Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO TITLE: ENHANCED FERTILIZER SUPPLEMENT FOR IMPROVED PLANT GROWTH AND SOIL HEALTH FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE [0001] Embodiments in present disclosure relate generally to compositions including soil and fertilizer supplements. In particular, but not by way of limitation, the embodiments herein relate to systems, methods and apparatuses for a soil and fertilizer supplement including monosilicic acid (MSA). CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION [0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Serial No.63/664,223, filed on June 26, 2024 and entitled “ENHANCED FERTILIZER SUPPLEMENT FOR IMPROVED PLANT GROWTH AND SOIL HEALTH,” the entire content of which is incorporated by reference herein. BACKGROUND [0003] Plants require a variety of nutrients for their growth, health, and yield. These nutrients are typically provided through fertilizers, which are substances added to soil or water to supply one or more plant nutrients that are either deficient in the soil or have been depleted by agriculture. The three primary nutrients that plants require are Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium (NPK), and fertilizers addressing these nutrients have been widely used in the agriculture industry. [0004] However, these traditional NPK-based fertilizers primarily address the macronutrient requirements of plants, often overlooking the equally important micronutrients and the long-term health of the soil. Over time, the use of NPK-based fertilizers can lead to soil compaction and calcification, which can reduce soil aeration and permeability. 1
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO This can limit root growth and the plant's ability to absorb water and nutrients, thereby reducing the effectiveness of the fertilizers over time. [0005] Another component that plays a pivotal role in plant biology is elemental silicon. Silicon strengthens plant cell walls, improves resistance to pests and diseases, and enhances drought tolerance. Despite its benefits, silicon is often not included in NPK- based fertilizers, leading to a gap in plant nutrition, especially in soils that are already deficient in silicon or become so over time. [0006] It has been found that stimulants capable of supplying bioavailable silicon to plants may stimulate growth of plants and the development of plant propagation material (including the germination of seeds). The silicon content of soils can vary dramatically, from less than 1 to 45 % by dry weight (Sommer et al., Silicon pools and fluxes in soils and landscapes - a review, J. Plant Nutrition & Soil Science, 2006, 169:310-329). Elemental silicon, and many other silicon-containing species, cannot be readily taken up by plants. However, plant roots are generally capable of absorbing silicon in the form of orthosilicic acid [Si(OH)4], its conjugate base Si(OH)3O- or relatively small oligomers of the same, when these are present in the surrounding soil. That is, orthosilicic acid, and its conjugate base, are a source of bioavailable silicon. Plant roots are generally not capable of absorbing larger oligomers formed by excessive polymerisation of orthosilicic acid. [0007] Silicon-containing species may also stimulate water retention in the plant, thereby increasing plant resistance to stresses such as drought. It is also thought, once taken up by a plant, silicon-containing species may improve plant strength and improve plant resistance to pathogens, such as fungal pathogens (Currie et al., Silica in Plants: Biological, Biochemical and Chemical Studies, Ann. Bot., 2007, 100(7): 1383-1389). 2
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO [0008] Although attempts have been made to supplement soils with silicon, production of such supplements requires substantial amounts of heat or energy, the batch processing can be time consuming, and delivery mechanisms have been a challenge. For instance, while it is known that monosilicic acid (MSA) is a beneficial soil amendment and nutrient with a high concentration of bioavailable silicon, MSA is unstable and thus has a short shelf life (e.g., less than year). In addition, chemicals typically used to produce MSA, such as potassium, calcium, or chloride, are costly and/or difficult to work with (e.g., potassium carries risks of combustion). [0009] Sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO2) is another silicon source in agricultural applications, but its high sodium to silicon ratio can lead to undesirable soil salinity. At the same time, its high alkalinity makes it more corrosive and potentially damaging when used in foliar sprays, increasing the risk of phytotoxicity and limiting compatibility with other inputs. [0010] Furthermore, it is difficult to deliver a combination of silicon with other nutrients such as magnesium, sulfates, humic acid, carbon, and iron oxides, through joint uptake. [0011] US4493725 discloses granules coated with a silicate or silicic acid ester. US2006/0178268 discloses an aqueous solution comprising boric acid and silicic acid in combination, which may be applied to plant crops, for example by spraying on plant leaves or by applying the composition to their roots. US2013/0130902 discloses a composition comprising an alkali metal silicate, which may be used as a biostimulant. WO2014/185794 discloses a composition comprising water-soluble silicon compounds such as silicic acids, potassium silicates, sodium silicates or mixtures thereof, which may be applied to plant crops. WO2012/032364 discloses a composition comprising orthosilicic acid as a source of bioavailable silicon, and this composition may be applied 3
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO to plant crops, for example to increase the resistance of plants to stress such as drought or fungal disease. SUMMARY [0012] The following summary relates to one or more aspects or embodiments disclosed herein. It is not intended to provide a comprehensive overview of all contemplated aspects or embodiments, nor should it be construed as identifying key or essential features limiting the scope of any particular aspect or embodiment. Rather, this summary presents certain concepts in a simplified form as a prelude to the detailed description that follows. [0013] In some embodiments, a process for producing monosilicic acid (H₄SiO₄) is provided, the process comprising: adding silicon to a solution of sodium hydroxide in water to form sodium disilicate (Na₂Si₂O₅) under ambient temperature with agitation; and maintaining a controlled water-to-sodium disilicate ratio sufficient to enable partial hydrolysis of the silicon to form a shelf-stable precursor comprising the sodium disilicate (Na₂Si₂O₅) and silicon particles coated in a silicon dioxide shell. In some embodiments, the process comprises further diluting the shelf-stable precursor in situ, forming monosilicic acid (H₄SiO₄). In some embodiments, diluting the shelf-stable precursor in situ comprises using water to reactant ratio greater than 250:1. In some embodiments, diluting the shelf-stable precursor in situ comprises using a water to reactant ratio greater than 500:1. In some embodiments, the silicon has a particle size of less than 70 microns. In some embodiments the process further comprises introducing humic or fulvic acids during or after monosilicic acid formation. In some embodiments the process further comprises diluting the shelf-stable precursor with 4
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO water at a ratio of at least 1:50 to 1:1000, prior to application to plants or soil. In some embodiments the process further comprises adding one or more of iron, zinc, manganese or copper. [0014] In some embodiments, a method of producing a composition suitable for conversion to mono-silicic acid, the method comprising: combining at least one of sodium disilicate and sodium trisilicate with silicon particles having a silica coating, and water, to form a shelf-stable aqueous mixture having a solids-to-water mass ratio between 2:3 and 3:2; and providing the shelf-stable aqueous mixture for further dilution and hydrolysis to mono-silicic acid. In some embodiments the further dilution comprises using a water to reactant ratio greater than 250:1. In some embodiments, providing the shelf-stable aqueous mixture for further dilution and hydrolysis to mono-silicic acid comprises providing the shelf-stable aqueous mixture that is configured to use a water to reactant ratio greater than 500:1 for further dilution. In some embodiments, the method further comprises maintaining the shelf-stable aqueous mixture in a shelf-stable state prior to hydrolysis. In some embodiments, providing the shelf-stable aqueous mixture comprises supplying the shelf-stable aqueous mixture configured for dilution and application to at least one of plant foliage and soil to enhance at least one of plant growth, nutrient uptake, and soil quality. In some embodiments, the shelf-stable aqueous mixture is configured, upon dilution and application to soil, plant foliage, or fruit surfaces, to induce carbohydrate metabolism enhancement in plants. In some embodiments, the shelf-stable aqueous mixture is formulated such that, upon dilution and application, it increases BRIX levels of fruit by at least 10% relative to an untreated control. In some embodiments, the shelf-stable aqueous mixture is formulated such that, upon dilution and application, it increases a total crop yield by 5
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO at least 5% to 30% compared to a control crop. In some embodiments, the shelf-stable aqueous mixture is formulated such that, upon dilution and application, it reduces a disease severity from fungal pathogens by at least 20%. In some embodiments, the shelf-stable aqueous mixture is formulated such that, upon dilution and application, it increases at least one of leaf surface area, root mass and lateral root proliferation. [0015] In some embodiments, an agricultural composition is provided comprising: an aqueous solution of sodium disilicate (Na₂Si₂O₅) particles and silicon particles with a silica shell; wherein, upon dilution, the silicon particles with a silica shell dissolve and the sodium disilicate hydrolyzes to release monosilicic acid in a diluted solution; and wherein the diluted solution comprises a sodium-to-silicon molar ratio equal to or less than 1:1. In some embodiments, the agricultural composition further comprises humic acids, and wherein sodium ions react with the humic acids to form sodium humates. In some embodiments, the monosilicic acid forms hydrogen bonds with functional groups of the humic acids, the functional groups comprising carboxyl and phenolic groups. In some embodiments, the agricultural composition is formed at a low-temperature aqueous reaction taking place below 100 °C. In some embodiments, the agricultural composition further comprises sodium trisilicate (Na2Si3O7). In some embodiments, the diluted solution comprises a sodium-to-disilicate molar ratio of about 1:1. In some embodiments, the diluted solution comprises a sodium-to-trisilicate molar ratio of about 2:3. [0016] In some embodiments, a method of producing a composition is provided, comprising: combining elemental silicon with sodium hydroxide in water to form a mixture; agitating the mixture to initiate a low-temperature reaction that forms sodium 6
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO disilicate and sodium ions; and adding one or more micronutrients and at least one humic substance to form a shelf-stable precursor. [0017] In some embodiments, the elemental silicon comprises silicon dioxide particles having a particle size less than 70 microns. In some embodiments, the elemental silicon has an average particle size of less than 10 microns and are at least partially encapsulated in a silica (SiO₂) shell. In some embodiments, the low-temperature reaction proceeds without external heat input. In some embodiments, agitating the mixture further forms sodium trisilicate. In some embodiments the method further comprises providing the shelf-stable precursor for further dilution in water, wherein upon further dilution, the sodium disilicate produces both monosilicic acid (H₄SiO₄) and metasilicic acid (H₂SiO₃). In some embodiments, the one or more micronutrients comprise one or more of: zinc, manganese, copper, iron, boron, or molybdenum. In some embodiments, the at least one humic substance comprises humic acid, and wherein the sodium ions react with the humic acid to form sodium humates. In some embodiments, the low-temperature reaction takes place below 100 ˚C. In some embodiments, the shelf-stable precursor is formulated such that, upon dilution in water, the resulting solution comprises a molar ratio of sodium to silicon equal to or less than 1:1. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0018] The following description and accompanying drawings illustrate various features and advantages of this disclosure. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, as emphasis is placed on illustrating the principles of the disclosure. Like reference characters may be used to indicate the same components across different figures and views. The 7
