WO2026008015A1 - Stanniocalcin 2 (stc2) and derivatives as anti-diabetic agents - Google Patents
Stanniocalcin 2 (stc2) and derivatives as anti-diabetic agentsInfo
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- WO2026008015A1 WO2026008015A1 PCT/CN2025/106844 CN2025106844W WO2026008015A1 WO 2026008015 A1 WO2026008015 A1 WO 2026008015A1 CN 2025106844 W CN2025106844 W CN 2025106844W WO 2026008015 A1 WO2026008015 A1 WO 2026008015A1
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- the disclosed invention is generally in the field of metabolic disorders and specifically in the area of anti-diabetic agents.
- T1D type 1 Diabetes
- T2D Type 2 Diabetes
- T1D the immune system attacks and destroys the ⁇ cells in the pancreas, resulting in a deficiency of insulin production [1, 2] .
- T2D initially involves insulin resistance, where the body is unable to effectively use the insulin, it produces.
- the body compensates by increasing insulin production from ⁇ cells.
- these ⁇ cells may become dysfunctional and fail to produce enough insulin. This leads to elevated blood glucose levels and the development of hyperglycemia [2, 3] .
- the underlying causes of T1D and T2D are different, defective, or impaired insulin secretion is a common hallmark of both types of diabetes.
- Insulin secretagogues are medications that stimulate the release of insulin from the ⁇ cells in the pancreas, such as sulfonylureas and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP1R) agonists [4-6] . While these medications are shown to aid management of blood glucose levels in certain individuals with diabetes, prolonged use of them, especially sulfonylureas, put additional stress on the ⁇ cells in the pancreas, potentially leading to ⁇ cell exhaustion and a further decline in insulin production over time [7, 8] . Moreover, insulin secretagogues have shown limited efficacy in advanced stages of T2D, as the ⁇ cells in the pancreas may become more dysfunctional and produce less insulin as T2D progresses. Therefore, there is a critical need for more effective anti-diabetic drugs which not only regulate glucose homeostasis but also have beneficial effects on preserving ⁇ cells and/or replenishing the lost functional ⁇ cells.
- GLP1R glucagon-like
- compositions and formulations to regulate glucose homeostasis and/or prevent the loss of or replenish lost pancreatic ⁇ cells.
- the methods include administering to a subject in need thereof, an effective amount of a composition or pharmaceutical formulation containing an isolated Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) protein, an isolated polypeptide fragment of a STC2 protein (STC2 fragment) , or an isolated nucleic acid encoding a STC2 protein or a STC2 fragment (STC2 nucleic acid) .
- STC2 Stanniocalcin-2
- STC2 fragment isolated polypeptide fragment of a STC2 protein
- STC2 nucleic acid an isolated nucleic acid encoding a STC2 protein or a STC2 fragment
- the disclosed STC2 protein, the STC2 fragment, or the STC2 nucleic acid is capable of reducing or ameliorating a metabolic disease or disorder in a subject.
- the subject is a mammal.
- the subject is a human, a non-human primate, or a mouse.
- the subject has a metabolic disorder or is at risk of developing a metabolic disorder.
- the metabolic disorder is selected from the group including Diabetes Mellitus Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young, Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus, Wolfram Syndrome, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, chronic pancreatitis, Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes, insulinoma, hypoglycemia, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and kidney disease; preferably, the metabolic disorder is Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 or Diabetes Mellitus Type 2.
- the methods include identifying a subject as having an elevated risk of a metabolic disorder e.g., diabetes such as T2D.
- the methods include a step of identifying a subject as having a deficiency in STC2, and/or decreased numbers of ⁇ cells, and/or decreased pancreatic islet volume.
- the methods include the steps of i) obtaining a sample from the subject; ii) determining that the level of STC2 in the sample compared to a control; iii) diagnosing the subject as having a metabolic disorder e.g., T2D, if the level of STC2 in the sample is decreased compared to a control such as a healthy subject without the metabolic disorder.
- the sample is a plasma sample or a pancreatic biopsy.
- the subject diagnosed as having a metabolic disorder e.g., T2D has a level of STC2 is at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, or more than 100%lower than the control.
- the step of determining that the level of STC2 in the sample includes measuring the level of STC2 protein in the sample, preferably the level of STC2 protein derived from the extracellular vesicles of the sample, for example, by performing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) , radioimmunoassay (RIA) , western blot, or dot blot.
- ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- RIA radioimmunoassay
- the step of determining that the level of STC2 in the sample includes measuring the level of STC2 mRNA in the sample, for example, by performing a hybridization assay, Real-time Polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) , or Quantitative Polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) .
- RT-PCR Real-time Polymerase chain reaction
- qPCR Quantitative Polymerase chain reaction
- the diagnosis of the subject as having a metabolic disorder e.g., diabetes such as T2D, is with at least a 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 97%, or 99%certainty.
- the STC2 compositions or pharmaceutical formulations are administered in the form of a powder, liquids, or suspensions. In some forms, the STC2 composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered in combination with another therapeutic, prophylactic, or diagnostic agent.
- the STC2 composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered at an interval selected from the group consisting of once a week, once every two weeks, once every three weeks, once a month, once every two months, and once every three months.
- the STC2 composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered via intramuscular injection, subcutaneous injection, intradermal injection, intranasally, or oral administration.
- the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject at a dose of between 0.25 mg/kg body weight of the subject and 2.5 mg/kg body weight of the subject, inclusive.
- the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject in an amount effective to increase insulin production by 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%. In some forms, the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject in an amount effective to increase ⁇ -cell number, pancreatic islet size, or both, by 5-fold, 10-fold, 15-fold, 20-fold, 25-fold, 30-fold, 40-fold, 50-fold, 60-fold, 70-fold, or 80-fold. In some forms, the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject in an amount effective to decrease hyperglycemia, decrease insulin resistance, increase insulin sensitivity, or a combination thereof.
- composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject in an amount effective to increase the expression of one or more genes e.g., Reg2, Adgrg7, Cgref1, Idnk, Ap1s3, Apam17, Man1a2, Nop14, Sik3, Yipf3, Avil, Dennd2d, Camk2d, Rpf2, Slc3a1, Ptgr1, Polr1c, Mgst1, Nf1, Acta2, Atxn3, Sarnp, and Gpx1.
- Reg2 Adgrg7
- composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject in an amount effective to decrease the expression of one or more genes e.g., Prkaca, Serpinc1, Exosc7, Susd2, Sult2b1, Aadac, Adat3, Prkrip1, Slc30a1, Cltb, Gipc2, C8b, Map3k4, Sft2d2, and Svs6.
- genes e.g., Prkaca, Serpinc1, Exosc7, Susd2, Sult2b1, Aadac, Adat3, Prkrip1, Slc30a1, Cltb, Gipc2, C8b, Map3k4, Sft2d2, and Svs6.
- compositions containing an isolated Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) protein, an isolated polypeptide fragment of a STC2 protein (STC2 fragment) , or an isolated nucleic acid encoding a STC2 protein or a STC2 fragment (STC2 nucleic acid) are also disclosed.
- STC2 protein, the STC2 fragment, or the STC2 nucleic acid is capable of reducing or ameliorating a metabolic disease or disorder in a subject.
- the STC2 protein is an STC2 antibody e.g., a monoclonal antibody. In some forms, the STC2 protein is a fusion protein or a recombinant protein. In some forms, the STC2 protein is a growth factor.
- the STC2 protein (s) included in the compositions or formulation is effective to increase ⁇ -cell proliferation e.g., increase the number of ⁇ cells, and/or increase the production of insulin in the subject. In other forms, the compositions contain a small molecule in an effective amount to increase STC2 expression and consequently, ⁇ cell proliferation.
- the STC2 protein has an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, or SEQ ID NO: 10.
- the amino acid sequence of the STC2 protein has a sequence identity of about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, or SEQ ID NO: 10.
- the STC2 nucleic acid is messenger RNA.
- the isolated nucleic acid encoding the recombinant STC2 protein is comprised in a viral vector; preferably, wherein the viral vector is selected from the group consisting of a lentiviral vector or an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector.
- AAV adeno-associated viral
- the STC2 compositions contain one or more additional active agents, where the active agents are antigens, prophylactic agents, therapeutic agents, or combinations thereof.
- the STC2 protein, the STC2 fragment, or the STC2 nucleic acid is derived from a mammal. In some forms, STC2 protein, the STC2 fragment, or the STC2 nucleic acid is human STC2. In some forms, the STC2 protein, the STC2 fragment, or the STC2 nucleic acid is derived from a non-human mammal selected from the group consisting of non-human primate and rodent. Generally, the non-human primate or rodent-derived STC2 protein, STC2 fragment, or STC2 nucleic acid are capable of decreasing blood glucose, and/or increasing insulin production, and/or increasing ⁇ cell proliferation and/or regeneration. As demonstrated in the non-limiting examples, AAV-mediated expression of mouse STC2 increases ⁇ cell proliferation and decreases blood glucose levels.
- composition comprising a recombinant Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) protein or an isolated nucleic acid encoding the recombinant STC2 protein, wherein the recombinant STC2 protein comprises a STC2 protein and a Fc domain of IgG.
- STC2 Stanniocalcin-2
- the Fc domain of IgG is derived from IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4, preferably, from IgG1.
- the Fc comprises an amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%to SEQ ID NO: 18.
- the Fc comprises an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 18.
- the STC2 protein is derived from a mammal selected from the group consisting of a mouse or a human. In other forms, the STC2 protein is derived from a non-human mammal selected from the group consisting of non-human primate and rodent. In some forms, the STC2 protein comprises an amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%to SEQ ID NO: 1. Optionally, the STC2 protein comprises an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 1.
- the recombinant STC2 protein further comprises a linker, preferably, the linker is flexible.
- the linker comprises an amino acid sequence of (G4S) n, wherein n is an integer selected from 1-5, preferably, n is 3.
- the recombinant STC2 protein comprises an amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%to SEQ ID NO: 5.
- the recombinant STC2 protein comprises an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 5.
- the isolated nucleic acid encoding the recombinant STC2 protein is comprised in a viral vector; preferably, wherein the viral vector is selected from the group consisting of a lentiviral vector or an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector.
- a viral vector is selected from the group consisting of a lentiviral vector or an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector.
- compositions containing STC2 protein, the STC2 fragment, or the STC2 nucleic acid and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are capable of increasing ⁇ -cell proliferation in a subject having a metabolic disorder e.g., Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, or one or more symptoms associated with a metabolic disorder such as Diabetes.
- a metabolic disorder e.g., Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
- parameters that can be used to assess ⁇ cell proliferation and/or regeneration include but are not limited to increased ⁇ cell number, ⁇ cell number, ⁇ cell/ ⁇ cell ratio, pancreatic islet size, pancreatic islet number, and the expression of proliferation-associated transcription factors e.g., PDX-1 and MafA.
- the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is selected from the group consisting of liposome complex, liposome nanoparticle, polymer, nano emulsion, and virus-like particle.
- the pharmaceutical formulation contains one or more diluents, stabilizers, preservatives, trace components, or a combination thereof.
- Figures 1A-1D show circulating STC2 is decreased in diabetic patients and inversely associated with glucose levels.
- Figures 2A-2J show elevation of circulating mouse STC2 by rAAV-mediated overexpression decreases hyperglycemia and increases insulin production in obese mice.
- Figure 2A is a diagram showing experimental design for the mouse study. 7-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were injected with adeno-associated viral vectors (serotype AAV8) expressing either mouse STC2 or luciferase via the tail vein. The mice were switched to a high fat diet (HFD) or remained standard chow (STC) one week after the injections, followed by the measurement of metabolic phenotypes.
- Figure 2B is a bar graph of circulating mouse STC2 levels measured by ELISA at 4 weeks after rAAV injection.
- Figures 2C-2E are bar graphs showing circulating glucose (Figure 2C) , insulin ( Figure 2D) , and C-peptide levels (Figure 2E) under feeding, fasting &refeeding conditions measured at 12 weeks after rAAV injection.
- Figures 2F and 2G show correlation between circulating STC2 and insulin or C-peptide.
- Figure 2H is a line graph showing Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) results from mice being fasted overnight and GTT was performed the next morning with glucose at a dose of 1.5 g/kg body weight.
- Figure 2I show measurement of circulating insulin levels at different timepoints during GTT.
- Figures 3A-3H show elevation of circulating human STC2 decreases hyperglycemia and increases insulin production in obese mice.
- Figure 3A is a diagram showing experimental design for mouse study. 7-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were injected with AAV expressing either human STC2 or luciferase via the tail vein. The mice were started to feed with HFD or remained STC one week after the injections, followed by the measurement of metabolic phenotypes.
- Figure 3B is a bar graph showing circulating STC2 levels measured by ELISA at 4 weeks after rAAV injection.
- Figures 3C-3E are bar graphs showing circulating glucose (Figure 3C) , insulin ( Figure 3D) , and C-peptide levels (Figure 3E) under feeding, fasting &refeeding conditions measured at 12 weeks after rAAV injection.
- Figure 3F is a line graph showing GTT results from mice being fasted overnight and GTT was performed the next morning with glucose at a dose of 1.5 g/kg body weight.
- Figure 3G is a line graph showing measurement of circulating insulin levels at different timepoints during GTT.
- Figures 4A and 4B show STC2 increases pancreatic islet area and ⁇ -cell number by promoting ⁇ -cell proliferation in obese mice.
- Pancreatic tissue was collected from the mice injected with rAAV-luciferase or rAAV-mSTC2, followed by immunofluorescence staining.
- Figure 4A are two bar graphs showing quantification of islet area (top graph) and ⁇ -cell number per islet (bottom graph) .
- Figures 5A and 5B are bar graphs showing recombinant human STC2 has no direct effect on basal or glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in islets or Min6 cells.
- GSIS glucose-stimulated insulin secretion
- Figure 5A shows GSIS results from pancreatic islets being isolated from 15-week-old C57BL/6J male mice and seeded into 24-well plate with 10 islets per well.
- Figure 5B shows GSIS results Min6 cells being seeded into a 24-well plate at a density of 1x10 5 cells in 500 ⁇ l of DMEM with 10%FBS per well.
- the islets/cells were then starved in Krebs-Ringer Bicarbonate Buffer (KRBB) for 6 hours, followed by different treatments for 6 hours: 1 x PBS with 0.5%BSA (negative control) , 30 &100 nmol/L hSTC2 protein with 0.5%BSA, or 30 nmol/L GLP1 with 0.5%BSA (positive control) .
- KRBB Krebs-Ringer Bicarbonate Buffer
- 10 ⁇ l of medium from each well was collected for insulin measurement.
- Figures 6A-6F show STC2 counteracts streptozotocin-induced pancreatic ⁇ -cell loss, insulin insufficiency and hyperglycemia in mice.
- Figure 6A is a diagram showing experimental design for mouse study. 6-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were divided into two groups and fed with either STC or HFD for 8 weeks, followed by the injection of rAAV-Luciferase or rAAV-mSTC2. Four weeks later, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin (STZ, 35 mg/kg body weight) once daily for three consecutive days to induce diabetes, followed by the measurement of metabolic phenotype.
- STZ 35 mg/kg body weight
- Figures 6B-6D are bar graphs of circulating glucose (Figure 6B) , insulin ( Figure 6C) , and C-peptide levels (Figure 6D) under feeding, fasting &refeeding conditions measured at 12 weeks after rAAV injection. Islets were immunostained for either insulin or both insulin and BrdU in mice.
- Figure 6E are two bar graphs showing quantification of islet area and ⁇ -cell number per islet.
- Figures 7A-7G show that supplementation of STC2-Fc fusion protein decreases blood glucose, increases circulating insulin and C-peptide levels in dietary obese mice.
- Figure 7A is a representative SDS-PAGE analysis showing the purity of recombinant Fc and hSTC2-Fc.
- Figure 7B is a line graph showing dynamic levels of circulating STC2 measured by ELISA after the injection of hSTC2 or hSTC2-Fc in mice at a dose of 150 nmol/kg body weight.
- Figure 7C is a diagram showing experimental design for the mouse study. Obese mice induced by HFD feeding for 12 weeks were treated daily with either Fc or hSTC2-Fc at a dose of 150 nmol/kg, administered intraperitoneally.
- FIGS 7D-7F are bar graphs showing blood glucose (Figure 7D) , insulin ( Figure 7E) , and C-peptide levels (Figure 7F) under feeding, fasting and refeeding conditions at 20 days of protein administration.
- Figures 8A-8C shows identification of Reg2 as a potential downstream effector of STC2 by proteomic analysis and western blotting.
- Pancreas were collected from the mice injected with rAAV-luciferase or rAAV-mSTC2, followed by the mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis and western blotting.
- Figure 8A is a heat map of relative protein levels of the indicated genes in pancreas isolated from DIO mice treated with rAAV-Luciferase and rAAV-hSTC2. The differentially expressed proteins with log2-fold change values greater than 0.2 were considered upregulated, while those with values less than -0.2 were considered downregulated.
- Figures 8B and 8C are representative immunoblot images for Reg2 in pancreas of mice ( Figure 8B) and quantification by densitometric analysis ( Figure 8C) .
- ⁇ -actin was used as an internal control. 30 ug protein/well was loaded. Data are presented as mean ⁇ SEM. ***P ⁇ 0.001.
- Figures 9A-9F show the effects of mouse STC2 overexpression mediated by rAAV on body weight, fat mass and lipid profiles in mice.
- 7-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were injected with AAV expressing either mouse STC2 or luciferase via the tail vein. Then the mice were switched to HFD one week after the injections, followed by the measurement of metabolic phenotypes.
- Body weight Figure 9A
- Fat mass Figure 9B
- Triglyceride Figure 9C
- Total cholesterol Figure 9D
- Figure 9E HDL-cholesterol
- Figure 9F LDL-cholesterol
- Figures 10A and 10B show elevation of circulating mouse STC2 by rAAV-mediated overexpression increases the number and size of pancreatic islet and ⁇ -cells in obese mice. Islets were immunostained for glucagon and insulin in DIO mice.
- Figure 10A is a bar graph showing quantification of islet number per pancreas slice.
- Figure 11 is a schematic representation of the structural features and functional residues of human STC2. Putative signal peptide sequence is shown in gray. N-Glycosylation site is denoted with solid line and 15 cysteine residues are represented with dashed lines. Cluster of histidine residues (HHxxxxHH) (SEQ ID NO: 7) is in black.
- Figures 12A-12G show that deletion of STC2 aggravates STZ-induced pancreatic ⁇ -cell loss, insulin insufficiency and hyperglycemia in mice.
- Figure 12A is a diagram showing the experimental design for the mouse study. 6-week-old male STC2flox/flox-R26CreERT2 mice were injected with 75 mg tamoxifen/kg body weight via intraperitoneal injection once daily for 5 consecutive days to induce global knockout of STC2 gene, followed by the measurement of STC2 levels in circulation by ELISA. Three weeks later, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with STZ (35 mg/kg body weight) once daily for 3 consecutive days to induce diabetes, followed by the measurement of glycaemic parameters.
- STZ 35 mg/kg body weight
- Figure 12B shows circulating STC2 levels measured at 3 weeks after tamoxifen injection.
- Figure 12C is a line graph showing weekly monitoring of feeding blood glucose levels.
- Figures 12D-12F are bar graphs showing circulating glucose (Figure 12D) , insulin (Figure 12E) and C-peptide levels (Figure 12F) under feeding, fasting &refeeding conditions measured at 4 weeks after STZ injection.
- Figures 13A-13F show that ablation of STC2 aggravates hyperglycemia by inhibiting ⁇ -cell proliferation in dietary obese mice.
- Figure 13A is a diagram showing the experimental design for the mouse study. 6-week-old male STC2flox/flox-R26CreERT2 mice were injected with 75 mg tamoxifen/kg body weight via intraperitoneal injection once daily for 5 consecutive days to induce global knockout of STC2 gene. Three weeks later, the mice were switched to HFD, followed by the measurement of metabolic phenotype.
- Figure 13B is a line graph showing weekly monitoring of feeding blood glucose levels.
- Figures 13C-13E are bar graphs showing circulating glucose (Figure 13C) , insulin (Figure 13D) and C-peptide levels (Figure 13E) under feeding, fasting &refeeding conditions measured at 16 weeks of HFD feeding.
- Figure 14A-14E show that supplementation of hSTC2-Fc fusion protein improves STZ-induced hyperglycemia, insulin insufficiency and pancreatic ⁇ -cell loss in mice.
- Figure 14A is a diagram showing the experimental design for the mouse study. 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin (STZ, 35 mg/kg body weight) once daily for three consecutive days to induce diabetes. Two weeks later, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with Fc or hSTC2-Fc proteins for 20 days, followed by the monitoring of glycaemic parameters.
- Figure 14B is a line graph showing monitoring of blood glucose levels under feeding conditions after protein administration.
- Figures 14C and 14D are bar graphs showing serum insulin (Figure 14C) and C-peptide levels (Figure 14D) under feeding conditions at different timepoints after protein administration.
- FIG. 15A-15B show that supplementation of hSTC2 or hSTC2-Fc fusion protein improves STZ-induced hyperglycemia, insulin insufficiency in mice.
- 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin (STZ, 35 mg/kg body weight) once daily for three consecutive days to induce diabetes. Two weeks later, the mice received intraperitoneal injections of Fc, hSTC2, or hSTC2-Fc proteins at a dosage of 150 nmol/kg.
- Fc and hSTC2-Fc proteins were administered once daily, while the hSTC2 protein was given twice daily, over a period of 20 days. Subsequently, the glycemic parameters were monitored.
- Figure 15A is a line graph showing monitoring of blood glucose levels under feeding condition after protein administration.
- the terms “individual” , “host” , “subject” , and “patient” are used interchangeably, and refer to a mammal, including, but not limited to, murines, simians, humans, mammalian farm animals, mammalian sport animals, and mammalian pets.
- express refers to the transcription of a polynucleotide or translation of a polypeptide in a cell, such that levels of the molecule are measurably higher in a cell that expresses the molecule than they are in a cell that does not express the molecule.
- Methods to measure the expression of a molecule are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, and include without limitation, Northern blotting, RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, Western blotting, and immunostaining such as FACS.
- the term “gene” refers to a nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or RNA) sequence that includes coding sequences necessary for the production of a polypeptide, RNA (e.g., including, but not limited to, mRNA, tRNA and rRNA) or precursor.
- the polypeptide, RNA, or precursor can be encoded by a full-length coding sequence or by any portion thereof.
- the term also encompasses the coding region of a structural gene and the sequences located adjacent to the coding region on both the 5'a nd 3'ends for a distance of about 1 kb on either end such that the gene corresponds to the length of the full-length mRNA.
- genomic form or clone of a gene may contain the coding region interrupted with non-coding sequences termed “introns” or “intervening regions” or “intervening sequences. ” Introns are segments of a gene that are transcribed into nuclear RNA (hnRNA) ; introns may contain regulatory elements such as enhancers. Introns are removed or "spliced out" from the nuclear or primary transcript; introns therefore are absent in the messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript. The mRNA functions during translation.
- mRNA messenger RNA
- mammal includes both humans and non-humans and includes but is not limited to humans, non-human primates, canines, felines, murines, bovines, equines, and porcines.
- a “vector” is a replicon, such as a plasmid, phage, or cosmid, into which another DNA segment may be inserted so as to bring about the replication of the inserted segment.
- the vectors described herein can be expression vectors.
- an “expression vector” is a vector that includes one or more expression control sequences.
- an “expression control sequence” is a DNA sequence that controls and regulates the transcription and/or translation of another DNA sequence.
- treating includes alleviating the symptoms associated with a specific disorder or condition and/or preventing or eliminating the symptoms.
- operably linked refers to a juxtaposition where the components are configured so as to perform their usual function.
- control sequences or promoters operably linked to a coding sequence are capable of effecting the expression of the coding sequence
- an organelle localization sequence operably linked to protein will direct the linked protein to be localized at the specific organelle.
- isolated means altered or removed from the natural state.
- An “isolated” protein is free to varying degrees from components which normally accompany it as found in its native state. “Isolate” denotes a degree of separation from original source or surroundings. For example, a nucleic acid or a peptide naturally present in a living animal is not “isolated, ” but the same nucleic acid or peptide partially or completely separated from the coexisting materials of its natural state is “isolated. ”
- An isolated nucleic acid or protein can exist in substantially purified form, or can exist in a non-native environment such as, for example, a host cell.
- biodegradable generally refers to a material that will degrade or erode under physiologic conditions to smaller units or chemical species that are capable of being metabolized, eliminated, or excreted by the subject.
- the degradation time is a function of composition and morphology.
- fragment means a portion of a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule. This portion contains, preferably, at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90%of the entire length of the reference nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide.
- a fragment may contain 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, or 1000 nucleotides or amino acids.
- a protein is “soluble” when it lacks any transmembrane domain or protein domain that anchors or integrates the polypeptide into the membrane of a cell expressing such polypeptide. Soluble proteins lack additional hydrophobic sequences and are translocated through a translocon (e.g., a protein channel) , to complete their folding and modification in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.
- a translocon e.g., a protein channel
- the sub-group of A-E, B-F, and C-E are specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed from disclosure of A, B, and C; D, E, and F; and the example combination A-D.
- each of the materials, compositions, components, etc. contemplated and disclosed as above can also be specifically and independently included or excluded from any group, subgroup, list, set, etc. of such materials.
- compositions of isolated Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) proteins, isolated polypeptide fragments of STC2 proteins, or isolated STC2 nucleic acids are effective for treating and/or preventing a metabolic disorder in a subject, e.g., Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (herein referred to as “Diabetes” ) .
- a metabolic disorder e.g., Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (herein referred to as “Diabetes” ) .
- compositions of Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) peptides and proteins are provided for administration to a subject in need thereof.
- the compositions include an isolated Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) protein, or an isolated polypeptide fragment of a STC2 protein (herein referred to as “STC2 fragment” ) .
- Stanniocalcin-2 is a glycosylated, disulfide-linked, homodimer hormone, initially discovered in the corpus of stannous, a small endocrine gland in the kidney of teleostean and holostean fish (Wagner, et al., Gen Comp Endocrinol., 1986, 63 (3) : 481-91; Hulova, et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1999, 257 (2) : 295-9) .
- the human STC2 gene is located on chromosome 5q35.1, whereas STC1 is located on chromosome 8p21.2 (White, et al., Somat Cell Mol Genet.
- STC2 contains 4 exons spanning 13 kb of DNA. It is believed that the exon-intron boundaries, distribution of cysteine residues and the glycosylation site are conserved between STC1 and STC2. STC2 lacks the well-defined CAG repeats as well as the TATA box-like sequences present in the STC1 (Ishibashi et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (1998) 250: 252–8) .
- Stc2 also functions as an Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) target gene containing eight Xenobiotic Response Elements (XRE) XREs clustered in a 250-bp region that was shown to recruit AhR by chromatin immunoprecipitation (Harper et al., J Pharm Exp Therap. (2013) 344: 579–88) .
- AhR Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor
- XRE Xenobiotic Response Elements
- STC2 The structure of human STC2 is provided as Figure 11.
- Human and mouse STC2 proteins are 302 and 296 amino acids in length, respectively, with the first 24 residues predicted to be a signal peptide. The remaining residues comprise the mature form of the hormone.
- STC2 is a 56 kDa protein containing cysteine residues that is conserved among family members and N-linked glycosylation consensus sequence (Asn-X-Thr/Ser) (Moore et al., Horm Metab Res. (1999) 31: 406–14) .
- STC2 have 15 cysteines, whereas STC1 and fish stanniocalcin have 11 cysteines. The locations of first 10 cysteines are conserved within the stanniocalcin family.
- STC-2 is about 20%larger, most of which is present in the form of an extended histidine-rich COOH-terminal region, which is absent in STC-1.Also, the different expression pattern of STC1 and STC2 indicates they may have different roles under physiological or pathological conditions.
- STC2 is also phosphorylated by casein kinase 2 on its serine residues, and the C-terminal has a cluster of histidine residues HHxxxxHH (SEQ ID NO: 7) , which may interact with divalent metal ions such as cobalt, copper, nickel, and zinc (Jellinek et al., Biochem J. (2000) 350 (Pt 2) : 453–61) .
- Human STC2 has been implicated in diverse biological processes, including calcium and phosphate regulation, cytoprotection, cell development and angiogenesis (Joshi, Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) , 2020 31 (11) : 172; Zhou et al., Mol Med Rep.
- the STC2 proteins are isolated human STC2 proteins.
- the human STC2 protein has 302 amino acids and is represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 (UniProtKb: O76061_HUMAN and Q6FHC9_HUMAN) .
- human STC2 includes a signal peptide having 24 amino acids (shown as bold and italicized letters in SEQ ID NO: 1) . Excluding the signal peptide, the mature form of human STC2 contains 278 amino acids. Thus, in some forms, the isolated human STC2 protein has 278 amino acids and is represented by SEQ ID NO: 2:
- the composition contains a soluble protein, where the soluble protein includes one or more isolated human STC2 polypeptides (also “human STC2 polypeptides” ) .
- the one or more human STC2 polypeptides include any naturally occurring polypeptide of Stanniocalcin-2, as well as any variants thereof (variants, fragments, etc. ) that retain useful activity e.g., fusion proteins, and peptidomimetic forms.
- the human STC2 polypeptide has a sequence that is at least about 70%identical to the sequence of human STC2 protein represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2, for example at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 99%sequence similarity.
- the human STC2 polypeptide has a sequence that is from about 70%to about 99%sequence identity, from about 75%to about 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2, from about 80%to about 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2, from about 85%to about 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2, or from about 90%to about 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2.
- Polypeptides having less than 70%and more than 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 is included.
- the STC2 proteins and compositions thereof increase ⁇ -cell proliferation such as by increasing pancreatic islet area, increasing the number of ⁇ -cells per islet, and decreasing ⁇ -cell loss in. In some forms, the STC2 proteins and compositions thereof also increase insulin production and sustain insulin release and reduce hyperglycemia.
- the human STC2 protein has 293 amino acids and is represented by SEQ ID NO: 3 (UniProtKb: B3KNF2_HUMAN) .
- the human STC2 polypeptides include soluble proteins containing a fragment of a human STC2 protein.
- SEQ ID NO: 4 and SEQ ID NO: 15 are exemplary fragments of human STC2 proteins that can be used in the disclosed compositions.
- the human STC2 protein is a recombinant protein derived from human STC2 or a fragment of human STC2.
- SEQ ID NO: 5 is an exemplary recombinant human STC2 protein.
- amino acid sequence of the human STC2 protein is shown as SEQ ID NO: 1; the amino acid sequence of Fc is as follows:
- STC2 fusion protein containing amino acids 121-302 of human STC2, as encoded by GenBank: BC000658.2. This protein is commercially available from ProteinTech (Catalog #: Ag26263) and has an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 6.
- STC-2 recombinant human Stanniocalcin 2
- STC-2 recombinant human Stanniocalcin 2
- the soluble protein includes a STC-2 protein variant.
- the composition includes STC-2 variants having between about 70%to about 99%sequence similarity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3.
- the composition includes STC2 variants at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, to 95%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3.
- the variant consensus amino acid sequence for the STC-2 protein has an amino acid sequence that has one or more amino acids different to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3, such as one or more substitutions, deletions or additions at any one of the amino acid positions of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3.
- Variant refers to a polypeptide or polynucleotide that differs from a reference polypeptide or polynucleotide but retains essential properties.
- a typical variant of a polypeptide differs in amino acid sequence from another, reference polypeptide. Generally, differences are limited so that the sequences of the reference polypeptide and the variant are closely similar overall and, in many regions, identical.
- a variant and reference polypeptide may differ in amino acid sequence by one or more modifications (e.g., substitutions, additions, and/or deletions) .
- a substituted or inserted amino acid residue may or may not be one encoded by the genetic code.
- a variant of a polypeptide may be naturally occurring such as an allelic variant, or it may be a variant that is not known to occur naturally.
- Modifications and changes can be made in the structure of the polypeptides disclosed herein and still obtain a molecule having similar characteristics as the polypeptide (e.g., a conservative amino acid substitution) .
- certain amino acids can be substituted for other amino acids in a sequence, without appreciable loss of activity. Since it is the interactive capacity and nature of a polypeptide that defines that polypeptide’s biological functional activity, certain amino acid sequence substitutions can be made in a polypeptide sequence and nevertheless obtain a polypeptide with like properties.
- the hydropathic index of amino acids can be considered.
- the importance of the hydropathic amino acid index in conferring interactive biologic function on a polypeptide is generally understood in the art. It is known that certain amino acids can be substituted for other amino acids having a similar hydropathic index or score and still result in a polypeptide with similar biological activity. Each amino acid has been assigned a hydropathic index on the basis of its hydrophobicity and charge characteristics.
- indices are: isoleucine (+4.5) ; valine (+4.2) ; leucine (+3.8) ; phenylalanine (+2.8) ; cysteine/cysteine (+2.5) ; methionine (+1.9) ; alanine (+1.8) ; glycine (-0.4) ; threonine (-0.7) ; serine (-0.8) ; tryptophan (-0.9) ; tyrosine (-1.3) ; proline (-1.6) ; histidine (-3.2) ; glutamate (-3.5) ; glutamine (-3.5) ; aspartate (-3.5) ; asparagine (-3.5) ; lysine (-3.9) ; and arginine (-4.5) .
