WO2025178948A1

WO2025178948A1 - Increasing safety of energy manipulation devices

Info

Publication number: WO2025178948A1
Application number: PCT/US2025/016468
Authority: WO
Inventors: Daniel J. NOELLE; Michael J. Armstrong; Niteen G. Jadhav; Neel J. SHAH; Robert Keith Rosen; Yang GANG; Ben Cardozo
Original assignee: Enovix Corp
Current assignee: Enovix Corp
Priority date: 2024-02-20
Filing date: 2025-02-19
Publication date: 2025-08-28
Anticipated expiration: 2026-08-20

Abstract

The present inventions relate to methods, systems, apparatuses, controllers, software, and composition of matter associated with electrochemical cells operatively coupled with fuse(s) configured to (A) during flow of current below at least one threshold, allow flow of the current through the fuse and relative to the cell, and (B) when the flow of current through the fuse is equal to or greater than the at least one threshold, curtail current from flowing through the fuse. The fuse(s) can be located (i) in an interior of the housing or (ii) at a seal of the housing.

Description

INCREASING SAFETY OF ENERGY MANIPULATION DEVICES

PRIORITY APPLICATINOS

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63/555,810, filed February 20, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

[0002] The present invention relates to methods and structures such as electrode assemblies for use in energy manipulation (e.g., storage and/or release) devices such as (e.g., secondary) batteries, to energy manipulation (e.g., storage) devices employing such structures, and to methods for manufacturing such structures and energy manipulation devices.

[0003] Batteries (e.g., Lithium-based secondary batteries) are a type of energy manipulation (e.g., storage) device having electrochemical cells in which carrier ions (e.g., lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium and/or magnesium ions) travel between a cathode structure and an anode structure through an electrolyte within each electrochemical cell (e.g., voltaic cell) abbreviated herein as “cell.” The anode structure and cathode structure in the cell are separated by a gap. The cell may include a separator structure. The separator structure may be incorporated in the battery cell during assembly of the battery and during battery operation. Anode and cathode current collectors of the respective anode and cathode, pool electric current from the respective active electrochemical electrodes and enable transfer (e.g., flow) of the current to the environment outside the battery.

[0004] There are a number of shortcomings related to secondary batteries and the process of making secondary batteries. For example, an external short circuit (ESC) evaluation (e.g., at least in part by connecting the battery cell terminals with a resistor less than 100 milliohm) is required abuse testing for most all regulatory certifications, e.g. UN38.3, IEC62133, UL1642, GB31241. These tests cause cells to draw high currents and overheat. Passing these tests traditionally depends on the separator shutting down current flow, venting off hot vapor, and/or active materials’ stability at high temperature providing enough margin for the cell to tolerate abuse conditions for several minutes and safely dissipate heat without harm, e.g., without undergoing a (e.g., catastrophic) event to the battery, to personnel, to the ambient environment external to the battery such as to the facility in which the battery is disposed. Trade-offs are sometimes made in designing the separator, pouch seal, and/or active material components to provide sufficient margin against ESC abuse at the expense of cell performance and size, e.g. thicker separator, weaker seal, lower cathode voltage, or any combination thereof.

[0005] To curtail the harm, it may be important to address external short circuit abuse. It may be of interest to curtail a (e.g., large) flow of current through various components of the energy storage device and/or cell thereof, e.g., when heat generated due to such flow of current cannot be dissipated in a manner that will prevent the harm, e.g., prevent a runaway reaction that may cause the harm (e.g., adverse effect). Designing alternative device (e.g., battery) components to impart abuse tolerance against ESC instead could offer a greater degree of freedom for optimizing active materials and separators for better cell performance and higher energy density with reduced burden on providing margin during ESC.

SUMMARY

[0006] In some aspects, the present disclosure resolves one or more of the aforementioned hardships and/or shortcomings. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides solutions to curtail the aforementioned hardships and/or shortcomings. The solutions include method(s), device(s), apparatus(es), system(s), and/or design(s).

[0007] In some aspects, the present inventions relate to method(s), device(s), apparatus(es), system(s), and design(s), utilized for a battery comprising cell(s). Methods, apparatuses, devices, program instructions, and structures, are disclosed herein to curtail the harm to energy manipulation devices. In some aspects, the disclosure relates to a fuse(s) that can generate an open circuit, the fuse can be internal to the device (e.g., battery) casing, and external to the cell(s). The fuse(s) can be located in, or as part of, electrical interconnect components (also herein “interconnect components”) of the device. The interconnect components may include a busbar (e.g., terminal section thereof), a busbar extender, a terminal tab connecting the cell to the ambient environment external to the device casing (e.g., housing), any plurality thereof, and/or any combination thereof.

[0008] The fuse(s) may be configured to undergo a change (e.g., activate) quickly when there is a harmful flow (e.g., large rush) of current therethrough and open before the harm occurs, to prevent the harm from occurring. Quickly is within a sufficient time to diminish the extent of (e.g., prevent) the harm, e.g., within tens of a second. For example, the fuse(s) may be configured to heat up quickly when there is a harmful flow (e.g., large rush) of current therethrough and open before harm occurs, e.g., before the cell initiates (e.g., and experiences) a runaway reaction.

[0009] In some aspects, disclosed herein is (e.g., techniques are disclosed herein for) a (e.g., secondary) battery that incorporates one or more fuse links within the electrical interconnect components situated around the perimeter of the secondary battery die that could activate and interrupt current during ESC event, or other uncontrolled high current abuse scenarios, to reduce abuse tolerance burden on design of active materials. The feature could (e.g., ideally) carry an electrical current of up to 20 Amperes (abbreviated herein as “Amp”) during normal working performance without forming a hot spot of excessive temperature due to joule heating but would activate to disconnect the circuit when subjected to an electrical current of 25 A or greater. [0010] In another aspect, a device for energy manipulation, the device comprising: a cell comprising an electrode opposing and separated from a counter-electrode by a gap, the cell being electrochemical (e.g., electrolytic), the cell comprising charge carriers and an electrolyte configured to, during use of the device, allow traversal of the charge carriers between the electrode and counter-electrode to manipulate electrical current including to utilize, generate, or utilize and generate, a current of electricity, the energy manipulation of the device comprising energy storage, energy release, or energy storage and release; a housing configured to house the cell; and a fuse operatively coupled with the cell, the fuse being configured to (A) during flow of current below a at least one threshold, allow flow of the current through the fuse and relative to the cell, and (B) when the flow of current through the fuse is equal to or greater than the at least one threshold, curtail current from flowing through the fuse, the fuse being (i) operatively coupled with the housing and/or (ii) disposed in the housing. In some embodiments, the interior of the housing includes an interior surface of the housing and/or interior volume of the housing. In some embodiments, the housing comprising one or more encasings (also referred to herein as “casings”). In some embodiments, wherein the one or more encasings are encasings. In some embodiments, the one or more encasings being nested one within another. In some embodiments, the one or more encasings comprises a solid and/or rigid material. In some embodiments, the one or more encasings comprises a can. In some embodiments, the one or more encasings comprising a flexible encasing. In some embodiments, the one or more encasings comprises a pouch. In some embodiments, an increase of the current above the at least one threshold comprises a surge of the current in the fuse. In some embodiments, the at least one threshold is a value or a function. In some embodiments, the function considers a temperature of the fuse, a rate of current flow through the fuse, a material makeup of the fuse, a volume of the fuse, a pressure exerted on the fuse, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, during flow of current below the at least one threshold, the fuse is configured to allow the flow of the current through the fuse to curtail (e.g., prevent) harm. In some embodiments, the fuse is configured to curtail the current from flowing through the fuse at least in part by (I) the fuse physically separating to prevent flow through the fuse, or (II) the flow otherwise ceasing to flow the current through the fuse. In some embodiments, otherwise ceasing to flow the current through the fuse comprises a change in a material makeup of the fuse. In some embodiments, the change in the material makeup of the fuse is induced by (I) the flow of the current at or above the at least one threshold, (II) a pressure experienced by the fuse, the pressure being above a pressure threshold of the at least one threshold, (III) a temperature experienced by the fuse, the temperature being above a temperature threshold of the at least one threshold, (III) interaction with a reactive species sensed by the fuse, the reactive species being configured to react with any component of the device to induce harm, or (IV) any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the harm is harmful (a) to the device, (b) to a user of the device, (c) to an environment in which the device is located, or (d) any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the temperature threshold comprises an initiation of, or is of, a runaway reaction occurring in the device. In some embodiments, the pressure threshold comprises (a) a pressure inducing generation of material growth through the gap that electrically shorts the cell, (b) a pressure inducing growth of a reduced phase of the charge carriers, (c) a pressure inducing surface roughness of a reduced phase of the charge carriers, (d) a pressure causing structural harm to the device, or (e) any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the fuse is disposed as part of, or operatively coupled with, (a) the housing, (b) the cell, (c) a stack of cells comprising the cell, cells of the stack of cells being similar to the cell, (d) at least one interconnected component operatively coupled with the cell, the at least one interconnected component being configured for flowing the current therethrough and relative to the cell, (f) the fuse is disposed in, or as part of, a seal of the housing, (g) the fuse is configured to cease flow of the current through the fuse, or (e) any combination thereof. In some embodiments, (A) the at least one interconnected component comprises a busbar, a busbar extender, or a terminal extending from an interior of the housing to an external environment to the housing, the terminal being operatively coupled with the cell (B) the fuse is disposed in, or as part of, a seal at least in part by being disposed in a grommet operatively coupled with the seal. In some embodiments, the housing is configured to (e.g., hermetically) seal and separate the cell from an exterior environment to the housing, e.g., using the seal. In some embodiments, the seal protects an interior environment of the housing from debris, e.g., dust, other particulate matter, and/or biomatter. In some embodiments, the seal protects an interior environment of the housing from ingress and/or egress of liquids therethrough. In some embodiments, every two immediately adjacent cells of the stack of cells being separated by an electrically insulating material. In some embodiments, a separator is disposed in the gap, the separator being electrically insulating and configured to allow the charge carriers to traverse through the separator, the insulator being of a material makeup of the separator. In some embodiments, the insulator has the dimensionality (e.g., FLS) of the separator. In some embodiments, the fuse comprises an insulator, the insulator being mixed, layered, or forming a composite material, with a conductor. In some embodiments, the fuse comprises one or more layers. In some embodiments, the one or more layers are layers, and wherein (A) at least two of the layers are of (e.g., substantially) the same material makeup, (B) at least two of the layers are of a different material makeup from each other, wherein (C) at least two of the layers have at least one FLS that is (e.g., substantially) the same, (D) at least two of the layers have at least one FLS that is different from each other, or (E) any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a resistance in the fuse may be of at least about 0.5 milliohms (mfi). In some embodiments, a resistance in the fuse may be of at most about 200 mfi. In some embodiments, a resistance of the fuse may be based at least in part on (a) a type of the device, (b) use of the device, (c) a prescribed conditions of the device, (d) a prescribed lifetime of the device, (e) an interconnect components in which the fuse is disposed or of which the fuse is part of, (f) the location of the fuse in the interconnect components, (g) a proximity of the fuse to one or more other components of the device, or (h) any combination thereof. In some embodiments, (I) the prescribed conditions comprise operating conditions, storage conditions, buffering conditions, transportation conditions and/or (II) the prescribed conditions comprise environmental conditions. In some embodiments, the environmental conditions comprise conditions in the ambient environment external to the device and/or conditions to which the cell of the device is exposed to. In some embodiments, the environmental conditions comprise a temperature, a pressure, a gas makeup, a gas level (e.g., humidity and/or oxygen), or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the at least one threshold includes a temperature threshold, current threshold, and/or a resistance threshold. In some embodiments, (I) the at least one threshold comprises a value, a function, or a value and a function, and/or (II) the at least one threshold includes (a) a minimum threshold, (b) a maximum threshold, or (c) a minimum threshold and a minimum threshold. In some embodiments, the fuse activates within at most about ten seconds of the occurrence of a threshold event; and wherein the fuse activates within at most about half a second from occurrence of the threshold event. In some embodiments, the fuse comprises an elemental metal, a metal alloy, an allotrope of elemental metal, a ceramic, a polymer, or a resin. In some embodiments, the fuse comprises gold, silver, tin, nickel, copper, zinc, aluminum, lead, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the fuse comprises a lead-nickel alloy. In some embodiments, the fuse comprises a material having a low temperature transition threshold (e.g., melting point), electrical conductivity of the flow of the current (e.g., at a prescribed conditions of the device), resistance to wear over a prescribed lifetime of the device. In some embodiments, the resistance to wear comprises a diminished oxidation susceptibility and/or otherwise corrosion susceptibility (e.g., at a prescribed conditions of the device and over the prescribed lifetime of the device). In some embodiments, the fuse comprises a material having a high surface tension such that when flow of the current through the fuse at or above the at least one threshold, the fuse divides into two physically separated portions having an external surface comprising a curved plane (e.g., at least a portion of an ellipsoid). In some embodiments, when the current is flowing through the fuse above the at least one threshold, the fuse experiences a change in a material of the fuse. In some embodiments, (A) the change in the material comprises softening, liquification, liquidation, or evaporation, (B) the at least one threshold comprises a current threshold, a temperature threshold, or a current threshold and a temperature threshold, (C) a change in the material comprises undergoing a chemical change, or (D) any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the temperature threshold comprises a glass temperature, a melting temperature, or a sublimation temperature. In some embodiments, the chemical change comprises polymerization, change in a tertiary structure of the material, change in hydrogen bonds of the material, change in polar bonds of the material, change in van der Waals bonds of the material, change in covalent bonds of the material, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the chemical change comprises a change in a metallurgical phase of the material. In some embodiments, the at least one threshold occurs (a) during a prescribed lifetime of the device and/or (b) when the device is held in prescribed conditions of the device. In some embodiments, the at least one threshold occurs (a) outside of a prescribed lifetime of the device and/or (b) when the device is held in conditions outside of prescribed conditions of the device. In some embodiments, an increase of the current above the at least one threshold causes irreversible change in the fuse. In some embodiments, the fuse is configured to curtail (e.g., prevent) a runaway reaction in the cell. In some embodiments, the fuse is configured to curtail the runaway reaction when the fuse experiences a temperature of at least about 30 degrees Celsius (°C), 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 61°C, 65°C, or 70°C. In some embodiments, the fuse is configured to allow the flow of the current therethrough at a low temperature of at least about -30°C, -20°C, -10°C, 0°C, or 10°C. In some embodiments, the fuse is configured to allow the flow of the current therethrough at a high temperature of at most about 50°C, 70°C, 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C, 350°C, 500°C, 700°C, 1000°C, or 1200°C. In some embodiments, the fuse is configured for a fast alteration of a charge state of the cell, the fast alteration of its charge state including charging and/or discharging. In some embodiments, the fast alteration C- rating of its charge state comprises at least about 1 C, 2C, 3C, 5C, 7C, 10C, 12C, or 15C, with C representing a capacity of the cell measuring the current divided by a rated battery capacity measured in ampere-hour, the current being of charging or discharging. In some embodiments, the fast alteration C-rating of the charge state of the cell is at least about 1C. In some embodiments, the device comprises fuses including the fuse, the fuses being operatively coupled with the cell, and wherein at least one of the fuses is operatively coupled with, or is a portion of, (a) at least one busbar operatively coupled with the electrode and/or with the counter-electrode, (b) at least one busbar extender (e.g., respectively) operatively coupled with the electrode and/or with the counter-electrode, (a) at least one terminal operatively coupled with the electrode and/or with the counter-electrode. In some embodiments, at least a portion of a terminal is surrounded (e.g., engulfed) by a grommet, the terminal being of the at least one terminal. In some embodiments, the fuse is disposed in an internal space surrounded by a grommet operatively coupled with the housing. In some embodiments, the grommet contributes at least in part to separation of an interior of the housing from an external environment to the housing. In some embodiments, the fuse is disposed (a) in an external section of a space surrounded by the grommet that is in the housing, (b) in an external section of the space surrounded by the grommet that is external to the housing, (c) in a seal section of the space surrounded by the grommet that is at a seal of the housing, or (d) any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the device comprises fuses including the fuse; and wherein at least one of the fuses is disposed (a) in an external section of the space surrounded by the grommet that is in the housing, (b) in an external section of the space surrounded by the grommet that is external to the housing, (c) in a seal section of the space surrounded by the grommet that is at a seal of the housing, or (d) any combination thereof. In some embodiments, at least two of the fuses are located differently from each other with respect to the housing and/or wherein one or more of the fuses are located at a same location with respect to the housing. In some embodiments, the grommet comprises (a) an internal section of the grommet in the housing, (b) an external section of the grommet external to the housing, (c) a seal section of the grommet at a seal of the housing, or (d) any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the grommet comprises a polymer or a resin. In some embodiments, the grommet comprises an electrically insulating material. In some embodiments, the grommet is electrically insulating. In some embodiments, the grommet is operatively coupled with the housing, the grommet being configured to allow a terminal (e.g., a distal tab) to conduct electrical current between the cell and an environment external to the housing, the terminal being operatively coupled with the cell. In some embodiments, the terminal is operatively coupled with the electrode or with the counter-electrode. In some embodiments, the grommet is operatively coupled with the housing using a physical compression of the housing onto the grommet, adhesion of the grommet to the housing, through an adhesive adhering to the grommet, adhesion of the grommet to the housing, through an adhesive adhering to the housing, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the grommet is configured to hinder (e.g., prevent) one or more reactive species present in an ambient environment external to the housing, from entering an interior of the housing through the grommet. In some embodiments, the grommet is configured to allow sealing of the housing, the sealing being gas tight and/or hermetic. In some embodiments, the housing is configured to (e.g., hermetically) seal and separate the cell from an exterior environment to the housing, e.g., the sealing comprising the grommet. In some embodiments, the seal protects an interior environment of the housing from debris, e.g., dust, other particulate matter, and/or biomatter. In some embodiments, the seal protects an interior environment of the housing from ingress and/or egress of liquids therethrough. In some embodiments, sealing the housing comprises a hermetic seal, a gas tight seal, and/or a liquid tight seal. In some embodiments, the housing is configured to (e.g., hermetically) seal the cell such that liquid is unable to flow from an interior of the housing to an exterior of the housing, e.g., electrolyte liquid. In some embodiments, the housing is configured to seal and separate the cell from an exterior environment to the housing. In some embodiments, the seal comprises a grommet. In some embodiments, the seal is configured to protect an interior environment of the housing from ingress and/or egress of one or more substances therethrough. In some embodiments, the seal is a hermetic seal, a gas tight seal, a liquid tight seal, or any combination thereof; and optionally wherein the grommet is configured to form a hermetic seal, a gas tight seal, a liquid tight seal, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more reactive species are configured to react with an interior of the cell during a prescribed lifetime of the cell and at prescribed conditions of the cell. In some embodiments, the one or more reactive species comprise water, oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the device comprises fuses including the fuse, the fuses being disposed in internal space of grommets coupled with the housing. In some embodiments, the at least one the fuses is respectively disposed in a space surrounded by at least one of the grommets. In some embodiments, the each of the grommets comprise an internal portion internal to the housing, an external portion external to the housing, a seal portion at a seal of the housing, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, (I) at least two of the grommets comprise a same portion configuration with respect to the housing and/or (II) two or more of the grommets comprise a different portion configuration with respect to the housing. In some embodiments, at least two of the fuses are disposed (a) in the housing, (b) external to the housing, (c) at a seal of the housing, or (d) any combination thereof. In some embodiments,