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO drawings provide illustrative examples and should not be construed as limiting the scope of this disclosure. [0019] FIG.1 is a flow diagram of a method for producing an agricultural composition, in accordance with aspects of this disclosure. [0020] FIG.2 is a flow diagram of a method for using an agricultural composition, in accordance with aspects of this disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0021] The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments. [0022] Preliminary note: the flowcharts and block diagrams in the following Figures illustrate the functionality and operation of possible implementations of a selector lever according to various embodiments of the present disclosure. It should be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in each block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. [0023] It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, third etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, stages, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, stages, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element, stage, component, region, layer or section from another element, stage, component, 8
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO region, layer or section. Thus, a first element, stage, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, stage, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the present disclosure. [0024] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items and may be abbreviated as “/”. [0025] The term “about” refers to the variation in the numerical value of a measurement, e.g., temperature, weight, percentage, length, concentration, and the like, due to typical error rates of the device used to obtain that measure. In some embodiments, the term “about” means within 5% of the reported numerical value. [0026] The term “soil amendment and fertilizer” refers to compositions that include one or more of plant amendments, soil amendments, plant fertilizers, soil fertilizers, plant supplements, and/or soil supplements, alone or in combination. The term “composition” may be used interchangeably herein with the terms “amendment” and “fertilizer” and “fertilizer amendment” and “soil amendment” and “supplement.” [0027] All percentages and ratios referred to herein are percentages by weight (wt. %) and ratios by weight, unless otherwise noted. 9
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO [0028] Ranges, if used, are used as shorthand to avoid having to list and describe each and every value within the range. Any value within the range can be selected, where appropriate, as the upper value, lower value, or the terminus of the range. [0029] Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and/or the present specification and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. [0030] An agricultural composition comprising silicates is provided. In various embodiments, silicon/silica is reacted into sodium disilicate and/or sodium trisilicate that is held in a stable aqueous solution and then later hydrolized into monosilicic acid (MSA) for agricultural application. For example, sodium disilicate and/or sodium trisilicate may be used as a packaging precursor molecule, which is later reacted into MSA at or near a time of agricultural application. In many embodiments, a nutrient delivery system that incorporates aqueous compositions containing sodium-based silicates including monosilicate, disilicate, and trisilicate species, micronized elemental silicon particles, and organic complexing agents such as humic and fulvic acids is provided. Significant dilution of this stable mixture allows hydrolysis into MSA at or near a time of agricultural application. The systems, methods, apparatuses, and compositions disclosed herein may benefit both plant and soil by delivering a higher dose of soluble silicon (i.e., MSA), using a sodium-based silicate (e.g., sodium disilicate). [0031] As described herein, the term “silicon” means the chemical element of symbol Si in all its forms. This includes, for example, elemental silicon, silica (also known as “silicon 10
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO oxide”, SiO2), silicates (e.g., Si03 2 - and Si04 4 -) and combinations thereof. Silicon typically does not exist in an elemental form in isolation due to rapid oxidation. Thus, silicon typically exists as silica or elemental silicon coated in a silica layer/coating. Silica exists in the free state in crystalline or amorphous forms. In its crystalline form, silica is in the form of non-molecular crystals formed by SiO4 tetrahedral units bonded to each other by the oxygen atoms in a regular manner, as in quartz. In its amorphous form, silica is in the form of silica dioxide (SiO2), as in glass. Silica is an acidic oxide that reacts with basic oxides to give silicates, especially SiO 3 2 - and SiO 44- . Silicates are able to combine with other metal atoms, such as aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K). The combined silicates thus obtained are, respectively, aluminum silicate (Al2SiO3), iron silicate (Fe2SiO3), magnesium silicate (Mg2SiO3), calcium silicate (Ca2SiO3), sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3) and potassium silicate (K2SiO3). Higher order sodium silicates, e.g., sodium disilicate and sodium trisilicate, have relatively high silicon content compared to sodium metasilicate. Sodium disilicates and trisilicates are more readily available and often more cost-effective compared to non-sodium silicate forms. For example, calcium and magnesium silicates may be problematic because they have low solubility in water. Silicates that cannot hydrolyze are problematic because, if there is too much silicate in the solution, then it may form a hard molecule that will not easily dissolve. Potassium silicates entail explosive risks. [0032] MSA is a beneficial soil amendment and nutrient; however, in the past it has been difficult to use MSA because, for example, because it is unstable and has a short shelf life (e.g., less than year). Additionally, it has been difficult to obtain a soil amendment and fertilizer having a large amount of bioavailable silicon, such as MSA, that is in a form that is easy and economical to produce and use. In addition, chemicals typically 11
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO used to produce MSA, such as potassium, calcium, or chloride, are costly and/or difficult to work with. This disclosure overcomes these challenges by disclosing a shelf-stable solution comprising MSA precursors, such as sodium disilicate and sodium trisilicate, that can be transformed into MSA by a consumer at or near the time of application via hydrolysis (i.e., dilution by water in amounts exceeding 100x, 250x, or 500x). [0033] In various embodiments a silicon-based foliar and/or soil input composition comprising a synergistic blend of sodium disilicate and sodium trisilicate in aqueous or partially aqueous form is provided. In various embodiments, the silicate species hydrolyze at or near the time of application to release plant-available MSA while maintaining a sodium-to-silicon molar ratio at or below 1:1. In some embodiments, the composition delivers high silicon efficacy with minimized sodium residue, conferring agronomic benefits and reduced phytotoxic risk compared to conventional sodium metasilicate- based inputs. [0034] Embodiments disclosed herein include methods and systems to produce and distribute an improved soil amendment and fertilizer including silicates. In various aspects, the methods and systems herein use features of a “bomb chain reaction” to transform the precursor into the soil amendment and fertilizer. In many embodiments, the creation of a bomb chain reaction is beneficial because it occurs at a lower temperature, the reaction is fast, ultimately provides improved cost and process efficiency savings due to the speed and efficiency of the bomb chain reaction, and provides higher ratios of silicon to sodium compared to prior art mixtures. Further, in many embodiments, the bomb 12
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO chain reaction uses sodium ions to produce MSA. Sodium provides significant cost and time efficiency gains in the processes and methods disclosed herein. [0035] In many embodiments, granularized silicon and sodium hydroxide are combined in water and agitated to encourage a reaction and create exothermic heat. In some embodiments, this reaction dissociates the hydrogen to form sodium silicates, mainly sodium disilicate and optionally sodium trisilicate. In some embodiments, when sufficient granularized silicon is used, the reaction dissociates the hydrogen to form mainly sodium disilicate (and optionally sodium trisilicate) and optionally small amounts of non-reacted silicon/silica. [0036] For example, in many embodiments, the sodium hydroxide (also referred to herein as caustic) reacts in the water medium (where the water medium provides oxygen and hydrogen) to create sodium disilicate and optionally sodium trisilicate in an aqueous solution. Initially, the silicon and caustic collide in the aqueous solution and agitation encourages the reaction. The reaction, accelerated by the caustic and the agitation, quickly and efficiently creates sodium silicate, and when sufficient granularized silicon is used, sodium disilicate (and optionally sodium trisilicate). In various embodiments, the sodium disilicate (and optionally the sodium trisilicate) undergoes dissolution in the aqueous solution to form silicic acid, which further hydrolyzes with water to form MSA. In addition, other reaction dynamics further encourage the bomb chain reaction. [0037] In many embodiments, elemental silicon may be added to the composition and the sodium hydroxide can act as a catalyst. In some aspects, the reactions disclosed herein react the silicate and then suspend additional silicon close to the silicate molecular structure in order to make sodium disilicate with close proximity availability of future needed elemental silicon. By introducing additional elemental silicon into the solution—such that some remains suspended while some exists as an aqueous solid— 13
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO it becomes possible to first react nearly all of the NaOH to form silicates, while also loading the solution with excess silicon. The dissociated Na ions react with the water to become NaOH, which then chain reacts and catalyzes the hydrolysis of silicon oxide and elemental silicon into the formation of additional sodium disilicates. Remaining Na ions react with remaining minerals in the solution to further hydrolyze the minerals. This shelf-stable solution includes excess silicon that can be readily converted into plant-available monosilicic acid (MSA) via consumer dilution at or near a time of agricultural application as part of a bomb chain reaction. If some of the silicon that is in the solution as a solid is not suspended within the solution in an even distribution, then the solution may be agitated (e.g., hand shaking in solution in water, using a paddle, automatic agitator or pump) prior to dispersing in order to aid the unpackaging of the precursor silicate for hydrolysis and ultimate silicon disbursement as silicic, Ortho silicic and MSA. [0038] In some embodiments, additional agitation, with sufficient hydration ions, at or near a time of application, results in a faster and more efficient conversion of silicic acid into MSA. The additional agitation assists to encourage any remaining elemental silicon, silicon oxide, and/or available NaOH to react as described herein and thereby create additional silicic acid which ultimately hydrolizes with water into MSA as well as caustic reacting with remaining minerals to turn them into hydrolized minerals (i.e., a bomb chain reaction). In many embodiments, the additional agitation suspends any elemental silicon that remains in the solution. In some embodiments, continuous stirring or agitation ensures homogeneity and proper dispersion of micronized silicon particles. Thus, in some embodiments, it is possible to use sodium disilicate and abundant water to obtain a silicon soil amendment and fertilizer having a large amount of bioavailable silicon in a form that is easy and economical to produce (e.g., MSA), 14