- the relative hydropathic character of the amino acid determines the secondary structure of the resultant polypeptide, which in turn defines the interaction of the polypeptide with other molecules, such as enzymes, substrates, receptors, antibodies, and antigens. It is known in the art that an amino acid can be substituted by another amino acid having a similar hydropathic index and still obtain a functionally equivalent polypeptide. In such changes, the substitution of amino acids whose hydropathic indices are within ⁇ 2 is preferred, those within ⁇ 1 are particularly preferred, and those within ⁇ 0.5 are even more particularly preferred.
- hydrophilicity values have been assigned to amino acid residues: arginine (+3.0) ; lysine (+3.0) ; aspartate (+3.0 ⁇ 1) ; glutamate (+3.0 ⁇ 1) ; serine (+0.3) ; asparagine (+0.2) ; glutamine (+0.2) ; glycine (0) ; proline (-0.5 ⁇ 1) ; threonine (-0.4) ; alanine (-0.5) ; histidine (-0.5) ; cysteine (-1.0) ; methionine (-1.3) ; valine (-1.5) ; leucine (-1.8) ; isoleucine (-1.8) ; tyrosine (-2.3) ; phenylalanine (-2.5) ; tryptophan (-3.4) .
- an amino acid can be substituted for another having a similar hydrophilicity value and still obtain a biologically equivalent, and in particular, an immunologically equivalent polypeptide.
- substitution of amino acids whose hydrophilicity values are within ⁇ 2 is preferred, those within ⁇ 1 are particularly preferred, and those within ⁇ 0.5 are even more particularly preferred.
- Amino acid substitutions are generally based on the relative similarity of the amino acid side-chain substituents, for example, their hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, charge, and size.
- Exemplary substitutions that take various of the foregoing characteristics into consideration are well known to those of skill in the art and include (original residue: exemplary substitution) : (Ala: Gly, Ser) , (Arg: Lys) , (Asn: Gln, His) , (Asp: Glu, Cys, Ser) , (Gln: Asn) , (Glu: Asp) , (Gly: Ala) , (His: Asn, Gln) , (Ile: Leu, Val) , (Leu: Ile, Val) , (Lys: Arg) , (Met: Leu, Tyr) , (Ser: Thr) , (Thr: Ser) , (Tip: Tyr) , (Tyr: Trp, Phe) , and (Val
- Percent (%) amino acid sequence identity with respect to a reference polypeptide sequence is defined as the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequence that are identical with the amino acid residues in the reference polypeptide sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent amino acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill of those practicing in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN or Megalign (DNASTAR) software. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for aligning sequences, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared.
- Preferred methods to determine identity are designed to give the largest match between the sequences tested. Methods to determine identity and similarity are codified in publicly available computer programs. The percent identity between two sequences can be determined by using analysis software (i.e., Sequence Analysis Software Package of the Genetics Computer Group, Madison Wis. ) that incorporates the Needelman and Wunsch, (J. Mol. Biol., 48: 443-453, 1970) algorithm (e.g., NBLAST, and XBLAST) . The default parameters are used to determine the identity for the polypeptides of the present disclosure.
- analysis software i.e., Sequence Analysis Software Package of the Genetics Computer Group, Madison Wis.
- Needelman and Wunsch J. Mol. Biol., 48: 443-453, 1970
- algorithm e.g., NBLAST, and XBLAST
- a polypeptide sequence may be identical to the reference sequence, that is be 100%identical, or it may include up to a certain integer number of amino acid alterations as compared to the reference sequence such that the %identity is less than 100%.
- Such alterations include at least one amino acid deletion, substitution, including conservative and non-conservative substitution, or insertion, where the alterations may occur at the amino-or carboxy-terminal positions of the reference polypeptide sequence or anywhere between those terminal positions, interspersed either individually among the amino acids in the reference sequence or in one or more contiguous groups within the reference sequence.
- the number of amino acid alterations for a given %identity is determined by multiplying the total number of amino acids in the reference polypeptide by the numerical percent of the respective percent identity (divided by 100) and then subtracting that product from the total number of amino acids in the reference polypeptide.
- “native protein” broadly refers to a molecule having an amino acid sequence that may be isolated from an organism without modification by recombinant DNA techniques or other methods. Thus, “native protein” includes naturally occurring alleles and variants of the protein.
- the STC2 protein variant includes a molecule or sequence that is modified from a native protein but still retains the pharmacological activity of interest.
- protein variant contains a molecule or sequence in which non-native residues substitute for native residues, non-native residues are added, or native residues are deleted. Any native residue may be removed because it provides structural features or biological activity that are not required for the pharmacological activity of interest of the disclosed fusion molecules.
- protein variant includes a molecule or sequence that lacks one or more native protein sites or residues that affect or are involved in any number of cellular processes including but not limited to (1) intracellular signaling, (2) incompatibility with a selected host cell (3) N-terminal heterogeneity upon expression in a selected host cell, (4) glycosylation, (5) interaction with other proteins (e.g., dimerization domains) , (6) binding to a receptor or other protein that does not affect the pharmacological activity of interest, or (7) antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) .
- ADCC antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
- Variant STC2 proteins can be produced, for example, by amino acid substitution, deletion, or addition. For example, single replacement of leucine with isoleucine or valine, single replacement of aspartic acid with glutamic acid, single replacement of threonine with serine, or similar replacement of amino acids with structurally related amino acids (e.g., conservation) It is reasonable to expect that the (mutational) will not have a significant effect on the biological activity of the resulting molecule. Conservative replacements are those that take place within a family of amino acids that are associated with their side chains. Whether a change in the amino acid sequence of an PDHC protein results in a functional homolog is readily determined by assessing the ability of the variant PDHC protein to produce a response in a manner similar to the wild-type PDHC protein.
- variants include one or more peptides having an amino acid sequence that is at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identical to one or more of the respective amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3.
- variants can include one or more peptides having an amino acid sequence that is at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identical to one or more of the respective amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3.
- the variants include one or more peptides having an amino acid sequence that is at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3.
- the variants include one or more peptides having an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3.
- the variants include one or more peptides having an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3.
- the disclosed soluble proteins containing STC-2 proteins or variant/fragments thereof can have a length of up to 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, or 302 residues. In some forms, the soluble proteins can have a length of at least 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or 120 residues. In some forms, the soluble proteins can have a length of 50 to 302 residues, 50 to 250 residues, 50 to 200 residues, 50 to 150 residues, 50 to 100 residues, or 50 to 75 residues. As used herein, the term "residue" refers to an amino acid or amino acid analog.
- the isolated STC2 proteins and peptides included in the compositions are non-human STC2 proteins and peptides e.g., mammalian STC2 proteins and peptides.
- Exemplary mammalian STC2 proteins and peptides can be derived from mice and non-human primates, including but not limited to chimpanzees, macaques e.g., the pig-tailed macaque, crab-eating macaque, and rhesus macaque, Sumatran orangutan, and gorilla.
- the non-human STC2 protein is a mouse STC2 protein.
- the mouse STC2 protein has 296 amino acids and is represented by SEQ ID NO: 11. (UniProtKb: O88452 ⁇ STC2_MOUSE)
- the non-human STC2 protein is a non-human primate STC2 protein.
- the STC2 protein can be derived from Gorilla gorilla (or the Western lowland gorilla) e.g., as in SEQ ID NO: 12.
- the STC2 protein can be derived from Pongo abelii (or the Sumatran orangutan) e.g., as represented by SEQ ID NO: 13.
- the STC2 protein can be derived from Macaca nemestrina (or the Pig-tailed macaque) , e.g., as in SEQ ID NO: 14.
- Gorilla gorilla STC2 Protein (UniProtKb: G3RD02_GORGO) :
- non-human STC2 polypeptides include soluble proteins containing a fragment of a non-human STC2 protein.
- SEQ ID NO: 16 is an exemplary fragment of a non-human STC2 protein derived from Pan troglodytes (or Chimpanzees) that can be used in the disclosed compositions.
- compositions of isolated nucleic acids encoding a STC2 protein or STC2 fragment as disclosed herein.
- the nucleic acid encoding the STC2 protein or STC2 fragment is contained in a vector for delivery and expression in cells, preferably mammalian cells.
- isolated nucleic acid refers to a nucleic acid that is separated from other nucleic acid molecules that are present in a mammalian genome, including nucleic acids that normally flank one or both sides of the nucleic acid in a mammalian genome.
- an isolated nucleic acid can be, for example, a DNA molecule, provided one of the nucleic acid sequences normally found immediately flanking that DNA molecule in a naturally occurring genome is removed or absent.
- an isolated nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a DNA molecule that exists as a separate molecule independent of other sequences (e.g., a chemically synthesized nucleic acid, or a cDNA or genomic DNA fragment produced by PCR or restriction endonuclease treatment) , as well as recombinant DNA that is incorporated into a vector, an autonomously replicating plasmid, a virus (e.g., a retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, or herpes virus) , or into the genomic DNA of a prokaryote or eukaryote.
- a virus e.g., a retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, or herpes virus
- an isolated nucleic acid can include an engineered nucleic acid such as a recombinant DNA molecule that is part of a hybrid or fusion nucleic acid.
- an engineered nucleic acid such as a recombinant DNA molecule that is part of a hybrid or fusion nucleic acid.
- telomere sequence which is part of a hybrid gene encoding additional polypeptide sequence, complementary DNA (cDNA) , linear or circular oligomers or polymers of natural and/or modified monomers or linkages, including deoxyribonucleosides, ribonucleosides, substituted and alpha-anomeric forms thereof, peptide nucleic acids (PNA) , locked nucleic acids (LNA) , phosphorothioate, methyl phosphonate, and the like.
- cDNA complementary DNA
- PNA peptide nucleic acids
- LNA locked nucleic acids
- Nucleic acid encoding the disclosed polypeptide sequences are expressly provided. Nucleic acids can be single strand or double stranded, and can be in sense or antisense orientation, or can be complementary to a reference sequence.
- Nucleic acids can be DNA, RNA, or nucleic acid analogs. Nucleic acid analogs can be modified at the base moiety, sugar moiety, or phosphate backbone. Such modification can improve, for example, stability, hybridization, or solubility of nucleic acid. Modifications at the base moiety can include deoxyuridine for deoxythymidine, and 5-methyl-2’ -deoxycytidine or 5-bromo-2’ -deoxycytidine for deoxycytidine. Modifications of the sugar moiety can include modification of the 2’ hydroxyl of the ribose sugar to form 2’ -O-methyl or 2’ -O-allyl sugars.
- the deoxyribose phosphate backbone can be modified to produce morpholino nucleic acids, in which each base moiety is linked to a six membered, morpholino ring, or peptide nucleic acids, in which the deoxyphosphate backbone is replaced by a pseudopeptide backbone and the four bases are retained. See, for example, Summerton and Weller (1997) Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 7: 187-195; and Hyrup et al. (1996) Bioorgan. Med. Chem. 4: 5-23.
- the deoxyphosphate backbone can be replaced with, for example, a phosphorothioate or phosphorodithioate backbone, a phosphoroamidite, or an alkyl phosphotriester backbone.
- the isolated nucleic acids encoding the STC2 protein or STC2 fragment is derived from a mammal.
- the isolated nucleic acids encoding the STC2 protein or STC2 fragment is derived from humans, mice, and non-human primates including but not limited to chimpanzees, macaques e.g., the pig-tailed macaque, crab-eating macaque, and rhesus macaque, Sumatran orangutan, and gorilla.
- the isolated nucleic acid encoding the STC2 protein or STC2 fragment is derived from SEQ ID NO: 10 or SEQ ID NO: 17.
- Nucleic acids such as those described above, can be inserted into vectors for expression in cells.
- a “vector” is a replicon, such as a plasmid, phage, or cosmid, into which another DNA segment may be inserted so as to bring about the replication of the inserted segment.
- Vectors can be expression vectors.
- An “expression vector” is a vector that includes one or more expression control sequences, and an “expression control sequence” is a DNA sequence that controls and regulates the transcription and/or translation of another DNA sequence.
- Suitable vectors for STC2 constructs and gene delivery include but are not limited to pcDNA3.1, pcDNA3.4, pCMV6-Entry, pLenti6.3/V5-DEST, pET-28a, adenoviral vectors such as Ad2, Ad3, Ad4, Ad5, Ad7, Ad11, Ad35, Ad48) , and adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors such as AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAVrh10, AAVhu37, AAVhu68.
- Nucleic acids in vectors can be operably linked to one or more expression control sequences.
- “operably linked” means incorporated into a genetic construct so that expression control sequences effectively control expression of a coding sequence of interest.
- Examples of expression control sequences include promoters, enhancers, and transcription terminating regions.
- a promoter is an expression control sequence composed of a region of a DNA molecule, typically within 100 nucleotides upstream of the point at which transcription starts (generally near the initiation site for RNA polymerase II) . To bring a coding sequence under the control of a promoter, it is necessary to position the translation initiation site of the translational reading frame of the polypeptide between one and about fifty nucleotides downstream of the promoter.
- Enhancers provide expression specificity in terms of time, location, and level. Unlike promoters, enhancers can function when located at various distances from the transcription site. An enhancer also can be located downstream from the transcription initiation site.
- a coding sequence is “operably linked” and “under the control” of expression control sequences in a cell when RNA polymerase is able to transcribe the coding sequence into mRNA, which then can be translated into the protein encoded by the coding sequence.
- Suitable expression vectors include, without limitation, plasmids and viral vectors derived from, for example, bacteriophage, baculoviruses, tobacco mosaic virus, herpes viruses, cytomegalo virus, retroviruses, vaccinia viruses, adenoviruses, and adeno-associated viruses. Numerous vectors and expression systems are commercially available from such corporations as Novagen (Madison, WI) , Clontech (Palo Alto, CA) , Stratagene (La Jolla, CA) , and Invitrogen Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA) .
- An expression vector can include a tag sequence.
- Tag sequences are typically expressed as a fusion with the encoded polypeptide.
- Such tags can be inserted anywhere within the polypeptide including at either the carboxyl or amino terminus.
- useful tags include, but are not limited to, green fluorescent protein (GFP) , glutathione S-transferase (GST) , polyhistidine, c-myc, hemagglutinin, Flag TM tag (Kodak, New Haven, CT) , maltose E binding protein and protein A.
- Vectors containing nucleic acids to be expressed can be transferred into host cells.
- the term “host cell” is intended to include prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells into which a recombinant expression vector can be introduced.
- “transformed” and “transfected” encompass the introduction of a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector) into a cell by one of a number of techniques. Although not limited to a particular technique, a number of these techniques are well established within the art.
- Prokaryotic cells can be transformed with nucleic acids by, for example, electroporation or calcium chloride mediated transformation.
- Nucleic acids can be transfected into mammalian cells by techniques including, for example, calcium phosphate co-precipitation, DEAE-dextran-mediated transfection, lipofection, electroporation, or microinjection.
- the STC2 compositions described herein can be formulated for administration to a subject in need thereof.
- the formulations are suitable for directly or indirectly increasing ⁇ -cell proliferation and reducing pancreatic ⁇ -cell loss, by at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40, 50, 60, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 100%.
- the formulations are also suitable for directly or indirectly increasing insulin production and/or release in the cell, by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40, 50, 60, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 100%.
- Exemplary formulations of STC2 compositions include liquids and dry powders.
- the STC2 proteins, nucleic acids, or small molecules in an amount from about 1%to about 100%, inclusive, from about 1%to about 80%, from about 1%to about 50%, preferably from about 1%to about 40%by weight, more preferably from about 1%to about 20%by weight, most preferably from about 1%to about 10%by weight.
- the ranges above are inclusive of all values from 1%to 100%.
- pharmaceutically acceptable refers to compositions, polymers, and other materials and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
- pharmaceutically acceptable carrier refers to pharmaceutically acceptable materials, compositions or vehicles, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, solvent or encapsulating material involved in carrying or transporting any subject composition, from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body. Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of a subject composition and not injurious to the patient.
- pharmaceutically acceptable salt is art-recognized, and includes relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid addition salts of compounds.
- pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those derived from mineral acids, such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and those derived from organic acids, such as ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, and p-toluenesulfonic acid.
- suitable inorganic bases for the formation of salts include the hydroxides, carbonates, and bicarbonates of ammonia, sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, and zinc. Salts may also be formed with suitable organic bases, including those that are non-toxic and strong enough to form such salts.
- the class of such organic bases may include mono-, di-, and trialkylamines, such as methylamine, dimethylamine, and triethylamine; mono-, di-or trihydroxyalkylamines such as mono-, di-, and triethanolamine; amino acids, such as arginine and lysine; guanidine; N-methylglucosamine; N-methylglucamine; L-glutamine; N-methylpiperazine; morpholine; ethylenediamine; N-benzylphenethylamine; etc.
- mono-, di-, and trialkylamines such as methylamine, dimethylamine, and triethylamine
- mono-, di-or trihydroxyalkylamines such as mono-, di-, and triethanolamine
- amino acids such as arginine and lysine
- guanidine N-methylglucosamine
- N-methylglucamine N-methylglucamine
- L-glutamine L-glutamine
- compositions described herein can be formulated for parenteral administration.
- parenteral administration may include administration to a patient intravenously, intradermally, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, by injection, by infusion, etc.
- Parenteral formulations can be prepared as aqueous compositions using techniques is known in the art.
- such compositions can be prepared as injectable formulations, for example, solutions or suspensions; solid forms suitable for using to prepare solutions or suspensions upon the addition of a reconstitution medium prior to injection; emulsions, such as water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions, oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions, and microemulsions thereof, liposomes, or emulsomes.
- injectable formulations for example, solutions or suspensions
- solid forms suitable for using to prepare solutions or suspensions upon the addition of a reconstitution medium prior to injection emulsions, such as water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions, oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions, and microemulsions thereof, liposomes, or emulsomes.
- emulsions such as water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions
- the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, one or more polyols (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol) , oils, such as vegetable oils (e.g., peanut oil, corn oil, sesame oil, etc. ) , and combinations thereof.
- polyols e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol
- oils such as vegetable oils (e.g., peanut oil, corn oil, sesame oil, etc. )
- the proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and/or by the use of surfactants.
- isotonic agents for example, sugars or sodium chloride.
- Solutions and dispersions of the active compounds as the free acid or base or pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof can be prepared in water or another solvent or dispersing medium suitably mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients including, but not limited to, surfactants, dispersants, emulsifiers, pH modifying agents, viscosity modifying agents, and combination thereof.
- Suitable surfactants may be anionic, cationic, amphoteric or nonionic surface-active agents.
- Suitable anionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, those containing carboxylate, sulfonate and sulfate ions.
- anionic surfactants include sodium, potassium, ammonium of long chain alkyl sulfonates and alkyl aryl sulfonates such as sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate; dialkyl sodium sulfosuccinates, such as sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate; dialkyl sodium sulfosuccinates, such as sodium bis- (2-ethylthioxyl) -sulfosuccinate; and alkyl sulfates such as sodium lauryl sulfate.
- Cationic surfactants include, but are not limited to, quaternary ammonium compounds such as benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, cetrimonium bromide, stearyl dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, polyoxyethylene and coconut amine.
- nonionic surfactants include ethylene glycol monostearate, propylene glycol myristate, glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl stearate, polyglyceryl-4-oleate, sorbitan acylate, sucrose acylate, PEG-150 laurate, PEG-400 monolaurate, polyoxyethylene monolaurate, polysorbates, polyoxyethylene octylphenylether, PEG-1000 cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether, polypropylene glycol butyl ether, 401, stearoyl monoisopropanolamide, and polyoxyethylene hydrogenated tallow amide.
- amphoteric surfactants include sodium N-dodecyl-beta-alanine, sodium N-lauryl-beta-iminodipropionate, myristoamphoacetate, lauryl betaine and lauryl sulfobetaine.
- the formulation can contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms. Suitable preservatives include, but are not limited to, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, and thimerosal.
- the formulation may also contain an antioxidant to prevent degradation of the active agent (s) .
- the formulation is typically buffered to a pH of 3-8 for parenteral administration upon reconstitution.
- Suitable buffers include, but are not limited to, phosphate buffers, acetate buffers, and citrate buffers.
- Water-soluble polymers are often used in formulations for parenteral administration. Suitable water-soluble polymers include, but are not limited to, polyvinylpyrrolidone, dextran, carboxymethylcellulose, and polyethylene glycol.
- Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compounds in the required amount in the appropriate solvent or dispersion medium with one or more of the excipients listed above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization.
- dispersions are prepared by incorporating the various sterilized active ingredients into a sterile vehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those listed above.
- the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum-drying and freeze-drying techniques which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
- the powders can be prepared in such a manner that the particles are porous in nature, which can increase dissolution of the particles. Methods for making porous particles are well known in the art.
- parenteral formulations described herein can be formulated for controlled release including immediate release, delayed release, extended release, pulsatile release, and combinations thereof.
- the STC2 compositions, and optional one or more additional active agents can be incorporated into microparticles, nanoparticles, or combinations thereof that provide controlled release of the compounds and/or one or more additional active agents.
- the agents can be formulated for the same type of controlled release (e.g., delayed, extended, immediate, or pulsatile) or the agents can be independently formulated for different types of release (e.g., immediate and delayed, immediate and extended, delayed and extended, delayed and pulsatile, etc. ) .
- the STC2 compositions and/or one or more additional active agents can be incorporated into polymeric microparticles, which provide controlled release of the drug (s) . Release of the agent (s) is controlled by diffusion of the agent (s) out of the microparticles and/or degradation of the polymeric particles by hydrolysis and/or enzymatic degradation.
- Suitable polymers include ethylcellulose and other natural or synthetic cellulose derivatives.
- the STC2 compositions can be incorporated into microparticles prepared from materials which are insoluble in aqueous solution or slowly soluble in aqueous solution, but are capable of degrading within the GI tract by means including enzymatic degradation, surfactant action of bile acids, and/or mechanical erosion.
- slowly soluble in water refers to materials that are not dissolved in water within a period of 30 minutes. Preferred examples include fats, fatty substances, waxes, wax-like substances, and mixtures thereof.
- Suitable fats and fatty substances include fatty alcohols (such as lauryl, myristyl stearyl, cetyl or cetostearyl alcohol) , fatty acids and derivatives, including but not limited to fatty acid esters, fatty acid glycerides (mono-, di-and triglycerides) , and hydrogenated fats. Specific examples include, but are not limited to hydrogenated vegetable oil, hydrogenated cottonseed oil, hydrogenated castor oil, hydrogenated oils available under the trade name stearic acid, cocoa butter, and stearyl alcohol. Suitable waxes and wax-like materials include natural or synthetic waxes, hydrocarbons, and normal waxes.
- waxes include beeswax, glycowax, castor wax, carnauba wax, paraffins and candelilla wax.
- a wax-like material is defined as any material, which is normally solid at room temperature and has a melting point of from about 30 to 300°C.
- rate-controlling (wicking) agents can be formulated along with the fats or waxes listed above.
- rate-controlling materials include certain starch derivatives (e.g., waxy maltodextrin and drum dried corn starch) , cellulose derivatives (e.g., hydroxypropyl methyl-cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, methylcellulose, and carboxymethyl-cellulose) , alginic acid, lactose and talc.
- a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant for example, lecithin may be added to facilitate the degradation of such microparticles.
- Proteins which are water insoluble, such as zein, can also be used as materials for the formation of agent containing microparticles. Additionally, proteins, polysaccharides and combinations thereof, which are water-soluble, can be formulated with agent into microparticles and subsequently cross-linked to form an insoluble network. For example, cyclodextrins can be complexed with individual agent molecules and subsequently cross-linked.
- Encapsulation or incorporation of STC2 compositions into carrier materials to produce agent-containing microparticles can be achieved through known pharmaceutical formulation techniques.
- the carrier material is typically heated above its melting temperature and the agent is added to form a mixture comprising agent particles suspended in the carrier material, agent dissolved in the carrier material, or a mixture thereof.
- Microparticles can be subsequently formulated through several methods including, but not limited to, the processes of congealing, extrusion, spray chilling or aqueous dispersion.
- wax is heated above its melting temperature, agent is added, and the molten wax-agent mixture is congealed under constant stirring as the mixture cools.
- the molten wax-agent mixture can be extruded and spheronized to form pellets or beads.
- these processes are known in the art.
- agent and carrier material are co-dissolved in a mutual solvent and microparticles can subsequently be produced by several techniques including, but not limited to, forming an emulsion in water or other appropriate media, spray drying or by evaporating off the solvent from the bulk solution and milling the resulting material.
- agent in a particulate form is homogeneously dispersed in a water-insoluble or slowly water-soluble material.
- the agent powder itself may be milled to generate fine particles prior to formulation.
- the process of jet milling known in the pharmaceutical art, can be used for this purpose.
- drug in a particulate form is homogeneously dispersed in a wax or wax like substance by heating the wax or wax like substance above its melting point and adding the drug particles while stirring the mixture.
- a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant may be added to the mixture to facilitate the dispersion of the drug particles.
- the particles can also be coated with one or more modified release coatings.
- Solid esters of fatty acids which are hydrolyzed by lipases, can be spray coated onto microparticles or drug particles.
- Zein is an example of a naturally water-insoluble protein. It can be coated onto drug containing microparticles or drug particles by spray coating or by wet granulation techniques.
- some substrates of digestive enzymes can be treated with cross-linking procedures, resulting in the formation of non-soluble networks.
- Many methods of cross-linking proteins initiated by both chemical and physical means, have been reported. One of the most common methods to obtain cross-linking is the use of chemical cross-linking agents.
- cross-linking agents examples include aldehydes (glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde) , epoxy compounds, carbodiimides, and genipin.
- aldehydes glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde
- epoxy compounds carbodiimides
- genipin examples include aldehydes (glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde) , epoxy compounds, carbodiimides, and genipin.
- oxidized and native sugars have been used to cross-link gelatin.
- Cross-linking can also be accomplished using enzymatic means; for example, transglutaminase has been approved as a GRAS substance for cross-linking seafood products.
- cross-linking can be initiated by physical means such as thermal treatment, UV irradiation and gamma irradiation.
- a water-soluble protein can be spray coated onto the microparticles and subsequently cross-linked by the one of the methods described above.
- drug-containing microparticles can be microencapsulated within protein by coacervation-phase separation (for example, by the addition of salts) and subsequently cross-linked.
- suitable proteins for this purpose include gelatin, albumin, casein, and gluten.
- Polysaccharides can also be cross-linked to form a water-insoluble network. For many polysaccharides, this can be accomplished by reaction with calcium salts or multivalent cations, which cross-link the main polymer chains. Pectin, alginate, dextran, amylose and guar gum are subject to cross-linking in the presence of multivalent cations. Complexes between oppositely charged polysaccharides can also be formed; pectin and chitosan, for example, can be complexed via electrostatic interactions.
- Suitable oral dosage forms include tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and lozenges. Tablets can be made using compression or molding techniques well known in the art. Gelatin or non-gelatin capsules can be prepared as hard or soft capsule shells, which can encapsulate liquid, solid, and semi-solid fill materials, using techniques well known in the art.
- Oral mRNA delivery using capsules is described in Abramson, et al., Matter, 5(3) : 975-987 (2022) (incorporated herein by reference) , using branched hybrid poly ( ⁇ -amino ester) mRNA nanoparticles.
- Formulations may be prepared using a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- carrier includes, but is not limited to, diluents, preservatives, binders, lubricants, disintegrators, swelling agents, fillers, stabilizers, and combinations thereof.
- Carrier also includes all components of the coating composition, which may include plasticizers, pigments, colorants, stabilizing agents, and glidants.
- suitable coating materials include, but are not limited to, cellulose polymers such as cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate; polyvinyl acetate phthalate, acrylic acid polymers and copolymers, and methacrylic resins that are commercially available under the trade name (Roth Pharma, Westerstadt, Germany) , zein, shellac, and polysaccharides.
- cellulose polymers such as cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate
- polyvinyl acetate phthalate acrylic acid polymers and copolymers
- methacrylic resins that are commercially available under the trade name (Roth Pharma, Westerstadt, Germany) , zein, shellac,
- the coating material may contain conventional carriers such as plasticizers, pigments, colorants, glidants, stabilization agents, pore formers and surfactants.
- “Diluents” are typically necessary to increase the bulk of a solid dosage form so that a practical size is provided for compression of tablets or formation of beads and granules.
- Suitable diluents include, but are not limited to, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, calcium sulfate, lactose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, sodium chloride, dry starch, hydrolyzed starches, pregelatinized starch, silicone dioxide, titanium oxide, magnesium aluminum silicate and powdered sugar.
- Binders are used to impart cohesive qualities to a solid dosage formulation, and thus ensure that a tablet or bead or granule remains intact after the formation of the dosage forms.
- Suitable binder materials include, but are not limited to, starch, pregelatinized starch, gelatin, sugars (including sucrose, glucose, dextrose, lactose and sorbitol) , polyethylene glycol, waxes, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth, sodium alginate, cellulose, including hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, ethylcellulose, and veegum, and synthetic polymers such as acrylic acid and methacrylic acid copolymers, methacrylic acid copolymers, methyl methacrylate copolymers, amino alkyl methacrylate copolymers, polyacrylic acid/Poly methacrylic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
- Lubricants are used to facilitate tablet manufacture.
- suitable lubricants include, but are not limited to, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, glycerol behenate, polyethylene glycol, talc, and mineral oil.
- Disintegrants are used to facilitate dosage form disintegration or “breakup” after administration, and generally include, but are not limited to, starch, sodium starch glycolate, sodium carboxymethyl starch, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, pregelatinized starch, clays, cellulose, alginine, gums or cross-linked polymers, such as cross-linked PVP ( XL from GAF Chemical Corp) .
- Stabilizers are used to inhibit or retard drug decomposition reactions, which include, by way of example, oxidative reactions.
- Suitable stabilizers include, but are not limited to, antioxidants, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) ; ascorbic acid, its salts and esters; Vitamin E, tocopherol and its salts; sulfites such as sodium metabisulphite; cysteine and its derivatives; citric acid; propyl gallate, and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) .
- Oral dosage forms such as capsules, tablets, solutions, and suspensions, can for formulated for controlled release.
- the one or more compounds and optional one or more additional active agents can be formulated into nanoparticles, microparticles, and combinations thereof, and encapsulated in a soft or hard gelatin or non-gelatin capsule or dispersed in a dispersing medium to form an oral suspension or syrup.
- the particles can be formed of the agent and a controlled release polymer or matrix.
- the agent particles can be coated with one or more controlled release coatings prior to incorporation into the finished dosage form.
- the one or more compounds and optional one or more additional active agents are dispersed in a matrix material, which gels or emulsifies upon contact with an aqueous medium, such as physiological fluids.
- aqueous medium such as physiological fluids.
- the matrix swells entrapping the active agents, which are released slowly over time by diffusion and/or degradation of the matrix material.
- Such matrices can be formulated as tablets or as fill materials for hard and soft capsules.
- the one or more compounds, and optional one or more additional active agents are formulated into a sold oral dosage form, such as a tablet or capsule, and the solid dosage form is coated with one or more controlled release coatings, such as a delayed release coatings or extended-release coatings.
- the coating or coatings may also contain compounds and/or additional active agents.
- compositions and formulations including, but not limited to, STC2 proteins, nucleic acids and small molecules are provided.
- An exemplary method involves treating a subject (e.g., a human) having a disease, disorder, or condition by administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition including genetically modified STC2 peptides, nucleic acids, and/or small molecules.
- the methods administer a pharmaceutical composition to express recombinant STC2 proteins to a subject (e.g., a human) having a metabolic disorder e.g., Diabetes Mellitus in an amount effective to treat the metabolic disorder.
- the methods treat a disease or disorder in which hyperglycemia and/or aberrant insulin production are symptoms, by administering to the subject, an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition including recombinant STC2 peptides and/or proteins.
- the methods treat a disease or disorder associated with a lowered expression of STC2 or Reg2, by administering to the subject, an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition including recombinant STC2 peptides and/or proteins.
- in vivo gene therapy can be employed, whereby genetic material encoding STC2 peptides and/or molecules capable of upregulating STC2, is transferred directly into the patient.
- genetic material is introduced into a patient by a virally derived vector or by non-viral techniques.
- In vivo nucleic acid therapy can be accomplished by direct transfer of a functionally active DNA into mammalian somatic tissue or organ in vivo.
- Nucleic acids can be administered in vivo by viral means.
- a therapeutic gene expression cassette is typically composed of a promoter that drives gene transcription, the transgene of interest, and a termination signal to end gene transcription.
- Such an expression cassette can be embedded in a plasmid (circularized, double-stranded DNA molecule) as a delivery vehicle.
- Plasmid DNA can be directly injected in vivo by a variety of injection techniques, among which hydrodynamic injection achieves the highest gene transfer efficiency in major organs by quickly injecting a large volume of pDNA solution and temporarily inducing pores in cell membrane.
- hydrodynamic injection achieves the highest gene transfer efficiency in major organs by quickly injecting a large volume of pDNA solution and temporarily inducing pores in cell membrane.
- chemicals including cationic lipids and cationic polymers have been used to condense pDNA into lipoplexes and polyplexes, respectively.
- STC2 peptides or nucleic acid molecules encoding STC2 may be packaged into retrovirus vectors using packaging cell lines that produce replication-defective retroviruses, as is well-known in the art.
- Other virus vectors may also be used, including recombinant adenoviruses and vaccinia virus, which can be rendered non-replicating.