(I) at least two of the fuses comprise a same placement with respect to the housing and/or

(II) two or more of the fuses comprise a different placement with respect to the housing. In some embodiments, the fuse is disposed in a busbar operatively coupled to the electrode or to the counter-electrode. In some embodiments, the busbar is configured to conduct the flow of current therethrough. In some embodiments, (I) the busbar comprises an elemental metal, a metal alloy, a polymer, a resin, or an allotrope of elemental carbon, (II) the busbar comprises a non-composite material, a composite material, or a mixture of materials, or (III) any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the busbar comprises copper, or aluminum. In some embodiments, the busbar comprises a material type of a current collector of the one of a pair of electrodes to which it is connected to, the pair of electrodes comprising the electrode and the counter-electrode. In some embodiments, the busbar comprises a material type different from that of a current collector of the one of a pair of electrodes to which it is connected to, the pair of electrodes comprising the electrode and the counter-electrode. In some embodiments, the busbar comprises a first portion and a second portion coupled to the first portion by the fuse. In some embodiments, the first portion has a material makeup of the second portion. In some embodiments, the first portion has a material makeup different from that of the second portion. In some embodiments, the device comprises fuses including the fuse, the fuses being disposed in busbars coupled with the cell. In some embodiments, the at least one the fuses is disposed at least one of the busbars, respectively. In some embodiments, each of the busbars comprise a first portion coupled with a second portion by a fuse of the fuses. In some embodiments, (I) at least two of the busbars comprise a fuse having at least one fuse characteristic in common and/or (II) two or more of the busbars comprise fuses having at least one fuse characteristic different from each other, the at least one fuse characteristic comprises material type, material makeup, volume, at least one fundamental length scale, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the busbar comprises a busbar extender operatively coupled with the busbar, the busbar extender being configured to conduct the flow of current therethrough; wherein the busbar extender is configured to conduct flow of the current therethrough. In some embodiments, (I) the busbar extender comprises an elemental metal, a metal alloy, a polymer, a resin, or an allotrope of elemental carbon, (II) the busbar extender comprises a non-composite material, a composite material, or a mixture of materials, (III) the busbar and the busbar extender have at least one material type in common, (IV) the busbar and the busbar extender have at least one material type different from each other, (V) the device comprises a busbar extender to one type of the electrode pair, the other type of the electrode pair being devoid of the busbar extender, the electrode pair comprising the electrode and the counter-electrode, or (VI) any combination thereof. In some embodiments, (a) the busbar extender is of the material type of the busbar and/or (b) the flow of the current is (e.g., substantially) as in the busbar and in the busbar extender. In some embodiments, the busbar extender comprises a first portion and a second portion coupled to the first portion by the fuse. In some embodiments, a busbar extender may comprise one or more of fuses including the fuse. In some embodiments, the fuse is disposed in a busbar extender operatively coupled to the electrode or to the counterelectrode. In some embodiments, the busbar extender is configured to conduct the flow of current therethrough. In some embodiments, (I) the busbar extender comprises an elemental metal, a metal alloy, a polymer, a resin, or an allotrope of elemental carbon, (II) the busbar comprises a non-composite material, a composite material, or a mixture of materials, or (III) any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the busbar extender comprises copper, or aluminum. In some embodiments, the busbar extender comprises a material type of a current collector of the one of a pair of electrodes to which it is connected to, the pair of electrodes comprising the electrode and the counter-electrode. In some embodiments, the busbar extender comprises a material type different from that of a current collector of the one of a pair of electrodes to which it is connected to, the pair of electrodes comprising the electrode and the counter-electrode. In some embodiments, the busbar extender comprises a first portion and a second portion coupled to the first portion by the fuse. In some embodiments, the first portion has a material makeup of the second portion. In some embodiments, the first portion has a material makeup different from that of the second portion. In some embodiments, the device comprises fuses including the fuse, the fuses being disposed in one or more of busbar extenders operatively coupled with the cell, each of the busbar extenders being operatively coupled respectively with a busbar coupled with the cell, the respective busbar being operatively coupled with one of a pair of electrodes comprising the electrode and the counter-electrode. In some embodiments, at least one the fuses is part of, or operatively coupled with, at least one of the busbar extenders, respectively. In some embodiments, each of the busbar extenders comprise a first portion coupled with a second portion by a fuse of the fuses. In some embodiments, (I) at least two of the busbar extenders comprise a fuse having at least one fuse characteristic in common and/or (II) two or more of the busbar extenders comprise fuses having at least one fuse characteristic different from each other, the at least one fuse characteristic comprises material type, material makeup, volume, at least one fundamental length scale, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the fuse is disposed (a) in the housing, (b) external to the housing, (c) in a seal of the housing, or (d) any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the device comprises fuses including the fuse, wherein at least one fuse of the fuses is disposed (A) in the housing, (B) external to the housing, (C) in a seal a seal of the housing, (D) at an internal surface of the housing, or (E) any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the housing is a battery housing (e.g., the housing is a can). In some embodiments, the housing is a solid and/or rigid housing (e.g., the housing is a can). In some embodiments, the housing is a flexible housing (e.g., the housing is a pouch). In some embodiments, the housing comprises an elemental metal, a metal alloy, an allotrope of elemental carbon, a polymer, or a resin. In some embodiments, the housing is configured to (e.g., hermetically) seal and separate the cell from an exterior environment to the housing. In some embodiments, sealing the housing comprises a hermetic seal and/or a tight gas seal. In some embodiments, the housing is configured to (e.g., hermetically) seal the cell such that liquid is unable to flow from an interior of the housing to an exterior of the housing, e.g., electrolyte liquid. In some embodiments, the housing is configured to (e.g., hermetically) seal and separate the cell from an exterior environment to the housing to curtail (e.g., hinder, or measurably prevent) reactivity of one or more reactive species from an ambient environment with one or more materials of the cell. In some embodiments, the one or more reactive species comprise water, oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, any plurality thereof, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the cell is operatively coupled with a constraint system configured to curtail volume change of the cell as it alters its volume during a change between a charged state and a discharged state of the cell. In some embodiments, the fuse is disposed (a) in the constraint system closer to the cell, (b) external to the constraint system further from the cell, (c) at a perimeter of a volume defined by the constraint system, or (d) any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the device comprises fuses including the fuse, wherein at least one fuse of the fuses is disposed (A) in the constraint system closer to the cell, (B) external to the constraint system further from the cell, (V) at a perimeter of a volume defined by the constraint system, or (F) any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the constraint system comprises a constraint including elemental metal, metal alloy, an allotrope of elemental carbon, a polymer, a resin, a plurality of types thereof, and/or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the constraint comprises a composite material. In some embodiments, the constraint comprises a non-composite material. In some embodiments, the constraint system comprises one or more perforations. In some embodiments, the constraint system comprises an oblong perforation. In some embodiments, the constraint system comprises evenly spaced perforations. In some embodiments, the constraint system comprises aligned perforations. In some embodiments, the constraint system comprises two opposing constraints disposed at opposing sides of the cell, the two opposing constraints facing each other. In some embodiments, the two opposing constraints are separated from each other by a constraint gap. In some embodiments, the constraint system comprises two opposing constraints disposed at opposing sides of the cell. In some embodiments, the constraint system is configured to anisotropically curtail volume change of the cell it at least one axis as the cell alters its volume. In some embodiments, the constraint system is configured to anisotropically curtail volume change of the cell it at least one axis as the cell alters its volume, the at least one axis being different than a stacking axis along which the electrode and counter-electrodes are stacked in the cell. In some embodiments, the at least one axis being a longest axis of the electrode and/or of the counter-electrode. In some embodiments, the constraint system is configured to anisotropically curtail volume change of the cell it at least one axis as the cell alters its volume, the at least one axis being (e.g., substantially) normal to a stacking axis along which the electrode and counter-electrodes are stacked in the cell. In some embodiments, the at least one axis is one axis. In some embodiments, the fuse is disposed in a terminal (e.g., distal tab) operatively coupled with the electrode or with the counterelectrode, the terminal being configured to facilitate the flow of the current between the cell and an exterior of the housing. In some embodiments, the terminal is configured to conduct the flow of current therethrough. In some embodiments, (I) the terminal comprises an elemental metal, a metal alloy, a polymer, a resin, or an allotrope of elemental carbon, (II) the terminal comprises a non-composite material, a composite material, or a mixture of materials, or (III) any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the terminal comprises copper, or aluminum. In some embodiments, the terminal comprises a material type of a current collector of the one of a pair of electrodes to which it is connected to, the pair of electrodes comprising the electrode and the counter-electrode. In some embodiments, the terminal comprises a material type different from that of a current collector of the one of a pair of electrodes to which it is connected to, the pair of electrodes comprising the electrode and the counter-electrode. In some embodiments, the terminal comprises a first portion and a second portion coupled to the first portion by the fuse. In some embodiments, the first portion has a material makeup of the second portion. In some embodiments, the first portion has a material makeup different from that of the second portion. In some embodiments, terminal comprises an internal portion internal to the housing, an external portion external to the housing, a seal portion at a seal of the housing, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the fuse is disposed (a) in the external portion of the terminal that is in the housing, (b) in the external portion of the terminal external to the housing, (c) in the seal portion of the terminal at a seal of the housing, or (d) any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the device comprises fuses including the fuse; and wherein at least one of the fuses is disposed (a) in the external portion of the terminal that is in the housing, (b) in the external portion of the terminal external to the housing, (c) in the seal portion of the terminal at a seal of the housing, or (d) any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the terminal comprises (a) an internal section of the terminal in the housing, (b) an external section of the terminal external to the housing, (c) a seal section of the terminal at a seal of the housing, or (d) any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the terminal is operatively coupled with the housing using physical compression and/or adhesion. In some embodiments, the device comprises fuses including the fuse, the fuses being disposed in terminals, a terminal of the terminals being coupled with one of a pair of electrodes, the pair of electrodes comprising the electrode and the counter-electrode, the terminals each being configured to facilitate the flow of the current between the cell and an exterior of the housing. In some embodiments, the at least one the fuse is respectively disposed in at least one terminal. In some embodiments, the terminals comprise an internal portion internal to the housing, an external portion external to the housing, a seal portion at a seal of the housing, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, (I) at least two of the terminals comprise a same portion configuration with respect to the housing and/or (II) two or more of the terminals comprise a different portion configuration with respect to the housing. In some embodiments, at least two of the fuses are disposed (a) in the external portion of the terminal that is in the housing, (b) in the external portion of the terminal external to the housing, (c) in the seal portion of the terminal at a seal of the housing, or (d) any combination thereof. In some embodiments, (I) at least two of the fuses comprise a same placement with respect to the housing and/or (II) two or more of the fuses comprise a different placement with respect to the housing. In some embodiments, the electrode comprises an electrode current collector, and wherein the counter-electrode comprises a counter-electrode current collector. In some embodiments, the electrode current collector extends to a first cell side and the counter-electrode current collector extends to a second cell side opposing the first cell side. In some embodiments, the electrode current collector operatively couples with an electrode terminal (e.g., a distal electrode tab) to flow the electrical current, the counter-electrode current collector operatively couples with a counter-electrode terminal (e.g., a distal counter-electrode tab) to flow counter-electrical current. In some embodiments, the electrode terminal and the counter-electrode terminal are disposed on a third cell side, the third cell side being the first cell side, the second cell side, or a different side from the first cell side and form the second cell side. In some embodiments, the electrode terminal and the counter-electrode terminal are disposed on opposing sides of the cell, the opposing sides being (i) the first cell side and the second cell side, or (ii) different from the first cell side and the second cell side. In some embodiments, the electrode and of the counter-electrode are stacked along a stacking axis, the electrode current collector extends to the first side of the cell by portion that is an electrode tab, and the counter-electrode current collector extends by a counter-electrode portion that is an counter-electrode tab to the second side of the cell opposing the first side; and wherein (a) the electrode tab is folded such that an exposed edge of the electrode tab in the direction of the extension is closer to the stacking axis, and (b) the counter-electrode tab is folded such that an exposed edge of the counter-electrode tab in the direction of the extension is closer to the stacking axis. In some embodiments, (A) the exposed edge of the electrode tab is pointing towards a direction along the stacking axis towards which the exposed edge of the counter-electrode tab is pointing to, or (B) the exposed edge of the electrode tab is pointing towards a direction along the stacking axis opposite to a direction towards which the exposed edge of the counter-electrode tab is pointing to. In some embodiments, the device comprises a set of cells comprising the cell, the set of cells being similar to the cell, the set of cells being stacked along a stacking axis to generate a stack of cells. In some embodiments, the electrode current collector of each cell of the set of cells extends to a first side of the set of cells by a portion that is an electrode tab, and the counterelectrode current collector of each cell of the set of cells extends by a portion that is a counter-electrode tab to a second side of the set of cells; and wherein the first side opposes the second side, or the first side is the second side. In some embodiments, each of the electrode tab operatively couples through an electrode busbar with an electrode terminal (e.g., distal electrode tab) configured to flow the current in an ambient environment external to the housing, the counter-electrode tab of each cell of the set of cells operatively couples a counter-electrode busbar with a counter-electrode terminal (e.g., distal counter-electrode tab) configured to flow the current to in the ambient environment. In some embodiments, (I) the electrode terminal and the counter-electrode terminal, are disposed on a third side of the set of cells, the third side being the first side, the second side, or a different side from the first side and form the second side, or (II) the distal electrode terminal and the distal counterelectrode terminal are disposed on opposing side of the set of cells, the opposing sides being the first side and the second side, or different from the first side and the second side. In some embodiments, (a) the electrode tab is folded (e.g., is angled with respect to the rest of the electrode), and (b) the counter-electrode tab is folded (e.g., is angled with respect to the rest of the counter-electrode). In some embodiments, (a) the electrode tab is folded such that an exposed edge of the electrode tab in the direction of the extension nears (e.g., becomes closer to) the stacking axis, and (b) the counter-electrode tab is folded such that an exposed edge of the counter-electrode tab in the direction of the extension nears to the stacking axis. In some embodiments, (A) the exposed edge of the electrode tab points towards a direction along the stacking axis in a direction having a vector along which the exposed edge of the counter-electrode tab points to, or (B) the exposed edge of the electrode tab points towards a direction having an electrode vector pointing to a direction along the stacking axis, the electrode vector opposing a counter-electrode vector of a direction towards which the exposed edge of the counter-electrode tab points to. In some embodiments, fuses are (e.g., respectively) disposed as part of, or operatively coupled with, (a) the housing, (b) the stack of cells, (d) at least one busbar operatively coupled with the stack of cells, the at least one busbar configured for flowing the current through the at least one busbar and relative to the stack of cells, (e) at least one busbar extender (e.g., respectively) operatively coupled with the at least one busbar, the at least one busbar extender configured for flowing the current through the at least one busbar extender and relative to the stack of cells, (f) at least one terminal operatively coupled with the stack of cells, the at least one terminal extending from an interior of the housing to an external environment to the housing, (g) the fuses being disposed in an internal space surrounded by grommets operatively coupled with the housing, (h) the fuses are configured to cease flow of charge through the fuses, (i) the device comprises a busbar extender to one type of the electrode pair, the other type of the electrode pair being devoid of the busbar extender, the electrode pair comprising the electrode and the counter-electrode, or (j) any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the electrode comprises an electrode current collector contacting an electrode active material. In some embodiments, (I) electrode active material is disposed at one side of the electrode current collector, the one side facing the counterelectrode, an other side of the electrode current collector being devoid of the electrode active material, the other side opposing the one side, or (II) the electrode active material is disposed at opposing sides of the electrode current collector, one of the opposing sides facing the counter-electrode. In some embodiments, the electrode, counter-electrode, and current collector are stacked along a stacking axis. In some embodiments, an interior of the housing experiences a variation in pressure during a prescribed lifetime of the device and when the device is held in prescribed conditions of the device. In some embodiments, a central tendency of a variability in the pressure in the device is of at most about 20PSI, 50PSI, 100PSI, 500PSI, 1000PSI, 1500PSI, 2000PSI, or 3000PSI. In some embodiments, an internal pressure of the device is an overpressure. In some embodiments, the overpressure of at most about 20 PSI, 50PSI, 100PSI, 500PSI, 1000PSI, 1500PSI, 2000PSI, or 3000PSI. In some embodiments, a maximal pressure measured as a central tendency (e.g., average) of maximal overpressure in an interior volume of the housing and/or as experienced by the cell across a volume of the cell. In some embodiments, the charge carriers comprise lithium cations. In some embodiments, a separator is disposed in the gap, the separator configured to electrically insulate the electrode and the counter-electrode while allowing traversal of the charge carriers through the separator. In some embodiments, the electrode comprises, or is operatively coupled with (e.g., contacts) active material that measurably alters its volume as the electrode changes between its charged and discharged states. In some embodiments, an alteration of the volume is at most about 6%, 10%, 20%, 100%, 300%, or 400%. In some embodiments, the alteration of the volume is at most about 400%. In some embodiments, an alteration of the volume is at least about 1%, 2%, 5%, 6%, 10%, 20%, 100%, or 300%. In some embodiments, the alteration of the volume is at least about 1%. In some embodiments, during a prescribed lifetime of the device comprises at least one discharge. In some embodiments, during a prescribed lifetime of the device comprises charge and discharge cycles. In some embodiments, the device is configured such that during a prescribed lifetime of the device comprises buffering of the device. In some embodiments, the device is configured such that prescribed conditions of the device comprise buffering of the device. In some embodiments, buffering of the device comprises performing a cycle of loading the electrode active material with the charge carriers, the electrode active material being part of, or operatively coupled with, the electrode. In some embodiments, the electrode is an anode, comprising, or operatively coupled with an electrode active material. In some embodiments, the electrode active material comprising graphite, silicon, elemental lithium, a plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the electrode active material comprises elemental silicon, silicon oxide (SiOx), silicon carbon mixture, silicon carbon composite, a plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the electrode active material comprises a composite material. In some embodiments, the electrode active material comprises a noncomposite material. In some embodiments, the electrode active material comprises a particulate material. In some embodiments, the electrode active material comprises a metal oxide. In some embodiments, the metal oxide comprises cobalt. In some embodiments, the electrode active material comprises two types of an allotrope of elemental carbon. In some embodiments, the two types of an allotrope of elemental carbon include hard carbon and/or soft carbon. In some embodiments, the electrode active material comprises a layered structure. In some embodiments, at least two layers of the layered structure have a material class in common, the material class comprising an allotrope of elemental carbon, a silicon containing material, a plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the electrode active material measurably alters its volume as the electrode changes by at most about 6%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 100%, 300%, or 400%. In some embodiments, the electrode active material measurably alters its volume as the electrode changes by at most about 10%. In some embodiments, the electrode active material that measurably alters its volume as the electrode changes by at least about 2%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 100%, or 200%. In some embodiments, the electrode active material that measurably alters its volume as the electrode changes by at most about 2%. In some embodiments, the charge carriers comprise cations. In some embodiments, (I) the cations are monovalent cations, (II) the cations are alkali cation and/or alkali earth cations, and/or (III) the cations comprise lithium cations. In some embodiments, the device comprises at least one separator disposed in the gap, the at least one separator being configured to electrically separate the electrode from the counter-electrode while allowing the charge carriers to traverse therethrough at least during a prescribed operation condition of the device (e.g., normal operation). In some embodiments, the electrode and the counter-electrode are stacked along a stacking axis, each of the electrode and counter-electrode having a length along their long axis perpendicular to the stacking axis, a width, and a height perpendicular to the length and to the stacking axis, and a width along the stacking axis; and wherein (I) an aspect ratio of the length to the height is at least about 2: 1 , 3: 1 , 5: 1 , 6: 1 , 10: 1 , 50: 1 , or 100:1 , the aspect ratio being of the electrode and/or of the counter-electrode and/or (II) an aspect ratio of the height to width is at least about 5:1, 10: 1 , 50: 1 , 100: 1 , 500: 1 or 1000: 1 , the aspect ratio being of the electrode and/or of the counter-electrode. In some embodiments, (A) the aspect ratio of the length to the height is at least about 5:1, (B) the aspect ratio of the height to the width is at least about 10:1. In some embodiments, the device is a battery. In some embodiments, the device is a secondary battery. In some embodiments, the device comprises a set of cells similar to the cell and comprising the cell, the set of cells being stacked along a stacking axis; wherein the housing is a prism comprising a top surface opposing a bottom surface having a surface area of the top surface, wherein the electrode has an electrode surface having a largest surface among its surface types, and wherein the counter-electrode has a counter-electrode surface having a largest surface among its surface types; and wherein the electrode surface and the counterelectrode surface are both disposed parallel to each other and to a side different from the top surface. In some embodiments, the housing comprises a first side surface opposing a second side surface having a surface area of the first side surface, a third side surface opposing a fourth side surface having a surface area of the third side surface, the top surface, first side surface, and third side surface being perpendicular to each other, the first side surface being smaller than the third side surface being smaller than the top surface, and wherein (I) the electrode surface and the counter-electrode surface are both disposed parallel to each other and to the first side surface , or (II) the electrode surface and the counter-electrode surface are both disposed parallel to each other and to the third side surface. In some embodiments, the device is configured for electronic applications comprising mobile device, electrical vehicle, a guided device, a guiding device, a remote communication device, a control (e.g., remote-control) device, a wireless device, a location device, an wearable device, and inventory device, a sensing device, a medical device, cellular phone, console, laptop, tablet, pen, any plurality thereof, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the vehicle is at least partially a self-driving vehicle (e.g., has selfdriving capabilities). In some embodiments, the vehicles comprise a car, a truck, a plane, a spacecraft, a drone, or any combination thereof.