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO and the effects of the bomb chain reaction result in an efficient, and cost-effective production of the silicon soil amendment and fertilizer disclosed herein. Further, the use of ambient temperatures combined with agitation (instead of higher amounts of heat or energy) in various embodiments of the systems and methods disclosed herein provides additional economic and efficiency improvements. [0039] In various embodiments, sodium disilicate and/or sodium trisilicate may be a precursor packaging molecule that is used to react into useful MSA. For example, various embodiments of the methods and systems disclosed herein include the process of packaging a molecule from elemental silicon into an aqueous solution, which contains and suspends sodium silicate, especially sodium disilicate (e.g., Na2Si2O5) and SiO2 coated granules of elemental silicon (Si). In many embodiments, the solution may suspend various other micronutrients, which may include, among others, magnesium, calcium, potassium, carbon, iron, zinc, sodium and organic humates. [0040] For example, in certain embodiments, an aqueous composition comprises sodium disilicate (Na₂Si₂O₅) as the primary silicate source, which may be combined with sodium trisilicate (Na₂Si₃O₇) in varying ratios. Adjusting the molar ratio of silicon to sodium allows control over the solution’s alkalinity and silicon speciation, which influences plant uptake efficiency. That is, by adjusting the silicon-to-sodium ratio and reaction conditions, different silicate species—mono-, di-, and trisilicates—can be selectively formed. Increasing the silicon content in the reaction favors the formation of higher-order silicates such as disilicate and trisilicate. These ratios may range broadly from 1:10 up to 10:1, enabling customization for specific crop requirements or environmental conditions. In many embodiments, the balance between disilicate and trisilicate helps in optimizing solubility and stability of the silicon species in solution and can control a rate of MSA formation and hence silicon uptake in plants. Such 15
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO control prevents premature polymerization while ensuring sufficient bioavailable silicon remains during storage and application. Adjusting this ratio also allows fine tuning of uptake timing. [0041] For example, in many embodiments, the silicate solution can be adjusted to contain varying proportions of sodium monosilicate, disilicate, and/or trisilicate depending on the targeted crop and soil application. Higher proportions of trisilicate favor soil amendment due to its slower silicon release and greater stability, whereas disilicate may be preferred for foliar sprays because of its faster bioavailability. Monosilicate, while less stable, may be used in minor amounts to modulate pH and accelerate initial silicon release. In various embodiments, these ratios are flexible within wide limits and can be tailored using standard analytical techniques such as ion chromatography. This versatility enables custom formulations that match specific agronomic needs. [0042] Optionally, in some embodiments, sodium monosilicate (Na₂SiO₃) can be incorporated in minor quantities, primarily to adjust pH or buffer the solution against shifts caused by environmental factors such as rainfall or soil composition. The monosilicate also acts as an initial reactive species facilitating hydrolysis to monosilicic acid, the plant- available form of silicon. This buffering helps the solution to remain stable and prevents rapid polymerization of silicic acids into insoluble polysilicic species. In some embodiments, monosilicate addition also improves wetting properties, enhancing foliar adhesion when applied as a spray. The exact amount added is controlled, for example, in some embodiments it may be below 5% by weight, to avoid destabilizing the superamolecular network. [0043] In some embodiments, the solution is alkaline in pH, having a pH of greater than about 9, or having a pH of about 10.75 to about 12.5. pH ranges applicable to sodium disilicate and trisilicate differ from that of sodium metasilicate, and in some embodiments may 16
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO be in the range of approximately pH 11.2 to 13.2. These lower pH values improve safety and compatibility with leaf surfaces and root zones, making the formulations suitable for both foliar and soil applications. The alkalinity helps preserve the nutrients and prevent micro bacterial contamination where the aqueous solution load of silicate exceeds 30% but is less than 60% of the net solution’s volume. In various embodiments, the aqueous solution load of silicate in the shelf-stable mixture (i.e., before hydrolysis to MSA) is greater than about 30% and less than about 60%, or greater than about 35% and less than about 55%. In some embodiments, the silicate molecule is sodium-based (not potassium, calcium, or chlorine based), and use of di- and tri-silicates improves efficiency and effectiveness for loading the silicon into the solution (e.g., effectively increasing the concentration of silicon in the solution). In some embodiments, buffering agents such as sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, or sodium hydroxide may be employed to stabilize pH under variable field conditions. In some embodiments, pH control also assists in stabilizing monosilicic acid once formed. [0044] In many embodiments, the molecules in the shelf-stable solution rely on silicon where the silicon bonds with oxygen in such a way that it may further convert into silicic acid and eventually into monosilicic acid when later adequately hydrolyzed with water. In some embodiments, a silicate precursor arrangement is used where sodium may easily disassociate from the silicate in either a pH acidification process or a hyper hydration process, which acts as net effective acidification to the silicate precursors. In many embodiments, the use of abundant water further hydrolyzes the disilicate ion to form orthosilicic acid (H4SiO4) and/or silicic acid (H2SiO3). Through equilibrium, the silicic acid and additional water convert to plant-beneficial monosilicic acid (H4SiO4). Thus, in various aspects, the reactants are synthesized and dissolved in abundant water (e.g., greater than about a 100:1 or 250:1 or 500:1 ratio of water to 17
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO reactant (e.g., silicates)), and the reactants undergo bomb chain reaction hydrolysis to ultimately form available monosilicic acid, which is a form of bioavailable silicon for plants and soil. In some embodiments, the shelf-stable solution is stabilized by maintaining a specific water-to-silicon ratio within a range that prevents polymerization or precipitation of silica or hydrolysis into MSA. [0045] In many embodiments, the reactions may be nominal/low temperature reactions (e.g., reactions that do not require or emit copious amounts of heat or energy). In many embodiments, the precursor-forming reactions may react elemental silicon into sodium disilicate by reacting with NaOH using water as the reaction medium. In various embodiments, the reaction medium (e.g., the water) provides the necessary oxygen and hydrogen for the exothermic reaction of silicates, mainly sodium disilicate (and optionally sodium trisilicate) in the aqueous solution. In some embodiments, the reactions are highly reaction volume efficient in order to utilize a larger (e.g., maximum) available capacity in the reactor or synthesis vessel; thus, the disilicate may be produced at a lower cost for batch production. Further, the reactions are time efficient to take advantage of batch manufacturing efficiency and to react a larger amount (or all) of the reactants so that as much silicon as possible is loaded into the molecules. In some embodiments, the sodium disilicate is formed in situ in a batch reactor under continuous agitation. [0046] In some embodiments, the composition is dried and granulated to form a solid agricultural precursor. This granulate may be coated with a biodegradable polymer to delay dissolution in soil moisture. Upon exposure to water, the granules rehydrate and release sodium disilicate, which hydrolyzes in situ. This form can be used for broadcast or side-dress application in field crops. In this embodiment, hydrolysis to MSA may not begin until the soil is heavily watered. Thus, the shelf-stable precursor product can 18
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO be a liquid or dry form—however, both involve substantial addition of water to generate MSA. [0047] In some methods of manufacturing the solutions disclosed, in-line sensors are used during manufacturing to monitor pH, temperature, particle size distribution, and viscosity in real-time. This instrumentation enables precise control of reaction conditions and formulation parameters. In some embodiments, automated feedback loops adjust reagent addition and agitation rates to maintain target specifications. In some embodiments, data logging supports quality assurance and regulatory compliance. Such process control improves batch-to-batch consistency and scalability. [0048] In some embodiments, agitating is performed using mechanical agitators such as turbine impellers, paddles, or ultrasonic stirrers to ensure uniform particle suspension and dissolution. Agitation speed and pattern are optimized to minimize shear-induced aggregation of silicon particles. Proper mixing prevents settling and maintains homogeneity throughout storage and transport. Mixing regimes may be adapted based on batch size and equipment configuration. Inline mixers and recirculation loops further enhance product uniformity. [0049] In some embodiments, micronized elemental silicon particles are included, where particle sizes are typically less than 70 microns in diameter, enabling suspension in the aqueous solution. These particles provide a reactive silicon reservoir that, when diluted in greater than 100:1, 250:1, or 500:1 ratios of water to reactant, gradually hydrolyzes to form monosilicic acid under environmental or biological triggers. In some embodiments, the shelf-stable formulation may further include ultrafine elemental silicon particles, having an average particle size less than 70 microns, and in some embodiments, having an average particle size less than 10 microns in diameter. 19
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO [0050] In some embodiments, the micronized particles are coated with a thin oxide layer (SiO₂) that controls dissolution rate, thereby extending the availability of silicon over time after application. The oxide layer forms spontaneously upon exposure to oxygen or water and may be only a few atoms thick. Such controlled time-release helps prolonged silicon release that is converted to MSA well after soil. Additional surface treatments, such as antioxidant coatings or surfactants, can be applied to reduce particle agglomeration and improve dispersion stability. For example, in some embodiments, the end composition/product’s shelf life is extended by inclusion of natural antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or tocopherols to prevent oxidative degradation of organic components. These antioxidants stabilize the fulvic and humic acids disclosed herein against free radical attack during storage. The presence of antioxidants also reduces color change and odor development. In some embodiments, concentrations are optimized to avoid interference with silicon chemistry or plant safety. [0051] In various embodiments disclosed herein, sodium silicate is used because sodium silicate stably holds silicon loading due to higher concentrations of soluble silicates in solution, compared to other silicates. In addition, the molecular weight of the precursor sodium disilicate is lighter than the molar weight (e.g., around 182) of other species of silicates, which may be much heavier and may not disperse or agitate as easily in water. This is, for example, due to its high solubility and efficient hydrolysis. Advantages of silicon include that sodium silicates are highly soluble in water, making them easy to apply as a liquid solution in various agricultural applications. For example, in some embodiments, the disclosed compositions achieve solubility levels exceeding 8%, thereby delivering more bioavailable silicon per unit volume. [0052] In some embodiments, reactants disclosed herein may be a mix of sodium silicates, mainly sodium disilicate and/or sodium trisilicate. In some embodiments, the sodium 20