- Nucleic acids may also be delivered by other carriers, including liposomes, polymeric micro-and nanoparticles and polycations such as asialoglycoprotein/polylysine.
- liposomes including liposomes, polymeric micro-and nanoparticles and polycations such as asialoglycoprotein/polylysine.
- Various techniques and methods for in vivo gene delivery using the disclosed vectors and carriers are known in the art (reviewed in Wang, et al., Discov. Med., 18 (97) : 67-77 (2014) .
- mcDNA minicircle DNA
- an effective amount or “therapeutically effective amount” means a dosage sufficient to treat, inhibit, or alleviate one or more symptoms of a disease state being treated or to otherwise provide a desired pharmacologic and/or physiologic effect.
- the effective amount refers to the amount which is able to treat one or more symptoms of a metabolic disorder e.g.
- Diabetes Mellitus reverse the progression of one or more symptoms of a metabolic disorder e.g., Diabetes Mellitus, halt the progression of one or more symptoms of a metabolic disorder e.g., Diabetes Mellitus, or prevent the occurrence of one or more symptoms of a metabolic disorder e.g., Diabetes Mellitus in a subject to whom the formulation is administered, for example, as compared to a matched subject not receiving the compound.
- the precise dosage will vary according to a variety of factors such as subject-dependent variables (e.g., injury size/type, age, joint health, immune system health, etc. ) , the disease or disorder, and the treatment being administered.
- the effective amount can be relative to a control.
- Such controls are known in the art and discussed herein, and can be, for example, the condition of the subject prior to or in the absence of administration of the drug.
- treating refers to the medical management of a subject with the intent to cure, ameliorate, stabilize, or prevent a disease, pathological condition, or disorder.
- This term includes active treatment, that is, treatment directed specifically toward the improvement of a disease, pathological condition, or disorder, and includes causal treatment, that is, treatment directed toward removal of the cause of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder.
- this term includes palliative treatment, that is, treatment designed for the relief of symptoms rather than the curing of the disease, pathological condition, or disorder; preventative treatment, that is, treatment directed to minimizing or partially or completely inhibiting the development of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder; and supportive treatment, that is, treatment employed to supplement another specific therapy directed toward the improvement of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder.
- palliative treatment that is, treatment designed for the relief of symptoms rather than the curing of the disease, pathological condition, or disorder
- preventative treatment that is, treatment directed to minimizing or partially or completely inhibiting the development of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder
- supportive treatment that is, treatment employed to supplement another specific therapy directed toward the improvement of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder.
- Such measurements and assessments can be made in qualitative and/or quantitative terms.
- characteristics or features of a disease, pathological condition, or disorder and/or symptoms of a disease, pathological condition, or disorder can be reduced to any effect or to any amount.
- Desirable effects of treatment include decreasing the rate of disease progression, ameliorating, or palliating the disease state, and remission or improved prognosis.
- an individual is successfully “treated” if one or more symptoms associated with a metabolic disorder e.g., Diabetes Mellitus are mitigated or eliminated, including, but are not limited to, increasing pancreatic ⁇ -cell proliferation e.g., increasing the number of ⁇ -cells in the pancreatic islets, increasing the quality of life of those suffering from the metabolic disease or condition, decreasing the dose of other medications required to treat the metabolic disease/condition, delaying the progression of the metabolic disease/condition, and/or prolonging survival of individuals.
- a metabolic disorder e.g., Diabetes Mellitus
- increasing pancreatic ⁇ -cell proliferation e.g., increasing the number of ⁇ -cells in the pancreatic islets
- increasing the quality of life of those suffering from the metabolic disease or condition decreasing the dose of other medications required to treat the metabolic disease/condition, delaying the progression of the metabolic disease/condition, and/or prolonging survival of individuals.
- inhibitor or “reduce” or prevent in the context of inhibition, mean to reduce, or decrease or prevent in activity and quantity. This can be a complete inhibition or reduction in activity or quantity, or a partial inhibition or reduction or prevention. Inhibition or reduction or prevention can be compared to a control or to a standard level. Inhibition can be measured as a %value, e.g., from 1%up to 100%, such as 5%, 10, 25, 50, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 99, or 100%.
- compositions including therapeutic agents may inhibit or reduce one or more markers of a disease or disorder in a subject by about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%from the activity and/or quantity of the same marker in subjects that did not receive or were not treated with the compositions.
- Inhibition can be expressed as a %as compared to a control, for example, as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100%relative to a control.
- high, ” “higher, ” “increases, ” “elevates, ” or “elevation” refer to increases above basal levels, e.g., as compared to a control.
- low, ” “lower, ” “reduces, ” or “reduction” refer to decreases below basal levels, e.g., as compared to a control.
- drug administration regime refers to drug administration regarding formulation, route of administration, drug dose, dosing interval and treatment duration.
- monitoring refers to any method in the art by which an activity can be measured.
- providing refers to any means of adding a compound or molecule to something known in the art. Examples of providing can include the use of pipettes, pipette men, syringes, needles, tubing, guns, etc. This can be manual or automated.
- in need of treatment refers to a judgment made by a caregiver (e.g. physician, nurse, nurse practitioner, or individual in the case of humans; veterinarian in the case of animals, including non-human mammals) that a subject requires or will benefit from treatment. This judgment is made based on a variety of factors that are in the realm of a care giver's expertise, but that include the knowledge that the subject is ill, or will be ill, as the result of a condition that is treatable by the disclosed compounds.
- a caregiver e.g. physician, nurse, nurse practitioner, or individual in the case of humans; veterinarian in the case of animals, including non-human mammals
- subject includes, but is not limited to mammals including but not limited to human, horse, pig, rabbit, dog, sheep, goat, non-human primate, cow, cat, guinea pig or rodent.
- the term does not denote a particular age or sex. Thus, adult, and newborn subjects, as well as fetuses, whether male or female, are intended to be covered.
- a patient refers to a subject afflicted with a disease or disorder.
- patient includes human and veterinary subjects.
- compositions described herein can be administered to a subject comprising a human or an animal including, but not limited to, a mouse, dog, cat, horse, bovine or ovine and the like, that is in need of alleviation or amelioration from Diabetes Mellitus and/or hypoglycemia.
- the dosages or amounts of the compounds described herein are large enough to produce the desired effect in the method by which delivery occurs.
- the dosage should not be so large as to cause adverse side effects, such as unwanted cross-reactions, anaphylactic reactions, and the like.
- the dosage will vary with the age, condition, sex, and extent of the disease in the subject and can be determined by one of skill in the art.
- the dosage can be adjusted by the individual physician based on the clinical condition of the subject involved.
- the dose, schedule of doses and route of administration can be varied.
- the therapeutic result of the described STC2 compositions and pharmaceutical formulations can be compared to a control.
- Suitable controls are known in the art.
- a typical control is a comparison of a condition or symptom of a subject prior to and after administration of the described immunogenic compositions and pharmaceutical formulations.
- the condition or symptom can be a biochemical, molecular, physiological, or pathological readout.
- the effect of the described immunogenic compositions and pharmaceutical formulations on a particular symptom, pharmacologic, or physiologic indicator can be compared to an untreated subject, or the condition of the subject prior to treatment.
- the symptom, pharmacologic, or physiologic indicator is measured in an infected subject prior to treatment, and again one or more times after treatment is initiated.
- control is a reference level, or average determined based on measuring the symptom, pharmacologic, or physiologic indicator in one or more subjects that do not have the disease or disorder to be treated (e.g., healthy subjects) .
- the effect of the treatment is compared to a conventional treatment that is known in the art.
- the efficacy of administration of a particular dose of the STC2 compositions and pharmaceutical formulations according to the methods described herein can be determined by evaluating the particular aspects of the medical history, signs, symptoms, and objective laboratory tests that are known to be useful in evaluating the status of a subject in need of the STC2 compositions and pharmaceutical formulations for the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus, hypoglycemia, or other diseases and/or conditions. These signs, symptoms, and objective laboratory tests will vary, depending upon the disease or condition being treated or prevented, as will be known to any clinician who treats such patients or a researcher conducting experimentation in this field.
- a subject e.g., the hyperglycemia or Diabetes Mellitus has completely regressed
- the progression of the disease or condition is shown to be stabilized, or slowed, or reversed, or (3) the need for other medications for treating the disease or condition is lessened or obviated, then a particular treatment regimen will be considered efficacious.
- the actual effective amounts of the STC2 compositions can vary according to factors including the specific compositions administered, the particular composition formulated, the mode of administration, and the age, weight, condition of the subject being treated, as well as the route of administration and the disease or disorder.
- the composition increases the survival rate, or reduces the incidence of a disease or disorder in a treated subject as compared to an untreated control by more than 1%, such as by 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 75%, 100%, 200%, 300%, 400%or 500%, or more than 500%.
- the composition reduces the instance of one or more symptoms of a Diabetes Mellitus in a treated subject as compared with an untreated control by up to 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 75%, or 100%.
- the methods administer the composition in an effective amount.
- the effective amount or therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical compositions can be a dosage sufficient to treat, inhibit, or alleviate one or more symptoms of a disease or disorder, such as a metabolic disorder e.g., Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, Hyperglycemia, or other condition mentioned herein, or to otherwise provide a desired pharmacologic and/or physiologic effect, for example, reducing, inhibiting, or reversing one or more of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms underlying a disease or disorder, such as Diabetes Mellitus.
- the amount administered when administration of the composition elicits a desired response, can be expressed as the amount effective to achieve a desired metabolic effect in the recipient.
- the amount of the composition is effective to increase the viability or proliferation of pancreatic ⁇ cells in the recipient e.g., increase the number of pancreatic ⁇ cells and/or increasing the size of the pancreatic islets.
- the amount of the pharmaceutical composition is effective to reduce insulin resistance and increase insulin sensitivity in the recipient, or reduce hyperglycemia, and combinations thereof.
- the amount of the composition is effective to reduce one or more symptoms or signs of a metabolic disorder in a patient, or signs of the other condition such as pancreatitis or a condition associated with ⁇ -cell loss in a patient having the condition.
- the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject in an amount effective to increase the expression of one or more genes e.g., Reg2 (Reg2 regenerating islet-derived 2) , Adgrg7 (ADGRG7 adhesion G protein-coupled receptor G7) , Cgref1 (Cell Growth Regulator With EF-Hand Domain 1) , Idnk (IDNK gluconokinase) , Ap1s3 (Adaptor Related Protein Complex 1 Subunit Sigma 3) , Apam17 (ADAM Metallopeptidase Domain 17) , Man1a2 (Mannosidase Alpha Class 1A Member 2) , Nop14 (NOP14 nucleolar protein) , Sik3 (SIK Family Kinase 3) , Yipf3 (Yip1 Domain Family Member 3) , Avil (Advillin) , Dennd2d (DENN Domain Containing 2D) , Camk2d (Calcium/Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase
- the amount of the STC2 protein, STC2 protein fragment or STC2 nucleic acid present in the pharmaceutical formulation is effective to increase the expression of one or more of these genes by between about 5-fold and 80-fold, between about 10-fold and 70-fold, between about 20-fold and 60-fold, or between about 30-fold and about 50-fold.
- the amount of the STC2 protein, STC2 protein fragment or STC2 nucleic acid present in the pharmaceutical formulation is effective to increase the expression of one or more of these genes by about 5-fold, about 10-fold, about 15-fold, about 20-fold, about 25-fold, about 30-fold, about 40-fold, about 50-fold, about 60-fold, about 70-fold, or about 80-fold.
- the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject in an amount effective to decrease the expression of one or more genes e.g., Prkaca (Protein Kinase CAMP-Activated Catalytic Subunit Alpha) , Serpinc1 (Serpin Family C Member 1) , Exosc7 (Exosome Component 7) , Susd2 (Sushi Domain Containing 2) , Sult2b1 (Sulfotransferase Family 2B Member 1) , Aadac (Arylacetamide Deacetylase) , Adat3 (Adenosine Deaminase TRNA Specific 3) , Prkrip1 (PRKR Interacting Protein 1) , Slc30a1 (Solute Carrier Family 30 Member 1) , Cltb (Clathrin Light Chain B) , Gipc2 (GIPC PDZ Domain Containing Family Member 2) , C8b (Complement C8 Beta Chain) , Map3k4 (Mitogen
- the amount of the STC2 protein, STC2 protein fragment or STC2 nucleic acid present in the pharmaceutical formulation is effective to reduce the expression of one or more of these genes by between about 5-fold and 80-fold, between about 10-fold and 70-fold, between about 20-fold and 60-fold, or between about 30-fold and about 50-fold.
- the amount of the STC2 protein, STC2 protein fragment or STC2 nucleic acid present in the pharmaceutical formulation is effective to reduce the expression of one or more of these genes by about 5-fold, about 10-fold, about 15-fold, about 20-fold, about 25-fold, about 30-fold, about 40-fold, about 50-fold, about 60-fold, about 70-fold, or about 80-fold.
- the effective amount of the composition can vary from subject to subject, depending on the species, age, weight and general condition of the subject, the severity of the disorder being treated, and its mode of administration. Thus, it is not possible to specify an exact amount for every pharmaceutical composition. However, an appropriate amount can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using only routine experimentation given the teachings herein. For example, effective dosages and schedules for administering the pharmaceutical compositions can be determined empirically, and making such determinations is within the skill in the art. In some forms, the dosage ranges for the administration of the compositions are those large enough to effect increases in pancreatic ⁇ -cell proliferation and/or viability, or to reduce hyperglycemia and/or insulin resistance for example.
- the dosage should not be so large as to cause adverse side effects, such as unwanted cross-reactions, anaphylactic reactions, and the like.
- the dosage will vary with the age, condition, and sex of the patient, route of administration, whether other drugs are included in the regimen, and the type, stage, and location of the disease to be treated.
- the dosage can be adjusted by the individual physician in the event of any counter-indications. It will also be appreciated that the effective dosage of the composition can increase or decrease over the course of a particular treatment. Changes in dosage can result and become apparent from the results of diagnostic assays.
- Dosage can vary, and can be administered in one or more dose administrations daily, for one or several days. Guidance can be found in the literature for appropriate dosages for given classes of pharmaceutical products. Optimal dosing schedules can be calculated from measurements of drug accumulation in the body of the subject or patient. Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates. Optimum dosages can vary depending on the relative potency of individual pharmaceutical compositions and can generally be estimated based on EC 50 s found to be effective in in vitro and in vivo animal models.
- the dosage administered to a patient is typically 0.0001 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg of the patient’s body weight.
- the dosage administered to a patient is between 0.0001 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg, 0.0001 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, 0.0001 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg, 0.0001 and 2 mg/kg, 0.0001 and 1 mg/kg, 0.0001 mg/kg and 0.75 mg/kg, 0.0001 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg, 0.0001 mg/kg to 0.25 mg/kg, 0.0001 to 0.15 mg/kg, 0.0001 to 0.10 mg/kg, 0.001 to 0.5 mg/kg, 0.01 to 0.25 mg/kg or 0.01 to 0.10 mg/kg of the patient’s body weight.
- the effective dosage of the STC2 proteins, STC2 protein fragments, or nucleic acids administered to a patient is between about 0.01 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg of the patient’s body weight. In some forms, the dosage administered to a patient is between about 0.1 mg/kg to about 8 mg/kg, between about 0.1 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg, between about 0.1 mg/kg to about 3 mg/kg, or between about 0.1 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg of the patient’s body weight. These ranges for predicted dosages are based on the FDA guidelines for converting animal doses to Human Equivalent Dose (HED) .
- HED Human Equivalent Dose
- the unit dosage is in a unit dosage form for intravenous injection. In some forms, the unit dosage is in a unit dosage form for oral administration. In some forms, the unit dosage is in a unit dosage form for intraperitoneal injection.
- Treatment can be continued for an amount of time sufficient to achieve one or more desired therapeutic goals, for example, an increase of the number of ⁇ -cells relative to the start of treatment, or complete absence of one or more symptoms of a metabolic disorder e.g., diabetes in the recipient.
- Treatment can be continued for a desired period of time, and the progression of treatment can be monitored using any means known for monitoring the progression of anti-diabetic treatment in a patient.
- administration is carried out every day of treatment, or every week, or every fraction of a week.
- treatment regimens are carried out over the course of up to two, three, four or five days, weeks, or months, or for up to 6 months, or for more than 6 months, for example, up to one year, two years, three years, four years, five years, or up to 10 years.
- the efficacy of administration of a particular dose of the pharmaceutical compositions according to the methods described herein can be determined by evaluating the aspects of the medical history, signs, symptoms, and objective laboratory tests that are known to be useful in evaluating the status of a subject in need for the treatment of cancer or other diseases and/or conditions. These signs, symptoms, and objective laboratory tests will vary, depending upon the particular disease or condition being treated or prevented, as will be known to any clinician who treats such patients or a researcher conducting experimentation in this field.
- a subject for example, if, based on a comparison with an appropriate control group and/or knowledge of the normal progression of the disease in the general population or the particular individual: (1) a subject’s physical condition is shown to be improved (e.g., insulin resistance and/or hyperglycemia has partially or fully regressed) , (2) the progression of the disease or condition is shown to be stabilized, or slowed, or reversed, or (3) the need for other medications for treating the disease or condition is lessened or obviated, then a particular treatment regimen will be considered efficacious.
- efficacy is assessed as a measure of the increase in pancreatic islet mass and/or pancreatic ⁇ -cell number at a specific time point (e.g., 1-5 days, weeks, or months) following treatment.
- the disclosed STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered to a subject in need thereof to treat and/or prevent a variety of diseases and disorders.
- the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered to a subject to treat Diabetes Mellitus e.g., Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
- Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction, resulting in inadequate insulin secretion relative to the body's needs.
- the compositions and formulations can also be administered for the treatment of Type 1 diabetes, as beta cell deficiency is a major characteristic of this condition.
- the STZ-induced diabetic model tested in the non-limiting Examples can be regarded as having type 1 diabetes.
- the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered to a subject in need to treat Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) .
- MODY is a group of monogenic disorders causing beta cell dysfunction, leading to early-onset diabetes.
- the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered to a subject in need to treat Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus. Neonatal Diabetes is generally diagnosed in the first six months of life, often due to genetic mutations affecting beta cell function.
- the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered to a subject in need to treat Wolfram Syndrome, a genetic disorder involving beta cell dysfunction, leading to diabetes mellitus and other symptoms such as optic atrophy.
- the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered to a subject in need to treat pancreatic adenocarcinoma, which is cancer of the pancreas can impact beta cell function and insulin production.
- the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered in an effective amount to treat chronic pancreatitis, which is characterized by inflammation of the pancreas can lead to progressive beta cell dysfunction and diabetes.
- the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered to a subject in need to treat Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes (CFRD) .
- CFRD occurs in individuals with cystic fibrosis due to damage to the pancreas, affecting beta cell function.
- the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered to a subject in need to treat insulinoma, a tumor of the beta cells that causes excessive insulin production, leading to hypoglycemia.
- the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered to a subject in need to treat cancer.
- Reduced STC2 expression has been observed in certain cancers, such as breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma, and is often associated with poor prognosis and aggressive tumor behavior.
- the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered to a subject in need to treat cardiovascular diseases.
- Lower levels of STC2 have been linked to cardiovascular conditions, including heart failure and atherosclerosis.
- STC2 is believed to play a protective role in the cardiovascular system.
- the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered to a subject in need to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Decreased STC2 levels have been found in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, where it may be involved in protecting neurons from oxidative stress and apoptosis. In some forms, the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered to a subject in need to treat osteoporosis. STC2 is involved in bone metabolism, and reduced levels may contribute to bone density loss and osteoporosis.
- the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered to a subject in need to treat kidney disease.
- Lower STC2 expression has been associated with chronic kidney disease and renal fibrosis, suggesting a role in kidney function and protection against injury.
- All the methods and uses described herein can also include the step of identifying and selecting a subject in need of treatment, or a subject who would benefit from administration with the described compositions.
- the subject is human.
- the subject is a child.
- the subject is a toddler.
- the subject is a teenager.
- the subject is an adult.
- the subject to be treated has a metabolic disease/disorder e.g., Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, hyperglycemia, and so on.
- compositions described herein can be conveniently formulated into pharmaceutical compositions composed of one or more of the compounds in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, latest edition, by E.W. Martin Mack Pub. Co., Easton, PA, which discloses typical carriers and conventional methods of preparing pharmaceutical compositions that can be used in conjunction with the preparation of formulations of the therapeutics described herein and which is incorporated by reference herein.
- these include solutions such as sterile water, saline, and buffered solutions at physiological pH.
- Other therapeutics can be administered according to standard procedures used by those skilled in the art.
- compositions can include, but are not limited to, carriers, thickeners, diluents, buffers, preservatives, surface active agents and the like in addition to the therapeutic (s) of choice.
- compositions can be administered to the subject in a number of ways depending on whether local or systemic treatment is desired, and on the area to be treated.
- a pharmaceutical composition including the STC2 compositions, such as therapeutic STC2 can be administered as an intraperitoneal injection, or directly injected into a specific site, for example, into or surrounding the pancreas.
- a pharmaceutical composition can be administered to a subject as an ophthalmic solution and/or ointment to the surface of the eye, vaginally, rectally, intranasally, orally, by inhalation, or parenterally, for example, by intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrarectal, intraarterial, intralymphatic, intravenous, intrathecal and intratracheal routes.
- the compositions are administered directly into the pancreatic tissue, e.g., stereotactically.
- Parenteral administration if used, is generally characterized by injection.
- Injectables can be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions.
- a more recently revised approach for parenteral administration involves use of a slow release or sustained release system such that a constant dosage is maintained. See, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 3,610,795, which is incorporated by reference herein.
- Suitable parenteral administration routes include intravascular administration (e.g., intravenous bolus injection, intravenous infusion, intra-arterial bolus injection, intra-arterial infusion and catheter instillation into the vasculature) ; peri-and intra-tissue injection (e.g., intraocular injection, intra-retinal injection, or sub-retinal injection) ; subcutaneous injection or deposition including subcutaneous infusion (such as by osmotic pumps) ; direct application by a catheter or other placement device (e.g., an implant including a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material) .
- intravascular administration e.g., intravenous bolus injection, intravenous infusion, intra-arterial bolus injection, intra-arterial infusion and catheter instillation into the vasculature
- peri-and intra-tissue injection e.g., intraocular injection, intra-retinal injection, or sub-retinal injection
- Preparations for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions which can also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives.
- non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
- Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media.
- Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's , or fixed oils.
- Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers (such as those based on Ringer's dextrose) , and the like. Preservatives and other additives can also be present such as, for example, antimicrobials, antioxidants, chelating agents, and inert gases and the like.
- Administration of the pharmaceutical compositions can be localized (i.e., to a particular region, physiological system, tissue, organ, or cell type) or systemic.
- compositions are administered in combination with other therapeutic agents or treatment modalities.
- Any of the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions can be used alone, or in combination with other therapeutic agents or treatment modalities, for example, insulin therapy or stem-cell transplantation.
- “combination” or “combined” refer to either concomitant, simultaneous, or sequential administration of the therapeutics.
- the pharmaceutical compositions and other therapeutic agents are administered separately through the same route of administration. In other forms, the pharmaceutical compositions and other therapeutic agents are administered separately through different routes of administration.
- the combinations can be administered either concomitantly (e.g., as an admixture) , separately but simultaneously (e.g., via separate intravenous lines into the same subject; one agent is given orally while the other agent is given by infusion or injection, etc., ) , or sequentially (e.g., one agent is given first followed by the second) .
- Examples of preferred additional therapeutic agents include other conventional therapies known in the art for treating the metabolic diseases, disorders or conditions.
- suitable therapeutic agents include but are not limited to insulin, GLP1R agonists, metformin, SGLT2 inhibitors, DPP4 inhibitors and sulfonylureas.
- the STC2 compositions and formulations are administered in combination with one or more forms of insulin for managing Type 1 Diabetes.
- the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered together with rapid-acting insulin e.g., and Short-acting insulin e.g., R, and R;Intermediate-acting insulin e.g., N and N; Long-acting insulin e.g., and Ultra-long-acting insulin e.g., and combinations thereof.
- the STC2 compositions and formulations are administered in combination with one or more forms of insulin for managing Type 2 Diabetes.
- the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered together with metformin e.g., and
- the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered together with one or more sulfonylureas e.g., Glipizide e.g., and XL, Glyburide such as and ) , and Glimepiride such as
- the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered together with one or more meglitinides e.g., repaglinide such as and nateglinide such as
- the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered together with one or more thiazolidinediones e.g., Pioglitazone such as and Rosiglitazone such as
- the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered together with one or more DPP-4 Inhibi
- compositions and methods described herein may be used as a first therapy, second therapy, third therapy, or combination therapy with other types of therapies known in the art, such as surgery, gene therapy, immunotherapy, stem cell transplantation e.g., ⁇ cell transplantation, targeted therapy, physical interventions such as yoga, massage, acupuncture, and aromatherapy, medicinal herbs e.g., Momordica charantia, also known as bitter melon, Trigonella foenum graecum commonly known as Fenugreek, and Azadirachta indica commonly known as neem, in an adjuvant setting or a neoadjuvant setting.
- therapies known in the art, such as surgery, gene therapy, immunotherapy, stem cell transplantation e.g., ⁇ cell transplantation, targeted therapy, physical interventions such as yoga, massage, acupuncture, and aromatherapy, medicinal herbs e.g., Momordica charantia, also known as bitter melon, Trigonella foenum graecum commonly known as Fenu
- the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions and/or other therapeutic agents, procedures or modalities can be administered during periods of active disease, or during a period of remission or less active disease.
- the pharmaceutical compositions can be administered before the additional treatment, concurrently with the treatment, post-treatment, or during remission of the disease or disorder.
- the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions and the additional therapeutic agents e.g., second or third agent
- the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions and the additional therapeutic agents can be administered in an amount or dose that is higher, lower or the same than the amount or dosage of each agent used individually, e.g., as a monotherapy.
- the administered amount or dosage of the disclosed pharmaceutical composition, the additional therapeutic agent (e.g., second or third agent) , or all is lower (e.g., at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, or at least 50%) than the amount or dosage of each agent used individually, e.g., as a monotherapy (e.g., required to achieve the same therapeutic effect) .
- the medical kits can include, for example, a dosage supply of the composition containing the STC2 proteins, STC2 fragments, or nucleic acids encoding the STC2 proteins or STC2 fragments, and optionally one or more additional active agents, or a combination thereof in separately or together in the same admixture.
- the active agents can be supplied alone (e.g., lyophilized) , or in a pharmaceutical composition.
- the active agents can be in a unit dosage, or in a stock that should be diluted prior to administration.
- the kit includes a supply of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
- the kit can also include devices for administration of the active agents or compositions, for example, syringes.
- kits can include printed instructions for administering the compound in a use as described above.
- the instructional material can include a publication, a recording, a diagram, or any other medium of expression which can be used to communicate the usefulness of the compositions and methods of the kit.
- the kit contains:
- compositions and methods can be further understood through the following numbered paragraphs.
- a composition comprising a Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) compound, wherein the STC2 compound comprises an isolated STC2 protein, an isolated polypeptide fragment of a STC2 protein (STC2 fragment) , or an isolated nucleic acid encoding a STC2 protein or a STC2 fragment (STC2 nucleic acid) , wherein the STC2 compound is capable of reducing or ameliorating a metabolic disease or disorder in a subject when administered to the subject.
- STC2 Stanniocalcin-2
- composition of paragraph 1 wherein the STC2 protein comprises an amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, or SEQ ID NO: 11.
- composition of paragraph 1 or 2 wherein the STC2 protein comprises an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, or SEQ ID NO: 11.
- composition of any one of paragraphs 1-7 further comprising one or more active agents, wherein the active agent is an antigen, a prophylactic agent, a therapeutic agent, or combinations thereof.
- a pharmaceutical formulation comprising the composition of any of paragraphs 1-8 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is selected from the group consisting of a liposome complex, a liposome nanoparticle, a polymer, a nano emulsion, and a virus-like particle.
- a kit comprising:
- a method of treating or preventing the development of one or more symptoms of a metabolic disorder comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the composition of any one of paragraphs 1-8 or the pharmaceutical formulation of any one of paragraphs 9-14.
- the metabolic disorder is selected from the group comprising Diabetes Mellitus Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young, Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus, Wolfram Syndrome, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, chronic pancreatitis, Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes, insulinoma, hypoglycemia, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and kidney disease.
- composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered in a form selected from the group consisting of powder, liquids, and suspensions.
- composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered in combination with another therapeutic, prophylactic, or diagnostic agent.
- composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered at an interval selected from the group consisting of once a week, once every two weeks, once every three weeks, once a month, once every two months, and once every three months.
- composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered via intramuscular injection, subcutaneous injection, intradermal injection, intranasally, or oral administration.
- composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject at a dose of between 0.25 mg/kg body weight of the subject and 2.5 mg/kg body weight of the subject, inclusive.
- composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject in an amount effective to increase insulin production by 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%.
- composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject in an amount effective to decrease hyperglycemia, decrease insulin resistance, increase insulin sensitivity, or a combination thereof.
- a pharmaceutical formulation for use in treating or preventing the development of one or more symptoms of a metabolic disorder comprising a Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) compound, wherein the STC2 compound comprises an isolated STC2 protein, an isolated polypeptide fragment of a STC2 protein (STC2 fragment) , or an isolated nucleic acid encoding a STC2 protein or a STC2 fragment (STC2 nucleic acid) , wherein the STC2 compound is capable of reducing or ameliorating a metabolic disease or disorder in a subject when administered to the subject.
- STC2 Stanniocalcin-2
- BMI ⁇ 25 kg/m 2 lean group
- individuals were further classified into non-diabetes and diabetes subgroups.
- the study protocols received approval from the Institutional Review Board of the University of Hong Kong, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
- anthropometric variables such as height, weight, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and BMI
- biochemical variables including fasting glucose and insulin concentrations, 2-hour postprandial glucose concentrations, fasting lipid profiles (total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, total serum triglycerides, and free fatty acids)
- HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance
- Body fat was determined using bioelectric impedance analysis (Model TBF-410; Tanita) .
- the diagnostic criteria for diabetes were based on the guidelines of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) : fasting plasma glucose ⁇ 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) , or oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 2-hour plasma glucose ⁇ 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) , or HbA1c ⁇ 6.5%.
- ADA American Diabetes Association
- OGTT oral glucose tolerance test
- cDNAs encoding luciferase, wild type mouse/human STC2 were subcloned into the pAAV-GFP vector (Catalog #AAV-400) . Each construct was validated by Sanger sequencing. Shuttle vector, together with 2/8 capsids and helper plasmids were then co-transfected in HEK293T cells with 1 mg/ml polyethyleneimine (PEI, 24314, Polysciences, Inc., PA, USA) for recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) packaging as previously described [28] .
- PEI polyethyleneimine
- rAAV particles were concentrated and purified according to the standard protocol of AAVanced TM Concentration Reagent (Catalog #AAV110A-1, System Biosciences Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA) .
- the AAV titer was quantified by qPCR as previously described [29] .
- hSTC2-Fc human hamster ovary
- CHO Chinese hamster ovary
- ExpiCHO Expression System No. 29133, ThermoFisher
- the human STC2 protein contains a His-tag, enabling purification using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) with Ni-NTA agarose beads.
- IMAC immobilized metal affinity chromatography
- the column was prepared, loaded with the supernatant containing hSTC2, washed with low-concentration imidazole, and eluted using a gradient of increasing imidazole concentrations (20-500 mM) . Eluted fractions were collected, analyzed for protein content and purity by SDS-PAGE, and dialyzed with PBS pH 7.4 buffer.
- the supernatants were dialyzed with coating buffer (PBS, pH 7.4) at 4 °C to remove debris and contaminants.
- the proteins were purified using Protein G affinity chromatography, selectively binding the Fc region of IgG.
- the column was washed with binding buffer to remove unbound proteins, and both Fc and hSTC2-Fc proteins were eluted using 0.1 M glycine at pH 2.7, neutralized with Tris at pH 9.0, and dialyzed against PBS to adjust the pH back to physiological levels ( ⁇ 7.4) and concentrate the protein.
- the quality and validity of the purified proteins were assessed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis, detecting the presence of specific target proteins using antibodies.
- 6-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were purchased from the Laboratory Animal Unit of the University of Hong Kong (HKU) . Mice were housed in pathogen-free conditions at 22 °C to 24 °C with a 12 hours light-12 hours dark cycle and free access to water and either standard chow (STC, Purina) or 45%high fat diet (HFD, #D12451, Research Diets) . The investigators were not blinded to the experimental groups. For AAV2/8 transduction, 7-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were tail vein injected with 2 ⁇ 10 11 AAV2/8 harboring either luciferase, mouse STC2 or human STC2 with either STC or HFD feeding [30, 31] .
- STC Standard chow
- HFD 45%high fat diet
- Body composition was determined once a week by nuclear magnetic resonance (Bruker, minispec, Germany) .
- Glucose tolerance test (GTT) and glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) were performed in overnight-fasted mice after intraperitoneal (i. p. ) injection of D-glucose (1.5 g/kg body weight) , followed by the monitor of blood glucose at 0, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 minutes after glucose injection as previously described [32, 33].
- ITT insulin tolerance test
- mice were fasted for 6 hours followed by i. p. injection of human recombinant insulin (Actrapid HM Novo Nordisk) at a dose of 0.75 U/kg body weight.