[0011] In another aspect, a method comprising: (a) providing the device of any of the above devices; and (b) manufacturing, testing, buffering, storing, transporting, and/or using the device for the energy manipulation.

[0012] In another aspect, a method of fabricating the device of any of the above devices, the method comprises: executing one or more operations to fabricate the device. In some embodiments, fabrication of the device comprises manufacturing.

[0013] In another aspect, an apparatus for fabricating the device of any of the above devices, the apparatus comprises: at least one controller configured for (a) operatively coupling with at least one component; and (b) executing, or directing the at least one component to execute, one or more operations associated with fabrication of the device. In some embodiments, the at least one controller is configured to operatively couple with a power source and/or with a communication platform.

[0014] In another aspect, one or more non-transitory computer readable media comprising program instruction physically inscribed thereon, the program instructions, when read by one or more processors, are configured to (I) execute, or direct execution of, one or more operations associated with fabrication of the device of any of the above devices, (II) the one or more operations comprising directing at least one component to execute the one or more operations, the one or more processors being configured to operatively coupe with the at least one component, or (III) a combination of (I) and (II).

[0015] In another aspect, an apparatus for using the device of any of the above devices, the apparatus comprises: at least one controller configured for (a) operatively coupling with at least one component; and (b) executing, or directing the at least one component to execute, one or more operations associated with use of the device. In some embodiments, the at least one controller is configured to operatively couple with a power source and/or with a communication platform.

[0016] In another aspect, one or more non-transitory computer readable media comprising program instruction physically inscribed thereon, the program instructions, when read by one or more processors, are configured to (I) execute, or direct execution of, one or more operations associated with use of the device of any of the above devices, (II) the one or more operations comprising directing at least one component to execute the one or more operations, the one or more processors being configured to operatively coupe with the at least one component, or (III) a combination of (I) and (II).

[0017] In another aspect, one or more non-transitory computer readable media comprising program instruction physically inscribed thereon, the program instructions, when read by one or more processors, are configured to execute, or direct execution of, one or more operations of any of the above methods to fabricate the device.

[0018] In another aspect, a system for effectuating the methods, operations of an apparatus, and/or operations inscribed by non-transitory computer readable program instructions (e.g., inscribed on a media/medium), disclosed herein.

[0019] In another aspect, a system for effectuating the methods, operations of an apparatus, operation of a device, and/or operations inscribed by non-transitory computer readable program instructions (e.g., inscribed on a media/medium), disclosed herein.

[0020] In another aspect, device(s) (e.g., apparatus) for effectuating the methods, operations of an apparatus, and/or operations inscribed by non-transitory computer readable program instructions (e.g., inscribed on a media/medium).

[0021] In other aspects, systems, apparatuses (e.g., controller(s)), and/or non-transitory computer-readable program instructions (e.g., software) that implement any of the methods disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the program instructions are inscribed on at least one medium (e.g., on a medium or on media).

[0022] In other aspects, methods, systems, apparatuses (e.g., controller(s)), and/or non- transitory computer-readable program instructions (e.g., software) that implement any of the devices disclosed herein and/or any operation of these devices. In some embodiments, the program instructions are inscribed on at least one medium (e.g., on a medium or on media). [0023] In another aspect, an apparatus comprises at least one controller that is configured (e.g., programmed) to direct a mechanism used in a methodology disclosed herein to implement (e.g., effectuate) any of the method and/or operations disclosed herein, wherein the controller(s) is operatively coupled with the mechanism. In some embodiments, the controller(s) implements any of the methods and/or operations disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the at least one controller comprises, or be operatively coupled with, a hierarchical control system. In some embodiments, the hierarchical control system comprises at least three, four, or five, control levels. In some embodiments, at least two operations are performed, or directed, by the same controller. In some embodiments, at least two operations are each performed, or directed, by a different controller.

[0024] In another aspect, an apparatus comprises at least one controller configured (e.g., programmed) to implement (e.g., effectuate), or direct implementation of the method, process, and/or operation disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the at least one controller implements any of the methods, processes, and/or operations disclosed herein.

[0025] In another aspect, non-transitory computer readable program instructions, when read by one or more processors, are configured to execute, or direct execution of, the method, process, and/or operation disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the at least one controller implements any of the methods, processes, and/or operations disclosed herein. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the one or more processors is part of a mechanism, outside of the mechanism, or in a location remote from the mechanism disclosed herein (e.g., in the cloud).

[0026] In another aspect, a system comprises an apparatus and at least one controller configured (e.g., programmed) to direct operation of the apparatus, wherein the at least one controller is operatively coupled with the apparatus. In some embodiments, the apparatus includes any apparatus or device disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the at least one controller implements, or direct implementation of, any of the methods disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the at least one controller directs any apparatus (or component thereof) disclosed herein. In some embodiments, at least two operations (e.g., instructions) of the apparatus are directed by the same controller. In some embodiments, at least two operations (e.g., instructions) of the apparatus are directed by different controllers. In some embodiments, at least two operations (e.g., instructions) are carried out by the same processor and/or by the same sub-computer software product. In some embodiments, at least two of operations (e.g., instructions) are carried out by different processors and/or by different sub-computer software products.

[0027] In another aspect, a computer software product, comprising a (e.g., non-transitory) computer-readable medium/media in which program instructions are stored, which instructions, when read by a computer, cause the computer to direct a mechanism used to implement (e.g., effectuate) any of the method disclosed herein, wherein the non-transitory computer-readable medium is operatively coupled with the mechanism. In some embodiments, the mechanism comprises an apparatus or an apparatus component.

[0028] In another aspect, a computer system comprising one or more computer processors and non-transitory computer-readable medium/media coupled thereto. In some embodiments, the non-transitory computer-readable medium/media comprises machineexecutable code that, upon execution by the one or more computer processors, implements any of the methods and/or operations (e.g., as disclosed herein), and/or effectuates directions of the controller(s) (e.g., as disclosed herein).

[0029] In another aspect, a method comprises executing one or more operations associated with at least one configuration of the mechanism(s) (e.g., device(s)) disclosed herein.

[0030] In another aspect, an apparatus comprises at least one controller is configured (i) operatively couple to the device, and (ii) direct executing one or more operations associated with at least one configuration of the device(s) disclosed herein.

[0031] In another aspect, at least one controller is associated with the methods, devices, and software disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the at least one controller comprises at least one connector configured to connect to a power source. In some embodiments, the at least one controller being configured to operatively couple with a power source at least in part by (I) having a power socket and/or (II) being configured for wireless power transfer using inductive charging. In some embodiments, the at least one controller comprises a nonvolatile memory, e.g., a solid-state device (SSD) such as a FLASH memory. In some embodiments, the at least one controller is included in, or comprises, a hierarchical control system. In some embodiments, the hierarchical control system comprises at least three hierarchical control levels. In some embodiments, the at least one controller is included in a control system disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the at least one controller is configured to control at least one other component of a mechanism (e.g., system, device, or apparatus) disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the device disclosed herein is a component of a system, and wherein the at least one controller is configured to (i) operatively couple to another component of the system and (ii) direct operation of the other component. In some embodiments, the at least one controller is configured to direct operation of the other component at least in part for participation of the other component in a method disclosed herein.

[0032] In another aspect, non-transitory computer readable program instructions for a method disclosed herein, the non-transitory computer readable program instructions, when read by one or more processors operatively coupled with the device, cause the one or more processors to direct executing one or more operations associated with at least one configuration of the device(s) disclosed herein.

[0033] In some embodiments, the program instructions are of a computer product.

[0034] The various embodiments in any of the above aspects are combinable (e.g., within an aspect), as appropriate. Individual features (e.g., embodiments) disclosed herein are combinable in any manner requested and/or desired, as applicable.

[0035] Additional aspects and advantages of the present disclosure will become readily apparent to those skilled in this art from the following detailed description, wherein only illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure are shown and described. As will be realized, the present disclosure is capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all without departing from the disclosure. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

[0036] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

[0037] It should be appreciated that any patent, publication, or other disclosure material, in whole or in part, which is said to be incorporated by reference herein is incorporated herein only to the extent that the incorporated material does not conflict with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth in this disclosure. As such, and to the extent necessary, the disclosure as explicitly set forth herein supersedes any conflicting material incorporated herein by reference. Any material, or portion thereof, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein, but which conflicts with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth herein will only be incorporated to the extent that no conflict arises between that incorporated material and the existing disclosure material.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0038] The present disclosure, in accordance with one or more various implementations, is described in detail with reference to the following drawings. The drawings are provided for purposes of illustration only and merely depict typical or example implementations. These drawings are provided to facilitate an understanding of the concepts disclosed herein and should not be considered limiting of the breadth, scope, or applicability of these concepts. It should be noted that for clarity and ease of illustration, these drawings are not necessarily made to scale.

[0039] The novel features of the present disclosure are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. Each of the figures disclosed herein is shown in accordance with some implementations of the subject matter of the disclosure. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present disclosure will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the present disclosure are utilized, and the accompanying drawings or figures (also “Fig.” and “Figs.” herein), of which:

[0040] Fig. 1 depicts an illustrative example of various cells;

[0041] Fig. 2 depicts an illustrative example of various folding options for battery components, and a current collector;

[0042] Fig. 3 depicts an illustrative example of devices (e.g., batteries) and cells; [0043] Fig. 4 depicts an illustrative example of exploded views of battery cells;

[0044] Fig. 5 depicts an illustrative example of device (e.g., battery) components;

[0045] Fig. 6 depicts an illustrative example of device (e.g., battery) components;

[0046] Fig. 7 depicts an illustrative example of device (e.g., battery) components;

[0047] Fig. 8 depicts an illustrative example of a tab, grommet, and fuse connected to an interconnect component;

[0048] Fig. 9 depicts an illustrative example of device (e.g., battery) components;

[0049] Fig. 10 depicts experimental results of various fuse tests;

[0050] Fig. 11A depicts an illustrative example of a device (e.g., battery) having a busbar extension;

[0051] Fig. 11B depicts an illustrative example of a weld and bridge regions on a device (e.g., battery) component;

[0052] Fig. 12 depicts an illustrative example of fuse links;

[0053] Fig. 13 depicts experimental results of fuse testing;

[0054] Fig. 14A depicts experimental results of fuse testing;

[0055] Fig. 14B depicts an illustrative example of activated fuses;

[0056] Fig. 15 depicts experimental results of an external short circuit test demonstration;

[0057] Fig. 16 depicts experimental results of an external short circuit test demonstration;

[0058] Fig. 17A depicts an illustrative example of a fuse test setup;

[0059] Fig. 17B depicts experimental results of the fuse test;

[0060] Fig. 18A depicts experimental results of external short circuit test;

[0061] Fig. 18B depicts experimental results of external short circuit test;

[0062] Fig. 18C depicts experimental results of external short circuit test;

[0063] Fig. 19 depicts an illustrative example of a fuse link within the grommet of a terminal tab of a device (e.g., battery);

[0064] Fig. 20 depicts an illustrative example of a control system; and

[0065] Fig. 21 depicts an illustrative example of a processing system.

[0066] The figures and components therein may not be drawn to scale. Various components of the figures described herein may not be drawn to scale.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0067] While various embodiments of the inventions have been shown, and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein might be employed. The various embodiments disclosed herein are combinable, as appropriate. [0068] Reference throughout the specification to “various embodiments,” “some embodiments,” “one embodiment,” “some example embodiments,” “one example embodiment,” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with any embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in various embodiments,” “in some embodiments,” “in one embodiment,” “some example embodiments,” “one example embodiment,” or “in an embodiment” in places throughout the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

[0069] Terms such as “a,” “an” and “the” are not intended to refer to only a singular entity but include the general class of which a specific example may be used for illustration. The terminology herein is used to describe specific embodiments in the present disclosure, but their usage does not delimit to the specific embodiments of the present disclosure. The term “includes” means includes but not limited to, the term “including” means including but not limited to, and the term “based on” means based at least in part on.

[0070] An immediately consecutive second feature to a first feature is devoid of another feature disposed therebetween, the features being of the same type. The feature can be a real-life feature, a calculated feature, or any other virtual feature.

[0071] When ranges are mentioned, the ranges are meant to be inclusive, unless otherwise specified. For example, a range between value 1 and value 2 is meant to be inclusive and include value 1 and value 2. The inclusive range will span any value from about value 1 to about value 2. The term “adjacent” or “adjacent to,” as used herein, includes “next to,” “adjoining,” “in contact with,” and “in proximity to.” When ranges are mentioned (e.g., between, at least, at most, and the like) the endpoint(s) of the range is/are also claimed. For example, when the range is from X to Y, the values of X and Y are also claimed. For example, when the range is at most Z, the value of Z is also claimed. For example, when the range is at least W, the value of W is also claimed.

[0072] The conjunction “and/or” as used herein in “X and/or Y” - including in the specification and claims - is meant to include the options (i) X, (ii) Y, and (iii) X and Y, as applicable. The phrase “including X, and/or Y” is meant to have the same meaning as the phrase “comprising X or Y” under currently prevailing US law.

[0073] The term “operatively coupled,” “operatively configured,” or “operatively connected” refers to a first mechanism that is coupled (or connected) to a second mechanism to allow the intended operation of the second and/or first mechanism. The coupling may comprise physical or non-physical coupling. The non-physical coupling may comprise signal-induced coupling (e.g., wireless coupling). [0074] The phrase “is/are structured” or “is/are configured,” when modifying an article, refers to a structure of the article that can bring about the referred result.

[0075] The symbol “*” designates the mathematical operation of multiplication, e.g., “times.” [0076] Fundamental length scale (abbreviated herein as “FLS”) comprises any suitable scale (e.g., dimension) of an object. For example, an FLS of an object may comprise a length, a width, a height, a diameter, a spherical equivalent diameter, a diameter of a bounding circle, a diameter equivalent of a bounding sphere.

[0077] Performing a reversible first operation is understood herein to mean performing the first operation and being capable of performing the opposite operation to that first operation (e.g., which is a second operation). For example, when a controller directs reversibly opening a shutter, that shutter can also close, and the controller can optionally direct a closure of that shutter. For example, when an attractor reversibly binds to a charge carrier, that attractor can also release that charge carrier after its binding.

[0078] While the disclosure refers to a cathode as an electrode, the electrode may be an anode, as applicable.

[0079] While various portions herein may refer for simplicity to a battery as an energy storage device, that disclosure is extended to any another energy storage device, as applicable.

[0080] As noted above, implementations of the present disclosure can relate to (e.g., secondary) batteries, the structures that make up the (e.g., secondary) batteries, and the methods and processes for manufacturing the structures and batteries. As used herein, the term “anode” used in the context of a (e.g., secondary) battery may refer to the negative electrode in a (e.g., secondary) battery. “Anode material” or “anodically active” as used herein may refer to a material or materials suitable for use as the negative electrode of a (e.g., secondary) battery. The term “cathode” as used herein in the context of a (e.g., secondary) battery may refer to the positive electrode in a (e.g., secondary) battery. “Cathode material” or “cathodically active” as used herein may refer to a material or materials suitable for use as the positive electrode of a (e.g., secondary) battery.

[0081] In some implementations described herein, the term “electrode” may be used to refer to either the anode or the cathode, and the term “counter-electrode” may refer to the other or opposite. For the sake of explanation, implementations may be described in terms of “electrode” and “counter-electrode.” It should be appreciated that in these implementations, the term electrode may be replaced by the term anode while the term counter-electrode may be replaced by the term cathode, as applicable. Alternatively, in these implementations, the term electrode may be replaced by the term cathode while the term counter-electrode may be replaced by the term anode, as applicable. [0082] In some embodiments, the energy manipulation device may comprise at least one battery. The battery may comprise one or more cells. The battery may be a rechargeable battery, e.g., a secondary battery. The charge carriers of the battery may comprise alkali earth, alkali cations, a plurality of types of any thereof, or any combination thereof. In an example, the battery comprises charge carriers such as lithium charge carriers.

[0083] As discussed herein (e.g., above), systems and methods are disclosed herein for a (e.g., secondary) battery that incorporates fuse link(s) within the electrical interconnect components such as situated around the perimeter of the (e.g., secondary) battery die, the fuse link(s) could activate on occurrence of, and interrupt current on occurrence of (a) an ESC event, and/or (b) other uncontrolled high current abuse scenarios to reduce abuse tolerance burden on design of active materials. For example (e.g., ideally), the feature would carry a current of up to 20 Amp during normal working performance without forming a hot spot of excessive temperature due to joule heating but would activate to disconnect the circuit when subjected to a current of 25 Amp or greater.