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO disilicate and the sodium silicate are mixed with water at a greater than about a 1:50 ratio of reactant: water in order to open/release precursor packaging of MSA (e.g., by reacting with water to transform sodium disilicate into MSA, which may be applied as a solution on plants and soil). In various embodiments, diluted solutions may be delivered or deployed into soil through a spray, drip irrigation, fertigation, soil injection and/or drench irrigation, to name a few, where the MSA may be made available to the plant roots and may continue to be formed in the soil well after application. [0053] Embodiments of the subject matter may include one or more of the following features. The soluble silicon may be formed by a process that includes at least partially dissolving and hydrolyzing the sodium disilicate. Further aspects of the process include where the free sodium oxide in the composition further reacts to form silicic acid. The presence of silicon oxide in the composition may increase the concentration of MSA in the diluted solution, which enhances the availability of bioavailable silicon. [0054] Various aspects of the systems, methods, apparatuses, and compositions may provide increased silicon availability by having higher amounts of MSA in the diluted solutions. Improved equilibrium dynamics in the reactions disclosed herein may increase silicic acid formation. For example, after dilution, sodium hydroxide may be created with dissociated Na ions, and the dissociated Na reacts with water to become NaOH, which may catalyze the conversion of available Si with SiO2 to form additional sodium disilicate, which will ultimately react into MSA. The remaining NaOH may react with remaining elemental Si. Still further, remaining Na ions may again convert to NaOH and react with remaining minerals in the diluted solution to further hydrolyze the minerals to make them water soluble, making for a highly chain reactive process (i.e., a bomb chain reaction). 21
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO [0055] In addition, the NaOH may react with other matter including organic matter such as humates (e.g., humic acid) to make them even more soluble and available in the soil. Advantages of the reaction of NaOH with humates include that humates may chelate essential micronutrients, humic substances have a high cation exchange capacity (CEC) (which means they can retain and release essential nutrients to plant leaves and roots), sodium humates can improve soil structure by promoting the aggregation of soil particles, humates can stimulate plant growth by acting similarly to plant hormones, humates can help better withstand abiotic stresses, and humates are a food source for beneficial soil microorganisms. [0056] Some embodiments feature compositions that are a soil amendment and fertilizer including hydrolized silicon which is delivered as monosilicic acid to plants. The compositions may be formed using silicon, e.g., elemental silicon, which is reacted into sodium disilicate and/or sodium trisilicate as a shelf-stable precursor, then diluted and delivered as monosilicic acid (MSA). The silicon may initially be in a form selected from the group consisting of granulated, powdered, and other forms. In various aspects, sodium silicate, specifically sodium disilicate and/or sodium trisilicate may be used as a packaging precursor molecule, which breaks-down and reacts into MSA when dissolved in a sufficient volume of water at or near a time of agricultural application. In some embodiments, the hydrolysis reactions result in a stable form of MSA in aqueous solution that is ready for application to the soil and foliage. [0057] In some embodiments, the shelf-stable compositions may be deployed as spray, drip (e.g., via an irrigation dripline), and/or drench (e.g., by pouring the mixed water solution into an irrigation ditch) method(s) of amending soil and fertilizing plants. The solution prior to, or at about a time of, delivery may be agitated with water to increase the available silicon (e.g., the MSA) in the solution at the time of delivery. In various 22
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO embodiments, the solutions can deploy greater than about 30 ppm of MSA, for instance, 500 ppm or greater, when disbursed in water. For example, in some embodiments, the diluted aqueous formulation can be applied using standard agricultural equipment including boom sprayers, mist blowers, and backpack sprayers. Nozzle selection and pressure settings may be optimized to ensure uniform coverage and minimize drift. [0058] In various embodiments, the shelf-stable compositions may be formulated in concentrated liquid form or as a dry powder concentrate for reconstitution. Dry formulations allow easier transport and longer shelf life but require rehydration before application. Concentrated liquids offer convenience and immediate use but necessitate careful storage to maintain stability. Both forms retain the supermolecular network characteristics upon dilution. [0059] For example, in some embodiments, the shelf-stable precursors may be suspended in a liquid form. In some embodiments, the shelf-stable precursors may be suspended in a liquid form with a humate. In some embodiments, the shelf-stable precursors may be suspended in a liquid form with any or all combination(s) of complementing micronutrients such as potassium, zinc, iron oxide, iron, magnesium, calcium, carbon, manganese, copper, boron, molybdenum and others. In some embodiments, the shelf- stable precursors may be suspended in a liquid form with micronized silicon. In some embodiments, the shelf-stable precursors may be suspended in a liquid form with micronized silicon and with a humate. In some embodiments, the shelf-stable precursors may be suspended in a liquid form with micronized silicon and with a humate and micronutrients. In some embodiments, a portion of elemental silicon/silica remains unreacted and suspended in the composition to serve as a prolonged-release source of monosilicic acid. 23
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO [0060] In many embodiments, the systems, methods, apparatuses, and compositions disclosed herein may include applying any one or more of a first dose of the soil amendment and fertilizer before germination, applying a second and third dose of the soil amendment and fertilizer during growth, and applying an additional dose of the soil amendment and fertilizer during the final stages of plant growth. In some aspects, only a single dose may be applied (e.g., as a “shock” to the system). In various embodiments, each dose may be applied as multiple applications or doses. In various embodiments, the soil amendment and fertilizer may be used in conjunction with traditional NPK-based fertilizer regimens. The soil amendment and fertilizer may act as a catalyst to improve the consumption and efficacy of NPK-based fertilizers. Application may require 1-4 doses on a typical season crop cycle or may require 1-18 doses over the plants’ crop cycle on plants that see growth cycles of up to three years. For example, onions’ production cycle may take 2-4 months requiring 3-4 doses, whereas production of pineapples may have a production cycle of up to 2 years requiring up to 12 inputs. The exact time of dosing depends on the species of plant(s) for improved results. The methods and systems disclosed herein can be adapted to most species of plants and input timings and dosing may be coordinated to each crop. Furthermore, understanding and coordinating with a range of factors, such as the pH of the soil, soil type, species of crop, and nutrition input, may dramatically improve plant health, crop yield and quality along with improving the general health of the soil. In many embodiments, and with reference to Fig.1, a low-temperature aqueous method 100 for producing sodium silicate, in particular sodium disilicate (Na₂Si₂O₅) and/or sodium trisilicate (Na2Si3O7), is provided. In some embodiments, the method employs a combination of silicon and silica (SiO2) (e.g., elemental silicon granules with an oxidized coating of (i.e., silica), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and water as reactants, with the water serving as both the 24
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO reaction medium and as a reactant providing oxygen and hydrogen atoms. In some embodiments, the method employs silica (SiO₂), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and water as reactants. In some embodiments, sodium trisilicate is used in addition to and/or in place of sodium disilicate. In some embodiments, more silicon and silica are used than are capable of reaction with the sodium hydroxide and water, resulting in a stable mixture comprising some amount of unreacted silicon and silica. When the mixture is later hydrolyzed, this excess silicon and silica can provide higher MSA output than a mixture lacking this excess silicon/silica. [0061] In some embodiments, the reaction proceeds without the need for external heating, relying on inherent exothermic characteristics and agitation to complete the process efficiently. In other embodiments, the use of UV light will help synthesis. [0062] In some embodiments, method 100 is optimized for reaction volume efficiency, allowing maximum use of the available reactor space. This design supports high- throughput batch processing by maximizing the molar conversion of elemental silicon into sodium disilicate. As such, in some embodiments, the process can provide economic advantages in terms of yield per batch volume. Additionally, in many embodiments, the batch system supports scalability for industrial manufacturing. [0063] In many embodiments, time efficiency is a consideration in the disclosed synthesis. In such embodiments, the reaction is configured to proceed rapidly, minimizing dwell time in the reactor while maintaining complete reactant conversion. This time- conscious design supports cost-efficient production by reducing cycle time and energy input. The reaction kinetics are further optimized by controlling agitation and molar ratios of reactants. For example, in many embodiments, the molar ratio and sodium and silicon is approximately equal. 25
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO [0064] In many embodiments, the stoichiometric balance of water in the system is tracked to maintaining the reactivity and solubility of intermediate silicate species. If insufficient water is present, the reaction is oxygen- and hydrogen-limited, resulting in incomplete formation of sodium disilicate. Conversely, excessive water dilutes the product, reducing the concentration and strength of the final silicate formulation. Accordingly, in many embodiments, a specific water-to-reactant molar ratio is maintained to support full conversion while achieving a high-concentration output. [0065] In various embodiments, the aqueous solution includes suspended elemental silicon particles with a silica coating that are only partially reacted. In some embodiments, the aqueous solution includes suspended SiO2 particles that are only partially reacted to form a shelf-stable precursor. These particles remain in the aqueous solution as a dispersed phase and are capable of further dilution at or near the time of application. Upon application to soil or plant surfaces, the residual silicon serves as a sustained- release source of monosilicic acid, generated in situ through environmental or biological hydrolysis. This feature enhances the long-term efficacy of the formulation. [0066] In some embodiments, sodium disilicate is used as the primary silicon carrier molecule. That is, sodium disilicate undergoes controlled hydrolysis in aqueous conditions, releasing bioavailable monosilicic acid in a gradual manner. The sodium disilicate acts as a stable intermediate, enabling concentrated silicon delivery without premature polymerization or precipitation. This behavior makes sodium disilicate favorable for agricultural applications requiring controlled silicon bioavailability. In some embodiments, sodium disilicate is used in conjunction with sodium trisilicate and this mixture can release less sodium per silicon molecule, providing additional benefits. [0067] In various embodiments, a composition is produced in such a manner that it releases monosilicic acid (MSA) shortly before, at, and/or after the time of application. That is, 26