- Blood glucose was measured at 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 minutes after insulin injection as previously described [32] .
- Blood samples were taken from the tail vein for the measurement of glucose, insulin and C-peptide levels using a glucose meter, insulin, and C-peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (Catalog #32270 for insulin and Catalog #36780 for C-peptide, Immunodiagnostics, HK) , respectively.
- ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- Lipid profiles including triglyceride (TG) , total cholesterol (TC) , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in circulation were measured with commercial kits (Catalog #290-63701 for TG, Catalog #294-65801 for TC, Wako, Osaka, Japan) according to the manufacturer's instructions. All animal experimental protocols were approved by the animal ethics committee of HKU.
- mice 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally injected with STZ (35 mg/kg body weight) once daily for three consecutive days to induce type 1 diabetes (T1D) .
- STZ 35 mg/kg body weight
- T1D type 1 diabetes
- R26CreERT2 mice were purchased from Shanghai Model Organisms Inc. STC2flox/flox mice, with loxP sites inserted on both sides of exon 3 of the STC2 gene, were also developed by Shanghai Model Organisms Inc. Global STC2 knockout (KO) mice were generated by breeding these floxed STC2 mice with R26CreERT2 mice. This was followed by intraperitoneal injections of tamoxifen at 75 mg/kg body weight for five consecutive days to induce STC2 gene knockout when the mice were 6 weeks old. Age-and sex-matched littermates, who only received equal volume solvent (corn oil) were used as controls. Three weeks later, the levels of STC2 in circulation were measured using ELISA. Further, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with STZ (35 mg/kg body weight) once daily for three consecutive days to induce diabetes, or they were switched to HFD feeding to induce obesity. Glycemic parameters were monitored throughout the study period.
- STZ 35 mg/kg body weight
- BrdU powder (HY-15910, MCE) was dissolved in filtered 1X PBS to achieve a final concentration of 10 mg/ml. Mice were given a daily intraperitoneal injection at a dosage of 150 mg/kg body weight for a continuous period of 7 days. Afterward, the mice were euthanized, and their pancreases were collected for the preparation of paraffin sections and fluorescent immunostaining.
- Pancreatic tissues were fixed in 4% (vol/vol) paraformaldehyde at 4 °C overnight, dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned into 5 ⁇ m slices. Deparaffinization was performed using xylene, followed by a gradient rehydration with 100%, 90%, 80%, and 70%ethanol and deionized water. Sections were treated with 3%H 2 O 2 in the dark for 45 minutes to quench endogenous peroxidase activity. Antigen retrieval was achieved by immersing the sections in citrate buffer and heating in a microwave until a mild boil was reached, continuing for 10 minutes. Cell permeabilization for enhanced membrane permeability was carried out by incubating the sections in 0.1%Triton X-100 PBS for 10 minutes.
- Secondary antibodies included Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor TM 488, Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor TM 546, Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor TM 488 and Donkey anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor TM 568 (both 1: 200; Invitrogen) .
- C57BL/6J male mice were euthanized with a 5%Dorminal solution (50 mg/ml) .
- 2 ml of collagenase P (1.4 mg/ml) was injected into the pancreas through the bile duct, and the pancreas was isolated and incubated at 200 rpm, 37 °C for 15 minutes.
- 25 ml of ice-cold G-Solution (0.17 g/L of NaHCO 3 and 0.25%BSA (w/v) dissolved in HBSS) was added.
- the islets were resuspended in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM, Gibco) supplemented with 10%fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco) , 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin. Islets were then picked under a microscope; 10 islets were selected in one group randomly.
- DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium
- FBS fetal bovine serum
- MIN6 cells were cultured in DMEM containing 10%FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin, and 0.05mM ⁇ -mercaptoethanol. The culture conditions are maintained in an incubator at 37 °C with 5%carbon dioxide.
- KRBB Krebs-Ringer Bicarbonate Buffer
- 1xPBS with 0.5%BSA negative control
- 30 &100 nmol/L hSTC2 protein with 0.5%BSA or 30 nmol/L GLP1 with 0.5%BSA (positive control) .
- 10 ⁇ l of medium from each well was collected for insulin measurement.
- the islets/cells were then stimulated by 20 mM glucose for 30 minutes. Following the stimulation, 10 ⁇ l of medium was collected for insulin measurement using ELISA.
- Proteins were extracted from homogenized pancreatic tissue using RIPA lysis buffer and their concentration determined by BCA assay. Samples were subjected to trypsin digestion using the FASP method, desalted with C18 ZipTips, and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The peptides were separated using an UltiMate 3000 UHPLC system and analyzed on a TimsTof Pro2 mass spectrometer in DIA-PASEF mode. Protein identification and quantification were performed using Spectronaut 18, searching against the Mus musculus database with a local false discovery rate of 1.0%for peptide-spectrum matches and allowing for up to 2 missed cleavages.
- Protein from mouse tissues was extracted by RIPA lysis buffer (65 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1%NP-40, 0.5%sodium deoxycholate and 0.1%SDS) as previously described [34] . Protein samples were separated on 10%SDS-PAGE gels and transferred to PVDF membranes (IPVH00010, Merck Millipore, CA, USA) . The expression of protein was detected by a ChemiDoc MP Imaging System (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) .
- Circulating STC2 is decreased in diabetic patients and inversely associated with glucose but not lipid levels.
- Table 1A Clinical and biochemical characteristics of individuals recruited in this study.
- Table 1B Clinical and biochemical characteristics of individuals recruited in this study.
- Elevation of circulating STC2 by rAAV-mediated overexpression decreases hyperglycemia and increases insulin production in obese mice
- mice 7-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were injected with AAV expressing either mouse STC2 or luciferase control via the tail vein. Subsequently, the mice were started to feed with HFD or remained STC one week after the injections (Figure 2A) . A three-fold increase in serum STC2 was observed at 4 weeks post-injection ( Figure 2B) , and this elevation in serum STC2 was sustained throughout 20 weeks of the study period.
- mice with overexpression of mouse STC2 and the luciferase control group There was no difference in body weight, body composition, fat mass and lipid profiles including TG, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C between mice with overexpression of mouse STC2 and the luciferase control group ( Figures 9A-9F) .
- DIO mice with rAAV-mediated elevation of circulating mSTC2 exhibited significantly lower blood glucose levels compared to the luciferase control group under feeding (10.1 ⁇ 0.34 mmol/L vs. 8.1 ⁇ 0.39 mmol/L, P ⁇ 0.01) , fasting (8.4 ⁇ 0.40 mmol/L vs.
- STC2 increases insulin levels by promoting ⁇ -cell proliferation, but has no direct effect on insulin secretion.
- Pancreatic islets play a central role in regulating glucose metabolism by secreting insulin and glucagon from ⁇ and ⁇ cells respectively [35] . Therefore, it was evaluated whether the impact of STC2 overexpression on islet architecture in mice with immunohistology analysis. Compared with the luciferase control, treatment with rAAV expressing-mouse STC2 or rAAV expressing-human STC2 induced a marked expansion in the number and area of islet in DIO mice. Moreover, the number of ⁇ -cells per islet was significantly increased after STC2 overexpression (Figure 4A, Figure 10A and 10B) . A similar trend of increases in size and number of islets was also observed in STD-fed lean mice treated with rAAV-mSTC2 or -hSTC2, although the magnitude of changes was much smaller compared to those in DIO mice.
- mice were injected with BrdU for 7 consecutive days followed by immunofluorescent analysis for BrdU-positive cells in the pancreatic islets of DIO mice.
- the percentage of cells positive for both insulin and BrdU in the pancreas was approximately 1.8%, while treatment with AAV-mSTC2 resulted in an approximate 40%increase in it ( Figures 4B) , suggesting that increased islet size and number in mice treated with rAAV-mSTC2 are attributed to the effect of mSTC2 in promoting ⁇ -cell proliferation.
- STC2 counteracts streptozotocin-induced pancreatic ⁇ -cell loss, insulin insufficiency and hyperglycemia in mice
- mice were divided into two groups and fed with either STC or HFD for 8 weeks, followed by the injection of rAAV-Luciferase or rAAV-mSTC2. Four weeks later, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with STZ (35 mg/kg body weight) once per day for three consecutive days to induce diabetes (Figure 6A) .
- STZ streptozotocin
- mice with STZ there was a 66%decrease in the islet area and a 55%decrease in the ⁇ -cell number compared to their respective control mice, while mice with augmented circulating STC2 exhibited an 85%increase in islet area and a one-fold increase in ⁇ -cell number in diabetic mice, regardless of whether they were STC-or HFD-fed ( Figures 6E) .
- immunofluorescent analysis of BrdU staining was conducted.
- STC2 exacerbates hyperglycaemia by worsening pancreatic ⁇ -cell loss and impairing insulin production in diabetic mice.
- mice To explore the physiological role of STC2 in mice, tamoxifen induced global STC2 KO mice were generated. To this end, 6-week-old male STC2flox/flox-R26CreERT2 mice were injected with tamoxifen to induce global knockout of STC2 gene, followed by the measurement of STC2 levels in circulation by ELISA. Three weeks later, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with STZ to induce diabetes or switched to HFD feeding to induce obesity. Glycemic parameters were monitored throughout the study period ( Figure 12A and Figure 13A) .
- STC2 KO mice showed notable elevations in blood glucose levels and reductions in circulating insulin and C-peptide levels in the fed, fasting and refeeding status compared to WT mice, regardless of whether they were injected with STZ or fed with HFD ( Figures 12D-12F and Figures13C-13E) .
- the ablation of STC2 aggravated ⁇ -cell loss induced by STZ, showing a 45%decrease in the islet area and a 60%decrease in the ⁇ -cell number compared to WT mice injected with STZ ( Figures 12G) .
- mice with deleted STC2 strongly inhibited ⁇ -cell proliferation induced by HFD, exhibiting nearly a 50%decrease in islet area and a 40%decrease in ⁇ -cell number compared to WT mice fed with HFD ( Figures 13F) .
- Figures 13F mice with deleted STC2 strongly inhibited ⁇ -cell proliferation induced by HFD, exhibiting nearly a 50%decrease in islet area and a 40%decrease in ⁇ -cell number compared to WT mice fed with HFD.
- mice treated with hSTC2-Fc exhibited elevations in circulating insulin and C-peptide levels in the fed, fasting and refeeding status compared to Fc-treated controls ( Figures 7E and 7F) . More importantly, the alleviation of hyperglycemia and elevation of circulating insulin by hSTC2-Fc remained significant even after withdrawal of the protein treatment for a period of 28 days ( Figure 7G) , suggesting that the anti-diabetic effects of hSTC2-Fc is sustainable and long-lasting, possibly attributable to its actions in inducing ⁇ -cell proliferation. This extended duration of action adds to the potential therapeutic value of STC2 in managing hyperglycemia in diabetic conditions.
- hSTC2-Fc fusion protein improves hyperglycemia, insulin insufficiency and pancreatic ⁇ -cell loss in T1D mice
- hSTC2-Fc fusion protein for T1D, STZ-induced diabetic mice were treated with hSTC2-Fc or Fc control through daily intraperitoneal injections (150 nmol/kg) for 20 days. Throughout the treatment and post-treatment phases, glycemic parameters including blood glucose, circulating insulin and C-peptides were closely monitored ( Figure 14A) . After 15 days of protein administration, the blood glucose levels in T1D mice treated with hSTC2-Fc were significantly lower compared to those treated with the Fc control ( Figure 14B) .
- regenerating islet-derived 2 (Reg2) , a protein mainly expressed in pancreatic acinar cells and previously linked to the proliferation and regeneration of ⁇ cells in the pancreas [38] , was significantly upregulated in rAAV-STC2 treated islets. This finding was confirmed by Western blot analysis showing approximately 1.7-fold increases in Reg-2 protein abundance in islets isolated from rAAV-STC2-treated mice versus rAAV-luciferase-treated mice ( Figures 8B and 8C) , indicating that Reg2 may be involved in STC2-induced ⁇ cell regeneration.
- ⁇ -cell proliferation plays a crucial role in maintaining ⁇ cell mass and function in the pancreas. It not only helps to compensate for insulin resistance by increasing the number of ⁇ cells but also counteracts the loss of ⁇ cell function by promoting the growth of functional ⁇ cells in the pancreas.
- Previous studies have reported various factors or hormones involved in ⁇ cell proliferation [40] .
- SerpinB1 as a hepatocyte-secretory protease inhibitor, was reported to promote pancreatic ⁇ cell proliferation by modulating phosphorylation of MAPK, PRKAR2B, and GSK3 subunits of growth factor signaling pathways [41] .
- mice lacking serpinB1 exhibited attenuated ⁇ cell compensation in response to insulin resistance, and treatment with its partial mimics (GW311616A and sivelestat) exhibited higher ⁇ cell proliferation in mice transplanted with human islets.
- SerpinB1 or its mimics can stimulate ⁇ cell proliferation in Type I Diabetic mice.
- a study by Kondegowda et al. revealed that osteoprotegerin is a potent ⁇ cell mitogen that promotes ⁇ cell proliferation in young, adult, and diabetic mice, resulting in an increase in ⁇ cell mass and a delay in the onset of hyperglycemia in diabetic mice [42] .
- osteoprotegerin induced human ⁇ cell replication by modifying the CREB and GSK3 pathways through its binding to receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF) - ⁇ B (RANK) ligand [42] .
- NF nuclear factor
- RANK nuclear factor - ⁇ B
- the role of osteoprotegerin in ⁇ cell compensation in response to insulin resistance in Type II Diabetic mice was not mentioned.
- Multiple other factors have been investigated for their potential to stimulate ⁇ cell proliferation in animals, such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) [43] , lactogens [44] , and neurotransmitters like serotonin [45] and ⁇ -amino butyric acid (GABA) [46] .
- EGF epidermal growth factor
- lactogens [44]
- GABA ⁇ -amino butyric acid
- Endogenous pancreatic ⁇ cell proliferation can occur through replication of existing ⁇ cell, trans differentiation from other pancreatic cells, or differentiation from progenitor cells [49] .
- the replication of existing ⁇ -cells is regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) , which control cell cycle progression and DNA replication [50] .
- CDKs cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases
- Certain growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) , are involved in regulating ⁇ -cell proliferation [51, 52] .
- pancreatic cell types including ⁇ , ⁇ , acinar and duct cells, can transdifferentiate into ⁇ -cells due to their shared developmental origin and similar epigenetic profiles [54-57] , but the molecular pathways involved have yet to be fully elucidated.
- a subset of cells becomes committed to the ⁇ -cell lineage. This commitment is driven by the expression of specific transcription factors, including Pdx1, Nkx6.1 and MafA.
- the present study demonstrates the relationship between circulating STC2 with glucose homeostasis in humans and highlights the therapeutic potential of STC2 in managing hyperglycemia by promoting the regeneration of insulin-producing ⁇ -cell.
- PM20D1 is a circulating biomarker closely associated with obesity, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2021 Dec 10; 186 (2) : 151-161.
- Tan KC Wat NM, Tam SC, Janus ED, Lam TH, Lam KS. C-reactive protein predicts the deterioration of glycemia in Chinese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care. 2003 Aug; 26 (8) : 2323-8.
- Hepatic PRMT1 ameliorates diet-induced hepatic steatosis via induction of PGC1 ⁇ . Theranostics. 2022 Feb 28; 12 (6) : 2502-2518.
- Fibroblast growth factor 21 protects against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by potentiating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator protein-1 ⁇ -mediated antioxidant capacity in mice. Hepatology. 2014 Sep; 60 (3) : 977-89.
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- Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
Abstract
Disclosed are compositions and methods for treating or preventing symptoms of a metabolic disorder, replenishing pancreatic β cells, increasing insulin production, and regulating glucose homeostasis. The disclosed methods include administering a pharmaceutical formulation containing an effective amount of Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) protein, its fragment, or nucleic acid encoding STC2 proteins to a subject in need thereof. This treatment can ameliorate metabolic diseases such as Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1 and Type 2), and hyperglycemia. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical formulations containing STC2 proteins/fragments or nucleic acids. The among of STC2 proteins/fragments or nucleic acids in the pharmaceutical formulations is effective to increase β-cell number, α cell number, the α cell/β cell ratio, pancreatic islet size, pancreatic islet number, the expression of proliferation-associated transcription factors, and/or prevent loss or damage of pancreatic β-cells via degeneration or apoptosis or a combination thereof.
Description
The disclosed invention is generally in the field of metabolic disorders and specifically in the area of anti-diabetic agents.
Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease that can be classified into two main types: type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) . In T1D, the immune system attacks and destroys the β cells in the pancreas, resulting in a deficiency of insulin production [1, 2] . T2D initially involves insulin resistance, where the body is unable to effectively use the insulin, it produces. In the early stages of T2D, the body compensates by increasing insulin production from β cells. However, as the disease progresses, these β cells may become dysfunctional and fail to produce enough insulin. This leads to elevated blood glucose levels and the development of hyperglycemia [2, 3] . Although the underlying causes of T1D and T2D are different, defective, or impaired insulin secretion is a common hallmark of both types of diabetes.
Insulin secretagogues are medications that stimulate the release of insulin from the β cells in the pancreas, such as sulfonylureas and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP1R) agonists [4-6] . While these medications are shown to aid management of blood glucose levels in certain individuals with diabetes, prolonged use of them, especially sulfonylureas, put additional stress on the β cells in the pancreas, potentially leading to β cell exhaustion and a further decline in insulin production over time [7, 8] . Moreover, insulin secretagogues have shown limited efficacy in advanced stages of T2D, as the β cells in the pancreas may become more dysfunctional and produce less insulin as T2D progresses. Therefore, there is a critical need for more effective anti-diabetic drugs which not only regulate glucose homeostasis but also have beneficial effects on preserving β cells and/or replenishing the lost functional β cells.
Therefore, it is an object of the invention to provide compositions and formulations to regulate glucose homeostasis and/or prevent the loss of or replenish lost pancreatic βcells.
It is also an object of the invention to provide compositions and formulations to treat metabolic disorders such as diabetes.
It is a further object of the invention to provide methods of treating diabetes and/or preventing the loss of or replenishing lost pancreatic β cells.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Disclosed are methods of treating or preventing the development of one or more symptoms of a metabolic disorder in a subject. Also disclosed are methods of preventing the loss of and/or replenishing lost pancreatic β cells in a subject. Further disclosed are methods of increasing insulin production and/or regulating glucose homeostasis in a subject or methods of increasing β-cell number, and/or pancreatic islet size. The methods include administering to a subject in need thereof, an effective amount of a composition or pharmaceutical formulation containing an isolated Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) protein, an isolated polypeptide fragment of a STC2 protein (STC2 fragment) , or an isolated nucleic acid encoding a STC2 protein or a STC2 fragment (STC2 nucleic acid) . The disclosed STC2 protein, the STC2 fragment, or the STC2 nucleic acid is capable of reducing or ameliorating a metabolic disease or disorder in a subject. Generally, the subject is a mammal. In some forms, the subject is a human, a non-human primate, or a mouse.
Generally, the subject has a metabolic disorder or is at risk of developing a metabolic disorder. In some forms, the metabolic disorder is selected from the group including Diabetes Mellitus Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young, Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus, Wolfram Syndrome, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, chronic pancreatitis, Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes, insulinoma, hypoglycemia, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and kidney disease; preferably, the metabolic disorder is Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 or Diabetes Mellitus Type 2.
In some forms, the methods include identifying a subject as having an elevated risk of a metabolic disorder e.g., diabetes such as T2D. In other forms, the methods include a step of identifying a subject as having a deficiency in STC2, and/or decreased numbers of β cells, and/or decreased pancreatic islet volume. In these forms, the methods include the steps of i) obtaining a sample from the subject; ii) determining that the level of STC2 in the sample compared to a control; iii) diagnosing the subject as having a metabolic disorder e.g., T2D, if the level of STC2 in the sample is decreased compared to a control such as a healthy subject without the metabolic disorder. Typically, the sample is a plasma sample or a pancreatic biopsy. In some forms, the subject diagnosed as having a metabolic disorder e.g., T2D has a level of STC2 is at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, or more than 100%lower than the control. In some forms, the step of determining that the level of STC2 in the sample includes measuring the level of STC2 protein in the sample, preferably the level of STC2 protein derived from the extracellular vesicles of the sample, for example, by performing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) , radioimmunoassay (RIA) , western blot, or dot blot. In other forms, the step of determining that the level of STC2 in the sample includes measuring the level of STC2 mRNA in the sample, for example, by performing a hybridization assay, Real-time Polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) , or Quantitative Polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) . Preferably, the diagnosis of the subject as having a metabolic disorder e.g., diabetes such as T2D, is with at least a 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 97%, or 99%certainty.
In some forms, the STC2 compositions or pharmaceutical formulations are administered in the form of a powder, liquids, or suspensions. In some forms, the STC2 composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered in combination with another therapeutic, prophylactic, or diagnostic agent.
In some forms, the STC2 composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered at an interval selected from the group consisting of once a week, once every two weeks, once every three weeks, once a month, once every two months, and once every three months. In some forms, the STC2 composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered via intramuscular injection, subcutaneous injection, intradermal injection, intranasally, or oral administration. In some forms, the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject at a dose of between 0.25 mg/kg body weight of the subject and 2.5 mg/kg body weight of the subject, inclusive.
In some forms, the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject in an amount effective to increase insulin production by 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%. In some forms, the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject in an amount effective to increase β-cell number, pancreatic islet size, or both, by 5-fold, 10-fold, 15-fold, 20-fold, 25-fold, 30-fold, 40-fold, 50-fold, 60-fold, 70-fold, or 80-fold. In some forms, the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject in an amount effective to decrease hyperglycemia, decrease insulin resistance, increase insulin sensitivity, or a combination thereof. In some forms, the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject in an amount effective to increase the expression of one or more genes e.g., Reg2, Adgrg7, Cgref1, Idnk, Ap1s3, Apam17, Man1a2, Nop14, Sik3, Yipf3, Avil, Dennd2d, Camk2d, Rpf2, Slc3a1, Ptgr1, Polr1c, Mgst1, Nf1, Acta2, Atxn3, Sarnp, and Gpx1. In some forms, the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject in an amount effective to decrease the expression of one or more genes e.g., Prkaca, Serpinc1, Exosc7, Susd2, Sult2b1, Aadac, Adat3, Prkrip1, Slc30a1, Cltb, Gipc2, C8b, Map3k4, Sft2d2, and Svs6.
Also disclosed are compositions containing an isolated Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) protein, an isolated polypeptide fragment of a STC2 protein (STC2 fragment) , or an isolated nucleic acid encoding a STC2 protein or a STC2 fragment (STC2 nucleic acid) . The disclosed STC2 protein, the STC2 fragment, or the STC2 nucleic acid is capable of reducing or ameliorating a metabolic disease or disorder in a subject.
In some forms, the STC2 protein is an STC2 antibody e.g., a monoclonal antibody. In some forms, the STC2 protein is a fusion protein or a recombinant protein. In some forms, the STC2 protein is a growth factor. Generally, the STC2 protein (s) included in the compositions or formulation is effective to increase β-cell proliferation e.g., increase the number of β cells, and/or increase the production of insulin in the subject. In other forms, the compositions contain a small molecule in an effective amount to increase STC2 expression and consequently, β cell proliferation.
In some forms, the STC2 protein has an amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, or SEQ ID NO: 10. In some forms, the amino acid sequence of the STC2 protein has a sequence identity of about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, or SEQ ID NO: 10.
In some forms, the STC2 nucleic acid is messenger RNA. In some forms, the isolated nucleic acid encoding the recombinant STC2 protein is comprised in a viral vector; preferably, wherein the viral vector is selected from the group consisting of a lentiviral vector or an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector.
In some forms, the STC2 compositions contain one or more additional active agents, where the active agents are antigens, prophylactic agents, therapeutic agents, or combinations thereof.
In some forms, the STC2 protein, the STC2 fragment, or the STC2 nucleic acid is derived from a mammal. In some forms, STC2 protein, the STC2 fragment, or the STC2 nucleic acid is human STC2. In some forms, the STC2 protein, the STC2 fragment, or the STC2 nucleic acid is derived from a non-human mammal selected from the group consisting of non-human primate and rodent. Generally, the non-human primate or rodent-derived STC2 protein, STC2 fragment, or STC2 nucleic acid are capable of decreasing blood glucose, and/or increasing insulin production, and/or increasing β cell proliferation and/or regeneration. As demonstrated in the non-limiting examples, AAV-mediated expression of mouse STC2 increases β cell proliferation and decreases blood glucose levels.
Also disclosed is a composition comprising a recombinant Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) protein or an isolated nucleic acid encoding the recombinant STC2 protein, wherein the recombinant STC2 protein comprises a STC2 protein and a Fc domain of IgG.
In some forms, the Fc domain of IgG is derived from IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4, preferably, from IgG1. In some forms, the Fc comprises an amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%to SEQ ID NO: 18. Optionally, the Fc comprises an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 18.
In some forms, the STC2 protein is derived from a mammal selected from the group consisting of a mouse or a human. In other forms, the STC2 protein is derived from a non-human mammal selected from the group consisting of non-human primate and rodent. In some forms, the STC2 protein comprises an amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%to SEQ ID NO: 1. Optionally, the STC2 protein comprises an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 1.
In some forms, the recombinant STC2 protein further comprises a linker, preferably, the linker is flexible. In some forms, the linker comprises an amino acid sequence of (G4S) n, wherein n is an integer selected from 1-5, preferably, n is 3.
In some forms, the recombinant STC2 protein comprises an amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%to SEQ ID NO: 5. Optionally, the recombinant STC2 protein comprises an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 5.
In some forms, the isolated nucleic acid encoding the recombinant STC2 protein is comprised in a viral vector; preferably, wherein the viral vector is selected from the group consisting of a lentiviral vector or an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector.
Also disclosed are pharmaceutical formulations containing STC2 protein, the STC2 fragment, or the STC2 nucleic acid and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Generally, the disclosed pharmaceutical formulations are capable of increasing β-cell proliferation in a subject having a metabolic disorder e.g., Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, or one or more symptoms associated with a metabolic disorder such as Diabetes. As demonstrated in the non-limiting Examples, parameters that can be used to assess β cell proliferation and/or regeneration include but are not limited to increased β cell number, αcell number, α cell/β cell ratio, pancreatic islet size, pancreatic islet number, and the expression of proliferation-associated transcription factors e.g., PDX-1 and MafA.
In some forms, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is selected from the group consisting of liposome complex, liposome nanoparticle, polymer, nano emulsion, and virus-like particle. In some forms, the pharmaceutical formulation contains one or more diluents, stabilizers, preservatives, trace components, or a combination thereof.
Any discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles or the like which has been included in the present specification is not to be taken as an admission that any or all of these matters form part of the prior art base or were common general knowledge in the field relevant to the present disclosure as it existed before the priority date of each claim of this application.
Throughout this specification the word “comprise, ” or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising, ” will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers, or steps, but not the exclusion of any other element, integer or step, or group of elements, integers, or steps
Additional advantages of the disclosed method and compositions will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be understood from the description, or can be learned by practice of the disclosed method and compositions. The advantages of the disclosed method and compositions will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention as claimed.
The accompanying drawings illustrate several embodiments of the disclosed method and compositions and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosed method and compositions.
Figures 1A-1D show circulating STC2 is decreased in diabetic patients and inversely associated with glucose levels. Figure 1A is a scatterplot showing comparison of serum STC2 concentrations in obese individuals with or without diabetes, and age-and sex-matched healthy lean subjects (n=100 for each group) . Figures 1B-1D show correlation between serum STC2 with fasting glucose, 2 hours postprandial glucose and HbA1c. (n=300) . Data are presented as mean ± SD for A. ***P<0.001.
Figures 2A-2J show elevation of circulating mouse STC2 by rAAV-mediated overexpression decreases hyperglycemia and increases insulin production in obese mice. Figure 2A is a diagram showing experimental design for the mouse study. 7-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were injected with adeno-associated viral vectors (serotype AAV8) expressing either mouse STC2 or luciferase via the tail vein. The mice were switched to a high fat diet (HFD) or remained standard chow (STC) one week after the injections, followed by the measurement of metabolic phenotypes. Figure 2B is a bar graph of circulating mouse STC2 levels measured by ELISA at 4 weeks after rAAV injection. Figures 2C-2E are bar graphs showing circulating glucose (Figure 2C) , insulin (Figure 2D) , and C-peptide levels (Figure 2E) under feeding, fasting &refeeding conditions measured at 12 weeks after rAAV injection. Figures 2F and 2G show correlation between circulating STC2 and insulin or C-peptide. Figure 2H is a line graph showing Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) results from mice being fasted overnight and GTT was performed the next morning with glucose at a dose of 1.5 g/kg body weight. Figure 2I show measurement of circulating insulin levels at different timepoints during GTT. Figure 2J shows Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT) results from mice being fasted for 6 hours and the ITT was performed with insulin at a dose of 0.75 U/kg body weight. n=5/group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.
Figures 3A-3H show elevation of circulating human STC2 decreases hyperglycemia and increases insulin production in obese mice. Figure 3A is a diagram showing experimental design for mouse study. 7-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were injected with AAV expressing either human STC2 or luciferase via the tail vein. The mice were started to feed with HFD or remained STC one week after the injections, followed by the measurement of metabolic phenotypes. Figure 3B is a bar graph showing circulating STC2 levels measured by ELISA at 4 weeks after rAAV injection. Figures 3C-3E are bar graphs showing circulating glucose (Figure 3C) , insulin (Figure 3D) , and C-peptide levels (Figure 3E) under feeding, fasting &refeeding conditions measured at 12 weeks after rAAV injection. Figure 3F is a line graph showing GTT results from mice being fasted overnight and GTT was performed the next morning with glucose at a dose of 1.5 g/kg body weight. Figure 3G is a line graph showing measurement of circulating insulin levels at different timepoints during GTT. Figure 3H is a line graph showing ITT results from mice being fasted for 6 hours and the ITT was performed with insulin at a dose of 0.75 U/kg body weight. n=5/group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.
Figures 4A and 4B show STC2 increases pancreatic islet area and β-cell number by promoting β-cell proliferation in obese mice. Pancreatic tissue was collected from the mice injected with rAAV-luciferase or rAAV-mSTC2, followed by immunofluorescence staining. Figure 4A are two bar graphs showing quantification of islet area (top graph) and β-cell number per islet (bottom graph) . Figure 4B is a bar graph showing quantification of the percentage of cells positive for both insulin and BrdU in DIO mice. Scale bar=20 μm.n=8 sections/mouse multiplied by 5 mice/group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *P<0.05, **P<0.01.
Figures 5A and 5B are bar graphs showing recombinant human STC2 has no direct effect on basal or glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in islets or Min6 cells. Figure 5A shows GSIS results from pancreatic islets being isolated from 15-week-old C57BL/6J male mice and seeded into 24-well plate with 10 islets per well. Figure 5B shows GSIS results Min6 cells being seeded into a 24-well plate at a density of 1x105 cells in 500 μl of DMEM with 10%FBS per well. The islets/cells were then starved in Krebs-Ringer Bicarbonate Buffer (KRBB) for 6 hours, followed by different treatments for 6 hours: 1 x PBS with 0.5%BSA (negative control) , 30 &100 nmol/L hSTC2 protein with 0.5%BSA, or 30 nmol/L GLP1 with 0.5%BSA (positive control) . After the treatment, 10 μl of medium from each well was collected for insulin measurement. The islets/cells were then stimulated by 20 mM glucose for 30 minutes. Following the stimulation, the medium was collected for insulin measurement using ELISA. n=5-6. Data are presented as mean ±SEM. ***P<0.001.
Figures 6A-6F show STC2 counteracts streptozotocin-induced pancreatic β-cell loss, insulin insufficiency and hyperglycemia in mice. Figure 6A is a diagram showing experimental design for mouse study. 6-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were divided into two groups and fed with either STC or HFD for 8 weeks, followed by the injection of rAAV-Luciferase or rAAV-mSTC2. Four weeks later, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin (STZ, 35 mg/kg body weight) once daily for three consecutive days to induce diabetes, followed by the measurement of metabolic phenotype. Figures 6B-6D are bar graphs of circulating glucose (Figure 6B) , insulin (Figure 6C) , and C-peptide levels (Figure 6D) under feeding, fasting &refeeding conditions measured at 12 weeks after rAAV injection. Islets were immunostained for either insulin or both insulin and BrdU in mice. Figure 6E are two bar graphs showing quantification of islet area and β-cell number per islet. Figure 6F is a bar graph showing quantification of cells that were immunostained for both insulin and BrdU in mice. Scale bar=20 μm. n=8 sections/mouse. n=5/group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.
Figures 7A-7G show that supplementation of STC2-Fc fusion protein decreases blood glucose, increases circulating insulin and C-peptide levels in dietary obese mice. Figure 7A is a representative SDS-PAGE analysis showing the purity of recombinant Fc and hSTC2-Fc. Figure 7B is a line graph showing dynamic levels of circulating STC2 measured by ELISA after the injection of hSTC2 or hSTC2-Fc in mice at a dose of 150 nmol/kg body weight. Figure 7C is a diagram showing experimental design for the mouse study. Obese mice induced by HFD feeding for 12 weeks were treated daily with either Fc or hSTC2-Fc at a dose of 150 nmol/kg, administered intraperitoneally. The treatment duration was 20 days, during which the mice were monitored for changes in glucose control, insulin secretion, and C-peptide levels. Figures 7D-7F are bar graphs showing blood glucose (Figure 7D) , insulin (Figure 7E) , and C-peptide levels (Figure 7F) under feeding, fasting and refeeding conditions at 20 days of protein administration. Figure 7G is a line graph showing blood glucose levels under feeding conditions at different timepoints after protein administration. n=5/group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.