[0084] In some embodiments, the energy manipulation device includes at least one unit cells. The energy manipulation device may comprise a population of unit cells (e.g., also referred to herein as a “set of cells”). The device may comprise an electrode connector operatively coupled with the electrode and a counter-electrode connector operatively coupled with the counter-electrode, with operatively coupled comprising electrically connected. The electrode connector may be also referred to herein as “an electrode terminal,” and the counter-electrode connector may be also referred to herein as “a counterelectrode terminal.” The device may comprise an electrode busbar, a counter-electrode busbar, an electrode terminal operatively coupled with the electrode busbar, and a counterelectrode terminal operatively coupled with the counter-electrode busbar. The electrode and counter electrode of the unit cell are separated by each other by a gap, e.g., to electrically separate the electrode from the counter-electrode. The gap may include a separator configured to (a) electrically isolate the electrode from the counter electrode and (b) allow traversal of charge carriers through the separator. In some embodiments, each unit cell of the set of cells, includes an electrode structure and a counter-electrode structure separated from each other by a gap. One or more (e.g., each) cells of the set of cells, each include a separator disposed in the gap. In some embodiments, the battery includes adjacent electrode sub-units. Each of the electrode sub-units has a dimension in the X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis, respectively. The X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis are each mutually perpendicular, akin to a Cartesian coordinate system. As used herein, dimensions of each electrode sub-unit in the Z-axis may be referred to as a "height", dimensions in the X-axis may be referred to as a "length" and dimensions in the Y-axis may be referred to as a "width." The electrode subunits may be combined into one or more unit cells. A cell can include (a) at least one anodically active material mass (e.g., layer) and/or (b) at least one cathodically active material mass (e.g., layer). In some embodiments, the anodically active material is separated from the cathode by the gap. In some embodiments, the cathodically active material is separated from the anode by the gap. In some embodiments, the cathodically active material is separated from the anodically active material by the gap. The set of cells may comprise at least 2, 10, 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, or 500 cells. The set of cells may comprise any number of cells between the aforementioned number of cells, e.g., from 2 to 500 cells, or from 50 to 500 cells.

[0085] In some embodiments, the device includes an electrode busbar and a counterelectrode busbar. The electrode busbar can be operatively coupled with (e.g., electrically connected with) the electrode, e.g., via electrode tab. The counter-electrode busbar is operatively coupled with (e.g., electrically connected with) the counter-electrode, e.g., via counter-electrode tab. The electrode busbar can be operatively coupled with the electrodes of the set of cells, e.g., via electrode tabs. The counter-electrode busbar is operatively coupled with the counter-electrodes of the set of cells, e.g., via counter-electrode tabs. An electrode tab can be an extension of the electrode that is devoid of the electrode active material. A counter-electrode tab can be an extension of the counter-electrode that is devoid of the counter-electrode active material.

[0086] In some embodiments, the device includes a first busbar and a second busbar that are in electrical contact with the anode(s) and the cathode(s), respectively, e.g., via electrode tabs. The electrode tabs on the first side of the stack of cells can be electrically coupled with the first busbar, which may be referred to as an anode busbar. The electrode tabs on the second side of the stack of cells may be electrically coupled to the second busbar, which may be referred to as a cathode busbar. In some embodiments, the first busbar is electrically coupled with a first electrical terminal of the secondary battery, which is electrically conductive. When the first busbar comprises an anode busbar for the device (e.g., battery), the first electrical terminal comprises a negative terminal. In some embodiments, the second busbar is electrically coupled with a second electrical terminal of the device, which is electrically conductive. When the second busbar comprises a cathode busbar for the device, the second electrical terminal comprises a positive terminal of the device.

[0087] In some embodiments, the cell may be coupled with a (e.g., solid) busbar. In some embodiments, the set of cells may be coupled with the (e.g., solid) busbar. The busbar may comprise a (e.g., solid) material of a class. The material class may include an elemental metal, a metal alloy, or an allotrope of elemental carbon, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The busbar may comprise (e.g., solid) material, e.g., including one or more types of materials. At least two types of materials may belong to the same class of materials. At least two types of materials may belong to different classes of materials. A class of material may be a composite or a non-composite material. A class of material may be a tacky material (e.g., a tacky connector), or a solid material (e.g., that is non-tacky). A class of material may be a material that is fluid, or non-fluid, e.g., during manufacture of the energy manipulation device such as a battery. In an example, the (e.g., solid) busbar may comprise a metal alloy and an elemental metal. In an example, the (e.g., solid) busbar may comprise two types of metal alloys. In an example, the (e.g., solid) busbar may comprise a composite material and a non-composite material. The busbar may comprise any conductive material disclosed herein. In an example, the busbar includes copper (e.g., Cu101) and Inconel (e.g., N178). The material class can be an oxygen free material. The material class may be an electronic grade material.

[0088] In some embodiments, a busbar is attached to the current collector tabs, e.g., the attachment being assisted by the tacky connector. In an example, the busbar contacts the tacky connector that contacts the tab(s). The busbar may have a cross section of a Euclidean shape, e.g., a vertical cross section. The busbar may have a cross section of a geometric planar shape, e.g., a vertical cross section. The shape may include a polygon, an ellipse, a combination thereof and/or a plurality thereof. The polygon may include a rectangle, or a plurality of rectangles. In an example, a vertical cross section of the busbar is a rectangle. In an example, the vertical cross section of the busbar comprises at least two different types of shapes, e.g., rectangles. In an example, the vertical cross section of the busbar comprises at least two types of shapes that are (e.g., substantially) the same, and that are distinct from each other. The two types of shapes may comprise the same type of material or may each be from a different type of material. The two types of shapes may comprise the same class of material or may each be from a different class of material. Two of the shapes may be separated from each other by a gap. Two of the shapes may contact each other. A cross section of the busbar may comprise an indentation, e.g., a depression. The depression may be configured to accommodate (a) folded tab(s) (b) any tacky connector, (c) any welding, or (d) any combination thereof. The depression may be configured to increase adhesion of the tab to the (e.g., solid) busbar. The increased adhesion may be at least in part by increasing the (e.g., solid) busbar’s adhesion to (i) any tacky connector and/or (ii) any welding. A contacting surface of the busbar is an exposed surface of the busbar face(s) configured to contract the (a) the tab(s), (b) any tacky connector, (c) any welding, or (d) any combination thereof. The contacting surface may undergo surface treatment before the contact. The surface treatment may be configured to increase adhesion between the (e.g., solid) busbar and (a) the tab(s), (b) any tacky connector, (c) any welding, or (d) any combination thereof. The surface treatment may comprise roughening of the contacting surface. The surface treatment may comprise etching, scraping, or printing (e.g., 3D printing). The surface treatment may comprise mechanical treatment type, chemical treatment type, any plurality thereof, or any combination thereof. The (e.g., solid) busbar may comprise one or more perforations (e.g., holes). The perforation(s) may be configured to accommodate dimensionality changes occurring in the cell, e.g., during charging and/or discharging. The dimensionality changes of the cell may occur during its (e.g., normal) operation, testing, maintenance, storage, shipping, or any combination thereof.

[0089] In some embodiments, the cell undergoes pre-loading with charge carriers, e.g., before its regular use. The pre-loading may comprise loading the cell with charge carriers, e.g., “pre-lithiation” in the case of lithium cations being the charge carriers. The pre-loading (also referred herein as “buffering”) may be performed during manufacturing and/or before providing the battery for its intended use. The pre-loading may facilitate insertion of additional charge carriers for a charge carrier source such as a lithium source, into the electrode(s) of the battery such as into the anode(s). The electrode may be a vertically short electrode. The pre-loading may replenish (e.g., irreversible) loss of the charge carriers during formation of the battery, e.g., to increase (a) efficiency of the first cycle and/or (b) cell capacity. The pre-loading may result in a reservoir of the charge carriers within the cell, and/or smaller cycled voltage window. The pre-loading may improve current distribution, e.g., during fast charge. The pre-loading may improve the cycle life of the battery. Buffering or pre-loading may result in pressurization of the cell at its first charging cycle, e.g., due to loading of the anode with charge carriers such as lithium. The pressure adjuster described herein can aid in maintaining overpressure in the system without having to put pressure during buffering, e.g., the adjuster can establish a minimal/threshold overpressure in the device during formation without having to buffer the cell. A rough exposed surface of charge carrier plating may remain throughout the life of the battery, and may compromise function of the battery, e.g., due to depletion of charge carriers and/or due to causing a short (e.g., as a consequence of dendrite formation from an electrode to its counter electrode). In some examples, the geometry of a battery may include a side gap located adjacent to a cell, to enable electrolyte to flow into the gap during buffering.

[0090] In some embodiments, a cell comprises an electrode (e.g., reference electrode), a counter electrode, separated from each other by a gap, also referred to herein as “a separation space.” The separation space may comprise a separator, e.g., having a material comprising conduits or pores, e.g., micro conduits, or micropores. The pores and/or conduits may be configured to facilitate charge carriers (e.g., ions) to propagate through the separator. The conduits may be channels. Pores of the separator may form the conduit. The battery cell may comprise, or may be coupled with, an insulator such as a dynamic insulator. The battery cell may comprise, or may be coupled with, a dividing space. At least one component may be electrically insulating, e.g., the separator body, the insulator, or at least one component of the dividing space. The dividing space and the separating space may or may not have the same material content. The separator may be (e.g., substantially) a plane, or a layer. The separator may be an ionically permeable microporous material suitable for use as a separator in an electrochemical cell. In some embodiments, the separator layer is coated with ceramic particles on one or both sides. In some embodiments, a cell includes an anode current collector in the center, which may comprise or be electrically coupled with, one of the electrode tabs on one of the sides of the secondary battery. In some implementations, the unit cell includes the anodically active material layer, the separator layer, the cathodically active material layer, and a cathode current collector in a stacked formation along a stacking axis. The cathode current collector may comprise a cathode tab devoid of cathode active material. The anode current collector may comprise an anode tab devoid of anode active material. The anode tab may be disposed at the same side of the cathode tab, or at a different side such as an opposing side.

[0091] In some embodiments, the cathode includes cathodically active material. The cathodically active material may include a cathodically active material including transition metal oxides, transition metal sulfides, transition metal nitrides, lithium-transition metal oxides, lithium-transition metal sulfides, lithium-transition metal nitrides, any plurality thereof, and/or any combination thereof. The cathodically active material may include transition metal elements of the transition metal oxides, transition metal sulfides, transition metal nitrides, any plurality thereof, and/or any combination thereof. The cathodically active material may include metal elements having a d-shell or f-shell. The cathodically active material may comprise metal element including Sc, Y, lanthanoids, actinoids, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pb, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, any plurality thereof, and/or any combination thereof. The cathodically active material may include lithium cobalt oxide (UCOO2), LiNio.5Mn1.5O4, Li(NixCo_yAlz)O2, lithium metal phosphate (e.g., lithium iron phosphate, LiFePO4), Li2MnO4, V2O5, molybdenum oxysulfides, phosphates, silicates, vanadates, sulfur, sulfur compounds, oxygen (air), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (Li(Ni_xMn_yCo_z)O2), any combinations thereof, and/or any plurality thereof. In some implementations, the cathode (e.g., cathodically active material) is selected from transition metal oxides, transition metal sulfides, transition metal nitrides, lithium-transition metal oxides, lithium-transition metal sulfides, transition-metal phosphates, lithium-transition-metal phosphates, and lithium-transition metal nitrides may be selectively used. The transition metal elements of these transition metal oxides, transition metal sulfides, and transition metal nitrides can include metal elements having a d-shell or f-shell. Specific examples of such metal element are Sc, Y, lanthanides, actinides, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pb, Pt, Cu, Ag, and Au. Additional cathode active materials include LiCoCh, LiNio.5Mn1.5O4, Li(Ni_xCo_yAlz)O2, LiFePO4, Li2MnO4, V2O5, molybdenum oxysulfides, phosphates, silicates, vanadates, sulfur, sulfur compounds, oxygen (air), Li(NixMnyCoz)O2, and combinations thereof. The cathode active material may comprise, S (e.g., U2S in the lithiated state), LiF, Fe, Cu, Ni, FeF2, FeOdF3.2d, FeFs, C0F3, C0F2, CUF2, NiF2, where 0<d<0.5, metal oxides, metal sulfides, metal phosphates, binders, fillers, any plurality thereof, or any combination thereof. The filler may be inert to the chemistry of the device, e.g., chemistry of the cell.

[0092] In some embodiments, the anode includes anodically active material. The anodically active material may include silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), any combination thereof, and/or any plurality thereof. The anodically active material may include alloys or intermetallic compounds including Si, C, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Zn, Al, Ti, Ni, Co, Cd, any combination thereof, and/or any plurality thereof. The anodically active material may include alloys, intermetallic compounds. The anodically active material may include oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides, phosphides, selenides, tellurides of Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Zn, Al, Ti, Fe, Ni, Co, V, or Cd, any combination thereof, or any plurality thereof. The anodically active material may include mixtures (e.g., containing Lithium), composites (e.g., containing Lithium), any combination thereof, and/or any plurality thereof. The anodically active material may include salts (e.g., of Sn), hydroxides (e.g., of Sn), lithium titanate, lithium manganate, lithium aluminate, lithium-containing titanium oxide, lithium transition metal oxide, ZnCo2O4, particles of graphite, particles of carbon, metal form of the charge carriers (e.g., lithium metal), any combinations thereof, and/or any plurality thereof. The anodically active material may be coated. The coating may comprise stabilized metal form of the charge carrier material (e.g., lithium metal particles). The particulate material may include lithium carbonate-stabilized lithium metal powder, lithium silicate stabilized lithium metal powder, other source of stabilized lithium metal powder or ink, any combination thereof, and/or any plurality thereof. The anode active material may comprise a material intercalating the charge carriers. The active material of the anode may include silicon and/or an allotrope of elemental carbon. The allotrope of elemental carbon may be any of the ones disclosed herein, e.g., active carbon, graphite, carbon fiber, carbon nanotube, amorphous carbon, and/or a fullerene. The tubular structures may comprise nested tubes, e.g., at least 2, or 3 nested tubes. The carbon fibers may be weaved, aligned (e.g., in parallel and/or at an angle relative to each other), randomly situated, or any combination thereof, as applicable. The anode may be a 100% silicon - carbon anode. The anode may comprise particulate material. The anode may comprise a carbon scaffold on which silicon is deposited (e.g., layer of silicon). An exposed surface of the silicon may be coated by the, or by at least one other, of the allotropes of elemental carbon. The carbon may comprise black carbon. The carbon may include hard carbon and/or soft carbon. The carbon-silicon structure may comprise successive layers and/or scaffold. The carbon may comprise a particulate material. The particulate material may serve as a base for deposition of the one or mor layers. The particulate material may or may not include crevices. The one or more layers may be deposited onto an exposed surface of the crevices. Anodically active materials may comprise carbon materials such as graphite and soft or hard carbons, or graphene (e.g., single-walled or multi-walled carbon nanotubes), or any of a range of metals, semi-metals, alloys, oxides, nitrides, compounds capable of intercalating lithium, compounds forming an alloy with lithium, any plurality thereof, or any combination thereof. Specific examples of the metals or semi-metals that may be used as the anode material include graphite, tin, lead, magnesium, aluminum, boron, gallium, silicon, Si-C composites, Si/graphite blends, silicon oxide (SiO_x), porous Si, intermetallic Si alloys, indium, zirconium, germanium, bismuth, cadmium, antimony, silver, zinc, arsenic, hafnium, yttrium, lithium, sodium, graphite, carbon, lithium titanate, palladium, mixtures thereof, any plurality thereof, or any other combination thereof. In some implementations, the anodically active material may comprise aluminum, tin, silicon, an oxide thereof, a nitride thereof, a fluoride thereof, other alloy thereof, any plurality thereof, or any combination thereof. In some implementations, the anodically active material may comprise silicon, an alloy thereof, a composite thereof, an oxide thereof, any plurality thereof, or any combination thereof.

[0093] In some examples, the energy manipulation device may comprise a fuel cell. In other examples, the energy manipulation device may comprise a primary battery, which may be a non-rechargeable battery. The primary battery may be a battery comprising Li metal, alkaline, zinc-carbon, silver-oxide, and/or any other suitable material. In some examples, the energy manipulation device may comprise a secondary battery, which may be rechargeable. The secondary battery may be a battery comprising Li ion, lead acid (lead dioxide with sulfuric acid), nickel cadmium, nickel metal hydride, and/or any other suitable material. The use of a secondary battery or rechargeable battery may enable a reduction in environmental waste, as the materials may be reused for multiple cycles as compared to a primary or non- rechargeable battery. In some examples, the energy manipulation device described herein may comprise an electrochemical cell. As noted above, the cell may include an anode material and a cathode material. In an example, an electrochemical cell comprises passive electrodes, wherein the simple electrochemical cell includes an anode charge carrier, a cathode charge carrier separated from the anode by a gap, an electrolyte and charge carriers. In some examples, the energy manipulation device may comprise one or more active electrodes, wherein one charge carrier is in contact with an active material mass. The active material mass can comprise (e.g., be deposited in a form of) a layer. In some examples, the energy manipulation device may comprise one or more fully active electrodes, wherein the electrode and/or counter electrode charge carriers of a cell each contact a respective active material mass, e.g., a layer. The active material mass is configured to operatively coupled with its respective current collector of the electrode. The current collector may have an electrical conductivity of at least about 10³ Siemens/cm (S/cm), 10⁴ S/cm, 10⁵ S/cm, or 10⁶ S/cm. The current collector may have an electrical conductivity between any of the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 10³ S/cm to about 10⁶ S/cm, or from about 10⁵ S/cm to about 10⁶ S/cm.

[0094] In some examples, the active material (e.g., layer) may be added to one side or to both sides of a cell or cell stack. Example conductor materials may comprise elemental metal, metal alloys, graphite, carbon nanotubes, carbon wires, fullerenes, hard carbon, soft carbon, an allotrope of elemental carbon, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The charge carrier materials may comprise charge carrier salts such as lithium salts. The electrolyte material may be solid, semi-solid, or liquid. Example electrolyte materials may include salts, acids, and/or bases, e.g., dissolved in non-aqueous polar solvent(s). [0095] Fig. 1 shows in example 100 a schematic representation of a cell, the cell comprising an electrode 102a - “C” (e.g., a cathode), and an opposing electrode which is a counter electrode 105a - “A” (e.g., an anode). A separator is disposed in separator space (e.g., gap) 103 - “B.” The battery cell is disposed in a battery having housing 109. The housing can be rigid, or flexible. The housing may include a rigid portion and/or a flexible portion. The battery can optionally have an insulator 104. The insulator may comprise one or more materials comprising a ceramic, a polymer, or a resin. The battery may comprise one or more insulator types. In an example, a polymer may fill a cathode gap, and alumina fills a cathode gap, the gap being from the edge of the cell to its immediately adjacent edge of the case (also herein “casing”). In some embodiments, insulator may comprise a non-electrically conductive material. The ceramic may comprise alumina (AI2O3), zirconia (ZnCh), magnesium oxide (MgO), boron nitride (BN), mullite, boehmite, or silicon carbide (SiC, e.g., in pure form). Under normal conditions during use of the battery, the main current is a load current 106 passing from one electrode to its opposing electrode, and through separation space 103. When volume 104 comprises the insulator, the insulator contacts at least at opposing sides 102b and 102c of electrode 102a and at opposing sides 105b and 105c of counter-electrode 105a.