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO in various embodiments, the composition may be designed for stability during storage and for controlled hydrolysis upon dilution. A user can perform the dilution shortly before agricultural application. In such embodiments, sodium disilicate (Na₂Si₂O₅) and/or sodium trisilicate (Na₂Si3O7) is dissolved in a limited amount of water— typically 5% to 15% by weight—creating a stable concentrate that contains little to no free MSA. In many embodiments, the stability of the concentrate is further enhanced through techniques such as pH control (maintaining pH around 8.5–10) (described herein), use of encapsulating silica particles (SiO₂ shells) (described herein), and/or co- precipitation to prevent premature hydrolysis. [0068] In some embodiments, sodium disilicate and/or sodium trisilicate is blended with inert flow agents or encapsulated in fumed or spray-dried silica, keeping the silicate stable and inactive as a precursor until it is dissolved in water. [0069] Both forms of manufacturing are designed for significant dilution by the user at or near the point of application—typically at a greater than 1:100, 1:250, or 1:500 dilution ratio. In some embodiments, consumer dilution of the product may be in ratios of the product to water such as greater than 1:10, 1:250, and 1:500. That is, in certain embodiments, significant consumer dilution of the sold product is needed to dissolve the silica shell (described herein), and initiate significant hydrolysis of the sodium disilicate, releasing MSA into the solution. This in-situ generation of MSA ensures that the silicon is readily available for plant uptake when applied via foliar spray or soil drench. In many embodiments, the controlled-release/time-release approach is agronomically advantageous. Additional MSA can be formed in the soil after application, as the solution interacts with silicon in the soil. In many embodiments, method 100 proceeds through one or more hydrolysis stages. In many embodiments, sodium disilicate and/or trisilicate (Na₂Si₂O₅) dissolves in water, dissociating into sodium ions (Na⁺) and 27
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO disilicate ions (Si₂O₅²⁻) (step 101). The sodium has an ionic charge of 1+ and the disilicate has an ionic charge of 2-. In many embodiments, these disilicate ions then undergo hydrolysis, initially generating monosilicic acid (H₄SiO₄) and/or metasilicic acid (H₂SiO₃) (step 102). This reaction is expressed as: Si2O5 + 3H20 ^ H2SiO3 + H4SiO4. In some embodiments, silicic acid (H2SiO3) further hydrolyz
to form monosilicic acid (H4SiO4). This reaction is catalyzed by the presence of hydroxide ions, produced by sodium hydroxide formed in situ. The process may generate hydrogen gas as a byproduct, which can be vented from the reaction vessel. In various embodiments, proper agitation and temperature control promote efficient conversion and product consistency. [0070] In certain embodiments, the aqueous composition comprises sodium disilicate (Na₂Si₂O₅) as the primary silicate source, which may be combined with sodium trisilicate (Na₂Si₃O₇) in varying ratios. Adjusting the molar ratio of silicon to sodium allows control over the solution’s alkalinity and silicon speciation, which influences plant uptake efficiency. In some embodiments, these ratios may range broadly from 1:10 up to 10:1, enabling customization for specific crop requirements or environmental conditions. In some embodiments, the molar ratios are as follows: [0071] Example Molar Comparisons: Compound Na:Si Molar MSA Yield Sodium Load (per Ratio Potential Si) Sodium Metasilicate 2:1 Low–Moderate High Sodium Disilicate 1:1 High Lower Sodium Trisilicate 1:2 Highest Lowest [0072] In various embodiments, the balance between disilicate and trisilicate is helpful for optimizing solubility and stability of the silicon species in solution. Such control can 28
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO prevent premature polymerization while ensuring sufficient bioavailable silicon remains during storage and application. [0073] Optionally, sodium monosilicate (Na₂SiO₃) can be incorporated in minor quantities, primarily to adjust pH or buffer the solution against shifts caused by environmental factors such as rainfall or soil composition. The monosilicate also acts as an initial reactive species facilitating hydrolysis to monosilicic acid. This buffering ensures the solution remains stable and prevents rapid polymerization of silicic acids into insoluble polysilicic species. In some formulations, monosilicate also improves wetting properties, enhancing foliar adhesion when applied as a spray. In some embodiments, the exact amount of monosilicate added is carefully controlled, typically below 5% by weight, to avoid destabilizing the superamolecular network. [0074] This reaction captures the formation of two equivalents of monosilicic acid per mole of sodium disilicate in the presence of excess water. In some embodiments, a water-to- disilicate molar ratio of at least 50:1 is used to ensure full hydrolysis and to prevent polymerization. In some embodiments, a content of the water is maintained within a range of 20% to 40% by weight of the composition. [0075] Sodium disilicate has a molar weight of about 182.15 g/mol and water has a molar weight of about 18 g/mol. In some embodiments, a quantity of water as disclosed herein (e.g., a larger quantity of water) is helpful to unlock precursor sodium molecules into MSA from the disilicate. In various embodiments, the amount of water disclosed herein stabilizes the sodium disilicate in the solution. For example, if too much water is present at application time, then the solution has abundant water for disbursement, and if too little water is present then the solution may not be able to be deployed as there will not be enough water to react with the silicate (e.g., to open up the molecule). Water is not only a resource for the reaction of silicate, but also an 29
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO effective medium to transport and deliver the reacted silicate (e.g., the MSA) to the soil and plant. Dilution is also referred to as hydrolyzation herein, and the hydrolyzation (and any associated steps, such as agitation) may take place at any one or multiple steps of the systems out of the packaging and methods disclosed herein. For example, the hydration may occur with one or more or all of the reactions, and/or following one or more of the reactions, and/or at another point in time, such as when deploying the solution (e.g., as water in the soil). [0076] In some embodiments, when using sodium disilicate for steps 101 and 102, MSA is created when there is a greater than about 5X molar ratio (e.g., greater than up to about 500X of water is needed). Thus, sodium disilicate reacts into MSA when it is adequately reacted with water. In various embodiments, the combination of reactions in a first stage can be simplified into an overall reaction showing the formation of monosilicic acid: Na2SiO5 + 5 H2O ^ 2Na + 2H4SiO4. [0077] Various embodi
. ., uble silicon together with a micronized silicon). Micronized silicon (e.g., nano or micronized silicon) may also be referred to as silicon powder coated in fine oxidized layers of O2, forming SiO2 shell coatings. In some embodiments, the shell may form when the elemental silicon is exposed to an oxygen rich environment such as air or water. In certain aspects, an entire surface area of the granule may be oxidized to form the shell layer around the entire surface area of the granule. In many embodiments, the shell helps maintain the solution in a shelf-stable manner. [0078] In some embodiments, the shell may be very thin (e.g., a few atoms thick), and the sizes of the granulized element silicon particles disclosed herein may include the SiO2 shell. In some embodiments, compositions may also feature strategically deposited (e.g., deposited as a result of the reaction of silicon with caustic during the production 30
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO of silicate for the solution) fine particles of granulized elemental silicon particles. In some embodiments, the silicon granules are partially encapsulated in a SiO2 shell. The elemental silicon particles may also be fractionated into different size ranges, creating a multimodal particle size distribution. In some embodiments, coating thicknesses ranging from 10 to 100 nanometers. For example, in some embodiments, smaller particles (5–20 microns) provide rapid initial availability, while larger particles (20–70 microns) serve as longer-term reservoirs. In such embodiments, the distribution supports both immediate and sustained silicon delivery to the plant root zone or foliar surfaces. In some embodiments, particle size distribution may be selected based on the target crop type, growth stage, and soil characteristics. For example, in many embodiments, smaller sized particles are beneficial because the smaller particles have more surface area for contact with the caustic and also for spraying because they dissolve and react faster. Further, smaller particles are beneficial because they are better able to uptake through roots of plants effectively. [0079] In many embodiments, proper size management can enhance the ease of application by preventing nozzle clogging during spraying. For example, in some embodiments, coatings may be applied via chemical vapor deposition, sol-gel processes, or plasma treatments. In some embodiments, surface functionalization with antioxidants or surfactants can enhance particle stability and dispersion. [0080] As discussed herein, in some embodiments, the silicon powder is hydrated to suspend in solution. The addition of micronized silicon can aid in protecting against aluminum and other metal contaminants in plants, further contributing to plant health and growth. In some embodiments, the micronized silicon may have a SiO₂ coating. When using micronized or nano-to-micronized silicon, this coating may rapidly break down or react upon contact with a caustic environment—such as an alkaline mixture formed 31
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO by combining micronized silicon with sodium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the SiO2 coating is provided as a shelf-stable precursor and does not break/react away until further dilution. Visually, in various embodiments, the compositions may look somewhat like mercury, e.g., compositions may be a metallic solution. [0081] In some aspects, a certain amount of hydration of the composition is important because a powdered form with too little water may not provide sufficient results. This is because, for example, sodium disilicate (Na2Si2O5) transforms into monosilicic acid (H4SiO4) in a sufficient amount of water (e.g., amounts disclosed herein) through a series of hydrolysis reactions. Thus, a greater than about a 1:500 dilution/hydration (e.g., a molar weight ratio of sodium disilicate to water) may have improved effectiveness. In some aspects, the dilution may be effective when it is greater than about 1:1,000.. For example, in some embodiments, the shelf-stable precursor is provided as a product for further dilution at or near the time of agricultural application. [0082] In various embodiments, in a second stage reaction, these Si/SiO₂ particles also contribute to the formation of monosilicic acid. For example, in various embodiments, elemental silicon particles coated with a thin SiO₂ layer undergo slow hydrolysis in the alkaline solution, releasing additional monosilicic acid (step 103). For example, in many embodiments, silicon dioxide (SiO₂), reacts slowly with water to form H₄SiO₄ according to the following equation: SiO₂ + 2H₂O → H₄SiO₄. When combined with the hydrolysis of sodium disilicate, the net effect is an increase in total monosilicic acid concentration in the formulation. In many embodiments, this staged approach can aid in both immediate and delayed release of bioavailable silicon. The combined reaction may be expressed as: Na₂Si₂O₅ + SiO₂ + 7H₂O → 2Na⁺ + 4H₄SiO₄, where 32
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO Na2SiO5 dissolves and hydrolyzes in water. This reaction reflects the synergistic interaction of both sodium disilicate and elemental SiO₂ in aqueous solution. [0083] In some embodiments, the sodium ions (Na⁺) generated during these hydrolysis reactions from stage 1 also serve a catalytic role. In the aqueous medium, sodium ions may react with water to regenerate sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (step 104), a key facilitator in the continued dissolution of silicon in stage 2. The reaction may proceed as follows: 2Na + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + H₂. This regenerative cycle supports sustained silicon conversion, particularly as new Si and/or SiO₂ are introduced into the reaction medium. [0084] In many embodiments, the remaining Na (e.g., what is remaining after Stage 2) reacts with remaining elemental silicon in a Stage 3. In various embodiments of Stage 3, method 100 further involves the reaction of residual silicon with regenerated NaOH and water to form sodium metasilicate (Na₂SiO₃) (step 105). The metasilicic acid then further hydrolyzes into additional monosilicic acid under aqueous conditions (step 106). [0085] The combined reactions may proceed as: Si + 2NaOH + H₂O → Na₂SiO₃ + 2H₂ (step 105), followed by Na₂SiO₃ + 3H₂O → 2NaOH + H₄SiO₄ (step 106). As such, in many embodiments, an overall reaction in stage III is Na2Si2O5+Si+5H2O ^ 2NaOH + 4H4SiO4 + 2H2.