Figures 8A-8C shows identification of Reg2 as a potential downstream effector of STC2 by proteomic analysis and western blotting. Pancreas were collected from the mice injected with rAAV-luciferase or rAAV-mSTC2, followed by the mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis and western blotting. Figure 8A is a heat map of relative protein levels of the indicated genes in pancreas isolated from DIO mice treated with rAAV-Luciferase and rAAV-hSTC2. The differentially expressed proteins with log2-fold change values greater than 0.2 were considered upregulated, while those with values less than -0.2 were considered downregulated. Figures 8B and 8C are representative immunoblot images for Reg2 in pancreas of mice (Figure 8B) and quantification by densitometric analysis (Figure 8C) . β-actin was used as an internal control. 30 ug protein/well was loaded. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. ***P<0.001.
Figures 9A-9F show the effects of mouse STC2 overexpression mediated by rAAV on body weight, fat mass and lipid profiles in mice. 7-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were injected with AAV expressing either mouse STC2 or luciferase via the tail vein. Then the mice were switched to HFD one week after the injections, followed by the measurement of metabolic phenotypes. Body weight (Figure 9A) ; Fat mass (Figure 9B) ; Triglyceride (Figure 9C) ; Total cholesterol (Figure 9D) ; HDL-cholesterol (Figure 9E) ; LDL-cholesterol (Figure 9F) . n=5/group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.
Figures 10A and 10B show elevation of circulating mouse STC2 by rAAV-mediated overexpression increases the number and size of pancreatic islet and β-cells in obese mice. Islets were immunostained for glucagon and insulin in DIO mice. Figure 10A is a bar graph showing quantification of islet number per pancreas slice. Figure 10B are two bar graphs showing quantification of islet area per pancreas slice and β-cell number per islet. n=8 sections/mouse multiplied by 5 mice/group. Data are presented as mean ±SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.
Figure 11 is a schematic representation of the structural features and functional residues of human STC2. Putative signal peptide sequence is shown in gray. N-Glycosylation site is denoted with solid line and 15 cysteine residues are represented with dashed lines. Cluster of histidine residues (HHxxxxHH) (SEQ ID NO: 7) is in black.
Figures 12A-12G show that deletion of STC2 aggravates STZ-induced pancreatic β-cell loss, insulin insufficiency and hyperglycemia in mice. Figure 12A is a diagram showing the experimental design for the mouse study. 6-week-old male STC2flox/flox-R26CreERT2 mice were injected with 75 mg tamoxifen/kg body weight via intraperitoneal injection once daily for 5 consecutive days to induce global knockout of STC2 gene, followed by the measurement of STC2 levels in circulation by ELISA. Three weeks later, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with STZ (35 mg/kg body weight) once daily for 3 consecutive days to induce diabetes, followed by the measurement of glycaemic parameters. Figure 12B shows circulating STC2 levels measured at 3 weeks after tamoxifen injection. Figure 12C is a line graph showing weekly monitoring of feeding blood glucose levels. Figures 12D-12F are bar graphs showing circulating glucose (Figure 12D) , insulin (Figure 12E) and C-peptide levels (Figure 12F) under feeding, fasting &refeeding conditions measured at 4 weeks after STZ injection. Figures 12G are two bar graphs showing quantification of islet area and β-cell number per islet. Scale bar=20 μm. n=8-12 sections/mouse. n=5/group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.
Figures 13A-13F show that ablation of STC2 aggravates hyperglycemia by inhibiting β-cell proliferation in dietary obese mice. Figure 13A is a diagram showing the experimental design for the mouse study. 6-week-old male STC2flox/flox-R26CreERT2 mice were injected with 75 mg tamoxifen/kg body weight via intraperitoneal injection once daily for 5 consecutive days to induce global knockout of STC2 gene. Three weeks later, the mice were switched to HFD, followed by the measurement of metabolic phenotype. Figure 13B is a line graph showing weekly monitoring of feeding blood glucose levels. Figures 13C-13E are bar graphs showing circulating glucose (Figure 13C) , insulin (Figure 13D) and C-peptide levels (Figure 13E) under feeding, fasting &refeeding conditions measured at 16 weeks of HFD feeding. Figures 13F are two bar graphs showing quantification of islet area and β-cell number per islet. Scale bar=20 μm. n=8-12 sections/mouse. n=5/group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.
Figure 14A-14E show that supplementation of hSTC2-Fc fusion protein improves STZ-induced hyperglycemia, insulin insufficiency and pancreatic β-cell loss in mice. Figure 14A is a diagram showing the experimental design for the mouse study. 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin (STZ, 35 mg/kg body weight) once daily for three consecutive days to induce diabetes. Two weeks later, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with Fc or hSTC2-Fc proteins for 20 days, followed by the monitoring of glycaemic parameters. Figure 14B is a line graph showing monitoring of blood glucose levels under feeding conditions after protein administration. Figures 14C and 14D are bar graphs showing serum insulin (Figure 14C) and C-peptide levels (Figure 14D) under feeding conditions at different timepoints after protein administration. Figures 14E are two bar graphs showing quantification of islet area and β-cell number per islet. Scale bar=20 μm. n=8-12 sections/mouse. n=5/group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.
Figure 15A-15B show that supplementation of hSTC2 or hSTC2-Fc fusion protein improves STZ-induced hyperglycemia, insulin insufficiency in mice. 8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin (STZ, 35 mg/kg body weight) once daily for three consecutive days to induce diabetes. Two weeks later, the mice received intraperitoneal injections of Fc, hSTC2, or hSTC2-Fc proteins at a dosage of 150 nmol/kg. Fc and hSTC2-Fc proteins were administered once daily, while the hSTC2 protein was given twice daily, over a period of 20 days. Subsequently, the glycemic parameters were monitored. Figure 15A is a line graph showing monitoring of blood glucose levels under feeding condition after protein administration. Figure 15B is a bar graph showing serum insulin levels under feeding conditions at different timepoints after protein administration. n=5/group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.
The disclosed method and compositions can be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of particular embodiments and the Example included therein and to the Figures and their previous and following description.
I. DEFINITIONS
The terms “individual” , “host” , “subject” , and “patient” are used interchangeably, and refer to a mammal, including, but not limited to, murines, simians, humans, mammalian farm animals, mammalian sport animals, and mammalian pets.
The term “express” refers to the transcription of a polynucleotide or translation of a polypeptide in a cell, such that levels of the molecule are measurably higher in a cell that expresses the molecule than they are in a cell that does not express the molecule. Methods to measure the expression of a molecule are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, and include without limitation, Northern blotting, RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, Western blotting, and immunostaining such as FACS.
As used herein, the term “gene” refers to a nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or RNA) sequence that includes coding sequences necessary for the production of a polypeptide, RNA (e.g., including, but not limited to, mRNA, tRNA and rRNA) or precursor. The polypeptide, RNA, or precursor can be encoded by a full-length coding sequence or by any portion thereof. The term also encompasses the coding region of a structural gene and the sequences located adjacent to the coding region on both the 5'a nd 3'ends for a distance of about 1 kb on either end such that the gene corresponds to the length of the full-length mRNA. The term “gene” encompasses both cDNA and genomic forms of a gene, which may be made of DNA, or RNA. A genomic form or clone of a gene may contain the coding region interrupted with non-coding sequences termed “introns” or “intervening regions” or “intervening sequences. ” Introns are segments of a gene that are transcribed into nuclear RNA (hnRNA) ; introns may contain regulatory elements such as enhancers. Introns are removed or "spliced out" from the nuclear or primary transcript; introns therefore are absent in the messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript. The mRNA functions during translation.
As used herein, “mammal” includes both humans and non-humans and includes but is not limited to humans, non-human primates, canines, felines, murines, bovines, equines, and porcines.
As used herein, a “vector” is a replicon, such as a plasmid, phage, or cosmid, into which another DNA segment may be inserted so as to bring about the replication of the inserted segment. The vectors described herein can be expression vectors.
As used herein, an “expression vector” is a vector that includes one or more expression control sequences.
As used herein, an “expression control sequence” is a DNA sequence that controls and regulates the transcription and/or translation of another DNA sequence.
As used herein, the term “treating” includes alleviating the symptoms associated with a specific disorder or condition and/or preventing or eliminating the symptoms.
“Operably linked” refers to a juxtaposition where the components are configured so as to perform their usual function. For example, control sequences or promoters operably linked to a coding sequence are capable of effecting the expression of the coding sequence, and an organelle localization sequence operably linked to protein will direct the linked protein to be localized at the specific organelle.
“Isolated” means altered or removed from the natural state. An “isolated” protein is free to varying degrees from components which normally accompany it as found in its native state. “Isolate” denotes a degree of separation from original source or surroundings. For example, a nucleic acid or a peptide naturally present in a living animal is not “isolated, ” but the same nucleic acid or peptide partially or completely separated from the coexisting materials of its natural state is “isolated. ” An isolated nucleic acid or protein can exist in substantially purified form, or can exist in a non-native environment such as, for example, a host cell.
The term “biodegradable” generally refers to a material that will degrade or erode under physiologic conditions to smaller units or chemical species that are capable of being metabolized, eliminated, or excreted by the subject. The degradation time is a function of composition and morphology.
The term “fragment” means a portion of a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule. This portion contains, preferably, at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90%of the entire length of the reference nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide. A fragment may contain 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, or 1000 nucleotides or amino acids.
As used herein, a protein is “soluble” when it lacks any transmembrane domain or protein domain that anchors or integrates the polypeptide into the membrane of a cell expressing such polypeptide. Soluble proteins lack additional hydrophobic sequences and are translocated through a translocon (e.g., a protein channel) , to complete their folding and modification in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Use of the term “about” is intended to describe values either above or below the stated value in a range of approx. +/-10%; in other forms the values may range in value either above or below the stated value in a range of approx. +/-5%; in other forms the values may range in value either above or below the stated value in a range of approx. +/-2%; in other forms the values may range in value either above or below the stated value in a range of approx. +/-1%. The preceding ranges are intended to be made clear by context, and no further limitation is implied.
Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein.
The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., "such as" ) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the description and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the description unless otherwise claimed.
All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as” ) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the embodiments and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the embodiments unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.
Disclosed are materials, compositions, and components that can be used for, can be used in conjunction with, can be used in preparation for, or are products of the disclosed method and compositions. These and other materials are disclosed herein, and it is understood that when combinations, subsets, interactions, groups, etc. of these materials are disclosed that while specific reference of each various individual and collective combinations and permutation of these compounds may not be explicitly disclosed, each is specifically contemplated and described herein. For example, if a ligand is disclosed and discussed and a number of modifications that can be made to a number of molecules including the ligand are discussed, each and every combination and permutation of ligand and the modifications that are possible are specifically contemplated unless specifically indicated to the contrary. Thus, if a class of molecules A, B, and C are disclosed as well as a class of molecules D, E, and F and an example of a combination molecule, A-D is disclosed, then even if each is not individually recited, each is individually and collectively contemplated. Thus, in this example, each of the combinations A-E, A-F, B-D, B-E, B-F, C-D, C-E, and C-F are specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed from disclosure of A, B, and C; D, E, and F; and the example combination A-D. Likewise, any subset or combination of these is also specifically contemplated and disclosed. Thus, for example, the sub-group of A-E, B-F, and C-E are specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed from disclosure of A, B, and C; D, E, and F; and the example combination A-D. Further, each of the materials, compositions, components, etc. contemplated and disclosed as above can also be specifically and independently included or excluded from any group, subgroup, list, set, etc. of such materials.
These concepts apply to all aspects of this application including, but not limited to, steps in methods of making and using the disclosed compositions. Thus, if there are a variety of additional steps that can be performed it is understood that each of these additional steps can be performed with any specific form or combination of forms of the disclosed methods, and that each such combination is specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed.
All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as” ) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the forms and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the forms unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.
Use of the term “about” is intended to describe values either above or below the stated value in a range of approx. +/-10%; in other forms the values can range in value either above or below the stated value in a range of approx. +/-5%; in other forms the values can range in value either above or below the stated value in a range of approx. +/-2%;in other forms the values can range in value either above or below the stated value in a range of approx. +/-1%. The preceding ranges are intended to be made clear by context, and no further limitation is implied.
II. COMPOSITIONS
Disclosed are compositions of isolated Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) proteins, isolated polypeptide fragments of STC2 proteins, or isolated STC2 nucleic acids. The disclosed compositions are effective for treating and/or preventing a metabolic disorder in a subject, e.g., Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (herein referred to as “Diabetes” ) .
A. STC2 Peptides and Proteins
As described in the non-limiting Examples, administration of a formulation containing an isolated STC2 protein increased β-cell proliferation and insulin production, and decreased hyperglycemia in a murine disease model. Therefore, compositions of Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) peptides and proteins are provided for administration to a subject in need thereof. The compositions include an isolated Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) protein, or an isolated polypeptide fragment of a STC2 protein (herein referred to as “STC2 fragment” ) .
Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) is a glycosylated, disulfide-linked, homodimer hormone, initially discovered in the corpus of stannous, a small endocrine gland in the kidney of teleostean and holostean fish (Wagner, et al., Gen Comp Endocrinol., 1986, 63 (3) : 481-91; Hulova, et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1999, 257 (2) : 295-9) . The human STC2 gene is located on chromosome 5q35.1, whereas STC1 is located on chromosome 8p21.2 (White, et al., Somat Cell Mol Genet. (1998) 24: 357–62) . Both human and mouse STC2 contains 4 exons spanning 13 kb of DNA. It is believed that the exon-intron boundaries, distribution of cysteine residues and the glycosylation site are conserved between STC1 and STC2. STC2 lacks the well-defined CAG repeats as well as the TATA box-like sequences present in the STC1 (Ishibashi et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (1998) 250: 252–8) . Stc2 also functions as an Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) target gene containing eight Xenobiotic Response Elements (XRE) XREs clustered in a 250-bp region that was shown to recruit AhR by chromatin immunoprecipitation (Harper et al., J Pharm Exp Therap. (2013) 344: 579–88) .
The structure of human STC2 is provided as Figure 11. Human and mouse STC2 proteins are 302 and 296 amino acids in length, respectively, with the first 24 residues predicted to be a signal peptide. The remaining residues comprise the mature form of the hormone. STC2 is a 56 kDa protein containing cysteine residues that is conserved among family members and N-linked glycosylation consensus sequence (Asn-X-Thr/Ser) (Moore et al., Horm Metab Res. (1999) 31: 406–14) . STC2 have 15 cysteines, whereas STC1 and fish stanniocalcin have 11 cysteines. The locations of first 10 cysteines are conserved within the stanniocalcin family. However, the 11th cysteine residue conserved between STC1 and fish stanniocalcin is not spatially conserved in STC2 and plays crucial role in disulfide-linked homodimer formation (Hulova, et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1999, 257 (2) : 295-9) . Therefore, it is predicted that the tertiary structure of STC2 might be different than that of STC1 and fish stanniocalcin. There are distinct differences between these proteins, including the fact that STC-2 is about 20%larger, most of which is present in the form of an extended histidine-rich COOH-terminal region, which is absent in STC-1.Also, the different expression pattern of STC1 and STC2 indicates they may have different roles under physiological or pathological conditions.
STC2 is also phosphorylated by casein kinase 2 on its serine residues, and the C-terminal has a cluster of histidine residues HHxxxxHH (SEQ ID NO: 7) , which may interact with divalent metal ions such as cobalt, copper, nickel, and zinc (Jellinek et al., Biochem J. (2000) 350 (Pt 2) : 453–61) . Human STC2 has been implicated in diverse biological processes, including calcium and phosphate regulation, cytoprotection, cell development and angiogenesis (Joshi, Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) , 2020 31 (11) : 172; Zhou et al., Mol Med Rep. 2016, 14 (6) : 5653-5659) , and is a potential prognostic marker for several types of cancers (Li, et al., Am J Transl Res. 2020 15; 12 (9) : 5844-5865; Lin et al., Biomed Res Int. 2019 15 (2019) : 8042489) . More detailed insights into the physiological and pathophysiological functions of STC2 are reviewed in Joshi, Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) , 2020 31 (11) : 172; Zhou et al., Mol Med Rep. 2016, 14 (6) : 5653-5659; Qie and Sang, Journal of Experimental and Clinical Cancer Research, 41: article number 161, 2022; and Wagner and Dimattia, Journal of Experimental Zoology, 305A: 769-780 (2006) , all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
1.Human STC2 Proteins and Peptides
In some forms, the STC2 proteins are isolated human STC2 proteins. The human STC2 protein has 302 amino acids and is represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 (UniProtKb: O76061_HUMAN and Q6FHC9_HUMAN) .
The structure of human STC2 includes a signal peptide having 24 amino acids (shown as bold and italicized letters in SEQ ID NO: 1) . Excluding the signal peptide, the mature form of human STC2 contains 278 amino acids. Thus, in some forms, the isolated human STC2 protein has 278 amino acids and is represented by SEQ ID NO: 2:
In some forms, the composition contains a soluble protein, where the soluble protein includes one or more isolated human STC2 polypeptides (also “human STC2 polypeptides” ) . In some forms, the one or more human STC2 polypeptides include any naturally occurring polypeptide of Stanniocalcin-2, as well as any variants thereof (variants, fragments, etc. ) that retain useful activity e.g., fusion proteins, and peptidomimetic forms. For example, the human STC2 polypeptide has a sequence that is at least about 70%identical to the sequence of human STC2 protein represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2, for example at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 99%sequence similarity. In some forms, the human STC2 polypeptide has a sequence that is from about 70%to about 99%sequence identity, from about 75%to about 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2, from about 80%to about 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2, from about 85%to about 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2, or from about 90%to about 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2. Polypeptides having less than 70%and more than 99%identity to SEQ ID NO: 1 is included. In preferred forms, the STC2 proteins and compositions thereof increase β-cell proliferation such as by increasing pancreatic islet area, increasing the number of β-cells per islet, and decreasing β-cell loss in. In some forms, the STC2 proteins and compositions thereof also increase insulin production and sustain insulin release and reduce hyperglycemia.
In some forms, the human STC2 protein has 293 amino acids and is represented by SEQ ID NO: 3 (UniProtKb: B3KNF2_HUMAN) .
In some forms, the human STC2 polypeptides include soluble proteins containing a fragment of a human STC2 protein. SEQ ID NO: 4 and SEQ ID NO: 15 are exemplary fragments of human STC2 proteins that can be used in the disclosed compositions.
UNIPROT ID: E5RG57_HUMAN (53 amino acids; mass: 6075 daltons)
UNIPROT ID: H0YB13_HUMAN (123 amino acids; mass: 13, 886 daltons)
In some forms, the human STC2 protein is a recombinant protein derived from human STC2 or a fragment of human STC2. SEQ ID NO: 5 is an exemplary recombinant human STC2 protein.
Amino acid sequence of human STC2-Fc fusion protein:
Wherein the amino acid sequence of the human STC2 protein is shown as SEQ ID NO: 1; the amino acid sequence of Fc is as follows:
Another exemplary recombinant protein that can be used in the disclosed compositions is an STC2 fusion protein containing amino acids 121-302 of human STC2, as encoded by GenBank: BC000658.2. This protein is commercially available from ProteinTech (Catalog #: Ag26263) and has an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 6.
Other exemplary recombinant proteins that can be used in the disclosed compositions include recombinant human Stanniocalcin 2 (STC-2) proteins. These proteins are commercially available e.g., from Abcam (Catalog #ab63281 and Catalog #ab156715) and contain amino acid sequences represented by SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQ ID NO: 9.
Recombinant Human STC-2 Protein (Abcam, Catalog #ab63281)
Recombinant Human STC-2 Protein (Abcam, Catalog #ab156715)
In some forms, the soluble protein includes a STC-2 protein variant. In some forms, the composition includes STC-2 variants having between about 70%to about 99%sequence similarity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3. In some forms, the composition includes STC2 variants at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, to 95%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3. Therefore, in some forms, the variant consensus amino acid sequence for the STC-2 protein has an amino acid sequence that has one or more amino acids different to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3, such as one or more substitutions, deletions or additions at any one of the amino acid positions of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3.
“Variant” refers to a polypeptide or polynucleotide that differs from a reference polypeptide or polynucleotide but retains essential properties. A typical variant of a polypeptide differs in amino acid sequence from another, reference polypeptide. Generally, differences are limited so that the sequences of the reference polypeptide and the variant are closely similar overall and, in many regions, identical. A variant and reference polypeptide may differ in amino acid sequence by one or more modifications (e.g., substitutions, additions, and/or deletions) . A substituted or inserted amino acid residue may or may not be one encoded by the genetic code. A variant of a polypeptide may be naturally occurring such as an allelic variant, or it may be a variant that is not known to occur naturally.
Modifications and changes can be made in the structure of the polypeptides disclosed herein and still obtain a molecule having similar characteristics as the polypeptide (e.g., a conservative amino acid substitution) . For example, certain amino acids can be substituted for other amino acids in a sequence, without appreciable loss of activity. Since it is the interactive capacity and nature of a polypeptide that defines that polypeptide’s biological functional activity, certain amino acid sequence substitutions can be made in a polypeptide sequence and nevertheless obtain a polypeptide with like properties.
In making such changes, the hydropathic index of amino acids can be considered. The importance of the hydropathic amino acid index in conferring interactive biologic function on a polypeptide is generally understood in the art. It is known that certain amino acids can be substituted for other amino acids having a similar hydropathic index or score and still result in a polypeptide with similar biological activity. Each amino acid has been assigned a hydropathic index on the basis of its hydrophobicity and charge characteristics. Those indices are: isoleucine (+4.5) ; valine (+4.2) ; leucine (+3.8) ; phenylalanine (+2.8) ; cysteine/cysteine (+2.5) ; methionine (+1.9) ; alanine (+1.8) ; glycine (-0.4) ; threonine (-0.7) ; serine (-0.8) ; tryptophan (-0.9) ; tyrosine (-1.3) ; proline (-1.6) ; histidine (-3.2) ; glutamate (-3.5) ; glutamine (-3.5) ; aspartate (-3.5) ; asparagine (-3.5) ; lysine (-3.9) ; and arginine (-4.5) .
It is believed that the relative hydropathic character of the amino acid determines the secondary structure of the resultant polypeptide, which in turn defines the interaction of the polypeptide with other molecules, such as enzymes, substrates, receptors, antibodies, and antigens. It is known in the art that an amino acid can be substituted by another amino acid having a similar hydropathic index and still obtain a functionally equivalent polypeptide. In such changes, the substitution of amino acids whose hydropathic indices are within ± 2 is preferred, those within ± 1 are particularly preferred, and those within ± 0.5 are even more particularly preferred.
Substitution of like amino acids can also be made on the basis of hydrophilicity, particularly when the biological functional equivalent polypeptide or peptide thereby created is intended for use in immunological embodiments. The following hydrophilicity values have been assigned to amino acid residues: arginine (+3.0) ; lysine (+3.0) ; aspartate (+3.0 ± 1) ; glutamate (+3.0 ± 1) ; serine (+0.3) ; asparagine (+0.2) ; glutamine (+0.2) ; glycine (0) ; proline (-0.5 ± 1) ; threonine (-0.4) ; alanine (-0.5) ; histidine (-0.5) ; cysteine (-1.0) ; methionine (-1.3) ; valine (-1.5) ; leucine (-1.8) ; isoleucine (-1.8) ; tyrosine (-2.3) ; phenylalanine (-2.5) ; tryptophan (-3.4) . It is understood that an amino acid can be substituted for another having a similar hydrophilicity value and still obtain a biologically equivalent, and in particular, an immunologically equivalent polypeptide. In such changes, the substitution of amino acids whose hydrophilicity values are within ± 2 is preferred, those within ± 1 are particularly preferred, and those within ± 0.5 are even more particularly preferred.
Amino acid substitutions are generally based on the relative similarity of the amino acid side-chain substituents, for example, their hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, charge, and size. Exemplary substitutions that take various of the foregoing characteristics into consideration are well known to those of skill in the art and include (original residue: exemplary substitution) : (Ala: Gly, Ser) , (Arg: Lys) , (Asn: Gln, His) , (Asp: Glu, Cys, Ser) , (Gln: Asn) , (Glu: Asp) , (Gly: Ala) , (His: Asn, Gln) , (Ile: Leu, Val) , (Leu: Ile, Val) , (Lys: Arg) , (Met: Leu, Tyr) , (Ser: Thr) , (Thr: Ser) , (Tip: Tyr) , (Tyr: Trp, Phe) , and (Val: Ile, Leu) . The polypeptides can include variants having about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 95%sequence identity to the polypeptide of interest.
"Percent (%) amino acid sequence identity" with respect to a reference polypeptide sequence is defined as the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidate sequence that are identical with the amino acid residues in the reference polypeptide sequence, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percent amino acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that are within the skill of those practicing in the art, for instance, using publicly available computer software such as BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN or Megalign (DNASTAR) software. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parameters for aligning sequences, including any algorithms needed to achieve maximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared.
“Identity” and “similarity” can be readily calculated by known methods, such as those described in (Computational Molecular Biology, Lesk, A.M., Ed., Oxford University Press, New York, 1988; Biocomputing: Informatics and Genome Projects, Smith, D.W., Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1993; Computer Analysis of Sequence Data, Part I, Griffin, A.M., and Griffin, H.G., Eds., Humana Press, New Jersey, 1994; Sequence Analysis in Molecular Biology, von Heinje, G., Academic Press, 1987; and Sequence Analysis Primer, Gribskov, M. and Devereux, J., Eds., M Stockton Press, New York, 1991; and Carillo and Lipman, SIAM J Applied Math, 48: 1073 (1988) .
Preferred methods to determine identity are designed to give the largest match between the sequences tested. Methods to determine identity and similarity are codified in publicly available computer programs. The percent identity between two sequences can be determined by using analysis software (i.e., Sequence Analysis Software Package of the Genetics Computer Group, Madison Wis. ) that incorporates the Needelman and Wunsch, (J. Mol. Biol., 48: 443-453, 1970) algorithm (e.g., NBLAST, and XBLAST) . The default parameters are used to determine the identity for the polypeptides of the present disclosure.
By way of example, a polypeptide sequence may be identical to the reference sequence, that is be 100%identical, or it may include up to a certain integer number of amino acid alterations as compared to the reference sequence such that the %identity is less than 100%. Such alterations include at least one amino acid deletion, substitution, including conservative and non-conservative substitution, or insertion, where the alterations may occur at the amino-or carboxy-terminal positions of the reference polypeptide sequence or anywhere between those terminal positions, interspersed either individually among the amino acids in the reference sequence or in one or more contiguous groups within the reference sequence. The number of amino acid alterations for a given %identity is determined by multiplying the total number of amino acids in the reference polypeptide by the numerical percent of the respective percent identity (divided by 100) and then subtracting that product from the total number of amino acids in the reference polypeptide.
As used herein, “native protein” broadly refers to a molecule having an amino acid sequence that may be isolated from an organism without modification by recombinant DNA techniques or other methods. Thus, “native protein” includes naturally occurring alleles and variants of the protein.
Typically, the STC2 protein variant includes a molecule or sequence that is modified from a native protein but still retains the pharmacological activity of interest. Thus, the term “protein variant” contains a molecule or sequence in which non-native residues substitute for native residues, non-native residues are added, or native residues are deleted. Any native residue may be removed because it provides structural features or biological activity that are not required for the pharmacological activity of interest of the disclosed fusion molecules. Thus, the term “protein variant” includes a molecule or sequence that lacks one or more native protein sites or residues that affect or are involved in any number of cellular processes including but not limited to (1) intracellular signaling, (2) incompatibility with a selected host cell (3) N-terminal heterogeneity upon expression in a selected host cell, (4) glycosylation, (5) interaction with other proteins (e.g., dimerization domains) , (6) binding to a receptor or other protein that does not affect the pharmacological activity of interest, or (7) antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) .
Variant STC2 proteins can be produced, for example, by amino acid substitution, deletion, or addition. For example, single replacement of leucine with isoleucine or valine, single replacement of aspartic acid with glutamic acid, single replacement of threonine with serine, or similar replacement of amino acids with structurally related amino acids (e.g., conservation) It is reasonable to expect that the (mutational) will not have a significant effect on the biological activity of the resulting molecule. Conservative replacements are those that take place within a family of amino acids that are associated with their side chains. Whether a change in the amino acid sequence of an PDHC protein results in a functional homolog is readily determined by assessing the ability of the variant PDHC protein to produce a response in a manner similar to the wild-type PDHC protein.
Exemplary variants include one or more peptides having an amino acid sequence that is at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identical to one or more of the respective amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3. For example, variants can include one or more peptides having an amino acid sequence that is at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identical to one or more of the respective amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3. In some forms, the variants include one or more peptides having an amino acid sequence that is at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3. In other forms, the variants include one or more peptides having an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3. In other forms, the variants include one or more peptides having an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, or SEQ ID NO: 3.
The disclosed soluble proteins containing STC-2 proteins or variant/fragments thereof, can have a length of up to 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, or 302 residues. In some forms, the soluble proteins can have a length of at least 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or 120 residues. In some forms, the soluble proteins can have a length of 50 to 302 residues, 50 to 250 residues, 50 to 200 residues, 50 to 150 residues, 50 to 100 residues, or 50 to 75 residues. As used herein, the term "residue" refers to an amino acid or amino acid analog.
2. Non-human STC2 Peptides and Proteins
As demonstrated in the non-limiting examples, AAV-mediated expression of mouse STC2 increases β cell proliferation and decreases blood glucose levels. Therefore, in some forms, the isolated STC2 proteins and peptides included in the compositions are non-human STC2 proteins and peptides e.g., mammalian STC2 proteins and peptides. Exemplary mammalian STC2 proteins and peptides can be derived from mice and non-human primates, including but not limited to chimpanzees, macaques e.g., the pig-tailed macaque, crab-eating macaque, and rhesus macaque, Sumatran orangutan, and gorilla.
In some forms, the non-human STC2 protein is a mouse STC2 protein. In some forms, the mouse STC2 protein has 296 amino acids and is represented by SEQ ID NO: 11. (UniProtKb: O88452·STC2_MOUSE)
In some forms, the non-human STC2 protein is a non-human primate STC2 protein. For example, the STC2 protein can be derived from Gorilla gorilla (or the Western lowland gorilla) e.g., as in SEQ ID NO: 12. In another example, the STC2 protein can be derived from Pongo abelii (or the Sumatran orangutan) e.g., as represented by SEQ ID NO: 13. In another example, the STC2 protein can be derived from Macaca nemestrina (or the Pig-tailed macaque) , e.g., as in SEQ ID NO: 14.
Gorilla gorilla STC2 Protein (UniProtKb: G3RD02_GORGO) :
Pongo abelii STC2 Protein (UniProtKb: Q5RAT2 ·STC2_PONAB)
Macaca nemestrina STC2 Protein (UniProtKb: O97561·STC2_MACNE)
In some forms, the non-human STC2 polypeptides include soluble proteins containing a fragment of a non-human STC2 protein. SEQ ID NO: 16 is an exemplary fragment of a non-human STC2 protein derived from Pan troglodytes (or Chimpanzees) that can be used in the disclosed compositions.
UniProtKb: A0A2J8LXU8_PANTR (122 amino acids; Mass: 13, 775 daltons)
B. Nucleic Acids Encoding STC2 Proteins
Also disclosed are compositions of isolated nucleic acids encoding a STC2 protein or STC2 fragment as disclosed herein. In some forms, the nucleic acid encoding the STC2 protein or STC2 fragment is contained in a vector for delivery and expression in cells, preferably mammalian cells.
As used herein, “isolated nucleic acid” refers to a nucleic acid that is separated from other nucleic acid molecules that are present in a mammalian genome, including nucleic acids that normally flank one or both sides of the nucleic acid in a mammalian genome.
An isolated nucleic acid can be, for example, a DNA molecule, provided one of the nucleic acid sequences normally found immediately flanking that DNA molecule in a naturally occurring genome is removed or absent. Thus, an isolated nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a DNA molecule that exists as a separate molecule independent of other sequences (e.g., a chemically synthesized nucleic acid, or a cDNA or genomic DNA fragment produced by PCR or restriction endonuclease treatment) , as well as recombinant DNA that is incorporated into a vector, an autonomously replicating plasmid, a virus (e.g., a retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, or herpes virus) , or into the genomic DNA of a prokaryote or eukaryote. In addition, an isolated nucleic acid can include an engineered nucleic acid such as a recombinant DNA molecule that is part of a hybrid or fusion nucleic acid. A nucleic acid existing among hundreds to millions of other nucleic acids within, for example, a cDNA library or a genomic library, or a gel slice containing a genomic DNA restriction digest, is not to be considered an isolated nucleic acid. It also includes a recombinant DNA which is part of a hybrid gene encoding additional polypeptide sequence, complementary DNA (cDNA) , linear or circular oligomers or polymers of natural and/or modified monomers or linkages, including deoxyribonucleosides, ribonucleosides, substituted and alpha-anomeric forms thereof, peptide nucleic acids (PNA) , locked nucleic acids (LNA) , phosphorothioate, methyl phosphonate, and the like.
