell module of claim 1, wherein the at least one solar cell of the plurality of solar cells has a color different from a color of the another solar cell among the plurality of solar cells.
3. The solar cell module of claim 1, wherein a size in a first direction of at least one of the solar cells is 0.1 cm or more and 1 m or less, and a size in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction is 0.1 cm or more and 1 m or less.
4. The solar cell module of claim 3, wherein the size in the first direction of the at least one of the solar cells is different from the size in the second direction.
5. The solar cell module of claim 1, wherein a distance between adjacent solar cells among the plurality of solar cells is 1 μm or more and 1 cm or less.
6. The solar cell module of claim 5, wherein the distance between the adjacent solar cells in a first direction and the distance between the adjacent solar cells in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction are different from each other.
7. The solar cell module of claim 1, wherein, of the perovskite (ABC₃) material, A includes an organic matter or cesium (Cs), B includes lead (Pb) or tin (Sn), and C includes a halogen element.
8. The solar cell module of claim 1, wherein the perovskite (ABC₃) material includes at least one of methyl ammonium lead iodide (MAPbI₃), methyl ammonium lead iodide chloride (MAPbI_{3 - x}Cl_x, 0<x<3), methyl ammonium lead chloride (MAPbCl₃), methyl ammonium lead bromide chloride (MAPbBr_{3 - y}Cl_y, 0<y<3), methyl ammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr₃), methyl ammonium lead iodide bromide (MAPbBr_{3 - z}I_z, 0<z<3), formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI₃), formamidinium lead bromide (FAPbBr₃) cesium lead iodide (CsPbI₃), or cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr₃).
9. The solar cell module of claim 1, further comprising:

   a first electrode layer disposed on the substrate,

   wherein the plurality of solar cells are disposed on the first electrode layer.
10. The solar cell module of claim 1, wherein at least one of the solar cells includes an electron transport layer, a photoactive layer disposed on the electron transport layer, a hole transport layer disposed on the photoactive layer, and a second electrode layer disposed on the hole transport layer.
11. A building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system including the solar cell module of claim 1.