[0086] In many embodiments, the inclusion of residual silicon offers advantages over existing formulations. When sodium silicate (particularly Na₂SiO₃) is diluted in water, the free sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is often generated as a byproduct, increasing pH and posing risk of phytotoxicity. The presence of reactive silicon, for example elemental Si with an SiO2 coating, in the formulation consumes this excess NaOH via 33
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO secondary reactions, reducing pH and buffering the solution naturally without external neutralization steps. [0087] In various aspects, after stage 3 is completed, the Na will once again convert to NaOH and react with the remaining minerals in the solution to further hydrolyze the minerals to become hydrolyzed. This reaction highlights the full conversion of both sodium silicates and elemental silicon into monosilicic acid, with catalytic regeneration of sodium hydroxide. In various embodiments and described herein, the evolved hydrogen gas is a byproduct and may be safely vented or recovered. [0088] In some embodiments, optional additives such as kaolinite or related clays (e.g., Kalen) may be included to further improve the environmental stability of the formulation. These clays function as physical buffers against environmental stress and may assist in managing polymerization dynamics within the silicate matrix. In many embodiments, such additives can be introduced after the base silicate solution has been formed. [0089] In various aspects, the near-continuous, or continuous, production can unlock a majority, or mostly all, of the silicon in the solution into MSA. For example, chain reactions disclosed herein may react the sodium disilicate (e.g., as a bomb chain reaction) to create higher amounts (e.g., in some aspects, a maximum production amount) of MSA. This promotes the formation of MSA, which benefits plants and soil. In some aspects, there is a static charge on the solution. This static charge may help with plant uptake of the silicon and nutrients as disclosed herein. [0090] In some embodiments, surfactants and dispersants may be added to the composition to enhance leaf surface spreadability and improve particle suspension stability. Suitable surfactants include non-ionic polysorbates, organosilicon-based compounds, or natural saponins derived from plants. The choice and concentration of surfactants may 34
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO be chosen to improve foliar adhesion without causing phytotoxicity. These additives also reduce the surface tension of the solution, facilitating uniform coverage during spraying. Improved droplet retention and spreadability may increase foliar nutrient uptake efficiency. [0091] In some embodiments, humectants such as glycerol or polyethylene glycols may be included as optional adjuvants to retain moisture on the leaf surface post-application. These compounds reduce evaporation rates, extending the period of nutrient availability to the plant. The presence of humectants supports slow release of silicon and micronutrients from the supermolecular network. Careful balance of humectant concentration is necessary to avoid excessive stickiness or residue formation. These components contribute to improved efficacy under dry or windy conditions. [0092] In various embodiments, method 100 further comprises a Stage 4, the interaction of sodium ions with organic materials, especially humic substances, to form sodium humates (step 107). Stage 4 may occur during and/or after any of the other stages. For example, in some embodiments, the Na ions may react with other matter including organic matter such as humates to make them even more soluble and available in the soil. For example, in various embodiments, sodium ions react with humic acid to form more soluble sodium humate species: Na⁺ + Humic Acid → Sodium Humate. These sodium humates help improve solubility, soil mobility, and nutrient uptake efficiency of organic matter, enhancing the overall efficacy of the formulation. [0093] Humates are organic substances derived from the decomposition of plant and animal matter and are known to improve soil quality by enhancing biodiversity. This biodiversity in turn helps to loosen and aerate the soil, promoting better root growth and nutrient uptake. Humates are more soluble in water compared to protonated forms (solid humic acid) this enables enhanced mobility of humic substances in the soil. 35
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO However, humates are typically not delivered with soluble silicon (e.g., MSA), but are instead delivered separately. Various embodiments herein address this by combining the soluble silicon (e.g., MSA) with the humate in a liquid form. [0094] In various embodiments, the combination of micronized silicon with humates in a liquid form provides several benefits. In some aspects, the natural surfactant properties of silicon help to loosen the soil, allowing the humates to be more efficiently delivered into the soil. This eliminates the burden of having to dig or till the soil or water it excessively to deliver the humates. Further, the aerated soil better insulates roots from environmental temperature changes, which may cause stress to plants. In many embodiments, this combination of silicon and humates can aid the delivery of nutrients while also improving soil health and structure. [0095] Furthermore, in various embodiments, the combination of micronized silicon with humates in a liquid form can enhance the effectiveness of silicon as a nutrient and a soil conditioner. In some embodiments, the presence of both soluble silicon (e.g., MSA) and micronized silicon in the supplement helps to make the silicon more readily available for plant uptake, while also contributing to improved soil structure and health. Thus, in various embodiments, the combination of micronized silicon with humates not just supplements the nutrient profile of the fertilizer amendment, but also can enhance the delivery and utilization of these nutrients by the plants, making the disclosed fertilizer amendment more effective. [0096] In some embodiments, humic acid (HA) is included optionally in concentrations between 0.1% and 10% by weight, and may be tailored through fractionation to vary molecular weight and functional group distribution. In some embodiments, higher molecular weight humic acids provide stronger binding to soil particles and form more persistent networks with silicon species. These humic substances contain 36
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO abundant hydroxyl, carboxyl, and quinone groups, which interact with monosilicic acid and metal ions to form a dynamic supermolecular assembly. In some embodiments, fractionation methods such as alkaline extraction and acid precipitation enable the formulation of humic acids for either foliar adhesion or soil interaction. In some embodiments, the presence of humic acid enhances soil aggregation, promotes root growth, and improves stress tolerance in treated plants. For example, in some embodiments, humic acids, with their larger molecular structures, provide a scaffold that enhances the adhesion of the solution to plant surfaces and improves its persistence under environmental stressors like rain or irrigation. [0097] In some embodiments, fulvic acid (FA), an organic complexing agent, is incorporated into the composition at concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 5% by weight. In some embodiments, the FA is sourced from natural extracts such as leonardite, compost, peat, or worm castings, ensuring a rich profile of functional groups including carboxyl and phenolic moieties. In some embodiments, FA enhances nutrient uptake by forming chelates with micronutrients and improving membrane permeability. Additionally, in some embodiments, fulvic acid improves the water retention capacity of soils and increases microbial activity, contributing to overall soil fertility. That is, in some embodiments, fulvic acids, being highly soluble and low molecular weight, act as excellent chelators, binding to MSA and forming transient complexes that facilitate silicon transport across plant cell membranes. [0098] In many embodiments, these components (e.g., MSA, FA and HA) synergistically interact to form a supermolecular network designed to enhance silicon bioavailability for plants and improve soil physical and chemical properties. In many embodiments, this system targets improved nutrient uptake, increased resistance to abiotic stresses, and sustainable soil health management. For example, the presence of FA and HA 37
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO introduces a complex three-dimensional network of non-covalent interactions. Together, these components can mimic natural molecular recognition systems, creating a responsive system capable of adapting to soil and plant needs. In some embodiments, the interactions between MSA, FA, and HA not only stabilize the silicon but also may increase its biological activity, promoting enhanced stress resistance, nutrient uptake, and structural reinforcement in plants. [0099] For example, in some embodiments, the supermolecular network formed by monosilicic acid and humic substances exhibits temperature-dependent properties. At higher temperatures (above 40°C), hydrogen bonding interactions temporarily weaken, increasing monosilicic acid mobility and facilitating plant uptake. In some embodiments, cooling below ambient temperatures reinforces the network, aiding solution stability during storage. In many embodiments, these properties are tuned through modification of humic acid molecular weight and fulvic acid content. [00100] In some embodiments, the humic acid and fulvic acid fractions are carefully selected based on source material and extraction methods to achieve consistent molecular profiles. In some embodiments, leonardite-derived humic substances are used due to their high carboxyl and phenolic group density. In some embodiments, extraction processes involve alkaline leaching followed by acid precipitation, enabling separation of humic and fulvic fractions. In some embodiments, further fractionation by molecular weight yields tailored products optimized for different applications. [00101] In some embodiments, trace organic acids such as phosphoric acid, citric acid, or acetic acid may also be introduced in small quantities (typically 0.01–0.5%) to facilitate initial dissolution of silicates and solubilization of humic substances. These acids act as catalysts for hydrolysis reactions, improving monosilicic acid generation and stabilizing the supermolecular network during manufacturing and storage. The 38
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO presence of these acids can also influence the ionic strength and pH buffering capacity of the solution. In many embodiments, their concentrations are kept low to prevent phytotoxicity or destabilization of the silicate-humate complex. The addition of these organic acids can be customized to improve product performance under specific environmental or crop demands. [00102] In some embodiments, natural polysaccharides such as xanthan gum or guar gum are incorporated to increase the viscosity of the aqueous solution. In many embodiments, these biopolymers enhance suspension stability of silicon particles and minimize rapid sedimentation during storage and transport. Moreover, increased viscosity can improve adhesion to foliar surfaces and soil particles. In many embodiments, the biopolymers are biodegradable and do not interfere with silicon bioavailability or uptake. In some embodiments, their concentrations are optimized to balance flowability and retention properties. [00103] In some embodiments, the composition may be combined with growth regulators, biostimulants, or pest control agents in tank mixes. [00104] In many embodiments, the synergistic interactions between monosilicic acid, fulvic acid, and humic acid result in a dynamic, hydrated supermolecular network. That is, hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions can stabilize monosilicic acid and minimize its condensation into insoluble polysilicic species. This network formation may enhance the longevity and bioavailability of silicon in aqueous and soil environments. In many embodiments, the presence of humic substances further facilitates the chelation and transport of micronutrients, improving plant uptake efficiency. Collectively, in many embodiments this superamolecular complex may support improved plant vigor, resistance to abiotic stresses, and soil structural integrity. 39