Nucleic acid encoding the disclosed polypeptide sequences are expressly provided. Nucleic acids can be single strand or double stranded, and can be in sense or antisense orientation, or can be complementary to a reference sequence.
Nucleic acids can be DNA, RNA, or nucleic acid analogs. Nucleic acid analogs can be modified at the base moiety, sugar moiety, or phosphate backbone. Such modification can improve, for example, stability, hybridization, or solubility of nucleic acid. Modifications at the base moiety can include deoxyuridine for deoxythymidine, and 5-methyl-2’ -deoxycytidine or 5-bromo-2’ -deoxycytidine for deoxycytidine. Modifications of the sugar moiety can include modification of the 2’ hydroxyl of the ribose sugar to form 2’ -O-methyl or 2’ -O-allyl sugars. The deoxyribose phosphate backbone can be modified to produce morpholino nucleic acids, in which each base moiety is linked to a six membered, morpholino ring, or peptide nucleic acids, in which the deoxyphosphate backbone is replaced by a pseudopeptide backbone and the four bases are retained. See, for example, Summerton and Weller (1997) Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev. 7: 187-195; and Hyrup et al. (1996) Bioorgan. Med. Chem. 4: 5-23. In addition, the deoxyphosphate backbone can be replaced with, for example, a phosphorothioate or phosphorodithioate backbone, a phosphoroamidite, or an alkyl phosphotriester backbone.
Generally, the isolated nucleic acids encoding the STC2 protein or STC2 fragment is derived from a mammal. In some forms, the isolated nucleic acids encoding the STC2 protein or STC2 fragment is derived from humans, mice, and non-human primates including but not limited to chimpanzees, macaques e.g., the pig-tailed macaque, crab-eating macaque, and rhesus macaque, Sumatran orangutan, and gorilla.
In some forms, the isolated nucleic acid encoding the STC2 protein or STC2 fragment is derived from SEQ ID NO: 10 or SEQ ID NO: 17.
cDNA sequence for human STC2 protein (909 bp) :
cDNA sequence of mouse STC2 protein (891 bp) :
Nucleic acids, such as those described above, can be inserted into vectors for expression in cells. As used herein, a “vector” is a replicon, such as a plasmid, phage, or cosmid, into which another DNA segment may be inserted so as to bring about the replication of the inserted segment. Vectors can be expression vectors. An “expression vector” is a vector that includes one or more expression control sequences, and an “expression control sequence” is a DNA sequence that controls and regulates the transcription and/or translation of another DNA sequence. Suitable vectors for STC2 constructs and gene delivery include but are not limited to pcDNA3.1, pcDNA3.4, pCMV6-Entry, pLenti6.3/V5-DEST, pET-28a, adenoviral vectors such as Ad2, Ad3, Ad4, Ad5, Ad7, Ad11, Ad35, Ad48) , and adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors such as AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAVrh10, AAVhu37, AAVhu68.
Nucleic acids in vectors can be operably linked to one or more expression control sequences. As used herein, “operably linked” means incorporated into a genetic construct so that expression control sequences effectively control expression of a coding sequence of interest. Examples of expression control sequences include promoters, enhancers, and transcription terminating regions. A promoter is an expression control sequence composed of a region of a DNA molecule, typically within 100 nucleotides upstream of the point at which transcription starts (generally near the initiation site for RNA polymerase II) . To bring a coding sequence under the control of a promoter, it is necessary to position the translation initiation site of the translational reading frame of the polypeptide between one and about fifty nucleotides downstream of the promoter. Enhancers provide expression specificity in terms of time, location, and level. Unlike promoters, enhancers can function when located at various distances from the transcription site. An enhancer also can be located downstream from the transcription initiation site. A coding sequence is “operably linked” and “under the control” of expression control sequences in a cell when RNA polymerase is able to transcribe the coding sequence into mRNA, which then can be translated into the protein encoded by the coding sequence.
Suitable expression vectors include, without limitation, plasmids and viral vectors derived from, for example, bacteriophage, baculoviruses, tobacco mosaic virus, herpes viruses, cytomegalo virus, retroviruses, vaccinia viruses, adenoviruses, and adeno-associated viruses. Numerous vectors and expression systems are commercially available from such corporations as Novagen (Madison, WI) , Clontech (Palo Alto, CA) , Stratagene (La Jolla, CA) , and Invitrogen Life Technologies (Carlsbad, CA) .
An expression vector can include a tag sequence. Tag sequences, are typically expressed as a fusion with the encoded polypeptide. Such tags can be inserted anywhere within the polypeptide including at either the carboxyl or amino terminus. Examples of useful tags include, but are not limited to, green fluorescent protein (GFP) , glutathione S-transferase (GST) , polyhistidine, c-myc, hemagglutinin, FlagTM tag (Kodak, New Haven, CT) , maltose E binding protein and protein A.
Vectors containing nucleic acids to be expressed can be transferred into host cells. The term “host cell” is intended to include prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells into which a recombinant expression vector can be introduced. As used herein, “transformed” and “transfected” encompass the introduction of a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., a vector) into a cell by one of a number of techniques. Although not limited to a particular technique, a number of these techniques are well established within the art. Prokaryotic cells can be transformed with nucleic acids by, for example, electroporation or calcium chloride mediated transformation. Nucleic acids can be transfected into mammalian cells by techniques including, for example, calcium phosphate co-precipitation, DEAE-dextran-mediated transfection, lipofection, electroporation, or microinjection.
C. Pharmaceutical Formulations of STC2 Proteins and Nucleic Acids
The STC2 compositions described herein can be formulated for administration to a subject in need thereof. Generally, the formulations are suitable for directly or indirectly increasing β-cell proliferation and reducing pancreatic β-cell loss, by at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40, 50, 60, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 100%. In some forms, the formulations are also suitable for directly or indirectly increasing insulin production and/or release in the cell, by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40, 50, 60, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 100%.
Exemplary formulations of STC2 compositions include liquids and dry powders. In some forms, the STC2 proteins, nucleic acids, or small molecules in an amount from about 1%to about 100%, inclusive, from about 1%to about 80%, from about 1%to about 50%, preferably from about 1%to about 40%by weight, more preferably from about 1%to about 20%by weight, most preferably from about 1%to about 10%by weight. The ranges above are inclusive of all values from 1%to 100%.
The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” or “biocompatible” refers to compositions, polymers, and other materials and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to pharmaceutically acceptable materials, compositions or vehicles, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, solvent or encapsulating material involved in carrying or transporting any subject composition, from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body. Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of a subject composition and not injurious to the patient.
The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” is art-recognized, and includes relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid addition salts of compounds. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those derived from mineral acids, such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and those derived from organic acids, such as ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, and p-toluenesulfonic acid. Examples of suitable inorganic bases for the formation of salts include the hydroxides, carbonates, and bicarbonates of ammonia, sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, and zinc. Salts may also be formed with suitable organic bases, including those that are non-toxic and strong enough to form such salts. For purposes of illustration, the class of such organic bases may include mono-, di-, and trialkylamines, such as methylamine, dimethylamine, and triethylamine; mono-, di-or trihydroxyalkylamines such as mono-, di-, and triethanolamine; amino acids, such as arginine and lysine; guanidine; N-methylglucosamine; N-methylglucamine; L-glutamine; N-methylpiperazine; morpholine; ethylenediamine; N-benzylphenethylamine; etc.
1. Parenteral Formulations
The compositions described herein (i.e., vectors encoding STC2) can be formulated for parenteral administration. For example, parenteral administration may include administration to a patient intravenously, intradermally, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, by injection, by infusion, etc.
Parenteral formulations can be prepared as aqueous compositions using techniques is known in the art. Typically, such compositions can be prepared as injectable formulations, for example, solutions or suspensions; solid forms suitable for using to prepare solutions or suspensions upon the addition of a reconstitution medium prior to injection; emulsions, such as water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions, oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions, and microemulsions thereof, liposomes, or emulsomes.
The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, one or more polyols (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol) , oils, such as vegetable oils (e.g., peanut oil, corn oil, sesame oil, etc. ) , and combinations thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and/or by the use of surfactants. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars or sodium chloride.
Solutions and dispersions of the active compounds as the free acid or base or pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof can be prepared in water or another solvent or dispersing medium suitably mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients including, but not limited to, surfactants, dispersants, emulsifiers, pH modifying agents, viscosity modifying agents, and combination thereof.
Suitable surfactants may be anionic, cationic, amphoteric or nonionic surface-active agents. Suitable anionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, those containing carboxylate, sulfonate and sulfate ions. Examples of anionic surfactants include sodium, potassium, ammonium of long chain alkyl sulfonates and alkyl aryl sulfonates such as sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate; dialkyl sodium sulfosuccinates, such as sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate; dialkyl sodium sulfosuccinates, such as sodium bis- (2-ethylthioxyl) -sulfosuccinate; and alkyl sulfates such as sodium lauryl sulfate. Cationic surfactants include, but are not limited to, quaternary ammonium compounds such as benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, cetrimonium bromide, stearyl dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, polyoxyethylene and coconut amine. Examples of nonionic surfactants include ethylene glycol monostearate, propylene glycol myristate, glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl stearate, polyglyceryl-4-oleate, sorbitan acylate, sucrose acylate, PEG-150 laurate, PEG-400 monolaurate, polyoxyethylene monolaurate, polysorbates, polyoxyethylene octylphenylether, PEG-1000 cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether, polypropylene glycol butyl ether, 401, stearoyl monoisopropanolamide, and polyoxyethylene hydrogenated tallow amide. Examples of amphoteric surfactants include sodium N-dodecyl-beta-alanine, sodium N-lauryl-beta-iminodipropionate, myristoamphoacetate, lauryl betaine and lauryl sulfobetaine.
The formulation can contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms. Suitable preservatives include, but are not limited to, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, and thimerosal. The formulation may also contain an antioxidant to prevent degradation of the active agent (s) .
The formulation is typically buffered to a pH of 3-8 for parenteral administration upon reconstitution. Suitable buffers include, but are not limited to, phosphate buffers, acetate buffers, and citrate buffers.
Water-soluble polymers are often used in formulations for parenteral administration. Suitable water-soluble polymers include, but are not limited to, polyvinylpyrrolidone, dextran, carboxymethylcellulose, and polyethylene glycol.
Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compounds in the required amount in the appropriate solvent or dispersion medium with one or more of the excipients listed above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the various sterilized active ingredients into a sterile vehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those listed above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum-drying and freeze-drying techniques which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof. The powders can be prepared in such a manner that the particles are porous in nature, which can increase dissolution of the particles. Methods for making porous particles are well known in the art.
i. Controlled Release Formulations
The parenteral formulations described herein can be formulated for controlled release including immediate release, delayed release, extended release, pulsatile release, and combinations thereof.
a. Nano-and microparticles
For parenteral administration, the STC2 compositions, and optional one or more additional active agents, can be incorporated into microparticles, nanoparticles, or combinations thereof that provide controlled release of the compounds and/or one or more additional active agents. In forms where the formulations contain two or more agents, the agents can be formulated for the same type of controlled release (e.g., delayed, extended, immediate, or pulsatile) or the agents can be independently formulated for different types of release (e.g., immediate and delayed, immediate and extended, delayed and extended, delayed and pulsatile, etc. ) .
For example, the STC2 compositions and/or one or more additional active agents can be incorporated into polymeric microparticles, which provide controlled release of the drug (s) . Release of the agent (s) is controlled by diffusion of the agent (s) out of the microparticles and/or degradation of the polymeric particles by hydrolysis and/or enzymatic degradation. Suitable polymers include ethylcellulose and other natural or synthetic cellulose derivatives.
Alternatively, the STC2 compositions can be incorporated into microparticles prepared from materials which are insoluble in aqueous solution or slowly soluble in aqueous solution, but are capable of degrading within the GI tract by means including enzymatic degradation, surfactant action of bile acids, and/or mechanical erosion. As used herein, the term “slowly soluble in water” refers to materials that are not dissolved in water within a period of 30 minutes. Preferred examples include fats, fatty substances, waxes, wax-like substances, and mixtures thereof. Suitable fats and fatty substances include fatty alcohols (such as lauryl, myristyl stearyl, cetyl or cetostearyl alcohol) , fatty acids and derivatives, including but not limited to fatty acid esters, fatty acid glycerides (mono-, di-and triglycerides) , and hydrogenated fats. Specific examples include, but are not limited to hydrogenated vegetable oil, hydrogenated cottonseed oil, hydrogenated castor oil, hydrogenated oils available under the trade name stearic acid, cocoa butter, and stearyl alcohol. Suitable waxes and wax-like materials include natural or synthetic waxes, hydrocarbons, and normal waxes. Specific examples of waxes include beeswax, glycowax, castor wax, carnauba wax, paraffins and candelilla wax. As used herein, a wax-like material is defined as any material, which is normally solid at room temperature and has a melting point of from about 30 to 300℃.
In some cases, it may be desirable to alter the rate of water penetration into the microparticles. To this end, rate-controlling (wicking) agents can be formulated along with the fats or waxes listed above. Examples of rate-controlling materials include certain starch derivatives (e.g., waxy maltodextrin and drum dried corn starch) , cellulose derivatives (e.g., hydroxypropyl methyl-cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, methylcellulose, and carboxymethyl-cellulose) , alginic acid, lactose and talc. Additionally, a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant (for example, lecithin) may be added to facilitate the degradation of such microparticles.
Proteins, which are water insoluble, such as zein, can also be used as materials for the formation of agent containing microparticles. Additionally, proteins, polysaccharides and combinations thereof, which are water-soluble, can be formulated with agent into microparticles and subsequently cross-linked to form an insoluble network. For example, cyclodextrins can be complexed with individual agent molecules and subsequently cross-linked.
b. Method of making Nano-and Microparticles
Encapsulation or incorporation of STC2 compositions into carrier materials to produce agent-containing microparticles can be achieved through known pharmaceutical formulation techniques. In the case of formulation in fats, waxes or wax-like materials, the carrier material is typically heated above its melting temperature and the agent is added to form a mixture comprising agent particles suspended in the carrier material, agent dissolved in the carrier material, or a mixture thereof. Microparticles can be subsequently formulated through several methods including, but not limited to, the processes of congealing, extrusion, spray chilling or aqueous dispersion. In a preferred process, wax is heated above its melting temperature, agent is added, and the molten wax-agent mixture is congealed under constant stirring as the mixture cools. Alternatively, the molten wax-agent mixture can be extruded and spheronized to form pellets or beads. These processes are known in the art. For some carrier materials it may be desirable to use a solvent evaporation technique to produce agent-containing microparticles. In this case agent and carrier material are co-dissolved in a mutual solvent and microparticles can subsequently be produced by several techniques including, but not limited to, forming an emulsion in water or other appropriate media, spray drying or by evaporating off the solvent from the bulk solution and milling the resulting material.
In some forms, agent in a particulate form is homogeneously dispersed in a water-insoluble or slowly water-soluble material. To minimize the size of the agent particles within the composition, the agent powder itself may be milled to generate fine particles prior to formulation. The process of jet milling, known in the pharmaceutical art, can be used for this purpose. In some forms drug in a particulate form is homogeneously dispersed in a wax or wax like substance by heating the wax or wax like substance above its melting point and adding the drug particles while stirring the mixture. In this case a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant may be added to the mixture to facilitate the dispersion of the drug particles.
The particles can also be coated with one or more modified release coatings. Solid esters of fatty acids, which are hydrolyzed by lipases, can be spray coated onto microparticles or drug particles. Zein is an example of a naturally water-insoluble protein. It can be coated onto drug containing microparticles or drug particles by spray coating or by wet granulation techniques. In addition to naturally water-insoluble materials, some substrates of digestive enzymes can be treated with cross-linking procedures, resulting in the formation of non-soluble networks. Many methods of cross-linking proteins, initiated by both chemical and physical means, have been reported. One of the most common methods to obtain cross-linking is the use of chemical cross-linking agents. Examples of chemical cross-linking agents include aldehydes (glutaraldehyde and formaldehyde) , epoxy compounds, carbodiimides, and genipin. In addition to these cross-linking agents, oxidized and native sugars have been used to cross-link gelatin. Cross-linking can also be accomplished using enzymatic means; for example, transglutaminase has been approved as a GRAS substance for cross-linking seafood products. Finally, cross-linking can be initiated by physical means such as thermal treatment, UV irradiation and gamma irradiation.
To produce a coating layer of cross-linked protein surrounding drug containing microparticles or drug particles, a water-soluble protein can be spray coated onto the microparticles and subsequently cross-linked by the one of the methods described above. Alternatively, drug-containing microparticles can be microencapsulated within protein by coacervation-phase separation (for example, by the addition of salts) and subsequently cross-linked. Some suitable proteins for this purpose include gelatin, albumin, casein, and gluten.
Polysaccharides can also be cross-linked to form a water-insoluble network. For many polysaccharides, this can be accomplished by reaction with calcium salts or multivalent cations, which cross-link the main polymer chains. Pectin, alginate, dextran, amylose and guar gum are subject to cross-linking in the presence of multivalent cations. Complexes between oppositely charged polysaccharides can also be formed; pectin and chitosan, for example, can be complexed via electrostatic interactions.
2. Enteral Formulations
Suitable oral dosage forms include tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and lozenges. Tablets can be made using compression or molding techniques well known in the art. Gelatin or non-gelatin capsules can be prepared as hard or soft capsule shells, which can encapsulate liquid, solid, and semi-solid fill materials, using techniques well known in the art.
Oral mRNA delivery using capsules is described in Abramson, et al., Matter, 5(3) : 975-987 (2022) (incorporated herein by reference) , using branched hybrid poly (β-amino ester) mRNA nanoparticles.
Formulations may be prepared using a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As generally used herein “carrier” includes, but is not limited to, diluents, preservatives, binders, lubricants, disintegrators, swelling agents, fillers, stabilizers, and combinations thereof.
Carrier also includes all components of the coating composition, which may include plasticizers, pigments, colorants, stabilizing agents, and glidants.
Examples of suitable coating materials include, but are not limited to, cellulose polymers such as cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate; polyvinyl acetate phthalate, acrylic acid polymers and copolymers, and methacrylic resins that are commercially available under the trade name (Roth Pharma, Westerstadt, Germany) , zein, shellac, and polysaccharides.
Additionally, the coating material may contain conventional carriers such as plasticizers, pigments, colorants, glidants, stabilization agents, pore formers and surfactants.
“Diluents” , also referred to as "fillers, " are typically necessary to increase the bulk of a solid dosage form so that a practical size is provided for compression of tablets or formation of beads and granules. Suitable diluents include, but are not limited to, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, calcium sulfate, lactose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, sodium chloride, dry starch, hydrolyzed starches, pregelatinized starch, silicone dioxide, titanium oxide, magnesium aluminum silicate and powdered sugar.
“Binders” are used to impart cohesive qualities to a solid dosage formulation, and thus ensure that a tablet or bead or granule remains intact after the formation of the dosage forms. Suitable binder materials include, but are not limited to, starch, pregelatinized starch, gelatin, sugars (including sucrose, glucose, dextrose, lactose and sorbitol) , polyethylene glycol, waxes, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth, sodium alginate, cellulose, including hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, ethylcellulose, and veegum, and synthetic polymers such as acrylic acid and methacrylic acid copolymers, methacrylic acid copolymers, methyl methacrylate copolymers, amino alkyl methacrylate copolymers, polyacrylic acid/Poly methacrylic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
“Lubricants” are used to facilitate tablet manufacture. Examples of suitable lubricants include, but are not limited to, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, stearic acid, glycerol behenate, polyethylene glycol, talc, and mineral oil.
“Disintegrants” are used to facilitate dosage form disintegration or "breakup" after administration, and generally include, but are not limited to, starch, sodium starch glycolate, sodium carboxymethyl starch, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, pregelatinized starch, clays, cellulose, alginine, gums or cross-linked polymers, such as cross-linked PVP (XL from GAF Chemical Corp) .
“Stabilizers” are used to inhibit or retard drug decomposition reactions, which include, by way of example, oxidative reactions. Suitable stabilizers include, but are not limited to, antioxidants, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) ; ascorbic acid, its salts and esters; Vitamin E, tocopherol and its salts; sulfites such as sodium metabisulphite; cysteine and its derivatives; citric acid; propyl gallate, and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) .
Oral dosage forms, such as capsules, tablets, solutions, and suspensions, can for formulated for controlled release. For example, the one or more compounds and optional one or more additional active agents can be formulated into nanoparticles, microparticles, and combinations thereof, and encapsulated in a soft or hard gelatin or non-gelatin capsule or dispersed in a dispersing medium to form an oral suspension or syrup. The particles can be formed of the agent and a controlled release polymer or matrix. Alternatively, the agent particles can be coated with one or more controlled release coatings prior to incorporation into the finished dosage form.
In some forms, the one or more compounds and optional one or more additional active agents are dispersed in a matrix material, which gels or emulsifies upon contact with an aqueous medium, such as physiological fluids. In the case of gels, the matrix swells entrapping the active agents, which are released slowly over time by diffusion and/or degradation of the matrix material. Such matrices can be formulated as tablets or as fill materials for hard and soft capsules.
In some forms, the one or more compounds, and optional one or more additional active agents are formulated into a sold oral dosage form, such as a tablet or capsule, and the solid dosage form is coated with one or more controlled release coatings, such as a delayed release coatings or extended-release coatings. The coating or coatings may also contain compounds and/or additional active agents.
III. METHODS OF TREATMENT
Methods of using the disclosed compositions and formulations including, but not limited to, STC2 proteins, nucleic acids and small molecules are provided.
Methods of treatment including cells and other therapeutic agents including STC2 peptides, nucleic acids, and/or small molecules are described.
An exemplary method involves treating a subject (e.g., a human) having a disease, disorder, or condition by administering to the subject an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition including genetically modified STC2 peptides, nucleic acids, and/or small molecules. In some forms, the methods administer a pharmaceutical composition to express recombinant STC2 proteins to a subject (e.g., a human) having a metabolic disorder e.g., Diabetes Mellitus in an amount effective to treat the metabolic disorder. For example, in some forms, the methods treat a disease or disorder in which hyperglycemia and/or aberrant insulin production are symptoms, by administering to the subject, an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition including recombinant STC2 peptides and/or proteins. In another exemplary form, the methods treat a disease or disorder associated with a lowered expression of STC2 or Reg2, by administering to the subject, an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition including recombinant STC2 peptides and/or proteins.
In some forms, in vivo gene therapy can be employed, whereby genetic material encoding STC2 peptides and/or molecules capable of upregulating STC2, is transferred directly into the patient.
In these forms (i.e., in vivo gene therapy) , genetic material is introduced into a patient by a virally derived vector or by non-viral techniques. In vivo nucleic acid therapy can be accomplished by direct transfer of a functionally active DNA into mammalian somatic tissue or organ in vivo. Nucleic acids can be administered in vivo by viral means. A therapeutic gene expression cassette is typically composed of a promoter that drives gene transcription, the transgene of interest, and a termination signal to end gene transcription. Such an expression cassette can be embedded in a plasmid (circularized, double-stranded DNA molecule) as a delivery vehicle. Plasmid DNA (pDNA) can be directly injected in vivo by a variety of injection techniques, among which hydrodynamic injection achieves the highest gene transfer efficiency in major organs by quickly injecting a large volume of pDNA solution and temporarily inducing pores in cell membrane. To help negatively charged pDNA molecules penetrate the hydrophobic cell membranes, chemicals including cationic lipids and cationic polymers have been used to condense pDNA into lipoplexes and polyplexes, respectively.
STC2 peptides or nucleic acid molecules encoding STC2 may be packaged into retrovirus vectors using packaging cell lines that produce replication-defective retroviruses, as is well-known in the art. Other virus vectors may also be used, including recombinant adenoviruses and vaccinia virus, which can be rendered non-replicating. Nucleic acids may also be delivered by other carriers, including liposomes, polymeric micro-and nanoparticles and polycations such as asialoglycoprotein/polylysine. Various techniques and methods for in vivo gene delivery using the disclosed vectors and carriers are known in the art (reviewed in Wang, et al., Discov. Med., 18 (97) : 67-77 (2014) . A major advancement in DNA vector design is minicircle DNA (mcDNA) , which differs from pDNA in the lack of bacteria-derived, CpG-rich backbone sequences. When administered in vivo, mcDNA mediates safer, higher, and more sustainable transgene expression than conventional pDNA.
A. Methods of Treatment
The term “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” means a dosage sufficient to treat, inhibit, or alleviate one or more symptoms of a disease state being treated or to otherwise provide a desired pharmacologic and/or physiologic effect. In some forms, the effective amount refers to the amount which is able to treat one or more symptoms of a metabolic disorder e.g. Diabetes Mellitus, reverse the progression of one or more symptoms of a metabolic disorder e.g., Diabetes Mellitus, halt the progression of one or more symptoms of a metabolic disorder e.g., Diabetes Mellitus, or prevent the occurrence of one or more symptoms of a metabolic disorder e.g., Diabetes Mellitus in a subject to whom the formulation is administered, for example, as compared to a matched subject not receiving the compound. The precise dosage will vary according to a variety of factors such as subject-dependent variables (e.g., injury size/type, age, joint health, immune system health, etc. ) , the disease or disorder, and the treatment being administered. The effective amount can be relative to a control. Such controls are known in the art and discussed herein, and can be, for example, the condition of the subject prior to or in the absence of administration of the drug.
The terms “treating” or “preventing” refers to the medical management of a subject with the intent to cure, ameliorate, stabilize, or prevent a disease, pathological condition, or disorder. This term includes active treatment, that is, treatment directed specifically toward the improvement of a disease, pathological condition, or disorder, and includes causal treatment, that is, treatment directed toward removal of the cause of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder. In addition, this term includes palliative treatment, that is, treatment designed for the relief of symptoms rather than the curing of the disease, pathological condition, or disorder; preventative treatment, that is, treatment directed to minimizing or partially or completely inhibiting the development of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder; and supportive treatment, that is, treatment employed to supplement another specific therapy directed toward the improvement of the associated disease, pathological condition, or disorder. It is understood that treatment, while intended to cure, ameliorate, stabilize, or prevent a disease, pathological condition, or disorder, need not actually result in the cure, amelioration, stabilization, or prevention. The effects of treatment can be measured or assessed as described herein and as known in the art as is suitable for the disease, pathological condition, or disorder involved. Such measurements and assessments can be made in qualitative and/or quantitative terms. Thus, for example, characteristics or features of a disease, pathological condition, or disorder and/or symptoms of a disease, pathological condition, or disorder can be reduced to any effect or to any amount. Desirable effects of treatment include decreasing the rate of disease progression, ameliorating, or palliating the disease state, and remission or improved prognosis. For example, an individual is successfully “treated” if one or more symptoms associated with a metabolic disorder e.g., Diabetes Mellitus are mitigated or eliminated, including, but are not limited to, increasing pancreatic β-cell proliferation e.g., increasing the number of β-cells in the pancreatic islets, increasing the quality of life of those suffering from the metabolic disease or condition, decreasing the dose of other medications required to treat the metabolic disease/condition, delaying the progression of the metabolic disease/condition, and/or prolonging survival of individuals.
The terms “inhibit” or “reduce” or prevent in the context of inhibition, mean to reduce, or decrease or prevent in activity and quantity. This can be a complete inhibition or reduction in activity or quantity, or a partial inhibition or reduction or prevention. Inhibition or reduction or prevention can be compared to a control or to a standard level. Inhibition can be measured as a %value, e.g., from 1%up to 100%, such as 5%, 10, 25, 50, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 99, or 100%. For example, compositions including therapeutic agents may inhibit or reduce one or more markers of a disease or disorder in a subject by about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%from the activity and/or quantity of the same marker in subjects that did not receive or were not treated with the compositions. Inhibition can be expressed as a %as compared to a control, for example, as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100%relative to a control.
The terms “high, ” “higher, ” “increases, ” “elevates, ” or “elevation” refer to increases above basal levels, e.g., as compared to a control. The terms “low, ” “lower, ” “reduces, ” or “reduction” refer to decreases below basal levels, e.g., as compared to a control.
The term “dosage regime” refers to drug administration regarding formulation, route of administration, drug dose, dosing interval and treatment duration. The term “monitoring” as used herein refers to any method in the art by which an activity can be measured.
The term “providing” as used herein refers to any means of adding a compound or molecule to something known in the art. Examples of providing can include the use of pipettes, pipette men, syringes, needles, tubing, guns, etc. This can be manual or automated.
The term “in need of treatment” as used herein refers to a judgment made by a caregiver (e.g. physician, nurse, nurse practitioner, or individual in the case of humans; veterinarian in the case of animals, including non-human mammals) that a subject requires or will benefit from treatment. This judgment is made based on a variety of factors that are in the realm of a care giver's expertise, but that include the knowledge that the subject is ill, or will be ill, as the result of a condition that is treatable by the disclosed compounds.
As used herein, “subject” includes, but is not limited to mammals including but not limited to human, horse, pig, rabbit, dog, sheep, goat, non-human primate, cow, cat, guinea pig or rodent. The term does not denote a particular age or sex. Thus, adult, and newborn subjects, as well as fetuses, whether male or female, are intended to be covered. A patient refers to a subject afflicted with a disease or disorder. The term “patient” includes human and veterinary subjects. In one aspect, the compositions described herein can be administered to a subject comprising a human or an animal including, but not limited to, a mouse, dog, cat, horse, bovine or ovine and the like, that is in need of alleviation or amelioration from Diabetes Mellitus and/or hypoglycemia.
B. Effective Amounts and Dosage Regimens
The dosages or amounts of the compounds described herein are large enough to produce the desired effect in the method by which delivery occurs. The dosage should not be so large as to cause adverse side effects, such as unwanted cross-reactions, anaphylactic reactions, and the like. Generally, the dosage will vary with the age, condition, sex, and extent of the disease in the subject and can be determined by one of skill in the art. The dosage can be adjusted by the individual physician based on the clinical condition of the subject involved. The dose, schedule of doses and route of administration can be varied.
The therapeutic result of the described STC2 compositions and pharmaceutical formulations can be compared to a control. Suitable controls are known in the art. A typical control is a comparison of a condition or symptom of a subject prior to and after administration of the described immunogenic compositions and pharmaceutical formulations. The condition or symptom can be a biochemical, molecular, physiological, or pathological readout. For example, the effect of the described immunogenic compositions and pharmaceutical formulations on a particular symptom, pharmacologic, or physiologic indicator can be compared to an untreated subject, or the condition of the subject prior to treatment. In some forms, the symptom, pharmacologic, or physiologic indicator is measured in an infected subject prior to treatment, and again one or more times after treatment is initiated. In some forms, the control is a reference level, or average determined based on measuring the symptom, pharmacologic, or physiologic indicator in one or more subjects that do not have the disease or disorder to be treated (e.g., healthy subjects) . In some forms, the effect of the treatment is compared to a conventional treatment that is known in the art.
The efficacy of administration of a particular dose of the STC2 compositions and pharmaceutical formulations according to the methods described herein can be determined by evaluating the particular aspects of the medical history, signs, symptoms, and objective laboratory tests that are known to be useful in evaluating the status of a subject in need of the STC2 compositions and pharmaceutical formulations for the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus, hypoglycemia, or other diseases and/or conditions. These signs, symptoms, and objective laboratory tests will vary, depending upon the disease or condition being treated or prevented, as will be known to any clinician who treats such patients or a researcher conducting experimentation in this field. For example, if, based on a comparison with an appropriate control group and/or knowledge of the normal progression of the disease in the general population or the particular individual: (1) a subject’s physical condition is shown to be improved (e.g., the hyperglycemia or Diabetes Mellitus has completely regressed) , (2) the progression of the disease or condition is shown to be stabilized, or slowed, or reversed, or (3) the need for other medications for treating the disease or condition is lessened or obviated, then a particular treatment regimen will be considered efficacious.
The actual effective amounts of the STC2 compositions can vary according to factors including the specific compositions administered, the particular composition formulated, the mode of administration, and the age, weight, condition of the subject being treated, as well as the route of administration and the disease or disorder. In some forms, the composition increases the survival rate, or reduces the incidence of a disease or disorder in a treated subject as compared to an untreated control by more than 1%, such as by 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 75%, 100%, 200%, 300%, 400%or 500%, or more than 500%. In some forms, the composition reduces the instance of one or more symptoms of a Diabetes Mellitus in a treated subject as compared with an untreated control by up to 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 75%, or 100%.
In some forms the methods administer the composition in an effective amount. The effective amount or therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical compositions, can be a dosage sufficient to treat, inhibit, or alleviate one or more symptoms of a disease or disorder, such as a metabolic disorder e.g., Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, Hyperglycemia, or other condition mentioned herein, or to otherwise provide a desired pharmacologic and/or physiologic effect, for example, reducing, inhibiting, or reversing one or more of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms underlying a disease or disorder, such as Diabetes Mellitus.
In some forms, when administration of the composition elicits a desired response, the amount administered can be expressed as the amount effective to achieve a desired metabolic effect in the recipient. For example, in some forms, the amount of the composition is effective to increase the viability or proliferation of pancreatic β cells in the recipient e.g., increase the number of pancreatic β cells and/or increasing the size of the pancreatic islets. In some forms, the amount of the pharmaceutical composition is effective to reduce insulin resistance and increase insulin sensitivity in the recipient, or reduce hyperglycemia, and combinations thereof. In other forms, the amount of the composition is effective to reduce one or more symptoms or signs of a metabolic disorder in a patient, or signs of the other condition such as pancreatitis or a condition associated with β-cell loss in a patient having the condition.