[0096] Fig. 1 shows in example 110 a schematic representation of a cell, the cell comprising an electrode 112 - “C” (e.g., a cathode), and an opposing electrode which is a counter electrode 115 - “A” (e.g., an anode). A separator is disposed in separator space 113 - “B.” The battery cell is disposed in a battery having housing 119. The separation space extends 121 beyond electrode 112, and extends 122 beyond counter electrode 115, the extension being along a long axis of each of the electrode, the long axis depicted in Fig. 1. The extension can extend longer in the lateral direction. The extension can form the tab. The battery has an insulator 114. Under the normal conditions, the load current 116 may be passing through separation space 113.

[0097] In some embodiments, the different extension distances of the components of the cell in the lateral direction, form a corrugated (e.g., misaligned) face of the cell, and thus a set of the cells, e.g., as depicted in Fig. 1 , 120 for a cell. The cell can comprise at least one uneven side, e.g., as is depicted in Fig. 1 , 120. The uneven (e.g., misaligned) side can create a wavy side of a set of cells.

[0098] Fig. 2 shows a schematic example 200 of a current collector in the form of a film or strip. The electrode active material may contact (e.g., be deposited onto) a conductive sheet, e.g., having a thickness of at most about 6 millimeters (mm), 5mm, 2.5mm, 1mm, or 0.5mm. The conductive sheet may be a foil, e.g., having a thickness of at most about 0.4mm, 0.2 mm, or 0.1mm. The current collector may comprise an internal portion, e.g., when assembled in the battery. The internal portion of the current collector contacts the active material of the electrode. The tab may be (e.g., substantially) devoid of the electrode active material. The current collector has a length axis and a width, and a height. The current collector has a face type having a largest surface area, the face type including sections 201, and 202. The current collector has a length 203, a width 204, and a height 205. Section 202 designates the tab of the current collector that will bend upon assembly of the energy storage device, and section 201 designates the planar section of the current collector. In the example shown in 200, the tabs assume the same width 204 along their length. In some embodiments, the tabs contract (e.g., narrow such as taper) along their length, e.g., and along the longest axis 211 of the current collector, the current collector having a shorter axis 212 normal to axis 211. The contraction of the tabs along axis 211 may be symmetrical about axis 211, e.g., using a mirror symmetry, the mirror being along axis 211.

[0099] Fig. 2 shows in example 250, a schematic vertical cross section of various batteries, showing arrangement and/or folding of battery cells with respect to a Cartesian coordinate system. In example 251, battery cells are arranged parallel to each other. Examples 252-255 show various folding of a sheet comprising one or more battery cells, with 252 showing a zigzag fold, 253 showing a top hat fold, 254 showing a sinusoidal type fold, 255 showing a spiral (e.g., rolling) fold, and 256 an oval or oblong spiral (e.g., rolling) fold. The battery may comprise a battery cell folded in a wound (e.g., jelly roll) configuration having an oblong or cylindrical configuration, e.g., as shown in Fig. 21, 2150.

[0100] In some embodiments, one or more cells are disposed within a housing to form the device, e.g., battery. The housing may insulate the battery from one or more reactive agents (also referred to herein as “reactive species”) in the ambient environment external to the device. The reactive agent(s) may comprise oxygen, water, alcohol, thiol, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, carboxylic acid, or hydrogen sulfide. The reactive agent(s) may be oxygen based, sulfur based, and/or phosphorous based. The reactive agent(s) may include water and/or oxygen. In an example, the reactive agent(s) comprise water in a liquid and/or vapor form. The water may be in a droplet form. The housing may be configured to insulate the cell(s) from the reactive agent(s) present in the ambient environment external to the device, e.g., to curtail (e.g., hinder, or prevent) reactive agent(s) from reaching the cell such as including reaching the electrode(s) and any fuse of the device.

[0101] In some embodiments, the battery is a prismatic battery. The prismatic battery may have a height (e.g., Fig. 3, 331) of at least about 1mm, 2mm, 3mm, 5mm, 6mm, or 8 millimeters (mm). The prismatic battery may have a length (e.g., Fig. 3, 332) of at least about at least about 10mm, 50mm, or 100 millimeters.

[0102] Fig. 3 shows schematic perspective view examples of energy manipulation devices such as batteries and battery cell architecture therein relative to a Cartesian coordinate system. Example 300 shows a cylindrical battery housing having a length 302 and height 301, which is a diameter. The battery may comprise cell(s) that form a rolled sheet. In example 300, each of the bottom and top faces of the cylinder has a smaller surface area as compared to the side surface of the cylinder - to the curved surface of the cylinder. Example 330 shows a prismatic battery housing that is a rectangular prism, or a cuboid. The battery has length 332, height 331, and width 333. Battery cells 335 are stacked in the battery along height 331, and along the Z direction. In example 330, face XY has a larger surface area than face XZ, and face XY has a larger surface area than face YZ. Example 350 shows a prismatic battery housing that is a rectangular prism, or a cuboid. The battery has length 352, height 351, and width 353. Battery cells 335 are stacked in the battery along length 352, and along the X direction. In example 350, face XY has a larger surface area than face XZ, and face XY has a larger surface area than face YZ.

[0103] In some embodiments, the cell is arranged (e.g., substantially) perpendicular to the face of a prismatic (e.g., cuboid) battery having the largest surface area. At times, the largest surface area face of the anode, the separation space, the separator, the cathode, and/or the dividing space, is disposed (e.g., substantially) normal to the face of the battery having the largest surface area. Fig. 3, 350 shows an example of battery cells, disposed normal to the XY face of the battery, which XY face has the largest surface area among the battery’s faces. The surface area of the cell, in example 350, is at most the surface area of YZ face of the battery, or smaller. Cells arranged normal to the largest surface area face of the battery in which they are disposed (e.g., Fig. 3, 350), have a larger combined cell side (e.g., edge) surface area, as compared to (a) cells arranged parallel to the largest surface area face of the battery in which they are disposed (e.g., Fig. 3, 330) and/or to (b) cylindrical battery such as a wound cell (e.g., jelly roll) battery (e.g., Fig. 3, 300). In some embodiments, the greater the combined side (e.g., edge) surface area of the cells, the greater the residual current role is in the total current of the battery. When the cell comprises at least one uneven side, e.g., as is depicted in Fig. 1, 120, the uneven (e.g., misaligned) side creates a wavy side of a set of cells. The wavy side may or may not contribute to the amount of residual current passing between an anode and a cathode of a cell, e.g., through the insulator.

[0104] In some embodiments, the device such as battery comprises battery cells. The battery cells may be stacked along an axis. A dividing space may be disposed between every two immediately adjacent cells such that a first cell contacts the first face of the dividing space, and a second cell contacts a second face of the dividing space opposing its first space. The dividing space may comprise an insulator, e.g., any insulator disclosed herein. The insulator may or may not comprise the dynamic insulator. The dividing space may be configured to electrically separate one cell from another. The stack of cells may follow a pattern, the pattern may comprise a sequence. The sequence may comprise an arrangement of components of the battery cell with respect to each other. The sequence may comprise an anode, a separation space, a cathode, and a dividing space. The sequence may follow a CBAS pattern, or a CBASABCS pattern, with “C” designating a cathode, “B” designating a separation space, “A” designating an anode, “S” designating the dividing space, and “E” designates an end plate, e.g., see Fig. 4. The cells may be stacked in one or more groups. The separation space may comprise two opposing faces. A face of the separation space contacting the anode, and an opposing face contacting the cathode. The cell may comprise components comprising an anode, a cathode, a separation space, and an optional dividing space. The dividing space may comprise the same type of material as the separation space. The dividing space and the separation space may be (e.g., substantially) the same. The components of the cell may be disposed along an axis. The components of the cell may be (e.g., substantially) symmetrically arranged along the axis, e.g., in mirror symmetry, the mirror plane running along the axis, and/or in a rotational symmetry, the rotational axis running along the cell stacking axis (e.g., parallel to axis 490 in Fig. 4). At least two components of the cell may extend in a direction (e.g., substantially) perpendicular to the cell stacking axis at a (e.g., substantially) same distance. At least two components of the cell may extend in a direction (e.g., substantially) perpendicular to the cell stacking axis (e.g., laterally) at a different distance from that axis. The different distance extension of the components can form a corrugated (e.g., misaligned) face of the cell, and of the set of cells, e.g., as depicted in Fig. 1 , 120. See also sides (e.g., edges) of cell sets in Fig. 4, 400, and 450. In an example, the cathode extends less than the anode, the extension being in a direction perpendicular to the cell stacking axis. In an example, the separation space extends more than the anode and/or more than the cathode, the extension being in a direction perpendicular to the cell stacking axis. [0105] Fig. 4 shows a schematic cross-sectional example 400 of a battery comprising cathode 402, anode 405, separation space 406, and dividing space 407. The battery cells are disposed in volume 404 of the battery that can include an insulator such as a dynamic insulator. The battery cells are stacked along an axis 490, in a repeating CBAS arrangement. Each anode “A” in the battery is operatively coupled (e.g., connected) with a current collector such as 413, the anode current collectors being coupled in parallel to a main anode current collector 414, ending with cathode contact 411. Each cathode “C” in the battery is operatively coupled (e.g., connected) with a current collector such as 416, the anode current collectors being coupled in parallel to a main cathode current collector 417, ending with anode contact 412.

[0106] Fig. 4 shows a schematic cross-sectional example 450 of a battery comprising cathode 452, anode 455, separation space 456, and dividing space 457. The battery cells are disposed in volume 454 of the battery that can include an insulator such as a dynamic insulator. The battery cells are stacked along an axis 490, in a repeating CBASABCS arrangement. Each anode “A” in the battery is operatively coupled (e.g., connected) with a current collector such as 463, the anode current collectors being coupled in parallel to a main anode current collector 464, ending with cathode contact 461. Each cathode “C” in the battery is operatively coupled (e.g., connected) with a current collector such as 466, the anode current collectors being coupled in parallel to a main cathode current collector 467, ending with anode contact 462. In Fig. 4, the main cathode current collector is disposed on a different face of the set of cells as the main anode current collector, which is the opposing face.

[0107] In some embodiments, the battery comprises one or more main current collectors, e.g., as disclosed herein. The main current collector may include a busbar and/or a busbar extender. The main current collectors may or may not contact the insulator covering the edges of the cells. In the example shown in Fig. 4, 400, the main current collectors 417 and 414, are separated from the insulator 404 by a gap. In the example shown in 400, the main current collectors 417 and 414 contact the insulator 404.

[0108] In some embodiments, an end plate is disposed at a distal end of a cell set, e.g., at opposing distal ends of the set of cells and along the cell’s stacking axis (e.g., Fig. 4, 490). Fig. 4, 400 shows an example of two opposing end plates disposed at both distal ends of a set of stacked cells, the end plates designed by “E,” the end plate 420 contacting the insulator at its opposing lateral ends. Fig. 4, 450 shows an example of two opposing end plates disposed at both distal ends of a set of stacked cells, the end plates designed by “E,” the end plate is devoid of the insulator at its two opposing lateral ends - normal to stacking axis 490. [0109] In some embodiments, an energy storage device such as a battery, comprises a plurality of cells. Each of the cells comprises an anode separated by a gap from a cathode. The gap may comprise a separator. The cell may comprise one or more electrolyte types. Each of the electrodes (e.g., anode and cathode) comprises a current collector, e.g., a strip, a foil, or a film, of conductive material on which the active electrode material is disposed of. The conductive material may comprise an elemental metal, a metal alloy, or an allotrope of elemental metal. In an example, the elemental metal comprises aluminum or copper. In an example, the metal alloy may comprise stainless steel. In an example, the allotrope of elemental metal may comprise carbon nanotubes, or carbon fibers. The tubular structures (e.g., nanotubes) may comprise nestled tubes, e.g., at least about 2, 3, 4, or more nestled tubes. The carbon fibers may be weaved, randomly dispersed, or any combination thereof. The strip of conductive material may or may not comprise a composite material. At least two cells in the energy storage device (e.g., battery) may be stacked in a direction (e.g., substantially) normal to their face having the largest surface area. The electrode has an electrode face having the largest surface area, and the counter-electrode has a counterelectrode face having the largest surface area. In some embodiments, there is a difference in a volume of the cell between a state of charge and a state of discharge of an electrode of the cell. The volume of the cell may repeatedly and/or reversibly alter between the state of charge and the state of discharge repeatedly. The reversible discharge may not be completely reversible, e.g., there may be an attrition in the properties of one or more components of the cell during a cycle of charge/discharge. The repeated cycling between the state of charge/discharge may comprise at least about 200 cycles, 500 cycles, 800 cycles, 1000 cycles, 1200 cycles, or 1500 cycles. In some embodiments, there is a difference in a volume of the cell between a state of charge and a state of discharge of an electrode of the cell. The change in volume may comprise a change in at most about 20*, 25*, 50*, 100*, 200*, 300*, or 400* of an initial volume of the cell. The change in volume may comprise a change in at least about 10*, 25*, 50*, 100*, 200*, or 300* of an initial volume of the cell. The change in volume may comprise a change in any of the forementioned values, e.g., from about 10* to about 400*, from about 100* to about 400*, or from about 20* to about 200*. The symbol “*” designates the mathematic operation of multiplication.

[0110] The energy storage device may comprise at least one constraint (e.g., a brace, or a harness). The constraint may be configured to (e.g., substantially) maintain constant dimensions and/or volume of the device during the charge/discharge operations. The constraint may be configured to maintain internal pressure in the device, e.g., during the charge/discharge operations. The internal overpressure in the device may be at most about 100PSI, 150PSI, 200PSI, 500PSI, 1000 PSI, 2000 PSI, 3000 PSI, 5000PSI, or 10000PSI. The internal overpressure in the device may be at most about 50 PSI, 100PSI, 150PSI, 200PSI, 500PSI, 1000 PSI, 2000 PSI, 3000 PSI, or 5000PSI. The internal overpressure in the device may be between the above referenced pressures, e.g., from about 50PSI to about 10000 PSI, from about 50PSI to about 500PSI, or from about 50PSI to about 2000PSI, or from about 100PSI to about 3000PSI. The internal overpressure in the device may be greater than the ambient pressure external to the device, e.g., above 14.6 PSI. In some embodiments, the energy storage device has a face type having the largest surface area among its face types. The face a face type having the largest surface area may deform (e.g., bend) during the, or as a consequence of, the overpressure phase. The face type having the largest surface area may (e.g., substantially) reversibly deform during the life of the device. Substantial reversal of the face’s deformation may be within the specification and/or intended use of the device.

[0111] In some embodiments, the battery cell set is disposed in an orthogonal stacked configuration.

[0112] In some embodiments, the device comprises a constraint system. The constraint system may be applied over one or both of the X-Y surfaces of the device (e.g., battery). In some embodiments, the constraint system includes a plurality of perforations to facilitate distribution (e.g., by flow of) an electrolyte solution after the cell, or cell set, has been assembled. In some embodiments, the casing comprises stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, beryllium, beryllium copper (hard), copper (O2 free, and/or hard), nickel, other metals or metal alloys, composite, polymer, ceramic, any plurality thereof, any combination thereof, or any other suitable material as applicable.

[0113] Fig. 5 shows in example 500 an exploded view of a pair of constraints 501a and 501b encasing a set (e.g., a population) of stacked battery cells 502, the pair of constraints being part of a constraint system. Example 550 shows an exploded view in which the two constraints 501 a-b are closer to the stacked cell set 502. Fig. 5 is shown with respect to a Cartesian coordinate system. Each of the constraints may curb expansion of the battery cells during charge and/or discharge. Curbing the expansion may or may not be anisotropic. In the example shown in Fig. 5, the constraint can deter expansion of the cells anisotropically along the Y axis.

[0114] In some embodiments, the cell comprises an anode separated by a gap from an anode. The cell may comprise a separator disposed in the gap. The cells may be elongated, e.g., an elongated box. The face of the cell opposing the largest surface area face of the electrode (e.g., anode or cathode) may have an aspect ratio of at least about 10:1 , 15:1, 20:1 , 35:1, or 50:1, the aspect ratio being a length (e.g., Fig. 6, 631) of the face to a height (e.g., Fig. 6, 632) of that face. The cell may have an aspect ratio of at least about 5:1 , 8:1, 10:1 , 15:1, 25:1 20:1 , 35:1 , or 50:1, the aspect ratio being a height (e.g., Fig. 6, 632) of the cell to a width (e.g., Fig. 6, 604, showing a width of three cells). [0115] Fig. 6 shows in example 600 a lateral portion of three cells, each comprising an electrode such as 601, a counter electrode such as 603, and a separator 602 disposed between each immediately adjacent pair of electrode and counter electrode. In example 600, the electrode (e.g., 601) extends less than the counter electrode 603 to the lateral edge 604 of the stacked cells, with the separator extending more towards the edge than the electrode, and then the counter-electrode, e.g., thus forming a corrugated, or wavey, lateral edge 604. Example 630 shows a stack of cells, e.g., in which the cells are horizontally stacked. The stacking axis of the cells may be parallel to a face of the cell having the largest surface area, e.g., of a prismatic battery.

[0116] Example 650 shows a set of stacked cells 651 enclosed by two opposing casings 652a and 652b. Current collectors of the stacked cells are coupled with connectors 653a and 653b. 653a connect to the electrodes of the set of cells, and 653b connects to the counterelectrodes of the set of cells. The cells enclosed by the casings (e.g., housing or case), are further secured by a flexible material 655, e.g., a band. The flexible material may comprise a polymer or a resin. The flexible material may be an electrical insulator. The casing may comprise one or more openings. In the example of Fig. 6, casing 652a includes oblong openings, e.g., that are evenly spaced along the X direction. Fig. 6 is shown with respect to a Cartesian coordinate system.