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO [00105] In some embodiments, the supermolecular network is stabilized through multiple types of interactions. In many embodiments, hydrogen bonds form between hydroxyl groups on monosilicic acid and carboxyl or phenolic groups on humic substances. Additionally, in some embodiments, ionic pairing occurs between silicate anions and either protonated amine groups or metal cations present in humic fractions, reinforcing the structure. In many embodiments, hydrophobic interactions among aromatic rings within the humic substances further enhance network stability. Together, in many embodiments, these interactions can minimize aggregation and polymerization, helping to maintain a stable suspension. In many embodiments, the network is also dynamic, allowing it to respond to environmental changes—such as pH variations or root exudates—which can trigger the controlled release of silicon. For example, in some embodiments, by adjusting the carboxyl-to-hydroxyl group ratio, the binding affinity to silicon species can be finely tuned. Additionally, in some embodiments, humic substances can be chemically modified, for example by oxidation or esterification, to improve solubility and interaction with the silicate network. In many embodiments, these tailored humic fractions provide versatility in formulation for different crops and environmental conditions. This flexibility may facilitate targeted enhancement of silicon bioavailability and soil health simultaneously. [00106] In various embodiments, sodium humates formed in situ further provide multiple agronomic benefits. In some embodiments, they exhibit chelating properties, binding with micronutrients such as Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu, and facilitating their availability to plants. Additionally, in many embodiments, sodium humates can increase the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soils, aiding in nutrient retention and delivery. In many embodiments, these features contribute to enhanced plant nutrition and root development. In many embodiments, beyond nutrient effects, sodium 40
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO humates improve soil structure through aggregation, enhancing aeration, water infiltration, and root penetration. In some embodiments, improved structure also supports better water retention, which is especially beneficial in arid or drought-prone environments. In many embodiments, these changes foster a more supportive growing medium for crops. For example, the overall soil health may be improved with greater microbial activity and nutrient cycling. [00107] Moreover, in various embodiments, sodium humates exhibit plant growth- promoting effects that mimic phytohormones. They support root elongation, seed germination, and vegetative vigor. Under abiotic stress conditions—such as salinity or drought—the enhanced silicon and humate combination may confer resistance and resilience. Additionally, in many embodiments, the organic content serves as a carbon source for beneficial microbes, further promoting a symbiotic rhizosphere. [00108] In various embodiments, and with reference to a flow diagram of a method for using an agricultural composition illustrated in Fig.2, a shelf-stable precursor mixture is formed comprising sodium disilicate (Na₂Si₂O₅) and/or sodium trisilicate (Na₂Si₃O₇) and particulate silicon (Si), wherein the silicon particles are at least partially coated with amorphous silica (SiO₂). This precursor mixture can be stored in an aqueous or dry state. In the aqueous variant, the solids-to-water mass ratio can be between approximately 2:3 to 3:2, while water can be added to the dry state to achieve a solids-to-water mass ratio ranging from approximately 2:3 to 3:2, inclusive (Step 202). The resulting aqueous slurry or suspension is shelf-stable over extended periods, resisting premature hydrolysis or gelation, and may be stored or transported prior to use in subsequent hydrolysis steps. [00109] In various embodiments, the shelf-stable mixture prepared in Step 202 is subsequently subjected to a controlled hydrolysis process by dilution with water. In 41
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO various embodiments, the hydrolysis is performed at solids-to-water mass ratios greater than 1:10, greater than 1:250, or greater than 1:500, depending on desired reaction kinetics, environmental conditions, and/or application-specific requirements (Step 204). This addition of sufficient water initiates the hydrolysis of silicate and silicon species, leading to the formation of mono-silicic acid (MSA, Si(OH)₄) in aqueous form. [00110] Following dilution, in various embodiments, the hydrolysis reaction is allowed to proceed substantially to completion under ambient and/or controlled temperature and pH conditions (Step 206). During this stage, sodium disilicate, sodium trisilicate, and silica-coated silicon are progressively converted into mono-silicic acid. The duration of this conversion step may range from several minutes to several hours, depending on process variables. In some embodiments, the extent of hydrolysis is monitored to ensure that at least the majority of reactive silicate species have been transformed into plant-available MSA, to facilitate optimizing the bioavailability and efficacy of the final product. [00111] In various embodiments, upon achieving at least a partial to a near-complete hydrolysis to mono-silicic acid, the resulting aqueous solution is applied to soil and/or plant surfaces (Step 208). In various embodiments, the application to soil and/or plant surfaces may be accomplished via irrigation, foliar spray, fertigation, and/or other agronomic delivery methods. In some embodiments, the hydrolyzed solution can assist plant nutrient uptake, stress tolerance, and soil structure by delivering soluble silicon in the form of mono-silicic acid. In various embodiments, the timing, concentration, and mode of application can be tailored according to crop type, growth stage, and environmental conditions. In some embodiments, the applied solution 42
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO further interacts with silicon in the soil creating additional MSA for plant uptake. In various embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein may provide increased silicon availability. For example, the addition of free SiO2 increases the total amount of monosilicic acid in the solution. Further, the equilibrium dynamics may favor the formation of silicic acid. For example, the presence of free SiO2 may shift the equilibrium towards more silicic acid formation. [00112] In many embodiments, the combined use of sodium disilicate and free SiO2 can have efficient effects as a soil amendment. For example, the combined use of sodium disilicate and free SiO2 can enhance soil properties by providing a continuous source of bioavailable silicon. In many embodiments, advantageous effects can include improving plant health, affecting a stronger leaf cuticle, facilitating greater leaf surface area for more photosynthesis, and facilitating deeper leaves for more photosynthesis (which improves intake of CO2, which has the beneficial effects of depositing greater quantities of carbon into the soil, which benefits the microbes in the soil, which improves the soil quality, which helps the plant with greater soil fertility). [00113] In some embodiments, the sodium disilicate and/or sodium trisilicate may be formed in a water solution through hydrolysis. Thus, the sodium disilicate may be formed at a low temperature (e.g., a temperature of less than about 100 °C in an aqueous solution). In some embodiments, this is a temperature or amount of energy that is lower than typically used to form silicon disilicate commercially and to accelerate dissolution and hydrolysis reactions. For example, in some embodiments, controlled heating promotes rapid formation of monosilicic acid while avoiding excessive polymerization. The solution may be agitated to introduce and react NaOH and Si particles to create the exothermic heat necessary to disassociate the hydrogen to form sodium disilicate. 43
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO [00114] In some embodiments, the reactions disclosed herein are carried out in an aqueous phase and typically begins at or near room temperature. However, due to the exothermic nature of the reaction—primarily driven by the addition of caustic (sodium hydroxide)—the temperature naturally rises and is allowed to increase up to but not exceeding 100 °C. If the reaction temperature exceeds 100 °C at any point, active cooling may be applied to bring it back below 100 °C to maintain optimal reaction conditions and prevent undesirable side reactions. [00115] In some embodiments, external heat may be added to maintain a total solution temperature during reaction. In some embodiments, cooling steps may be used post- reaction to stabilize the composition and facilitate particle suspension. In some embodiments, the reaction vessel may be equipped with temperature and pH sensors to optimize process control. Systems, methods, apparatuses, and compositions disclosed herein may overload the sodium silicate process to obtain disilicate. [00116] In some embodiments, the solution undergoes a filtration process. This filtration process is designed to ensure the consistency and quality of the solution. Specifically, the solution is filtered using mesh filter. This type of filter is capable of removing any silicon particles that are larger than 70 microns. The use of such a filter may help ensure that the final solution is free from larger silicon particles that could potentially clog spray nozzles and also interfere with the absorption of the nutrients by the plants. This filtration process contributes to the creation of a fine-textured, homogeneous solution that is ready for application to the soil. [00117] In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein comprise additional OH that combines with sodium to create caustic NaOH, which reacts with free floating silicon SiO2 in the solution to form additional sodium disilicate, which reacts to turn the solution additionally caustic. The caustic solution is a hydrolyzer that can 44
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO react with one or more micronutrients (which may include, and are not limited to, magnesium, sodium silicate salts, organic materials derived from humic acid, zinc, calcium, sodium, carbon, and iron oxides) to cause the micronutrients to become more bioavailable. These components are combined to create a nutrient-rich supplement designed to enhance the health and growth of plants, as well as improve the quality of the soil, especially when used in combination with traditional NPK fertilizers. [00118] In some instances, the compositions disclosed herein incorporate both soluble silicon (e.g., MSA) and physical micronized silicon in the nano to sub-100-micron size, in a liquid fertilizer supplement. In many embodiments, the soluble silicon (e.g., MSA) aids in strengthening the cell walls of the plants, increasing their resistance to pests and diseases, and improving their drought tolerance. [00119] In some embodiments, the micronized silicon, which is in a physical form and suspended in the liquid supplement, contributes to improved soil structure and health. The micronized silicon particles, being in the nano to sub-100-micron size, are small enough to be readily absorbed by the soil, enhancing its structure and permeability. This improved soil structure promotes better root growth and nutrient uptake, contributing to overall plant health and growth. [00120] In some embodiments, the micronized silicon, in particular, can aid in protecting against aluminum and other metal contaminants in plants, further contributing to plant health and growth. Thus, the incorporation of both soluble silicon (e.g., MSA) and physical micronized silicon in the disclosed fertilizer amendment not just supplements the nutrient profile of the amendment, but also enhances the delivery and utilization of these nutrients by the plants, making the disclosed fertilizer amendment more effective. 45