In some forms, the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject in an amount effective to increase the expression of one or more genes e.g., Reg2 (Reg2 regenerating islet-derived 2) , Adgrg7 (ADGRG7 adhesion G protein-coupled receptor G7) , Cgref1 (Cell Growth Regulator With EF-Hand Domain 1) , Idnk (IDNK gluconokinase) , Ap1s3 (Adaptor Related Protein Complex 1 Subunit Sigma 3) , Apam17 (ADAM Metallopeptidase Domain 17) , Man1a2 (Mannosidase Alpha Class 1A Member 2) , Nop14 (NOP14 nucleolar protein) , Sik3 (SIK Family Kinase 3) , Yipf3 (Yip1 Domain Family Member 3) , Avil (Advillin) , Dennd2d (DENN Domain Containing 2D) , Camk2d (Calcium/Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase II Delta) , Rpf2 (Ribosome Production Factor 2 Homolog) , Slc3a1 (Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 1) , Ptgr1 (Prostaglandin Reductase 1) , Polr1c (POLR1C RNA polymerase I and III subunit C) , Mgst1 (Microsomal Glutathione S-Transferase 1) , Nf1 (neurofibromin 1) , Acta2 (alpha (α) -2 actin) , Atxn3 (Ataxin 3) , Sarnp (SAP Domain Containing Ribonucleoprotein) , and Gpx1 (Glutathione Peroxidase 1) . In some forms, the amount of the STC2 protein, STC2 protein fragment or STC2 nucleic acid present in the pharmaceutical formulation is effective to increase the expression of one or more of these genes by between about 5-fold and 80-fold, between about 10-fold and 70-fold, between about 20-fold and 60-fold, or between about 30-fold and about 50-fold. For example, the amount of the STC2 protein, STC2 protein fragment or STC2 nucleic acid present in the pharmaceutical formulation is effective to increase the expression of one or more of these genes by about 5-fold, about 10-fold, about 15-fold, about 20-fold, about 25-fold, about 30-fold, about 40-fold, about 50-fold, about 60-fold, about 70-fold, or about 80-fold.
In some forms, the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject in an amount effective to decrease the expression of one or more genes e.g., Prkaca (Protein Kinase CAMP-Activated Catalytic Subunit Alpha) , Serpinc1 (Serpin Family C Member 1) , Exosc7 (Exosome Component 7) , Susd2 (Sushi Domain Containing 2) , Sult2b1 (Sulfotransferase Family 2B Member 1) , Aadac (Arylacetamide Deacetylase) , Adat3 (Adenosine Deaminase TRNA Specific 3) , Prkrip1 (PRKR Interacting Protein 1) , Slc30a1 (Solute Carrier Family 30 Member 1) , Cltb (Clathrin Light Chain B) , Gipc2 (GIPC PDZ Domain Containing Family Member 2) , C8b (Complement C8 Beta Chain) , Map3k4 (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase 4) , Sft2d2 (SFT2 Domain Containing 2) , and Svs6 (Seminal vesicle secretory protein 6) . In some forms, the amount of the STC2 protein, STC2 protein fragment or STC2 nucleic acid present in the pharmaceutical formulation is effective to reduce the expression of one or more of these genes by between about 5-fold and 80-fold, between about 10-fold and 70-fold, between about 20-fold and 60-fold, or between about 30-fold and about 50-fold. For example, the amount of the STC2 protein, STC2 protein fragment or STC2 nucleic acid present in the pharmaceutical formulation is effective to reduce the expression of one or more of these genes by about 5-fold, about 10-fold, about 15-fold, about 20-fold, about 25-fold, about 30-fold, about 40-fold, about 50-fold, about 60-fold, about 70-fold, or about 80-fold.
The effective amount of the composition can vary from subject to subject, depending on the species, age, weight and general condition of the subject, the severity of the disorder being treated, and its mode of administration. Thus, it is not possible to specify an exact amount for every pharmaceutical composition. However, an appropriate amount can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using only routine experimentation given the teachings herein. For example, effective dosages and schedules for administering the pharmaceutical compositions can be determined empirically, and making such determinations is within the skill in the art. In some forms, the dosage ranges for the administration of the compositions are those large enough to effect increases in pancreatic β-cell proliferation and/or viability, or to reduce hyperglycemia and/or insulin resistance for example.
The dosage should not be so large as to cause adverse side effects, such as unwanted cross-reactions, anaphylactic reactions, and the like. Generally, the dosage will vary with the age, condition, and sex of the patient, route of administration, whether other drugs are included in the regimen, and the type, stage, and location of the disease to be treated. The dosage can be adjusted by the individual physician in the event of any counter-indications. It will also be appreciated that the effective dosage of the composition can increase or decrease over the course of a particular treatment. Changes in dosage can result and become apparent from the results of diagnostic assays.
Dosage can vary, and can be administered in one or more dose administrations daily, for one or several days. Guidance can be found in the literature for appropriate dosages for given classes of pharmaceutical products. Optimal dosing schedules can be calculated from measurements of drug accumulation in the body of the subject or patient. Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates. Optimum dosages can vary depending on the relative potency of individual pharmaceutical compositions and can generally be estimated based on EC50s found to be effective in in vitro and in vivo animal models.
In some forms, for proteins and peptides, the dosage administered to a patient is typically 0.0001 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg of the patient’s body weight. Preferably, the dosage administered to a patient is between 0.0001 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg, 0.0001 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, 0.0001 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg, 0.0001 and 2 mg/kg, 0.0001 and 1 mg/kg, 0.0001 mg/kg and 0.75 mg/kg, 0.0001 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg, 0.0001 mg/kg to 0.25 mg/kg, 0.0001 to 0.15 mg/kg, 0.0001 to 0.10 mg/kg, 0.001 to 0.5 mg/kg, 0.01 to 0.25 mg/kg or 0.01 to 0.10 mg/kg of the patient’s body weight.
In preferred forms, the effective dosage of the STC2 proteins, STC2 protein fragments, or nucleic acids administered to a patient is between about 0.01 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg of the patient’s body weight. In some forms, the dosage administered to a patient is between about 0.1 mg/kg to about 8 mg/kg, between about 0.1 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg, between about 0.1 mg/kg to about 3 mg/kg, or between about 0.1 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg of the patient’s body weight. These ranges for predicted dosages are based on the FDA guidelines for converting animal doses to Human Equivalent Dose (HED) .
The administration can be repeated as often and as many times as the patient can tolerate until the desired response is achieved. Compositions and formulations can also be administered once or multiple times at these dosages. The optimal dosage and treatment regime for a particular patient can readily be determined by one skilled in the art of medicine by monitoring the patient for signs of disease and adjusting the treatment accordingly. In some forms, the unit dosage is in a unit dosage form for intravenous injection. In some forms, the unit dosage is in a unit dosage form for oral administration. In some forms, the unit dosage is in a unit dosage form for intraperitoneal injection.
Treatment can be continued for an amount of time sufficient to achieve one or more desired therapeutic goals, for example, an increase of the number of β-cells relative to the start of treatment, or complete absence of one or more symptoms of a metabolic disorder e.g., diabetes in the recipient. Treatment can be continued for a desired period of time, and the progression of treatment can be monitored using any means known for monitoring the progression of anti-diabetic treatment in a patient. In some forms, administration is carried out every day of treatment, or every week, or every fraction of a week. In some forms, treatment regimens are carried out over the course of up to two, three, four or five days, weeks, or months, or for up to 6 months, or for more than 6 months, for example, up to one year, two years, three years, four years, five years, or up to 10 years.
The efficacy of administration of a particular dose of the pharmaceutical compositions according to the methods described herein can be determined by evaluating the aspects of the medical history, signs, symptoms, and objective laboratory tests that are known to be useful in evaluating the status of a subject in need for the treatment of cancer or other diseases and/or conditions. These signs, symptoms, and objective laboratory tests will vary, depending upon the particular disease or condition being treated or prevented, as will be known to any clinician who treats such patients or a researcher conducting experimentation in this field. For example, if, based on a comparison with an appropriate control group and/or knowledge of the normal progression of the disease in the general population or the particular individual: (1) a subject’s physical condition is shown to be improved (e.g., insulin resistance and/or hyperglycemia has partially or fully regressed) , (2) the progression of the disease or condition is shown to be stabilized, or slowed, or reversed, or (3) the need for other medications for treating the disease or condition is lessened or obviated, then a particular treatment regimen will be considered efficacious. In some forms, efficacy is assessed as a measure of the increase in pancreatic islet mass and/or pancreatic β-cell number at a specific time point (e.g., 1-5 days, weeks, or months) following treatment.
C. Diseases to Be Treated
The disclosed STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered to a subject in need thereof to treat and/or prevent a variety of diseases and disorders. In one preferred form, the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered to a subject to treat Diabetes Mellitus e.g., Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction, resulting in inadequate insulin secretion relative to the body's needs. The compositions and formulations can also be administered for the treatment of Type 1 diabetes, as beta cell deficiency is a major characteristic of this condition. For example, the STZ-induced diabetic model tested in the non-limiting Examples can be regarded as having type 1 diabetes.
In other forms, the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered to a subject in need to treat Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) . MODY is a group of monogenic disorders causing beta cell dysfunction, leading to early-onset diabetes. In some forms, the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered to a subject in need to treat Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus. Neonatal Diabetes is generally diagnosed in the first six months of life, often due to genetic mutations affecting beta cell function.
In some forms, the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered to a subject in need to treat Wolfram Syndrome, a genetic disorder involving beta cell dysfunction, leading to diabetes mellitus and other symptoms such as optic atrophy.
In some forms, the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered to a subject in need to treat pancreatic adenocarcinoma, which is cancer of the pancreas can impact beta cell function and insulin production. In some forms, the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered in an effective amount to treat chronic pancreatitis, which is characterized by inflammation of the pancreas can lead to progressive beta cell dysfunction and diabetes.
In some forms, the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered to a subject in need to treat Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes (CFRD) . CFRD occurs in individuals with cystic fibrosis due to damage to the pancreas, affecting beta cell function.
In some forms, the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered to a subject in need to treat insulinoma, a tumor of the beta cells that causes excessive insulin production, leading to hypoglycemia.
In some forms, the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered to a subject in need to treat cancer. Reduced STC2 expression has been observed in certain cancers, such as breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma, and is often associated with poor prognosis and aggressive tumor behavior.
In some forms, the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered to a subject in need to treat cardiovascular diseases. Lower levels of STC2 have been linked to cardiovascular conditions, including heart failure and atherosclerosis. STC2 is believed to play a protective role in the cardiovascular system.
In some forms, the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered to a subject in need to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Decreased STC2 levels have been found in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, where it may be involved in protecting neurons from oxidative stress and apoptosis. In some forms, the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered to a subject in need to treat osteoporosis. STC2 is involved in bone metabolism, and reduced levels may contribute to bone density loss and osteoporosis.
In some forms, the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered to a subject in need to treat kidney disease. Lower STC2 expression has been associated with chronic kidney disease and renal fibrosis, suggesting a role in kidney function and protection against injury.
D. Subjects to Be Treated
All the methods and uses described herein can also include the step of identifying and selecting a subject in need of treatment, or a subject who would benefit from administration with the described compositions. Preferably, the subject is human. In some forms, the subject is a child. In some forms, the subject is a toddler. In some forms, the subject is a teenager. In some forms, the subject is an adult. Generally, the subject to be treated has a metabolic disease/disorder e.g., Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, hyperglycemia, and so on.
E. Routes of Administration
In some forms the methods administer the composition in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The compositions described herein can be conveniently formulated into pharmaceutical compositions composed of one or more of the compounds in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, latest edition, by E.W. Martin Mack Pub. Co., Easton, PA, which discloses typical carriers and conventional methods of preparing pharmaceutical compositions that can be used in conjunction with the preparation of formulations of the therapeutics described herein and which is incorporated by reference herein. These most typically would be standard carriers for administration of compositions to humans. In one aspect, for humans and non-humans, these include solutions such as sterile water, saline, and buffered solutions at physiological pH. Other therapeutics can be administered according to standard procedures used by those skilled in the art.
The pharmaceutical compositions can include, but are not limited to, carriers, thickeners, diluents, buffers, preservatives, surface active agents and the like in addition to the therapeutic (s) of choice.
Pharmaceutical compositions can be administered to the subject in a number of ways depending on whether local or systemic treatment is desired, and on the area to be treated. Thus, for example, a pharmaceutical composition including the STC2 compositions, such as therapeutic STC2, can be administered as an intraperitoneal injection, or directly injected into a specific site, for example, into or surrounding the pancreas. Moreover, a pharmaceutical composition can be administered to a subject as an ophthalmic solution and/or ointment to the surface of the eye, vaginally, rectally, intranasally, orally, by inhalation, or parenterally, for example, by intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrarectal, intraarterial, intralymphatic, intravenous, intrathecal and intratracheal routes. In some forms, the compositions are administered directly into the pancreatic tissue, e.g., stereotactically.
Parenteral administration, if used, is generally characterized by injection. Injectables can be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions. A more recently revised approach for parenteral administration involves use of a slow release or sustained release system such that a constant dosage is maintained. See, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 3,610,795, which is incorporated by reference herein. Suitable parenteral administration routes include intravascular administration (e.g., intravenous bolus injection, intravenous infusion, intra-arterial bolus injection, intra-arterial infusion and catheter instillation into the vasculature) ; peri-and intra-tissue injection (e.g., intraocular injection, intra-retinal injection, or sub-retinal injection) ; subcutaneous injection or deposition including subcutaneous infusion (such as by osmotic pumps) ; direct application by a catheter or other placement device (e.g., an implant including a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material) .
Preparations for parenteral administration include sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions which can also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media. Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's , or fixed oils. Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers (such as those based on Ringer's dextrose) , and the like. Preservatives and other additives can also be present such as, for example, antimicrobials, antioxidants, chelating agents, and inert gases and the like.
Administration of the pharmaceutical compositions can be localized (i.e., to a particular region, physiological system, tissue, organ, or cell type) or systemic.
In some forms, the described STC2 proteins/fragments or nucleic acids encoding STC2 proteins/fragments (e.g., in the form of pharmaceutical formulations such as fusion proteins and other therapeutic proteins) are administered to a subject by standard routes, including, but not limited to, parenteral (e.g., intradermal, intravenous, intraspinal, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, or intramuscular) , oral, or mucosal routes (e.g., intranasal) . For example, they may be administered by a mucosal route. Non-limiting examples of acceptable routes of mucosal STC2 administration including intranasal, ocular, buccal, genital tract (vaginal) , rectal, intratracheal, skin, and the gastrointestinal tract. In some forms, the STC2 formulations are administered by the intranasal route. For example, the STC2 proteins/fragments can be formulated for intranasal delivery similar to intranasal insulin delivery (see Gaddam et al., Cureus, 13 (8) : e17219 (2021) . In another example, the STC2 proteins/fragments can be formulated for oral delivery similar to oral insulin (see Arbit and Kidron, J. Diabetes Sci. Technology, 3 (3) : 562-567 (2009) . In another example, the STC2 proteins/fragments can be formulated for intradermal delivery similar to intradermal insulin (see et al., J. Diabetes Sci. Technology, 8 (3) : 453-457 (2014) .
In an exemplary form, the described STC2 proteins/fragments or nucleic acids encoding STC2 proteins/fragments in the form of pharmaceutical compositions such as vaccine is administered to a subject, such as a human, via systemic injection. In some forms, the described STC2 proteins/fragments or nucleic acids encoding STC2 proteins/fragments is formulated for parenteral administration via injection, such as via intramuscular (im) injection, subcutaneous (sc) injection, intravenous (iv) injection, intraperitoneal (ip) injection or intradermal (id) injection.
F. Combination Therapy
In some forms the compositions are administered in combination with other therapeutic agents or treatment modalities. Any of the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions can be used alone, or in combination with other therapeutic agents or treatment modalities, for example, insulin therapy or stem-cell transplantation. As used herein, “combination” or “combined” refer to either concomitant, simultaneous, or sequential administration of the therapeutics.
In some forms, the pharmaceutical compositions and other therapeutic agents are administered separately through the same route of administration. In other forms, the pharmaceutical compositions and other therapeutic agents are administered separately through different routes of administration. The combinations can be administered either concomitantly (e.g., as an admixture) , separately but simultaneously (e.g., via separate intravenous lines into the same subject; one agent is given orally while the other agent is given by infusion or injection, etc., ) , or sequentially (e.g., one agent is given first followed by the second) .
Examples of preferred additional therapeutic agents include other conventional therapies known in the art for treating the metabolic diseases, disorders or conditions. Examples of suitable therapeutic agents include but are not limited to insulin, GLP1R agonists, metformin, SGLT2 inhibitors, DPP4 inhibitors and sulfonylureas.
In some forms, the STC2 compositions and formulations are administered in combination with one or more forms of insulin for managing Type 1 Diabetes. For example, the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered together with rapid-acting insulin e.g., andShort-acting insulin e.g., R, and R;Intermediate-acting insulin e.g., N andN; Long-acting insulin e.g., andUltra-long-acting insulin e.g., and combinations thereof.
In some forms, the STC2 compositions and formulations are administered in combination with one or more forms of insulin for managing Type 2 Diabetes. For example, the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered together with metformin e.g., andIn some forms, the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered together with one or more sulfonylureas e.g., Glipizide e.g., and XL, Glyburide such asand) , and Glimepiride such as In some forms, the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered together with one or more meglitinides e.g., repaglinide such asand nateglinide such asIn some forms, the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered together with one or more thiazolidinediones e.g., Pioglitazone such as and Rosiglitazone such asIn some forms, the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered together with one or more DPP-4 Inhibitors e.g., sitagliptin such assaxagliptin such aslinagliptin such asand alogliptin such asIn some forms, the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered together with one or more GLP-1 receptor agonists e.g., Exenatide such asandliraglutide such asandDulaglutide such assemaglutide such asandLixisenatide such as In some forms, the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered together with one or more SGLT2 Inhibitors e.g., canagliflozin such asDapagliflozin such asEmpagliflozin such asErtugliflozin such as In some forms, the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered together with one or more alpha-glucosidase inhibitors e.g., Acarbose such asMiglitol such asIn some forms, the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered together with one or more bile acid sequestrants e.g., colesevelam such as In some forms, the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered together with one or more dopamine agonists e.g., Bromocriptine such asIn some forms, the STC2 compositions and formulations can be administered together with one or more amylin Analogs e.g., pramlintide such as
The compositions and methods described herein may be used as a first therapy, second therapy, third therapy, or combination therapy with other types of therapies known in the art, such as surgery, gene therapy, immunotherapy, stem cell transplantation e.g., βcell transplantation, targeted therapy, physical interventions such as yoga, massage, acupuncture, and aromatherapy, medicinal herbs e.g., Momordica charantia, also known as bitter melon, Trigonella foenum graecum commonly known as Fenugreek, and Azadirachta indica commonly known as neem, in an adjuvant setting or a neoadjuvant setting.
The disclosed pharmaceutical compositions and/or other therapeutic agents, procedures or modalities can be administered during periods of active disease, or during a period of remission or less active disease. The pharmaceutical compositions can be administered before the additional treatment, concurrently with the treatment, post-treatment, or during remission of the disease or disorder. When administered in combination, the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions and the additional therapeutic agents (e.g., second or third agent) , or all, can be administered in an amount or dose that is higher, lower or the same than the amount or dosage of each agent used individually, e.g., as a monotherapy. In certain forms, the administered amount or dosage of the disclosed pharmaceutical composition, the additional therapeutic agent (e.g., second or third agent) , or all, is lower (e.g., at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, or at least 50%) than the amount or dosage of each agent used individually, e.g., as a monotherapy (e.g., required to achieve the same therapeutic effect) .
IV. KITS
Medical kits are also disclosed. The medical kits can include, for example, a dosage supply of the composition containing the STC2 proteins, STC2 fragments, or nucleic acids encoding the STC2 proteins or STC2 fragments, and optionally one or more additional active agents, or a combination thereof in separately or together in the same admixture. The active agents can be supplied alone (e.g., lyophilized) , or in a pharmaceutical composition. The active agents can be in a unit dosage, or in a stock that should be diluted prior to administration. In some forms, the kit includes a supply of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. The kit can also include devices for administration of the active agents or compositions, for example, syringes.
The kits can include printed instructions for administering the compound in a use as described above. The instructional material can include a publication, a recording, a diagram, or any other medium of expression which can be used to communicate the usefulness of the compositions and methods of the kit.
In one exemplary form, the kit contains:
(a) one or more single unit doses of a composition comprising the disclosed compositions or pharmaceutical formulations thereof, and
(b) instructions on how the dose is to be administered for treating a subject with a metabolic disorder such as Diabetes Mellitus; increasing β-cell proliferation; increasing insulin release; and/or decreasing hypoglycemia.
The disclosed compositions and methods can be further understood through the following numbered paragraphs.
1. A composition comprising a Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) compound, wherein the STC2 compound comprises an isolated STC2 protein, an isolated polypeptide fragment of a STC2 protein (STC2 fragment) , or an isolated nucleic acid encoding a STC2 protein or a STC2 fragment (STC2 nucleic acid) , wherein the STC2 compound is capable of reducing or ameliorating a metabolic disease or disorder in a subject when administered to the subject.
2. The composition of paragraph 1, wherein the STC2 protein comprises an amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, or SEQ ID NO: 11.
3. The composition of paragraph 1 or 2, wherein the STC2 protein comprises an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 9, or SEQ ID NO: 11.
4. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-3, wherein the STC2 nucleic acid is messenger RNA.
5. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-4, wherein the STC2 compound is derived from a mammal.
6. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-5, wherein the STC2 compound is derived from human STC2.
7. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-6, wherein the STC2 compound is derived from a non-human mammal selected from the group consisting of non-human primate and rodent.
8. The composition of any one of paragraphs 1-7 further comprising one or more active agents, wherein the active agent is an antigen, a prophylactic agent, a therapeutic agent, or combinations thereof.
9. A pharmaceutical formulation comprising the composition of any of paragraphs 1-8 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
10. The pharmaceutical formulation of paragraph 9, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is selected from the group consisting of a liposome complex, a liposome nanoparticle, a polymer, a nano emulsion, and a virus-like particle.
11. The pharmaceutical formulation of paragraphs 9 or 10 further comprising one or more diluents, stabilizers, preservatives, trace components, or a combination thereof.
12. The pharmaceutical formulation of any one of claims 9-11, wherein the amount of the STC2 compound in the formulation is effective, when administered to the subject, to increase β-cell proliferation in the subject.
13. The pharmaceutical formulation of any one of paragraphs 9-12, wherein the amount of the STC2 compound in the formulation is effective, when administered to the subject, to increase β-cell number, increase α cell number, increase the α cell/β cell ratio, increase pancreatic islet size, increase pancreatic islet number, increase the expression of proliferation-associated transcription factors, or a combination thereof.
14. The pharmaceutical formulation of any one of paragraphs 9-13, wherein the amount of the STC2 compound in the formulation is effective, when administered to the subject, to prevent loss or damage of pancreatic β-cells via degeneration or apoptosis.
15. A kit comprising:
(a) one or more single unit doses of the composition of any one of paragraphs 1-14, and
(b) instructions on how the dose is to be administered for increasing β-cell proliferation or reducing one or more symptoms of a metabolic disorder in a subject.
16. A method of treating or preventing the development of one or more symptoms of a metabolic disorder, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the composition of any one of paragraphs 1-8 or the pharmaceutical formulation of any one of paragraphs 9-14.
17. The method of paragraph 16, wherein the subject has a metabolic disorder or is at risk of developing a metabolic disorder.
18. The method of paragraphs 16 or 17, wherein the metabolic disorder is selected from the group comprising Diabetes Mellitus Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young, Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus, Wolfram Syndrome, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, chronic pancreatitis, Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes, insulinoma, hypoglycemia, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and kidney disease.
19. The method of any one of paragraphs 16-18, wherein the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered in a form selected from the group consisting of powder, liquids, and suspensions.
20. The method of any one of paragraphs 16-19, wherein the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered in combination with another therapeutic, prophylactic, or diagnostic agent.
21. The method of any one of paragraphs 16-20, wherein the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered at an interval selected from the group consisting of once a week, once every two weeks, once every three weeks, once a month, once every two months, and once every three months.
22. The method of any one of paragraphs 16-21, wherein the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered via intramuscular injection, subcutaneous injection, intradermal injection, intranasally, or oral administration.
23. The method of any one of paragraphs 16-22, wherein the subject is a mammal.
24. The method of any one of paragraphs 16-23, wherein the subject is a human, a non-human primate, or a mouse.
25. The method of any one of paragraphs 16-24, wherein the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject at a dose of between 0.25 mg/kg body weight of the subject and 2.5 mg/kg body weight of the subject, inclusive.
26. The method of any one of paragraphs 16-25, wherein the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject in an amount effective to increase insulin production by 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%.
27. The method of any one of paragraphs 16-26, wherein the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject in an amount effective to increase β-cell number, pancreatic islet size, or both, by 5-fold, 10-fold, 15-fold, 20-fold, 25-fold, 30-fold, 40-fold, 50-fold, 60-fold, 70-fold, or 80-fold.
28. The method of any one of paragraphs 16-27, wherein the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject in an amount effective to decrease hyperglycemia, decrease insulin resistance, increase insulin sensitivity, or a combination thereof.
29. The method of any one of paragraphs 16-28, wherein the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject in an amount effective to increase the expression of one or more genes selected from the group comprising Reg2.
30. A pharmaceutical formulation for use in treating or preventing the development of one or more symptoms of a metabolic disorder, the pharmaceutical formulation comprising a Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) compound, wherein the STC2 compound comprises an isolated STC2 protein, an isolated polypeptide fragment of a STC2 protein (STC2 fragment) , or an isolated nucleic acid encoding a STC2 protein or a STC2 fragment (STC2 nucleic acid) , wherein the STC2 compound is capable of reducing or ameliorating a metabolic disease or disorder in a subject when administered to the subject.
Examples
Methods
Human Participants
A total of 300 participants (150 men and 150 women) aged between 40 and 66 years from the Hong Kong Cardiovascular Risk Factor Prevalence Study were selected [19-22] . The participants were divided into two groups based on their BMI: lean group (BMI<25 kg/m2) and overweight/obese group (BMI≥25 kg/m2) [23] . Within the overweight/obese group, individuals were further classified into non-diabetes and diabetes subgroups. The study protocols received approval from the Institutional Review Board of the University of Hong Kong, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Anthropometric and biochemical measurements
The methods for measuring anthropometric variables such as height, weight, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and BMI, as well as the measurement of biochemical variables including fasting glucose and insulin concentrations, 2-hour postprandial glucose concentrations, fasting lipid profiles (total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, total serum triglycerides, and free fatty acids) , were done as previously described [24-26] . Insulin sensitivity was assessed using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) , calculated using the formula: fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) ×fasting insulin (mIU/L) /22.5 [27] . Body fat was determined using bioelectric impedance analysis (Model TBF-410; Tanita) . The diagnostic criteria for diabetes were based on the guidelines of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) : fasting plasma glucose≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) , or oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 2-hour plasma glucose≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) , or HbA1c≥6.5%.
Packaging, Concentration and Titration of Recombinant Adeno-associated virus
Full-length cDNAs encoding luciferase, wild type mouse/human STC2 were subcloned into the pAAV-GFP vector (Catalog #AAV-400) . Each construct was validated by Sanger sequencing. Shuttle vector, together with 2/8 capsids and helper plasmids were then co-transfected in HEK293T cells with 1 mg/ml polyethyleneimine (PEI, 24314, Polysciences, Inc., PA, USA) for recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) packaging as previously described [28] . rAAV particles were concentrated and purified according to the standard protocol of AAVancedTM Concentration Reagent (Catalog #AAV110A-1, System Biosciences Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA) . The AAV titer was quantified by qPCR as previously described [29] .
Expression and Purification of hSTC2, Fc and hSTC2-Fc fusion Protein
The cDNA sequences of human STC2, the Fc structural domain of IgG1, or their fusion (referred to as hSTC2-Fc) were individually inserted into the pcDNA3.4 mammalian expression vector. These vectors were then introduced into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) suspension cells using the standard protocol of the ExpiCHO Expression System (No. 29133, ThermoFisher) for rapid and high-level protein expression. After incubating the transfected cells for 11 days at 32 ℃ and 125 rpm to allow for protein production, the cell cultures were separated from the cells by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 30 minutes.
The human STC2 protein contains a His-tag, enabling purification using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) with Ni-NTA agarose beads. The column was prepared, loaded with the supernatant containing hSTC2, washed with low-concentration imidazole, and eluted using a gradient of increasing imidazole concentrations (20-500 mM) . Eluted fractions were collected, analyzed for protein content and purity by SDS-PAGE, and dialyzed with PBS pH 7.4 buffer.
For Fc and hSTC2-Fc fusion proteins, the supernatants were dialyzed with coating buffer (PBS, pH 7.4) at 4 ℃ to remove debris and contaminants. The proteins were purified using Protein G affinity chromatography, selectively binding the Fc region of IgG. The column was washed with binding buffer to remove unbound proteins, and both Fc and hSTC2-Fc proteins were eluted using 0.1 M glycine at pH 2.7, neutralized with Tris at pH 9.0, and dialyzed against PBS to adjust the pH back to physiological levels (~7.4) and concentrate the protein. The quality and validity of the purified proteins were assessed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis, detecting the presence of specific target proteins using antibodies.
Animal Studies
6-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were purchased from the Laboratory Animal Unit of the University of Hong Kong (HKU) . Mice were housed in pathogen-free conditions at 22 ℃ to 24 ℃ with a 12 hours light-12 hours dark cycle and free access to water and either standard chow (STC, Purina) or 45%high fat diet (HFD, #D12451, Research Diets) . The investigators were not blinded to the experimental groups. For AAV2/8 transduction, 7-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were tail vein injected with 2×1011 AAV2/8 harboring either luciferase, mouse STC2 or human STC2 with either STC or HFD feeding [30, 31] . Body composition was determined once a week by nuclear magnetic resonance (Bruker, minispec, Germany) . Glucose tolerance test (GTT) and glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) were performed in overnight-fasted mice after intraperitoneal (i. p. ) injection of D-glucose (1.5 g/kg body weight) , followed by the monitor of blood glucose at 0, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 minutes after glucose injection as previously described [32, 33]. For insulin tolerance test (ITT) , mice were fasted for 6 hours followed by i. p. injection of human recombinant insulin (Actrapid HM Novo Nordisk) at a dose of 0.75 U/kg body weight. Blood glucose was measured at 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 minutes after insulin injection as previously described [32] . Blood samples were taken from the tail vein for the measurement of glucose, insulin and C-peptide levels using a glucose meter, insulin, and C-peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (Catalog #32270 for insulin and Catalog #36780 for C-peptide, Immunodiagnostics, HK) , respectively. Lipid profiles including triglyceride (TG) , total cholesterol (TC) , low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in circulation were measured with commercial kits (Catalog #290-63701 for TG, Catalog #294-65801 for TC, Wako, Osaka, Japan) according to the manufacturer's instructions. All animal experimental protocols were approved by the animal ethics committee of HKU.
8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally injected with STZ (35 mg/kg body weight) once daily for three consecutive days to induce type 1 diabetes (T1D) . Age-and sex-matched littermates that injected with equal volume of solvent (0.01M citrate buffer) served as controls. Two weeks post this, the mice were administered intraperitoneally with either Fc or hSTC2-Fc proteins for 20 days. During this treatment and after its cessation, glycemic parameters including blood glucose, circulating insulin and C-peptides were monitored.
R26CreERT2 mice were purchased from Shanghai Model Organisms Inc. STC2flox/flox mice, with loxP sites inserted on both sides of exon 3 of the STC2 gene, were also developed by Shanghai Model Organisms Inc. Global STC2 knockout (KO) mice were generated by breeding these floxed STC2 mice with R26CreERT2 mice. This was followed by intraperitoneal injections of tamoxifen at 75 mg/kg body weight for five consecutive days to induce STC2 gene knockout when the mice were 6 weeks old. Age-and sex-matched littermates, who only received equal volume solvent (corn oil) were used as controls. Three weeks later, the levels of STC2 in circulation were measured using ELISA. Further, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with STZ (35 mg/kg body weight) once daily for three consecutive days to induce diabetes, or they were switched to HFD feeding to induce obesity. Glycemic parameters were monitored throughout the study period.
In vivo BrdU Labeling
BrdU powder (HY-15910, MCE) was dissolved in filtered 1X PBS to achieve a final concentration of 10 mg/ml. Mice were given a daily intraperitoneal injection at a dosage of 150 mg/kg body weight for a continuous period of 7 days. Afterward, the mice were euthanized, and their pancreases were collected for the preparation of paraffin sections and fluorescent immunostaining.