[0117] In some embodiments, the interior of the casing is separated from an exterior of the casing, e.g., to hinder reactive specie(s) in the external environment to traverse to the interior environment such as to cause the harm. Terminals configured to conduct the electrical current flow are configured to allow electrical connectivity of the external environment with the cell(s) disposed in the interior of the housing. The housing comprises a seal to separate the interior environment of the housing from its exterior environment. The terminals extend through the seal from the interior of the housing to the external environment. Each of the terminals can be coupled to the housing (e.g., at the seal area) by coupler. The coupler may comprise a compressible material such as a malleable material. The terminal may be secured to the housing by an adhesive, e.g., at the seal. The terminal may be secured to the seal at least in part by the adhesive and/or by the compressible material. The compressible material may be an adhesive. The compressible material and/or the adhesive, may comprise a polymer, a resin, a combination thereof, or a plurality of types thereof. The adhesive may be (e.g., substantially) confined to the seal. The adhesive may comprise polypropylene or epoxy glue. The fuse may be reinforced by an adhesive, e.g., to any portion of the device such as disclosed herein. The fuse may be located (e.g., and reinforced to) a portion of the device sufficiently distant from susceptible material(s) such that when the fuse activates, the harm will not be made due to activation of the susceptible material(s). The susceptible material may participate in the chemistry of the device, e.g., of the cell. The susceptible material(s) may comprise any of the active materials of the cell, any electrolyte, any separator, any insulator, any divider, any current collector, any busbar, any adhesive, any plurality (e.g., of types or otherwise) thereof, or any combination thereof. The compressible material may be disposed in the seal, in an interior of the housing, in the exterior of the housing, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the terminal is compressed by the compressible material, which is compressed by the seal of the housing. [0118] In some examples, the battery is disposed in a housing comprising a pouch. The pouch may insulate the battery content (e.g., the cell therein) from one or more reactive agent in the ambient environment external to the pouch. The pouch may enclosure the case of the battery, and the cell(s) housed therein. The pouch may comprise one or more layers. The one or more layers may include a material comprising a polymer, a resin, an elemental metal (e.g., strip, film, foil, and/or powder thereof), or a metal alloy (e.g., strip, film, foil, and/or powder thereof). The one or more layers may include one or more of these materials. The pouch may have an external surface having a color comprising black, silver, or white. [0119] Fig. 7 depicts a schematic example of a device (e.g., battery) having distal terminals (e.g., connectors) attached by grommets in accordance with some embodiments of this disclosure. Fig. 7 shows example 700 device (e.g., battery) cross section. An interior of the device is enclosed by a housing such as a pouch, from which two distal terminals (e.g., connectors) emerge at the bottom through grommets. The device comprises cell(s) 702, housing interior 704, housing seal 706, external environment 708, terminal 710 (e.g., connector), and a coupler 712 configured to allow terminal 710 to connect to cell(s) 702 in the interior of the device with external environment 708, while environmentally separating interior 704 from exterior 708. Fig. 7 shows in example 750 a magnified view of a coupler coupled with the terminal connector and coupling to a seal of the housing. Interior housing 714 (e.g., housing interior 704), adhesive 716 (e.g., coupling grommet 722 to housing seal 706), external environment 720 (e.g., external environment 708), grommet 722 of the coupler (e.g., coupler 712), and terminal connection 724 (e.g., terminal 710). As shown by Fig. 7, terminal 710 is operatively coupled (e.g., connected) with cell(s) 702 through an interior space of coupler 712, the coupler extending from interior 704 (e.g., where it is operatively coupled with cell(s) 702 to flow electrical current) to external environment 708, with seal 706 overlaying terminal 710 at least in part by overlaying coupler 712. A portion of terminal 710 and of coupler 712 is located within interior 704 while a portion of terminal 710 and coupler 712 is located in external environment 708, with the location of seal 706 facilitating separation of the interior and exterior environments of the housing. Coupler 721 includes grommet 722 and adhesive 716 configured to connect the grommet to seal 706. [0120] In some embodiments, cell(s) 702 corresponds to the cells described by Figs. 1-6 (e.g., an energy storage device having one or more cells), such as one that is rechargeable. In some embodiments, cell(s) 702 comprises internal anode and/or cathode terminal tabs (e.g., tab 710) that extend beyond a housing containing the cell(s) into an environment outside of the housing (e.g., external environment 708). In some embodiments, at least one fuse is placed at the terminal connector, e.g., at a portion of the terminal connector overlayed by coupler 712. In some implementations, a busbar extender having fuse(s) operatively connects to terminal connector 710 via coupler 712.

[0121] In some embodiments, a type of electrode(s) of a cell is coupled to the terminal (also referred herein as the “terminal connector,” or “terminal tab”). The terminal may have an aspect ratio of a width to a height of at least about 1 :2, 1 :3, or 1 :4. The coupler may be disposed (e.g., substantially) along the seal. The coupler may have a width that is longer than the width of the terminal connector. An aspect ratio of the width of the terminal connector to the width of the tab may be at most about 1 :5, 1 :75, or 1 :2.

[0122] Fig. 8 depicts in illustrative example 800, a terminal tab and grommet, in accordance with some embodiments of this disclosure. Example 800 shows dimensions of terminal 810 (e.g., terminal connector tab 710 of Fig. 7) and grommet 812 (e.g., grommet 722 of Fig. 7). In some embodiments, terminal 810 has a width of 8 mm and a length that is greater than 5 mm (e.g., a length that is greater than the length of grommet 812). In this example, the length is 10 mm below and above a grommet. Collectively, the length is length is about 25 mm total. The grommet 812 has a width of 14 mm (e.g., the length of tab 810 and an additional 3 mm extending beyond the width of terminal 810 in both directions) and a length of 5 mm. Tab 810 and/or grommet 812 have a cut weight corresponding to a z-direction of an x-y-z- coordinate system (e.g., a height), also referred to herein as thickness. The thickness of the terminal tab in this example is about 100 microns. In some implementations, the cut weight of grommet 812 is selected based on the cut weight of tab 810 (e.g., in order to ensure grommet 812 is capable of attaching tab 810 to a battery such as housing interior 702 of Fig. 7).

[0123] The thickness of the terminal tab can be at most about 70 microns, 75microns, 80microns, 100 microns, or 150 microns. The thickness of the terminal tab be of any value between the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 70 microns to about 150 microns. The thickness of the grommet can be (e.g., substantially a thickness of the terminal tab, or a different (e.g., greater) thickness. The thickness of the grommet be at most about 70 microns, 75microns, 80microns, 100 micron, 150 microns, or 300 microns. The thickness of the grommet be of any value between the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 70 microns to about 300 microns.

[0124] In some embodiments, at least one fuse is disposed in interconnect component(s) of the device cell(s). The interconnect components may comprise a busbar, a busbar extender, a terminal connector. The fuse(s) may be disposed in, or be part of, an interconnect component, in a plurality of interconnect component types, a plurality location within a type of interconnect component, or any combination thereof. The fuse may connect two or more portions of the interconnect component. In an example, the fuse connects two portions of the interconnect component. In an example, the fuse is a mass. The fuse may be in a form of a globular mass, or in the form of a line. The line may comprise a straight line or a curved line. The fuse may comprise (e.g., substantially) a straight line, or an alternating line. A long axis of the fuse may be disposed along a long axis of the interconnect component, or at an angle to the long axis of the interconnect components such as normal to the long axis of the interconnect component. A long axis of the fuse may be disposed along a long axis of the current flow path in the interconnect component system, or at an angle to the long axis of the current flow path in the interconnect component system such as normal to the long axis of the current flow path in the interconnect component system.

[0125] A central tendency as understood herein comprises mean, median, or mode. The mean may comprise a geometric mean.

[0126] In some embodiments, the fuse (e.g., pressure adjuster) comprises at least one mechanical fuse. The physical structure of the fuse may comprise a meandering path such as a winding path. The path may comprise (e.g., substantially) two-dimensional portion(s), or three-dimensional portion(s). The path may be (e.g., substantially) two-dimensional, or three- dimensional. The meandering path may comprise repetition(s) or be devoid of repetition(s). The meandering path may comprise an undulating path. The adulations may be random or may form at least one series. The undulations may be repetitive. The undulations may have a (e.g., substantially) constant pitch, amplitude, and/or repetition. The undulations may vary in their pitch, amplitude, and/or repetition. The variation may be linear. The variation may be non-linear. The variation may be exponential. The variation may be represented by a function including a linear portion, an exponential portion, or another non-linear portion. The fuse may include at least one helix. The helix may or may not diminish in its pitch, amplitude, and/or lateral FLS. In an example, the helix may comprise a conical helix. In an example, the helix may comprise a cylindrical helix. The helix may be a three-dimensional helix, three dimensional. The undulations may comprise a helix, a top hat, a zigzag, or a sinusoid.

[0127] Fig. 2 shows in example 270 various configuration types of a fuse, with line “A” representing the central tendency (e.g., median) line of the fuse. Examples 271a-273a and 271b-273b show various alternating configurations of at least a section of the fuse. 271a and 271b depict a zigzag fold, 272a and 272b depict a top hat configuration, and 273a and 273b depicts a sinusoidal configuration. Configurations 271a, 272a, and 273a have an amplitude that remains (e.g., substantially) constant along median line A. Configurations 271b, 272b, and 273b have an amplitude diminishes along median line A. In example 270, the pitch of the alternating cross-sectional shape remains (e.g., substantially) constant. In other embodiments, the pitch may alter (e.g., increase or decrease) with the propagation of the fuse. The schemes in example 270, may be two dimensional. The schemes in example 270 may be a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional fuse.

[0128] Example 850 shows an interconnect component (e.g., a connecting member such as a busbar extender) with a fuse in-tact and with a fuse disconnected. Example 850 comprises a first portion of interconnect component body 802 connected with in-tact fuse portion 804 connected with interconnect component body portion 806. Fuse 804 is elongated along long axis 820 of the interconnect component. Fuse 804 has a width that is smaller than that of each of portion 802 and portion 804.

[0129] Example 850 comprises a first portion of interconnect component body 808 connected with a first portion of open fuse portion 814. Second portion of open fuse 814 is connected with interconnect component body portion 806. Fuse 814 may have been disconnected by melting and forming (e.g., high surface tension) two globular masses, each connected to an opposition portion of the interconnect components. In some embodiments, when a sufficient current is applied to the interconnect component e.g., busbar extender such as 35A), the fuse alters (e.g., melts) and the interconnect component becomes disconnected. In some implementations, when the fuse activates (e.g. alters its material properties), the interconnect component changes one or more of its material properties to curtail (e.g., to stop) flow of the current through the fuse. In some embodiments, when the fuse is activated, portions of the fuse form globular masses (e.g., ellipsoids such as balls). The globular mass may adhere to ends of the interconnect component previously connected by the in-tact fuse. In some implementations, disconnected fuse comprises the balled-up material on the interconnect component. In some embodiments, the fuse is configured to (a) be in a location, (b) be in a component type, (c) be of a material makeup, and/or (d) have a FLS (e.g., a length, width and/or height), that is/are tailored to curtail (e.g., stop) conduction of through the fuse (and thus through the interconnect component) to reduce (e.g., prevent) the harm. In an example, the fuse is configured to (a) be in a location, (b) be in a component type, (c) be of a material makeup, and/or (d) have a FLS, that is/are tailored to stop conduction of electricity through the fuse (and thus through the interconnect component) to prevent the harm. In an example, the length of in-tact fuse must be of a length such that upon fusing, the interconnector body will cease to flow electrical current a way that would cause the harm, e.g., entirely cease flowing the electrical current through the interconnect component. Alteration of the fuse may or may not be reversible. In some embodiments, alteration of the fuse is irreversible. In some implementations, the disconnected fuse cannot revert back to being a connected fuse, as it is a one-way change, a permanent change, such as a safety measure. [0130] Fig. 9 depicts an illustrative example of a battery having a busbar extension, in accordance with some embodiments of this disclosure. Example 900 shows a battery having an busbar extension member connecting a busbar to a proximal tab. Example 900 comprises busbar extension member 902 as an example of an interconnect component, population of negative electrodes electrically connected schematically at 921, population of positive electrodes connected schematically at 922, population of electrically insulating separator layers 943, terminal tab 941, terminal tab 942, housing 972 having top portion 972A. In some implementations, housing (e.g., battery enclosure) 972 is filled with nonaqueous electrolyte (not shown) and lid 972A may be folded over and sealed to an upper surface of battery housing 972 in order to enclose the negative and positive electrodes. To permit connection to an energy supply or consumer (not shown), terminal tabs 941 and 942 extend out of the sealed enclosure. The direction of the tabs may be parallel to, or perpendicular to, the direction of the stacking of the individual electrodes in the internal electrode stack and parallel to the direction of the progression of the series of interdigitated electrodes in each electrode structure in the internal electrode stack. In some embodiments, terminal tabs 941 and 942 contain a fuse connected via a corresponding grommet (e.g., grommet 712) to the seal of housing 972. The arrangement of cells within the housing can be any one of the arrangements shown in Fig 3-6, including a jelly roll type cell arrangement. [0131] In some embodiments, the interconnect component(s) for the population of electrode pairs in the electrode structures (e.g., terminal tabs 941 and 942) are electrically connected to the ends of the electrode buses (if present) and/or the electrode tab ends of the respective anode and cathode populations, e.g., by gluing, plasma spraying, welding, any combination thereof, or any other suitable method of attachment. The housing may comprise a softer pouch, or a harder can, or any combination thereof.

[0132] In some embodiments, extension member 902 extends an electrode (e.g., anode or cathode) from the outlet of a cell, around a side of the cell, and to a coupler such as a grommet (e.g., coupler 712 of Fig. 7).

[0133] As shown in Fig. 9, example 930 depicts an edge portions of an energy storage device, e.g., a battery. The device comprises cells including alternating structure of electrodes and counter electrodes separated from each other by a gap such as 932, e.g., comprising a separator. Each electrode type (e.g., each anode and each cathode) includes its respective current collector onto which active material is deposited (e.g., at one or at both sides). The current collector of each anode type extends laterally by an extended portion - by a tab such as tab 933. The tab of current collectors of an electrode type, extends to the same lateral direction beyond an edge of the separator, the separator extending laterally beyond each of the electrode types. In some embodiments, the tabs extending from each anode (e.g., tab 933) are folded relative to the rest of the current collector, e.g., in at least one direction along a stacking axis of the cells. In some implementations, busbar 935 is connected to the tabs extending from each anode (e.g., tab 933), for clarity purposes the tabs are not shown folded in the example of 930. In some embodiments, terminal tabs extend from the battery (e.g., tabs 941 and 942). The set of cells may be encased in a constraint system formed by two opposing constraints 937a and 937b, and by two opposing end plates such as end plate 938. In some embodiments, example 930 comprises busbar 935. In some implementations, a busbar extender extends from busbar 935 and connects to terminal tabs, e.g., busbar extension member 902.

[0134] In some embodiments, a fuse is part of, or is operatively coupled to, an interconnect component configured to flow electrical current relative to the cell and/or to the external environment to the device. The fuse may comprise a low melting point metal. In some implementations, the low melting point metal bridge comprises copper, nickel, stainless steel, lead, bismuth, any other lower melting point metal, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The fuse may be welded and/or soldered to two separate pieces of the interconnect component. In some implementations, the material makeup of the fuse is a metal having a low melting point. The fuse may allow the flow of the current therethrough at a low temperature of at least about -30°C, -20°C, -10°C, 0°C, or 10°C. The fuse may allow the flow of the current therethrough at a low temperature range between any of the aforementioned temperatures, e.g., from about -30°C to about 10°C, from about -20°C to about 0°C, or from about -20°C to about 0°C. The fuse may allow the flow of the current therethrough at a high temperature of at most about 50°C, 70°C, 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C, 350°C, 500°C, 700°C, 1000°C, or 1200°C. The fuse may allow the flow of the current therethrough at a high temperature range between any of the aforementioned temperatures, e.g., from about 50°C to about 1200°C, from about 50°C to about 200°C, from about 150°C to about 500°C, or from about 300°C to about 1200°C. The fuse may activate a high temperature of at most about 50°C, 70°C, 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C, 350°C, 500°C, 700°C, 1000°C, or 1200°C. The fuse may activate at a threshold temperature between any of the aforementioned temperatures, e.g., from about 50°C to about 1200°C, from about 50°C to about 200°C, from about 150°C to about 500°C, or from about 300°C to about 1200°C.

[0135] In some embodiments, the material makeup of the fuse is inert to the chemistry of the electrochemical cell. In an example, the material makeup of the fuse does not lithiate. In some embodiments, when subjected to high current, the fuse melts, thereby opening the circuit.

[0136] In some embodiments, fuses are integrated into the device (e.g., battery). The fuse may comprise a thermal fuse, a very fast acting fuse (e.g., acts within tenths of a second), a fast-acting fuse (e.g., acts within seconds), or a slow blow fuse (e.g., acts within tens of a second). In some implementations, the fuse integrated into the secondary battery must meet certain functional requirements. For example, in some embodiments, a threshold for breaking the fuse is based at least in part on a current. The fuse can be configured to fuse at a threshold current of at least about 5 amperes (A), 10A, 20A, 25A, 30A, or 35A. The fuse can be configured to fuse at a threshold current of any value between the forementioned values, e.g., from about 5A to about 35A. In an example, the threshold current is at least about 25A. In an example, the threshold current is at least about 21A. The fuse can be configured to allow fast charging (e.g., allowing the cell(s) to fully charge in five minutes).

The fuse can be configured to allow the device to have a C-rate of at least about 1 C, 2C, 3C, 5C, 7C, or 10C. The fuse can be configured to allow the device to have a C-rate of any value between the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 1C to about 15C, or from about 2C to about 7C. The fuse may be triggered by one or more threshold types. The threshold types may include a temperature threshold, current threshold, and/or a resistance threshold. The threshold may be a value or a function. The threshold may include a minimum threshold and/or a maximum threshold, e.g., the threshold may be a threshold range or a threshold window.

[0137] In some embodiments, the fuse is located outside of the active material of the cell and inside the housing (e.g., battery enclosure 972) of the device. In some implementations, the device has a housing, and at least one fuse is disposed in the housing (e.g., in a grommet coupled with the housing) and/or in an interior of the housing. In some embodiments, the housing comprises a pouch and the at least one fuse is disposed in the pouch interior and/or in the pouch seal, e.g., in a grommet coupled with the pouch seal. The fuse may be located outside of the cell(s), outside the insulator (e.g., Alumina) coupled to the cell(s), outside of the constraint system of the cell(s), and/or outside of the pouch. In some embodiments, when the fuse generates a temperature hotspot, the fuse is located such that it may hinder (e.g., prevent) the temperature hotspot from disturbing the electrochemical cells, e.g., to initiate a runaway reaction. In some implementations, the fuse is located at a place sufficiently distant from the cell(s) to not initiate the harm, e.g., due to the high temperature and/or molten material generated by the fuse. In some embodiments, the cells are stacked cells e.g., in any geometry such as the geometries described herein. In some implementations, the fuse is located in a gap between a first and second sections of a current guide. In some embodiments, the current guide comprises an extender (e.g., busbar extension member 902), a terminal tab (e.g., coupled to a grommet that is coupled to a pouch seal for reinforcement such as terminal tab 710).

[0138] In some embodiments, the fuse gap (e.g., the length of in-tact fuse 804) is of a minimal distance configured to (e.g., that ensures) disconnect upon receipt of a certain level of current such as the current used in ESC safety testing. In some implementations, the fuse gap is dependent on material makeup of the fuse, location within the device, coupling to a certain interconnect component, geometry of the fuse, and/or volume of the fuse. In some embodiments, the location of the fuse is chosen to connect two sections of conductive material. The two sections of conductive material may comprise two sections of an interconnect component, or two sections that each belong to a different interconnect component. The different interconnect components may be different in type and/or in relative location in the housing. The fuse may connect two terminal tab portions via a grommet connection, a busbar extender and a terminal tab, two sections of an busbar extender, two sections of a busbar, one section operatively coupled to a terminal tab and the other section operatively couple to a busbar, one section operatively coupled to a terminal tab and the other section operatively couple to a busbar extender. In some implementations, there are at least two fuses in one component of the device, e.g., in an interconnect component. The two fused may be located in a terminal tab, in a current collector, or in a busbar. In some embodiments, there are at least two fuses in interconnect component. In some embodiments, there are at least two fuses, each in a different interconnect component. In an example, there is on one fuse in a busbar extender and another fuse in a terminal tab. In an example, there is ere is one fuse in a terminal tab and another fuse in a busbar.