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO [00121] In some embodiments, the composition is processed through spray drying or fluidized bed drying to obtain a powdered product. In many embodiments, this powdered silicate formulation can be rehydrated in the field or incorporated into dry- blend fertilizers. The powder contains sodium disilicate, partially reacted silicon, and trace levels of monosilicic acid. Upon contact with amounts of water disclosed herein, hydrolysis resumes, forming fresh monosilicic acid in situ with each application. [00122] In some embodiments, silicon-containing microcapsules, created via coacervation, emulsion polymerization, or sol-gel techniques are provided. These microcapsules encase elemental silicon and/or sodium silicate within a biodegradable matrix such as gelatin, alginate, or polyurethane. Once applied to soil or foliage, the matrix dissolves or ruptures, releasing the active silicon source for gradual conversion to monosilicic acid. This delivery method allows precise targeting of silicon release over days or weeks, depending on crop requirements. [00123] In some embodiments, the composition is adapted for seed coating applications. The hydrolyzed silicate solution is thickened using natural gums or synthetic binders and sprayed onto seeds prior to sowing. This coating supplies early- stage silicon to germinating seedlings and improves tolerance to drought, salinity, and disease pressure. It may also carry micronutrients or beneficial microbes to enhance early root development and nutrient uptake. [00124] In some cases, a specific regimen is provided for the delivery of nutrients into soil using the disclosed agricultural composition. In various embodiments, this regimen is designed to align with the various phases of plant growth, ensuring that the plants receive the nutrients they require at the right time for optimum growth and health. 46
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO [00125] For example, in some embodiments, during the germination phase, where structural development is of utmost priority, a first dose of the agricultural composition is applied. This first dose provides the young plants with the nutrients they require for the development of strong and healthy roots and shoots. In some embodiments, the soluble silicon (e.g., MSA) using a sodium-based silicate (e.g., sodium disilicate and/or sodium trisilicate) in the composition contribute to strengthening the cell walls of the young plants, while the micronutrients such as magnesium sulfate, humic acid, carbon, and iron oxides provide a comprehensive nutrient profile to support the overall growth and health of the plants. In various embodiments, the soluble silicon (e.g., MSA) using a sodium-based silicate (e.g., sodium disilicate) and micronized silicon in the composition contribute to strengthening the cell walls of the young plants, while the micronutrients such as magnesium sulfate, humic acid, carbon, and iron oxides provide a comprehensive nutrient profile to support the overall growth and health of the plants. [00126] In some embodiments, as the plants enter the rapid growth phase, a second dose of the agricultural composition is applied. During this phase, photosynthesis is of concern as it is the process through which the plants produce the energy they require for growth. In some embodiments, the micronutrients in the composition, for example, magnesium which is a central component of the chlorophyll molecule, can enhance the photosynthetic efficiency of the plants. As discussed herein, the ionic charge of the solution may act as a carrier, enhancing the uptake of these micronutrients by the plants. [00127] In some embodiments, during the final stages of plant growth, , a third dose of the agricultural composition is applied. The silicon in the composition, particularly the soluble silicon (e.g., the MSA), aids in strengthening the cell walls of the plants, 47
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO increasing their resistance to pests and diseases, and improving their drought tolerance. The micronutrients in the amendment, particularly iron, which is known to boost plant resistance to stress, provide additional support to the plants during this phase. [00128] By aligning the delivery of nutrients with the various phases of plant growth, the disclosed embodiments may help plants receive the nutrients they require at the right time, enhancing their growth, health, and yield. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the use of the disclosed agricultural composition in this regimen helps provide a comprehensive solution for plant nutrition and soil health, addressing not just the macronutrient requirements of the plants, but also the equally-important micronutrients and the long-term health of the soil. [00129] Methods and systems disclosed herein have been tested on plants. Lantana plants and rice are silicon accumulators. Thus, such plants provide the ability to test efficiency of silicon uptake. Solutions disclosed herein have been used on lantana plants as an agricultural composition. For example, in some embodiments, lantana plants having the compositions disclosed herein applied to the plants have experienced improved growth and health. Thus, the silicon in the solutions disclosed herein has been shown to be bioavailable and the compositions have surprising and novel effectiveness at delivering bioavailable silicon. [00130] In some cases, the disclosed agricultural composition is used in conjunction with traditional NPK-based fertilizers. The traditional NPK-based fertilizers primarily address the macronutrient requirements of plants, providing them with the Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium they require for growth and health. However, these fertilizers can overlook the equally-important micronutrients and the long-term health of the soil. Some embodiments of the disclosed agricultural composition provide a 48
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO comprehensive solution for plant nutrition and soil health, supplementing the NPK- based fertilizers with soluble silicon (e.g., MSA) using a sodium-based silicate (e.g., sodium disilicate) and one or more micronutrients such as magnesium sulfate, humic acid, carbon, and iron oxides. [00131] The use of the disclosed soil amendment and fertilizer in conjunction with traditional NPK-based fertilizers provides several benefits. Firstly, it enhances the nutrient profile of the soil, providing the plants with a more comprehensive range of nutrients for their growth and health. Secondly, it improves the quality of the soil, addressing issues such as soil compaction and calcification that can result from the use of NPK-based fertilizers over time. This improved soil quality can enhance root growth and the plant's ability to absorb water and nutrients, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of the fertilizers. [00132] In various embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein include deploying the solutions. Deploying the solution includes systems and methods such as spraying, sprinkling, dripping or feeding the solution on plants and/or soil. In various embodiments, when the solution is deployed, hydration and/or agitation may be used. For example, hydration and agitation with the water, as disclosed herein, can remove (e.g., decapitate) the sodium from the sodium disilicate molecules in the solution, [00133] For example, in some embodiments, the composition may be applied during early vegetative stages as a foliar spray, drench, or through fertigation. Foliar application ensures rapid uptake, particularly in crops with high transpiration rates. In some embodiments, the diluted composition to one or more of a soil, a plant foliage, a fruit surface or vegetable surface. In some embodiments, soil application promotes root zone conditioning and long-term silicon delivery. 49
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO [00134] The effectiveness of the solutions disclosed herein has been demonstrated in a range of crops including cereals (wheat, rice, barley), fruits (apple, grape, citrus), vegetables (tomato, lettuce, cucumber), and ornamentals. In some embodiments, the composition can improve BRIX levels in fruits, increase crop yield, and/or enhanced resistance to biotic stress such as fungal infections. For example, field trials demonstrate an increase in BRIX of at least 10%. Field trials also show increased silicon content in plant tissues, improved growth rates, and enhanced stress tolerance. Yield increases of 10–20% are common, with improved fruit quality and shelf life, and in some embodiments, yield increases range from 5%-30%. Soil health indicators such as organic matter content and microbial activity also improve with repeated applications. In some embodiments, applying the compositions to soil, plant foliage, fruit and/or vegetable surfaces triggers carbohydrate metabolism enhancement. In some embodiments, applying the compositions to soil, plant foliage, fruit and/or vegetable surfaces reduces disease severity from fungal pathogens by at least 20%. In some embodiments, applying the compositions to soil, plant foliage, fruit and/or vegetable surfaces increases at least one of a leaf surface area, root mass and lateral root proliferation. [00135] In some embodiments, other beneficial compositions such as biochar, mycorrhizal inoculants, or nitrogen-fixing bacteria are blended. These synergistic combinations further enhance soil fertility and plant growth. Compatibility testing helps to minimize adverse reactions or nutrient antagonism. Such blends provide holistic crop management solutions addressing multiple yield-limiting factors. Customized formulations can be developed for specific regional or crop requirements. [00136] In many embodiments, the environmental impact of the product is minimized through use of naturally derived humic substances and micronized silicon. The 50
Attorney Docket No.2062.120.02WO controlled release mechanism reduces nutrient runoff and leaching compared to conventional fertilizers. In many embodiments, silicon incorporation improves plant resilience, potentially reducing pesticide use. In many embodiments, biodegradable surfactants and adjuvants further reduce ecological footprints. In many embodiments, the formulation supports sustainable agriculture practices and complies with environmental regulations. [00137] In many embodiments, the application of the composition in combination with water-saving irrigation practices enhances drought tolerance. In many embodiments, silicon strengthens cell walls, reducing transpiration and maintaining turgor pressure during water deficits. In many embodiments, humic and fulvic acids improve soil moisture retention and stimulate root growth, facilitating better water uptake. This synergy contributes to improved crop survival and yield under drought stress. In many embodiments, the product thus supports climate-resilient agriculture. [00138] As used herein, the recitation of "at least one of A, B and C" is intended to mean "either A, B, C or any combination of A, B and C." The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present disclosure. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein. 51