Fluorescent Immunostaining and Quantification
Pancreatic tissues were fixed in 4% (vol/vol) paraformaldehyde at 4 ℃ overnight, dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned into 5 μm slices. Deparaffinization was performed using xylene, followed by a gradient rehydration with 100%, 90%, 80%, and 70%ethanol and deionized water. Sections were treated with 3%H2O2 in the dark for 45 minutes to quench endogenous peroxidase activity. Antigen retrieval was achieved by immersing the sections in citrate buffer and heating in a microwave until a mild boil was reached, continuing for 10 minutes. Cell permeabilization for enhanced membrane permeability was carried out by incubating the sections in 0.1%Triton X-100 PBS for 10 minutes. Subsequently, the sections were incubated in 10%BSA (dissolved in PBS) at room temperature for 60 minutes. Primary antibodies (diluted in 1%BSA) were applied overnight at 4℃, followed by incubation with secondary antibodies (diluted in 1%BSA) at room temperature for 60 minutes. After washing, the samples were stained with DAPI (1 μg/mL; Sigma-Aldrich) for 10 minutes. Images were captured using a confocal fluorescence microscope (Zeiss LSM800, Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Germany) or a wide-field immunofluorescence microscope (Nikon Ni2-E, Nikon Corporation, Japan) . Negative controls included the use of corresponding isotypic sera instead of primary antibodies. Primary antibodies included rabbit monoclonal anti-glucagon (1: 500; Abclonal) , mouse monoclonal anti-insulin (1: 400; Cell Signaling Technology) , rabbit monoclonal anti-insulin (1: 400; Cell Signaling Technology) , and mouse monoclonal anti-BrdU (1: 200; Abclonal) . Secondary antibodies included Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa FluorTM 488, Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa FluorTM 546, Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa FluorTM 488 and Donkey anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa FluorTM 568 (both 1: 200; Invitrogen) . For cell quantification in immunofluorescent staining, 5 to 8 equally spaced sections (covering the entire pancreas) per pancreas were imaged. The total numbers of positive staining cells from 5 mice per group were manually counted or analyzed using ZEISS ZEN System (Zeiss LSM800, Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Germany) . This method allowed for the quantification of positive staining cells in pancreatic tissue and provided information on the distribution and density of glucagon, insulin, and BrdU positive cells in the tissues.
Islet Isolation, Cell Culture and Glucose-stimulated Insulin Secretion (GSIS)
C57BL/6J male mice were euthanized with a 5%Dorminal solution (50 mg/ml) . 2 ml of collagenase P (1.4 mg/ml) was injected into the pancreas through the bile duct, and the pancreas was isolated and incubated at 200 rpm, 37 ℃ for 15 minutes. To halt digestion, 25 ml of ice-cold G-Solution (0.17 g/L of NaHCO3 and 0.25%BSA (w/v) dissolved in HBSS) was added. After centrifugation at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes at 4 ℃, the supernatant was removed, and the pellet was collected, washed with G-solution, and filtered through a 70 μm cell strainer to collect the islets. The islets were resuspended in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM, Gibco) supplemented with 10%fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco) , 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin. Islets were then picked under a microscope; 10 islets were selected in one group randomly.
MIN6 cells were cultured in DMEM containing 10%FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin, and 0.05mM β-mercaptoethanol. The culture conditions are maintained in an incubator at 37 ℃ with 5%carbon dioxide.
Then the islets/cells were starved in Krebs-Ringer Bicarbonate Buffer (KRBB) for 6 hours, followed by different treatments for 6 hours: 1xPBS with 0.5%BSA (negative control) , 30 &100 nmol/L hSTC2 protein with 0.5%BSA, or 30 nmol/L GLP1 with 0.5%BSA (positive control) . After the treatment, 10 μl of medium from each well was collected for insulin measurement. The islets/cells were then stimulated by 20 mM glucose for 30 minutes. Following the stimulation, 10 μl of medium was collected for insulin measurement using ELISA.
Mass Spectrometry-based Proteomics
Proteins were extracted from homogenized pancreatic tissue using RIPA lysis buffer and their concentration determined by BCA assay. Samples were subjected to trypsin digestion using the FASP method, desalted with C18 ZipTips, and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The peptides were separated using an UltiMate 3000 UHPLC system and analyzed on a TimsTof Pro2 mass spectrometer in DIA-PASEF mode. Protein identification and quantification were performed using Spectronaut 18, searching against the Mus musculus database with a local false discovery rate of 1.0%for peptide-spectrum matches and allowing for up to 2 missed cleavages.
Western Blot Analysis
Protein from mouse tissues was extracted by RIPA lysis buffer (65 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 1%NP-40, 0.5%sodium deoxycholate and 0.1%SDS) as previously described [34] . Protein samples were separated on 10%SDS-PAGE gels and transferred to PVDF membranes (IPVH00010, Merck Millipore, CA, USA) . The expression of protein was detected by a ChemiDoc MP Imaging System (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) . Primary antibodies utilized were as follows: rabbit polyclonal anti-STC2 (1: 1000, 12C041, Immunodiagnostics) , rabbit monoclonal anti-β-actin (1: 1000, #8457, CST) , rat monoclonal anti-mouse Reg2 (1: 500, MAB2098, R&D) .
Data Analysis
All statistical analysis was performed using Prism 10 (GraphPad Software Inc) . The data are presented as mean±SEM. Statistical differences among two groups were analyzed with unpaired 2-tailed Student t tests or Mann-Whitney tests for the comparison of variables with or without normal distribution, respectively. The Pearson correlation test was used to determine the correlation between serum levels of STC2 and various anthropometric and biochemical measures. A P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Circulating STC2 is decreased in diabetic patients and inversely associated with glucose but not lipid levels.
To explore the clinical association of circulating STC2 levels with obesity and/or diabetes, the serum concentrations of STC2 was measured in 200 overweight/obese individuals with or without diabetes and 100 age-, sex-matched lean subjects. The demographic characteristics and clinical parameters of these individuals are summarized in Tables 1A and 1B.
Table 1A: Clinical and biochemical characteristics of individuals recruited in this study.
Table 1B: Clinical and biochemical characteristics of individuals recruited in this study.
Serum concentration of STC2 ranged from 354.3 to 1271.2 ng/ml, and there was no sex dimorphism in serum STC2 levels (P=0.075) . No significant difference was observed between healthy lean controls and overweight/obese individuals without diabetes (P=0.253) . In contrast, diabetic patients showed much lower circulating STC2 levels compared to non-diabetic individuals (742.6±182.0 pg/ml vs 646.2±179.1 pg/ml, P<0.001) (Figure 1A) .
Given the decreased circulating levels of STC2 in diabetes, the relationship with several parameters related to glucose and lipid metabolism was analyzed. No significant correlation was observed between circulating levels of STC2 and lipid profiles, including total cholesterol (TC, r=0.0713, P=0.218) , triglyceride (TG, r=-0.1193, P=0.058) , high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, r=0.0568, P=0.327) , and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, r=0.0985, P=0.089) . In contrast, serum concentrations of STC2 were negatively correlated with several indices of glucose metabolism including fasting glucose (r=-0.2740, P<0.001) , 2 hr postprandial glucose (r=-0.2753, P<0.001) , and HbA1c (r=-0.2607, P<0.001) (Figure 1B-1D) . Notably, the negative correlations of serum STC2 with fasting glucose, 2-h postprandial glucose and HbA1c remained significant even after adjustments for age, sex, or BMI (Table 2A and 2B) , suggesting that circulating STC2 level is closely associated with glucose dysregulation and insulin levels in humans.
Table 2A. Correlation between circulating levels of STC2 with various anthropometric and metabolic parameters
Table 2B. Correlation between circulating levels of STC2 with various anthropometric and metabolic parameters
Elevation of circulating STC2 by rAAV-mediated overexpression decreases hyperglycemia and increases insulin production in obese mice
To evaluate the in vivo metabolic functions of STC2 in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice, 7-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were injected with AAV expressing either mouse STC2 or luciferase control via the tail vein. Subsequently, the mice were started to feed with HFD or remained STC one week after the injections (Figure 2A) . A three-fold increase in serum STC2 was observed at 4 weeks post-injection (Figure 2B) , and this elevation in serum STC2 was sustained throughout 20 weeks of the study period. There was no difference in body weight, body composition, fat mass and lipid profiles including TG, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C between mice with overexpression of mouse STC2 and the luciferase control group (Figures 9A-9F) . On the other hand, DIO mice with rAAV-mediated elevation of circulating mSTC2 exhibited significantly lower blood glucose levels compared to the luciferase control group under feeding (10.1±0.34 mmol/L vs. 8.1±0.39 mmol/L, P<0.01) , fasting (8.4±0.40 mmol/L vs. 6.2±0.23 mmol/L, P<0.01) , and refeeding (9.4±0.38 mmol/L vs. 8.0±0.21 mmol/L, P<0.05) conditions (Figure 2C) . A significant decrease in glucose levels was observed at 12 weeks after injection with rAAV-STC2 and was sustained until the mice were sacrificed at 28 weeks after the viral administration. Furthermore, the decreased glucose level in rAAV-mSTC2-treated DIO mice was accompanied by significant increases in circulating insulin and C-peptide (an indicator of endogenous insulin secretion) levels compared to those expressing luciferase control (Figures 2D and 2E) . In mice on standard chow (STD) , a trend of increase in both circulating insulin and C-peptide levels was observed in the mouse STC2-treated group but did not reach statistical significance (Figures 2D and 2E) . Notably, correlation analysis showed a significant positive association of serum STC2 levels with circulating insulin and C-peptide levels of mSTC2 in DIO mice (R2=0.7077, P<0.01; R2=0.8639, P<0.01, Figures 2F and 2G) . Furthermore, the DIO mice treated with rAAV-STC2 showed significant improvements in glucose excursion after intraperitoneal glucose challenge compared to DIO mice treated with AAV-luciferase (Figure 2H) . Likewise, the improved glucose tolerance in rAAV-STC2-treated DIO mice was accompanied by elevated circulating insulin levels (Figure 2I) . On the other hand, there was no difference in glucose excursion during insulin tolerance test (ITT) between the two groups (Figure 2J) , suggesting that the mSTC2-mediated amelioration of hyperglycemia is not attributable to increased insulin sensitivity in DIO mice.
It was investigated whether human STC2 (hSTC2) , which shares 86%identity and 90%similarity with mSTC2 in amino acid sequences, has similar effects on glucose and insulin levels in mice. The circulating hSTC2 reached around 16 ng/ml at 4 weeks after tail-vein injection of hSTC2-expressing rAAV, which was approximately 3 folds higher than endogenous mSTC2 (Figure 3B) . In DIO mice, the significant decrease in blood glucose and elevations in circulating insulin and C-peptide were observed at 12 weeks after administration of rAAV-hSTC2, and these changes remained until the mice were sacrificed at 28 weeks after the viral administration. (Figures 3C-3E) . Likewise, DIO mice with elevated circulating hSTC2 displayed significantly improved glucose tolerance compared to the luciferase control whereas insulin sensitivity, as determined by ITT, was comparable between these two groups (Figures 3F-3H) .
STC2 increases insulin levels by promoting β-cell proliferation, but has no direct effect on insulin secretion.
Pancreatic islets play a central role in regulating glucose metabolism by secreting insulin and glucagon from β and α cells respectively [35] . Therefore, it was evaluated whether the impact of STC2 overexpression on islet architecture in mice with immunohistology analysis. Compared with the luciferase control, treatment with rAAV expressing-mouse STC2 or rAAV expressing-human STC2 induced a marked expansion in the number and area of islet in DIO mice. Moreover, the number of β-cells per islet was significantly increased after STC2 overexpression (Figure 4A, Figure 10A and 10B) . A similar trend of increases in size and number of islets was also observed in STD-fed lean mice treated with rAAV-mSTC2 or -hSTC2, although the magnitude of changes was much smaller compared to those in DIO mice.
To investigate the impact of elevated circulating STC2 levels on pancreatic β-cell proliferation, mice were injected with BrdU for 7 consecutive days followed by immunofluorescent analysis for BrdU-positive cells in the pancreatic islets of DIO mice. In DIO mice injected with rAAV-luciferase, the percentage of cells positive for both insulin and BrdU in the pancreas was approximately 1.8%, while treatment with AAV-mSTC2 resulted in an approximate 40%increase in it (Figures 4B) , suggesting that increased islet size and number in mice treated with rAAV-mSTC2 are attributed to the effect of mSTC2 in promoting β-cell proliferation.
Ex vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to examine the direct effect of STC2 on insulin secretion from pancreatic islets and Min6 cells. Treatment of mouse islets and Min6 cells with GLP-1 led to increases in glucose (20 mM) -stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) (Figures 5A and 5B) . However, treatment with recombinant STC2 protein, even at a concentration 200 folds higher than its circulating level, did not alter either basal insulin secretion or GSIS in mouse islets or Min6 cells.
STC2 counteracts streptozotocin-induced pancreatic β-cell loss, insulin insufficiency and hyperglycemia in mice
Considering the potent stimulatory effects of STC2 on β-cell proliferation and islet mass observed in DIO mice, we further interrogated whether STC2 can counteract β-cell loss and diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ) , a chemical compound which can selectively destroy β cells [36, 37] . To this end, 6-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were divided into two groups and fed with either STC or HFD for 8 weeks, followed by the injection of rAAV-Luciferase or rAAV-mSTC2. Four weeks later, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with STZ (35 mg/kg body weight) once per day for three consecutive days to induce diabetes (Figure 6A) . Both STC-and HFD-fed mice injected with STZ exhibited severe hyperglycaemia and reduced insulin secretion, whereas rAAV-mediated replenishment of mSTC2 significantly decreased hyperglycaemia, accompanied by elevations in circulating insulin and C-peptide levels (Figures 6B-6D) .
In both STC-and HFD-fed mice injected with STZ, there was a 66%decrease in the islet area and a 55%decrease in the β-cell number compared to their respective control mice, while mice with augmented circulating STC2 exhibited an 85%increase in islet area and a one-fold increase in β-cell number in diabetic mice, regardless of whether they were STC-or HFD-fed (Figures 6E) . To determine the impact of STC2 on β-cell proliferation, immunofluorescent analysis of BrdU staining was conducted. HFD-fed mice injected with STZ showed a 62%decrease in the number of cells positive for both insulin and BrdU in the pancreas, whereas this decrease was largely reversed by administration of rAAV-STC2 (Figures 6F) . Taken together, these findings suggest that STC2 counteracts the loss of pancreatic β-cell induced by STZ by promoting β-cell proliferation in mice.
Deletion of STC2 exacerbates hyperglycaemia by worsening pancreatic β-cell loss and impairing insulin production in diabetic mice.
To explore the physiological role of STC2 in mice, tamoxifen induced global STC2 KO mice were generated. To this end, 6-week-old male STC2flox/flox-R26CreERT2 mice were injected with tamoxifen to induce global knockout of STC2 gene, followed by the measurement of STC2 levels in circulation by ELISA. Three weeks later, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with STZ to induce diabetes or switched to HFD feeding to induce obesity. Glycemic parameters were monitored throughout the study period (Figure 12A and Figure 13A) . As expected, circulating STC2 levels in STC2 KO mice decreased from 9.4±0.625 ng/ml to 0.6±0.082 ng/ml (P<0.001) at 3 weeks after tamoxifen induction, and this decrease in serum STC2 was sustained throughout the entire study period (Figure 12B) . In comparison to control mice, wildtype (WT) mice injected with STZ or fed with HFD exhibited hyperglycaemia, while the deletion of STC2 worsened STZ-or HFD-induced hyperglycaemia throughout the entire study period (Figure 12C and Figure 13B) . Additionally, STC2 KO mice showed notable elevations in blood glucose levels and reductions in circulating insulin and C-peptide levels in the fed, fasting and refeeding status compared to WT mice, regardless of whether they were injected with STZ or fed with HFD (Figures 12D-12F and Figures13C-13E) . Importantly, it was observed that the ablation of STC2 aggravated β-cell loss induced by STZ, showing a 45%decrease in the islet area and a 60%decrease in the β-cell number compared to WT mice injected with STZ (Figures 12G) . Likewise, mice with deleted STC2 strongly inhibited β-cell proliferation induced by HFD, exhibiting nearly a 50%decrease in islet area and a 40%decrease in β-cell number compared to WT mice fed with HFD (Figures 13F) . Taken together, these results indicate that the deletion of STC2 exacerbates hyperglycaemia by worsening pancreatic β-cell loss or inhibiting β-cell proliferation in STZ induced diabetic mice and dietary obese mice.
Chronic administration of recombinant STC2 leads to sustained insulin release and glycemic controls
To further explore the therapeutic potential of STC2 for diabetes, recombinant long-acting human STC2 protein conjugated with Fc domain of IgG1 (namely hSTC2-Fc) in CHO cells was generated (Figure 7A) . The pharmacokinetic analysis in mice showed that the circulating half-time of hSTC2-Fc reached 36 hours, significantly longer than that of native hSTC2 (5.5 hours) (Figure 7B) . HFD-induced obese mice were treated with hSTC2-Fc or Fc control by daily intraperitoneal injection (150 nmol/kg) for 20 days, during which glucose, insulin and c-peptide were continuously monitored (Figure 7C) . After 20 days of the protein administration, the blood glucose levels in hSTC2-Fc -treated mice were significantly lower than Fc-treated mice, during feeding (9.4±0.27 mmol/L vs. 7.6±0.29 mmol/L, P<0.01) , fasting (6.8±0.16 mmol/L vs. 5.9±0.18 mmol/L, P<0.01) , and refeeding (9.6±0.29 mmol/L vs. 7.7±0.17 mmol/L, P<0.001) (Figure 7D) . Likewise, mice treated with hSTC2-Fc exhibited elevations in circulating insulin and C-peptide levels in the fed, fasting and refeeding status compared to Fc-treated controls (Figures 7E and 7F) . More importantly, the alleviation of hyperglycemia and elevation of circulating insulin by hSTC2-Fc remained significant even after withdrawal of the protein treatment for a period of 28 days (Figure 7G) , suggesting that the anti-diabetic effects of hSTC2-Fc is sustainable and long-lasting, possibly attributable to its actions in inducing β-cell proliferation. This extended duration of action adds to the potential therapeutic value of STC2 in managing hyperglycemia in diabetic conditions.
Chronic administration of hSTC2-Fc fusion protein improves hyperglycemia, insulin insufficiency and pancreatic β-cell loss in T1D mice
To further explore the therapeutic potential of hSTC2-Fc fusion protein for T1D, STZ-induced diabetic mice were treated with hSTC2-Fc or Fc control through daily intraperitoneal injections (150 nmol/kg) for 20 days. Throughout the treatment and post-treatment phases, glycemic parameters including blood glucose, circulating insulin and C-peptides were closely monitored (Figure 14A) . After 15 days of protein administration, the blood glucose levels in T1D mice treated with hSTC2-Fc were significantly lower compared to those treated with the Fc control (Figure 14B) . Importantly, the improvement in hyperglycaemia by hSTC2-Fc persisted even after discontinuation of the protein treatment for 30 days, suggesting that the anti-diabetic effects of hSTC2-Fc are sustainable and long-lasting. Additionally, the hSTC2-Fc treated mice exhibited notable elevations in circulating insulin and C-peptide levels at virous time points compared to the Fc-treated controls (Figures 14C, 14D) . Immunofluorescent analysis revealed a 130%increase in islet area and a 110%increase in β-cell number in STZ-induced diabetic mice supplemented with hSTC2-Fc (Figures 14E) . These findings suggest that the long-lasting reduction in blood glucose levels observed with hSTC2-Fc fusion protein is likely attributed to its ability to promote β-cell regeneration. The sustained duration of action highlights the promising therapeutic potential of STC2 in effectively managing hyperglycaemia in diabetic conditions. Additionally, we found that the effects of hSTC2-Fc fusion protein were significantly better than those of hSTC2 in the treatment of diabetes induced by STZ (Figure 15A and 15B) .
It is known to the skilled in the art that the addition of the Fc domain to a protein can alter its immunogenic profile, potentially leading to the generation of antibodies against the fusion protein. This immune response could reduce the effectiveness of the therapeutic protein or even cause safety concerns for patients. In our animal studies, the induction of Fc was found to be more effective in treating diabetes compared to STC2 alone, indicating potential therapeutic benefits of the fusion protein. Moreover, the altered pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of the Fc-fused STC2 protein may have unpredictable effects on its efficacy and safety in vivo. The interaction of the Fc domain with Fc receptors on immune cells could lead to off-target effects or unintended immunomodulatory responses. However, our animal studies did not reveal any unwanted effects on the efficacy or safety of the Fc-fused STC2 in vivo, further supporting the potential of this fusion protein for therapeutic applications.
Besides, the larger size and altered properties of the fusion protein compared to the native STC2 protein could present challenges in manufacturing processes, potentially impacting scalability, stability, and quality control of the final product. Interestingly, in our protein production process, we observed a notably higher yield of the STC2-Fc fusion protein compared to the native STC2 protein. This improvement in yield can be attributed to the Fc domain serving as an efficient tag for purification processes, facilitating the isolation and purification of the fusion protein using protein A beads. This advantage underscores the potential benefits of the fusion construct in streamlining production and purification processes for enhanced efficiency and productivity.
Identification of Reg2 as a possible downstream effector of STC2 by proteomic analysis
To investigate the underlying mechanisms of STC2 in promoting β-cell proliferation, mass spectrometry-based proteomics was employed to identify differentially expressed proteins in the pancreas of DIO mice treated with rAAV-Luciferase and rAAV-hSTC2. Based on the criteria of log2-fold change values greater than 0.2 or less than -0.2, 23 proteins that were upregulated and 15 proteins that were downregulated were identified (Figure 8A) . These proteins are involved in diverse signaling pathways, including G protein-coupled receptor signaling, cell adhesion, metabolism and vesicle trafficking, playing crucial roles in various cellular processes such as growth, stress response and homeostasis. Among them, regenerating islet-derived 2 (Reg2) , a protein mainly expressed in pancreatic acinar cells and previously linked to the proliferation and regeneration of βcells in the pancreas [38] , was significantly upregulated in rAAV-STC2 treated islets. This finding was confirmed by Western blot analysis showing approximately 1.7-fold increases in Reg-2 protein abundance in islets isolated from rAAV-STC2-treated mice versus rAAV-luciferase-treated mice (Figures 8B and 8C) , indicating that Reg2 may be involved in STC2-induced β cell regeneration.
Discussion and Conclusions
These studies presented evidence demonstrating the decreased circulating levels of STC2 in individuals with Type II Diabetes and the strong negative correlations of serum STC2 with parameters related to glucose metabolism, including fasting and 2-hour postprandial glucose, and HbA1c. Additionally, overexpression of human or mouse STC2 through rAAV-mediated gene delivery significantly increased circulating insulin and C-peptide levels, leading to the alleviation of hyperglycemia in different diabetic mouse models. It is worth noting that these beneficial effects were also achieved through administration of recombinant STC2 protein. The mechanism underlying the increased insulin levels induced by STC2 is attributed to its ability to promote β-cell proliferation in vivo, rather than having direct effects on basal or glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.
The animal studies revealed that STC2 improved hyperglycemia by stimulation of β-cell proliferation. β-cell proliferation plays a crucial role in maintaining β cell mass and function in the pancreas. It not only helps to compensate for insulin resistance by increasing the number of β cells but also counteracts the loss of β cell function by promoting the growth of functional β cells in the pancreas. Previous studies have reported various factors or hormones involved in β cell proliferation [40] . For example, SerpinB1 as a hepatocyte-secretory protease inhibitor, was reported to promote pancreatic β cell proliferation by modulating phosphorylation of MAPK, PRKAR2B, and GSK3 subunits of growth factor signaling pathways [41] . Mice lacking serpinB1 exhibited attenuated βcell compensation in response to insulin resistance, and treatment with its partial mimics (GW311616A and sivelestat) exhibited higher β cell proliferation in mice transplanted with human islets. However, it remains unclear whether SerpinB1 or its mimics can stimulate β cell proliferation in Type I Diabetic mice. A study by Kondegowda et al. revealed that osteoprotegerin is a potent β cell mitogen that promotes β cell proliferation in young, adult, and diabetic mice, resulting in an increase in β cell mass and a delay in the onset of hyperglycemia in diabetic mice [42] . Additionally, osteoprotegerin induced human β cell replication by modifying the CREB and GSK3 pathways through its binding to receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF) -κB (RANK) ligand [42] . However, the role of osteoprotegerin in β cell compensation in response to insulin resistance in Type II Diabetic mice was not mentioned. Multiple other factors have been investigated for their potential to stimulate β cell proliferation in animals, such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) [43] , lactogens [44] , and neurotransmitters like serotonin [45] and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) [46] . However, these factors either led to the proliferation of other non-β-cell types or encountered difficulties in inducing proliferation in human β-cells [47, 48] .
Endogenous pancreatic β cell proliferation can occur through replication of existing β cell, trans differentiation from other pancreatic cells, or differentiation from progenitor cells [49] . The replication of existing β-cells is regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) , which control cell cycle progression and DNA replication [50] . Certain growth factors, such as insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) , are involved in regulating β-cell proliferation [51, 52] . Under specific circumstances, such as the complete ablation of β-cells or the introduction of a cocktail of key β-cell genes (Pdx1, MafA and Ngn3, known as the PMN-cocktail) [53] , other pancreatic cell types, including α, δ, acinar and duct cells, can transdifferentiate into β-cells due to their shared developmental origin and similar epigenetic profiles [54-57] , but the molecular pathways involved have yet to be fully elucidated. Lastly, within the endocrine progenitor cell population, a subset of cells becomes committed to the β-cell lineage. This commitment is driven by the expression of specific transcription factors, including Pdx1, Nkx6.1 and MafA. These factors initiate the expression of β-cell-specific genes and promote the maturation of β cells [58] . The exact source of newly generated βcells stimulated by STC2 remains unclear at this stage. Further studies employing a genetic lineage tracing system to simultaneously label both the β and non-β cell populations in the pancreas with two distinct permanent surrogate markers is warranted to dissect the cellular origin of newly generated β cells in response to STC2 treatment.
Previous studies have reported the role of STC2 in promoting proliferation and differentiation in other cell types through various mechanisms, including 1) activation of growth factor-evoked signaling, such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway [59] ; 2) upregulation of cell cycle regulators, such as cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) [60] ; 3) modulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) , leading to the generation of bioactive fragments that can stimulate cell proliferation [61] ; 4) interaction with other signaling molecules including insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) , which is known to promote cell proliferation [62] . In the current study, the overexpression of STC2 in mice has been shown to result in increased levels of Reg2 in the pancreas, suggesting that the benefits of STC2 in the regeneration of islet and β cells may be mediated by Reg2. It was reported that Reg2 deficiency caused diminished islet mass, decreased insulin level, and impaired glucose tolerance in mice, indicating that Reg2 expression is required for obesity-induced β-cell proliferation [38] . Therefore, it is hypothesized that either Reg2 directly mediates the process of β-cell regeneration, or its upregulation is merely a consequence of β-cell regeneration.
Another notable finding of the present study is that supplementation of hSTC2-Fc fusion protein is sufficient to alleviate hyperglycemia by increasing insulin levels. These effects were sustained even after the withdrawal of hSTC2-Fc treatment, indicating a long-lasting effect on glycemic control. Up to now, diabetic patients often rely on lifelong medication as none of the current anti-diabetic drugs can provide a cure for the disease. Nevertheless, the present data and research on mice treated with STC2 suggests the potential for achieving a cure for diabetes, or a short-term treatment with STC2 that can effectively manage the condition for an extended period.
In conclusion, the present study demonstrates the relationship between circulating STC2 with glucose homeostasis in humans and highlights the therapeutic potential of STC2 in managing hyperglycemia by promoting the regeneration of insulin-producing β-cell. These findings shed new light on the hormonal control of glucose metabolism and pancreatic islet architecture and provide a scientific evidence for the development of novel peptide-based biopharmaceutical therapies for the treatment of diabetes by targeting STC2-induced β-cell regeneration.
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It is understood that the disclosed method and compositions are not limited to the particular methodology, protocols, and reagents described as these can vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention which will be limited only by the appended claims.
Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the method and compositions described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims.
Claims (36)
- A composition comprising a recombinant Stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) protein or an isolated nucleic acid encoding the recombinant STC2 protein, wherein the recombinant STC2 protein comprises a STC2 protein and a Fc domain of IgG.
- The composition of claim 1, wherein the Fc domain of IgG is derived from IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4, preferably, from IgG1.
- The composition of claim 1 or 2, wherein the Fc comprises an amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%to SEQ ID NO: 18.
- The composition of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the Fc comprises an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 18.
- The composition of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the STC2 protein is derived from a mammal selected from the group consisting of a mouse or a human.
- The composition of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the STC2 protein is derived from a non-human mammal selected from the group consisting of non-human primate and rodent.
- The composition of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the STC2 protein comprises an amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%to SEQ ID NO: 1.
- The composition of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the STC2 protein comprises an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 1.
- The composition of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the recombinant STC2 protein further comprises a linker, preferably, the linker is flexible.
- The composition of claim 9, wherein the linker comprises an amino acid sequence of (G4S) n, wherein n is an integer selected from 1-5, preferably, n is 3.
- The composition of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the recombinant STC2 protein comprises an amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99%to SEQ ID NO: 5.
- The composition of any one of claims 1-11, wherein the recombinant STC2 protein comprises an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 5.
- The composition of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the isolated nucleic acid encoding the recombinant STC2 protein is comprised in a viral vector; preferably, wherein the viral vector is selected from the group consisting of a lentiviral vector or an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector.
- A pharmaceutical formulation comprising the composition of any of claims 1-13 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 14, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is selected from the group consisting of a liposome complex, a liposome nanoparticle, a polymer, a nano emulsion, and a virus-like particle.
- The pharmaceutical formulation of claim 14 or 15 further comprising one or more diluents, stabilizers, preservatives, trace components, or a combination thereof.
- The pharmaceutical formulation of any one of claims 14-16, wherein the amount of the STC2 compound in the formulation is effective, when administered to the subject, to increase β-cell proliferation in the subject.
- The pharmaceutical formulation of any one of claims 14-17, wherein the amount of the STC2 compound in the formulation is effective, when administered to the subject, to increase β-cell number, increase α cell number, increase the α cell/β cell ratio, increase pancreatic islet size, increase pancreatic islet number, increase the expression of proliferation-associated transcription factors, or a combination thereof.
- The pharmaceutical formulation of any one of claims 14-18, wherein the amount of the STC2 compound in the formulation is effective, when administered to the subject, to prevent loss or damage of pancreatic β-cells via degeneration or apoptosis.
- A kit comprising:(a) one or more single unit doses of the composition of any one of claims 1-13, and(b) instructions on how the dose is to be administered for increasing β-cell proliferation or reducing one or more symptoms of a metabolic disorder in a subject.
- A method of treating or preventing the development of one or more symptoms of a metabolic disorder, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the composition of any one of claims 1-13 or the pharmaceutical formulation of any one of claims 14-19.
- The method of claim 21, wherein the subject has a metabolic disorder or is at risk of developing a metabolic disorder.
- The method of claim 21 or 22, wherein the metabolic disorder is selected from the group comprising Diabetes Mellitus Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young, Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus, Wolfram Syndrome, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, chronic pancreatitis, Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes, insulinoma, hypoglycemia, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and kidney disease.
- The method of claim 23, wherein the metabolic disorder is Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 or Diabetes Mellitus Type 2.
- The method of any one of claims 21-24, wherein the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered in a form selected from the group consisting of powder, liquids, and suspensions.
- The method of any one of claims 21-25, wherein the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered in combination with another therapeutic, prophylactic, or diagnostic agent.
- The method of any one of claims 21-26, wherein the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered at an interval selected from the group consisting of once a week, once every two weeks, once every three weeks, once a month, once every two months, and once every three months.
- The method of any one of claims 21-27, wherein the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered via intramuscular injection, subcutaneous injection, intradermal injection, intranasally, or oral administration.
- The method of any one of claims 21-28, wherein the subject is a mammal.
- The method of any one of claims 21-29, wherein the subject is a human, a non-human primate, or a mouse.
- The method of any one of claims 21-30, wherein the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject at a dose of between 0.25 mg/kg body weight of the subject and 2.5 mg/kg body weight of the subject, inclusive.
- The method of any one of claims 21-31, wherein the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject in an amount effective to increase insulin production by 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99%.
- The method of any one of claims 21-32, wherein the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject in an amount effective to increase β-cell number, pancreatic islet size, or both, by 5-fold, 10-fold, 15-fold, 20-fold, 25-fold, 30-fold, 40-fold, 50-fold, 60-fold, 70-fold, or 80-fold.
- The method of any one of claims 21-33, wherein the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject in an amount effective to decrease hyperglycemia, decrease insulin resistance, increase insulin sensitivity, or a combination thereof.
- The method of any one of claims 21-34, wherein the composition or pharmaceutical formulation is administered to the subject in an amount effective to increase the expression of one or more genes selected from the group comprising Reg2.
- A method of increasing β-cell number and/or pancreatic islet size, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the composition of any one of claims 1-13 or the pharmaceutical formulation of any one of claims 14-19.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US202463668035P | 2024-07-05 | 2024-07-05 | |
| US63/668035 | 2024-07-05 |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| WO2026008015A1 true WO2026008015A1 (en) | 2026-01-08 |
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ID=98317704
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/CN2025/106844 Pending WO2026008015A1 (en) | 2024-07-05 | 2025-07-03 | Stanniocalcin 2 (stc2) and derivatives as anti-diabetic agents |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| WO (1) | WO2026008015A1 (en) |
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2025
- 2025-07-03 WO PCT/CN2025/106844 patent/WO2026008015A1/en active Pending
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