[0139] Fig. 10 depicts experimental results of fuse tests, in accordance with some embodiments of this disclosure. As shown by graph 1000, the width of a fuse determines (e.g., at least in part) whether or not the fuse will activate (e.g., melt) or not. For the purposes of graph 1000, a pass refers to a fuse that activates when exposed to testing conditions (e.g., ESC testing conditions) and a fail refers to a fuse that did not activate when exposed to testing conditions. In some embodiments, a fuse with a width of about 0.6 to 1.1 mm will activate whereas a fuse with a width of about 1.1 mm to 1.5 mm will not activate. In some embodiments, a fuse with a width of 1.0 mm may or may not activate. The specific material and geometry of a fuse will affect whether or not a fuse having a specific width with activate or not. Therefore, a width that is within the range of 0.6 mm and 1.0 mm is an exemplary width for a fuse.

[0140] Fig. 11A depicts an illustrative example of an experiment of a battery having a busbar extension, in accordance with some embodiments of this disclosure. Example 1100 comprises interior battery 1102 comprising an electrode assembly (not shown) disposed in a constraint system having oblong perforations, busbar 1104, busbar extension 1106 (e.g., similar to busbar extension member 902), and fuse 1108 (e.g., similar to in-tact fuse 804). A busbar extension can connect any two conductive portions of interior the secondary battery, e.g., busbar to busbar, busbar to terminal tab, terminal tab to terminal, or any other suitable pair of components. In some embodiments, when exposed to ESC testing conditions (e.g., or any current level above a threshold), fuse 1108 activates and opens the circuit. In some implementations, busbar extension 1106 has a first section (e.g., connector extension body 808) having a first cross-sectional area, the first section operatively coupled with a terminal tab (e.g., using a coupler such as 712 of tab 710). In some embodiments, busbar extension 1106 has a second section (e.g., similar to connector extension body 806) having a second cross-sectional area that is (e.g., substantially) the same as the first cross-sectional area, and is operatively coupled with a terminal outlet of the cell. In some implementations, fuse 1108 is a connecting section, connecting the first and second sections of busbar extension 1106. In some embodiments, fuse 1108 is an interconnect junction for the two sections of busbar extension 1106. In some embodiments, fuse 1108 has a third cross sectional area that is smaller than the first cross sectional area and/or the second cross sectional area. In some embodiments, fuse 1108 is configured to operatively connect the first section with the second section to conduct electrical current. In some implementations, fuse 1108 has a cross-sectional area that is substantially the same as the cross-sectional area of the first and second sections of busbar extension 1106.

[0141] In some embodiments, a fuse is disposed between two sections of an interconnect component. The two sections of the interconnect component may be centrally aligned. In some embodiments, the two sections of the interconnect component are misaligned, e.g., the fuse aligns with the bottom part of the first section and the top part of the second section. In some embodiments, a gap between the first section and the second section of the interconnect component is bridged by fuse. At least one FLS (e.g., length) of the fuse may be at most about 0.5mm, 1mm, 1.5mm, 1.8mm, or 2mm. At least one FLS of the fuse (e.g., width) is at most about 50 mm, 100 mm, 200 mm, 240 mm, 300 mm, or 500 mm. At least one FLS of the fuse (e.g., thickness) may be at most about 50 pm, 100 pm, or 150 pm. At least one FLS of the fuse may be between any of the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 0.5 mm to about 2mm, from about 50mm to about 300mm, from about 100 mm to 500 mm, or from about 50 pm, to about 150 pm. In some implementations, the lateral geometry of fuse may comprise a straight and/or curved portion. In some embodiments, fuse is (e.g., substantially) fully straight. In some implementations, fuse comprises a serpentine, adulating, and/or wavy structure.

[0142] In some embodiments, interconnect component and/or fuse comprises an elemental metal, metal alloy, or an allotrope of elemental metals. In an example, the elemental metal comprises aluminum, or copper. In an example, the metal alloy comprises stainless steel. In some embodiments, at least two portions of the interconnect component are comprised of different material types. In some embodiments, material makeup of at least two portions of the interconnect component is (e.g., substantially) the same. In some embodiments, at least two interconnect components are each comprised of different material types. In some embodiments, material makeup of at least two interconnect components is (e.g., substantially) the same. In some embodiments, the interconnect components and its operatively coupled current collector are each comprised of different material types. In some embodiments, material makeup of interconnect components and its operatively coupled current is (e.g., substantially) the same.

[0143] In some implementations, the fuse is comprised of a material different from that of the at least one portion of the interconnect component to which it is coupled. For example, when the first and second sections of busbar extension are comprised of copper, fuse is comprised of any of tin, nickel (e.g., Inconel), aluminum, copper, or stainless steel. In some embodiments, fuse is comprised of the same material as the first and second sections of a busbar extension. In some implementations, when the first and second sections of the busbar extension are comprised of copper having a thickness, fuse is comprised of a copper wire that is thinner than the thickness. In some embodiments, the fuse is comprised of a non-conductive (e.g., insulator) material having a conductive (e.g., metal powder, or metal wire). In some implementations, the non-conductive material comprises a polymer, a resin, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the non- conductive material comprises a positive temperature coefficient material such as a polymer (polymeric positive temperature coefficient - PPTC), which rises in resistance with high temperature. In some embodiments, the PPTC comprises a fluoropolymer, an aluminum polymer, a terpolymer, a copolymer, any mixture thereof, any composite thereof, any other combination thereof, or any plurality of types thereof.

[0144] In some embodiments, the material of the fuse is chosen as to curtail (e.g., prevent) interference, or other obstruction, of the chemistry of the electrochemical cell. For example, the fuse material may be inert to depletion of charge carriers, e.g., by facilitating their deposition on the fuse material through an electrolytic reaction or any other reduction reaction. In some implementations, the fuse has a lower melting point as compared to any of the materials of the interconnect component. For example, the fuse may have a lower melting point as compared to the material type(s) of the interconnect component. In some embodiments, the material of the fuse changes (e.g., melts) when heated by an energy (e.g., heat) below a threshold. The threshold temperature may be what is required to cause a runaway reaction in the cell, e.g., that may cause the harm such as igniting the cell. In some embodiments, the threshold temperature may be required to be reached at a certain rate and/or acceleration. The fuse may be required to heat up quickly to undergo the change that will curtail (e.g., prevent) the harm. In an example, a swift rush of current is required to initiate the material change that will curtail (e.g., prevent) the harm, e.g., through a runaway reaction. In some implementations, the fuse is of a material that does not undergo a reversible change, e.g., of a material that does not reversibly connect after its disconnection through a phase change. In some embodiments, an activation (e.g., by a material change such as by melting) of the fuse is irreversible and/or happens quickly. The quick occurrence of the material change of the fuse may occur within at most fractions of a second. The fuse may activate within at most about 0.1 seconds (sec), 0.2sec, 0.5sec, 0.7sec, 1 sec, 10 sec, 30sec, 60 sec, or 90 sec. The fuse may activate at a time between any of the aforementioned times, e.g., from about 0.1 sec to about 1 sec, from about 1sec to about 10 sec, from about 10sec to about 90 sec, or from about 0.1 sec to about 90 sec.

[0145] In some embodiments, the fuse undergoes a material change when the fuse initiation condition(s) reach a threshold. The fuse initiation conditions may comprise a change, a velocity of the change, or an acceleration level of the change. The fuse initiation conditions may comprise a temperature, a current flow level of electricity, a resistance level, or a time frame. Fuse geometry, FLS(s), and/or material makeup, should be configured such that the fuse (e.g., irreversibly) opens in the initiation condition(s) such as when the current level is above at least one threshold level. In some embodiments, when a current drops below the threshold(s) level (e.g., after exceeding the threshold level and activating the fuse), the activation of the fuse is reversible. In some embodiments, due to a high surface tension upon melting, the metal comprising the fuse may deform. The deformation may comprise balling, warping, or undergoing a phase change. In some implementations, the distance between the ends of the first and second portions of the interconnect component is configured to allow irreversible change in the fuse, e.g., opening the electrical circuit by breaking the fuse. In some embodiments, the fuse comprises layers. In some implementations, the layers allow for tunability of the fuse, e.g., higher tunability fidelity as compared to when the fuse is made up of bulk material. At least two of the fuse layers may be of the same type of material. At least two of the fuse layers may be of a different type of material. The fuse layer may be of any material disclosed herein for the fuse. The material layer may comprise elemental metal, metal alloy, polymer, resin, an allotrope of elemental carbon, any mixture thereof, any plurality thereof, or any other combination thereof. In some embodiments, at least two of the layers of the fuse have (e.g., substantially) at least one FLS that is the same (e.g., thickness) and/or are made of the same material. In some implementations, at least two of the layers of the fuse have at least one FLS that is different (e.g., thickness) and/or are made of different material types.

[0146] Fig. 11B depicts an illustrative example of an experiment of a weld and bridge regions on a device (e.g., battery) component, in accordance with some embodiments of this disclosure. Example 1150 comprises weld regions 1102’ and bridge region 1104’. In some embodiments, weld regions 1102’ comprise nickel-copper (e.g., Ni-Cu) weld regions and bridge region 1104’ comprises a nickel bridge region. In some embodiments, weld regions 1102’ and bridge region 1104’ contain a single fuse that has been welded, soldered, or otherwise attached to an extending member (e.g., extension 1106 of Fig. 11 A) made of any suitable material disclosed herein. In some implementations, the fuse is connected to the extending member at weld region 1102’, where the fuse overlays the extending member, and the fuse is isolated in bridge region 1104’ (e.g., the material of the extending member is not present in bridge region 1104’).

[0147] Fig. 12 depicts an illustrative example of an experiment of a fuse link, in accordance with some embodiments of this disclosure. Example 1200 comprises fuse link 1202 intact, and after it has been activated 1204. The fuse can be disposed within a grommet region. The in-tact fuse section was created with an aid of an infrared laser forming a serpentine pattern. In some embodiments, fuse link 1202 is about 1.8 mm wide and about 0.28 mm long, and disposed in an Aluminum bridge having dimensions of about 1.80 mm : about 0.28 mm : about 0.10 mm (Length : Width : Height) aluminum bridge. Upon being subjected to 35 Amperes of current, fuse link 1202 melted into disconnected fuse 1204 to form molten material that subsequently solidifies as an amorphous mass 1204 (e.g., blob) having a gap therebetween. The melting of the fuse may cause a change (e.g., by melting and/or splashing onto such as coating) its neighboring component (a terminal tab). In this case, the melting fuse caused a change in the grommet located adjacent to the fuse. In this case, the grommet material was polypropylene. The fuse region could be mechanically reinforced by a reinforcement, e.g., an adhesive such as epoxy glue.

[0148] Fig. 13 depicts a schematic of experiments of fuse testing, in accordance with some embodiments of this disclosure. Example 1300 comprises weld pattern 302, extender dicing lines 1304, first sections 1306, and second sections 1308. Example 1350 comprises fusible bridge region 1310, first sections 1312, and second sections 1314. In some embodiments, a low melting point metal (e.g., a fuse) is welded or soldered (e.g., in accordance with weld pattern 302) to two separate pieces (e.g., a piece from first sections 1306 and a corresponding piece from second sections 1308) of copper anode extender (e.g., or cathode extender or busbar extension 1106). In some embodiments, weld pattern 1302 is an alignment agnostic weld pattern for attaching a fuse to two sections of extender material. In some implementations, extender dicer lines 1304 correspond to where example 1300 will be sliced to generate multiple extenders (e.g., busbar extension 1106), each extender having two sections of extension material (e.g., a section from first sections 1306 and a corresponding section from second sections 1308, connector extension body 802 and connector extension body 806) connected by a fuse (e.g., the fuse, in-tact fuse 804).

[0149] In some embodiments, fusible bridge region 1310 comprises a region where only material of the fuse is present (e.g., sections of the extender are not present in fusible bridge region 1310. In some implementations, upon being subjected to high current situations (e.g., ESC testing), the material present in fusible bridge region 1310 melts, thereby opening the circuit by disconnecting the respective extender sections. In some implementations, fusible bridge region 1310 is a fusible tin bridge region (e.g., when tin is used as the fuse material). In some embodiments, the activation of fusible bridge region 1310 (e.g., when fusible bridge region 1310 is subjected to a current above a threshold level) results in first sections 1306 and second sections 1308 (e.g., connected in example 1300 by a plurality of fuses) becoming first sections 1312 and second sections 1314, respectively. In some implementations, first sections 1312 and second sections 1314 (e.g., sections of the extender piece) and not connected (e.g., cannot conduct current to each other) whereas first sections 1306 and second sections 1308 are connected, e.g., by a fuse.

[0150] Fig. 14A depicts experimental results of fuse testing, in accordance with some embodiments of this disclosure. Graph 1400 depicts the measured DC resistance (e.g., in ohms) of various fuses subjected to various current levels (e.g., from 20Amp to 45Amp), tracked across pulse time (e.g., in seconds). As shown in Fig. 14A, a fuse made of copper having a dimension of 200 mm (e.g., corresponding to line 1404) and fuses made of a combination of tin having dimension of 3.0 mm x 3.0 mm x .1 mm (e.g., length, width, and height) and copper having a dimension of .200 mm were tested under these experimental conditions. As shown, the fuse made solely of copper did not activate at any point (e.g., as indicated by its continuous about 0.001 ohm measured resistance. However, the fuses made of tin and copper each ultimately activated and disconnected the circuit (e.g., at points 1402). As shown by graph 1400, the fuses made of tin and copper showed a steady increase in measured resistance and eventually activated (e.g., melted) at 25 Amperes for two tested fuses and at 30 Amperes for another tested fuse. Therefore, a fuse made from a combination of tin and copper (e.g., with the disclosed dimensions) provides an additional safety measure for secondary batteries, as they activate and open the circuit before a runaway event can occur. Further, a fuse made of pure copper (e.g., with the disclosed dimension) fails to provide an additional safety measure for secondary batteries, as it does not activate so the circuit remains closed, and a runaway event may occur.

[0151] Fig. 14B depicts an illustrative example of an experiment of activated fuses, in accordance with some embodiments of this disclosure. Example 1450 depicts activated fuse 1406, activated fuse 1408, and activated fuse 1410 (e.g., the fuses tested in the experiment resulting in graph 1400). In some embodiments, each activated fuse shown in example 1450 comprises two sections (e.g., body 802 and body 806), each section having a welded portion of a fuse (e.g., weld pattern 1302) remaining on its end.

[0152] Fig. 15 depicts experimental results of an external short circuit test demonstration, in accordance with some embodiments of this disclosure. Results 1500 comprise a view of an extender member (e.g., busbar extension 1106) and a view of the fuse sections that remained attached to the respective sections of the extender member after the extender member underwent ESC testing (e.g., weld pattern 1302), as removed from the respective sections of the extender member. As indicated by regions 1502, the black residue around the edges of the fuse indicates that lithiation occurred during the charging state, e.g., which is undesirable as it changes the battery environment. As indicated by center region 1504, the shiny center region staked to polypropylene (PPL) suggests that ionic insulation could mitigate lithiation. Therefore, in some embodiments, an electric insulator (e.g., ionic insulation) is leveraged to mitigate lithiation of fuse materials. In some embodiments, the fuse is encapsulated in a polymer or with tape in order to ensure stability and long-term performance such as when the fuse is made of a material that is known to reduce the charge carriers at the electrode (e.g., anode) potential, e.g., when the fuse is made of a material that is known to lithiate at anode potential.

[0153] Fig. 16 depicts experimental results of an external short circuit test demonstration, in accordance with some embodiments of this disclosure, e.g., Figs. 6 and 11 A. Graph 1600 depicts the measured terminal current (e.g., in Amperes) of a battery housed in a pouch housing, and the measured pouch temperature adjacent to each of two busbar extenders (e.g., in degrees Celsius) when the two busbar extenders are subjected to ESC testing conditions over time (e.g., in seconds). A first busbar extender including a first fuse having current profile over time 1631a and temperature profile over time 1631b, and a second busbar extender including a second fuse having current profile over time 1632a and temperature profile over time 1632b. The first fuse of the first busbar extender disconnected (e.g., activated) when the temperature of the first busbar extender was about 48°C, and second fuse of the second busbar extender disconnected (e.g., activated) when the temperature of the second busbar extender was about 28°. The first fuse of the first busbar extender disconnected (e.g., activated) when the current of the first busbar extender was about 30Amp for about 30 seconds, and second fuse of the second busbar extender disconnected (e.g., activated) when the current of the second busbar extender was about 30Amp for about 2 seconds. At point 1602 and point 1604, when terminal current is measured at about 30 Amperes respectively, each fuse bridge of the busbar extenders being measured activates and disconnects the circuit, e.g., which is presumably the reason why the current is measured as 0 after point 1602 and point 1604 respectively. The first fuse and the second fuse each comprising tin.

[0154] The material makeup of the interconnect component is configured to be stable at the prescribed (e.g., operating) conditions of the device, for the prescribed lifetime of the device. In an example, the material makeup of the interconnect component is configured to be stable at the electrode potential. The electrode may comprise a current collector. The current collector may comprise copper, nickel, steel, or aluminum. The fuse may be designed to material alter to curtail the harm (e.g., prevent the harm), when the threshold(s) conditions are met, e.g., when resistance and/or volume of the fusible region is suitable for reaching a phase transformation (e.g., melting point), e.g., at a given current, at a given resistance, at a given acceleration, and/or at a given speed. At least one FLS (e.g., cross section and/or length) of the fuse may be smaller than that of the respective interconnect component(s) to which it is coupled. The resistance in the fuse may be of at least about 0.5 milliohms (mfi), 1 mfi, 5 mQ, 10 mfi, 30 mQ, 50 mQ, 80 mfi, 100 mfi, 150 mQ, or 200 mfi. The resistance in the fuse may be of at most about 40 mQ, 50 mQ, 70 mQ, 80 mQ, 100 mQ, 150 mQ, 200 mQ, or 300 mQ. The resistance in the fuse may be between any of the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 0.5 mQ to about 300 mQ, from about 0.5 mQ to about 50 mQ, from about 40 mQ to about 200 mQ, or from about 70 mQ to about 150 mQ. The resistance of the fuse may be tailored to the device in which it is installed, the use of the device, the prescribed conditions of the device, the lifetime of the device, the interconnect components in which the fuse is disposed, the location of the fuse in an interconnect components, the proximity of the fuse to one or more other components of the device, or any combination thereof.

[0155] In some embodiments, the device has prescribed conditions and/or a prescribed lifetime. Operation of the device (e.g., battery) may be during its prescribed lifetime, during its prescribed use, and/or according to jurisdictional standards relating to the device. The prescribed lifetime may depend on the number of charge and discharge cycles, e.g., as disclosed herein. The number of cycles may be to full charge before the capacity of the device (e.g., battery) drops below 80%. The prescribed lifetime may be of at most about 3 years, 5 years, or 7 years, e.g., from the date of its manufacture. The standards may include IEC 60068-2-6, IEC 60068-2, IEC62133, SAE J2380, UN 38.3, MIL-STD-810G (516.6), UL1642, UL 2054, and/or SAE J2380, and/or GB31241. The prescribed use may comprise vibrations, or fall on a hard surface such as concrete or asphalt, e.g., using gravitational attraction to the Earth’s gravity center. The vibrations be at a value comprising at least about 10 Herz (Hz), 50Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz, 300 Hz, or 500Hz. The vibrations be at a value between the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 10Hz to about 500 Hz. The vibrations may last at most about 0.5 hours, 1hour, 3hours, 8 hours, 12hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 40 hours, or 48 hours. The vibrations may last a timespan between any of the aforementioned timespans, e.g., from 0.5hour to 48 hours. The fall may be a free fall from a height of at most about 0.5 meters (m), 1.2m, or 2 m. The prescribed operating conditions comprise temperatures between a lower temperature (e.g., -20°C) and a higher temperature (e.g., 80°C). The higher temperature may be of at most about 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, or 90°C. The higher temperature may be of at least about 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, or 80°C. The lower temperature may be of at most about -10°C, -20°C, or -30°C. The lower temperature may be of at least about -20°C, -10°C, or 0°C. The temperature may be between any of the aforementioned values, e.g., from about 60°C to about -20°C, or from about 90°C to about - 30°C. [0156] Fig. 17A depicts an illustrative example of an experiment of a fuse test setup based on experimental results, in accordance with some embodiments of this disclosure. Example 1700 shows copper fuses 1702, nickel fuses 1704, and stainless-steel fuses 1706 (e.g., exemplary embodiments of fuses to be tested), each fuse necked in the middle. For each pair of fuses (e.g., copper fuses 1702, nickel fuses 1704, and stainless-steel fuses 1706) there is one long necked and one short necked, in order to determine what kind of neck has more desirable reactions to the test. In some embodiments, fuses (e.g., copper fuses 1702, nickel fuses 1704, and stainless-steel fuses 1706) are tested at 35Amp by machine 1708 to determine if the test fuse will activate under this condition (e.g., undergo coupon testing). In some embodiments, machine 1708 is configured to clamp both ends of a fuse, thereby suspending the necked region of the fuse between the two clamps, and supply a current to the fuse (e.g., 35Amp). Example 1750 depicts a fuse having fuse region 1710 that is to be subjected to an ESC test. In some embodiments, fuse region 1710 corresponds to in-tact fuse 804 of Fig. 8 and/or the fuse of Fig. 11 A.

[0157] Fig. 17B depicts experimental results of the fuse test, in accordance with some embodiments of this disclosure. Table 1760 shows the results of a plurality of fuses (e.g., copper fuses 1702, nickel fuses 1704, and stainless-steel fuses 1706) subjected to the test described/depicted in example 1700 (e.g., coupon testing) and done by machine 1708. As shown by table 1760, a fuse made of copper, with a width of 0.8 mm, a length of 0 mm, and a thickness of 0.075 mm sustains itself 35Amp (e.g., does not fuse/activate); a fuse made of copper with a width of 0.8 mm, a length of 1.84 mm, and a thickness of 0.075 mm sustains itself 35Amp (e.g., does not fuse/activate); a fuse made of nickel, with a width of 0.8 mm, a length of 0 mm, and a thickness of 0.125 mm sustains itself 35 Amp (e.g., does not fuse/activate); a fuse made of nickel, with a width of 0.8 mm, a length of 1.84 mm, and a thickness of 0.125 mm fuses (e.g., activates) in less than 0.72 seconds when subjected to 35Amp; and a fuse made of stainless steel, with a width of 0.8 mm, a length of 0 mm, and a thickness of 0.075 mm fuses (e.g., activates) in less than 0.24 seconds when subjected to 35Amp. A fuse made of stainless steel, with a width of 0.8 mm, a length of 1.84 mm, and a thickness of 0.075 mm was not tested (e.g., by machine 1708). Therefore, a fuse made of nickel, with a width of 0.8 mm, a length of 1.84 mm, and a thickness of 0.125 mm and/or a fuse made of stainless steel, with a width of 0.8 mm, a length of 0 mm, and a thickness of 0.075 mm would make for an effective fuse for use in a secondary battery as a safety measure (e.g., while the other tested fuses that did not activate would not).

[0158] Table 1770 shows the results of a plurality of fuses having different widths (e.g., 0.8 mm, 0.65 mm, and 0.5 mm) that were subjected to ESC test conditions (e.g., 80 milliohms (mil) at 55 degrees Celsius, 100 mO at 25 degrees Celsius). As shown by table 1770, all five fuses with a 0.8 mm width, tested at 80 mO /55 degrees Celsius passed the ESC test; three out of four fuses having a 0.8 mm width and tested at 100 mil /25 degrees Celsius passed the ESC test; one out of three fuses having a 0.65 mm width and tested at 100 mQ /25 degrees Celsius passed the ESC test; and three out of three fuses having a 0.5 mm width and tested at 100 mQ /25 degrees Celsius passed the ESC test. Therefore, a fuse having a 0.8 mm width and/or a fuse 0.5 mm width are desirable for use in a secondary battery as a safety measure (e.g., to prevent a runaway reaction).

[0159] Figs. 18A-18C depict experimental results of external short circuit test, in accordance with some embodiments of this disclosure. Graph 1800, graph 1820, and graph 1840 each depict a measured pouch temperature (e.g., in degrees Celsius) and a measured terminal current (e.g., in amperes) over time (e.g., in seconds) of a plurality of fuses tested in accordance with testing parameters, e.g., ESC testing parameters. The testing parameters may be for compliance with one or more jurisdictional standards, e.g., as disclosed herein. As indicated by point 1802 in Fig. 18A, a fuse having a 0.8 mm width activates (e.g., fuses/melts) in one second at 55 degrees Celsius. As indicated by point 1822 in Fig. 18B, a fuse having a 0.8 mm width activates in less than one second when at room temperature and subjected to 100 mQ. As indicated by point 1824 of Fig. 18B, a cell will ignite if its temperature reaches 70 degrees Celsius. As indicated by point 1842 of Fig. 18C, a fuse having a width of 0.5 mm activates in one second when at room temperature and subjected to 100 mQ. In some embodiments, high melting point metals such as nickel generate very high temperature local hot spots which compromise the cell in the event the fuse does not successfully activate. Therefore, in some implementations, thermal insulation is used to separate the fuse from the active area of the cell and promote fuse activation in some designs (e.g., when high melting point metals are used).

[0160] In some embodiments, the device (e.g., battery) comprises a grommet. The grommet may be at least in part disposed in a seal of a housing. The grommet may comprise any insulating material disclosed herein. The grommet may comprise a polymer, a resin, any composite material thereof, any plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof. The grommet may comprise a reinforced material such as a reinforced composite. The grommet may comprise rubber, or plastic. The grommet may be an eyelet. The grommet may comprise a compressible (e.g., elastic) material, and/or a material configured for compression such as a foam. The grommet may be abrasion resistance and/or durable, e.g., over the prescribed lifetime of the device and/or prescribed conditions of the device. The grommet may comprise any insulating material such as disclosed herein.

[0161] Fig. 19 depicts an illustrative example of an experiment. Fig. 19 shows a fuse link within the grommet of a terminal tab of a battery, in accordance with some embodiments of this disclosure. In some embodiments, aluminum and/or nickel metals need small crosssections for fuse links to activate at as little as 25 Amp, which are flimsy and/or difficult to handle. Accordingly, in some implementations, the fuse links (e.g., the fuse) are placed within the grommet (e.g., grommet 712 such as a polymeric grommet) of the terminals (e.g., tab 710) to provide mechanical reinforcement. Further, locating fuse links within the seal region of the housing such as a pouch (e.g., as depicted in Fig. 7) could further reinforce the fuse link, e.g., to increase stability when subject to undue mechanical stress in the field. Placing the fuse links within the grommets of a terminal locates potential hotspots away from heat sensitive components of the device such as the cell and/or the (e.g., flammable) electrolyte. In some embodiments, a fuse link placed within grommet is located outside of the pouch. Example 1900 shows a plurality of fuse links placed within the (e.g., polymeric) grommets of a plurality of terminals. Example 1950 shows a close-up view of a fuse link placed within the grommet of a terminal. In some embodiments, region 1902 corresponds to a fuse region (e.g., where the fuse is placed) and region 1904 corresponds to a seal region (e.g., where the seal pouch will enclose the terminal and/or grommet.

[0162] In some embodiments, an extender is soldered, welded, or otherwise attached to a terminal, another extender, and/or a busbar to serve as a fusible junction (e.g., rather than having a longitudinal fusible bridge between components). In some implementations, a fusible bridge or connecting joint comprises a polymer adhesive (e.g., an electrically conductive adhesive). In some embodiments, a fuse comprises a non-fusible high resistance pathway in parallel to allow for continued, slow discharge of the cell after fuse activation interrupts the high current (e.g., that activated the fuse). In some embodiments, the disclosed use of fuses is used in parallel with a shutdown separator and/or polymeric positive temperature coefficient (e.g., PTC) links and thermal cutoff (e.g., TCO) devices that are incorporated outside of the battery and/or within the cell.

[0163] Fig. 20 shows a schematic example of process 2020 controlled using a control system in a feedback loop control scheme, e.g., in a closed loop control scheme. The control system receives set point 2005 to comparator 2006 that generates an error signal, which is fed 2045 into controller 2040. In other control systems, the comparator can be part of the controller. Controller 2040 generates a control signal that is fed into controlling element 2030. The controlling element may comprise a mechanism utilized for its control function to control process 2020. Controlling element 2030 provides an input to process 2020. The mechanism may effectuate a physical and/or a chemical change, which change is the input to process 2020. The physical change may comprise mechanical change, magnetic change, electromagnetic change, piezoelectric change, electrical change, pressure change, or temperature change. The chemical change may comprise a change in a chemical gradient, or in a chemical entity. Process 2020 can be any process disclosed herein, e.g., any method such as a fabrication (e.g., manufacturing) method. Process 2020 generates an output detected by measuring element 2010, e.g., using its sensor(s). The output provided by process 2020 may be a reaction of the process to the input provided by control element 2030. Measuring element 2010 generates a variable amplitude signal that is fed back into comparator 2006 and is again compared with the setpoint. Measuring element 2010 optionally also generates a controlled variable 2081. Control element 2030 optionally also receives a manipulated variable 2082, e.g., from an external source such as a processor and/or a communication system. Sensor(s) can be used by measuring element 2010 for the measurement of parameters of the process, e.g., 2020. The sensor measurement can be a determination of an amplitude of a parameter such as of a material, e.g., as disclosed herein. In an example, the value of the measurement is consistent and repeatable. The sensor(s) can convert the physical parameters (e.g., repeatedly, and reliably) into a usable form by the control system, e.g., into an electrical signal such as in a digital form. The comparator can perform an error detection, e.g., by determining a difference between the amplitude of the measured variable and a requested set reference point (e.g., set point 2005), which difference is the error signal. The error signal can be amplified and/or conditioned such as filtered. The signal amplification and/or conditioning may be performed by an external component to the controller (e.g., 2040), or within the controller. The reference point (e.g., set point) can be stored in the memory of the controller, or of a memory operatively coupled with the controller. The controller can be a (e.g., micro-) processorbased system that can determine the next operation to be taken in a process. The process may be sequential. The controller may evaluate the error signal in a continuous process control system, e.g., to determine what action is to be taken. The controller (e.g., 2040) can condition the signal, or be operatively coupled with a unit conditioning the system. Conditioning the signal may comprise noise filtering. Conditioning the signal may comprise correcting the signal for a non-linearity in the sensor. The controller may include the parameters of the process input control element. The controller may condition the error signal to direct the control element, e.g., 2030. The controller can monitor input signal(s). The input signals may be interrelated. The controller may be configured to direct at least two control elements in concert. The controller may be configured to direct at least two control elements simultaneously. The controller may be configured to direct at least two control elements sequentially. The control element (e.g., 2030) can be a device that controls an incoming material to the process, or any other attribute of the process comprising physical attribute or chemical attribute. The physical attribute may comprise mechanical, magnetic, piezoelectric, electromagnetic, electrical, pressure, or temperature attribute. The chemical attribute may comprise a chemical gradient, or in a chemical entity. The control element can be a flow control element. The control element can be a temperature control element. The control element can have toggle (e.g., On/Off) characteristics. The control element can provide linear, or non-linear, control of the control element. The control element can be used to adjust the input to the process, e.g., bringing the output variable to the value of the set point. The measuring element (e.g., 2010) can consist of sensor(s) to measure the physical property of a variable, a transducer to convert the sensor signal into an electrical signal, and/or a transmitter to amplify the electrical signal. The amplification of the signal can be transmitted with minimal (e.g., without measurable) loss. The control element may comprise an actuator which changes the electrical signal from the controller into a signal to operate and/or control a physical device such as a valve. The controller may comprise a memory or be operatively coupled with a memory. The control system may comprise a summing circuit, e.g., to compare the set point to the sensed signal, so that it can generate the error signal. The summing circuit may be part of the comparator. The controller may use the error signal to generate a correctional signal to control the control element. In an example, the controller controls a valve via an actuator and the input variable. The sensors of the measuring element may comprise optical sensors, temperature sensors, pressure sensors, chemical sensors, proximity sensors, viscosity sensors, chemical sensors, or any other sensor disclosed herein. The chemical sensors may sense a material comprising oxygen, water, or any other reactive agent(s) herein. The sensors may be configured to sense one or more attributes of the methods disclosed herein such as the fabrication methods.

[0164] Control may comprise regulate, modulate, adjust, maintain, alter, change, govern, manage, restrain, restrict, direct, guide, oversee, manage, preserve, sustain, restrain, temper, or vary.

[0165] In some embodiments, the device, system, and/or apparatus disclosed herein comprises a processor. The processor may be a processing unit. The controller may comprise a processing unit. The processing unit may be central. The processing unit may comprise a central processing unit (herein “CPU”). The controllers or control mechanisms (e.g., comprising a computer system) may be programmed to implement methods of the disclosure. The processor may be programmed to implement methods of the disclosure. The controller may control at least one component of the systems and/or apparatuses disclosed herein. Fig. 21 shows a schematic example of a computer system 2100 that is programmed or otherwise configured to facilitate execution any of the methods provided herein.

The computer system 2100 can control (e.g., direct, monitor, and/or regulate) various features of the methods, apparatuses, devices, and/or systems of the present disclosure. The computer system 2100 can be part of, or be in communication with, the device, system and/or apparatus disclosed herein. The computer may be coupled with one or more mechanisms disclosed herein, and/or any parts thereof. The computer system 2100 can include a processing unit 2106 (also “processor,” “computer” and “computer processor” used herein). The computer system may include memory or memory location 2102 (e.g., randomaccess memory, read-only memory, flash memory), electronic storage unit 2104 (e.g., hard disk), communication interface 2103 (e.g., network adapter) for communicating with one or more other systems, and peripheral devices 2105, such as cache, other memory, data storage and/or electronic display adapters. The memory 2102, data storage unit

2104, interface 2103, and peripheral devices 2105 are in communication with the processing unit 2106 through a communication bus (solid lines), such as a motherboard. The storage unit can comprise a data storage unit (or data repository) for storing data. The computer system can be operatively coupled with a computer network (“network”) 2101, e.g., with the aid of the communication interface. The network can be the Internet, an internet and/or extranet, or an intranet and/or extranet that is in communication with the Internet. In some cases, the network is a telecommunication and/or data network. The network can include one or more computer servers, which can enable distributed computing, such as cloud computing. The network, in some cases with the aid of the computer system, can implement a peer-to-peer network, which may enable devices coupled with the computer system to behave as a client or a server. The processing unit can execute a sequence of machine- readable instructions, which can be embodied in a program or software. The instructions may be stored in a memory location, e.g., memory 2102. The instructions can be directed to the processing unit, which can subsequently program or otherwise configure the processing unit to implement methods of the present disclosure. Examples of operations performed by the processing unit can include fetch, decode, execute, and write back. The processing unit may interpret and/or execute instructions. The processor may include a microprocessor, a data processor, a central processing unit (CPU), a graphical processing unit (GPU), a system-on-chip (SOC), a co-processor, a network processor, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), an application specific instruction-set processor (ASIPs), a controller, a programmable logic device (PLD), a chipset, a field programmable gate array (FPGA), or any combination thereof. The processing unit can be part of a circuit, such as an integrated circuit. One or more other components of the system (e.g., 2100) can be included in the circuit.

[0166] In some embodiments, the storage unit (e.g., 2104) stores files, such as drivers, libraries, and saved programs. The storage unit can store user data (e.g., user preferences and user programs). In some cases, the computer system can include one or more additional data storage units that are external to the computer system, such as located on a remote server that is in communication with the computer system through an intranet or the Internet. The processor may be configured to process control protocols, e.g., communicate with one or more components of the mechanism (e.g., device, apparatus, and/or system) disclosed herein using the control protocols. Control protocols can be one or more of the internet protocol suites, e.g., transmission control protocol (TCP) or transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP). Control protocols can be one or more serial communication protocols. Control protocols can be one or more of controller area networks or another message-based protocol, e.g., for communication with microcontrollers and devices. Control protocols can interface with one or more serial bus interfaces for communication with the mechanism disclosed herein, e.g., with any of its components. The control protocol can be any control protocol disclosed herein.

[0167] In some embodiments, the system, device, and/or apparatus disclosed herein comprises communicating through a network. The computer system can communicate with one or more remote computer systems through a network. For instance, the computer system can communicate with a remote computer system of a user (e.g., operator).

Examples of remote computer systems include personal computers (e.g., portable PC), slate or tablet PC's (e.g., Apple® iPad, Samsung® Galaxy Tab), telephones, Smart phones (e.g., Apple® iPhone, Android-enabled device, Blackberry®), or personal digital assistants. A user (e.g., client) can access the computer system via the network.

[0168] In some embodiments, the computer system utilizes program instructions to execute, or direct execution of, operation(s). The program instructions can be inscribed in a machine executable code. Methods described herein can be implemented by way of machine (e.g., computer processor) executable code stored on an electronic storage location of the computer system, such as, for example, on the memory 2102 or electronic (e.g., data) storage unit 2104. The machine executable or machine-readable code can be provided in the form of software. During use, the processor (e.g., 2106) can execute the code. In some cases, the code can be retrieved from the storage unit and stored on the memory for ready access by the processor. In some situations, the electronic storage unit can be precluded, and machine-executable instructions are stored on memory. The code can be pre-compiled and configured for use with a machine that has a processer adapted to execute the code or can be compiled during runtime. The code can be supplied in a programming language that can be selected to enable the code to execute in a pre-compiled or as-compiled fashion.

[0169] In some embodiments, the computer system utilizes a machine-readable medium/media to execute, or direct execution of, operation(s). The program instructions can be inscribed in a machine executable code. A machine-readable medium/media, such as computer-executable code, may take many forms, including but not limited to, a tangible storage medium/media, a carrier wave medium, or physical transmission medium. Nonvolatile storage media/medium include, for example, optical or magnetic disks, such as any of the processor related storage devices in any computer(s) or the like, such as may be used to implement the databases. Volatile storage media/medium can include dynamic memory, such as main memory of such a computer platform. Tangible transmission media can include coaxial cables, wire (e.g., copper wire), and/or fiber optics, including the wires that comprise a bus within a computer system. Carrier-wave transmission media may take the form of electric or electromagnetic signals, or acoustic or light waves such as those generated during radio frequency (RF) and infrared (IR) data communications. Common forms of computer-readable media therefore include for example: a floppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any other magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, DVD or DVD-ROM, any other optical medium, punch cards paper tape, any other physical storage medium/media with patterns of holes, a RAM, a ROM, a PROM and EPROM, a FLASH- EPROM, any other memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave transporting data or instructions, cables or links transporting such a carrier wave, any other medium from which a computer may read programming code and/or data, or any combination thereof. The memory and/or data storage may comprise a storing device external to and/or removable from device, such as a Universal Serial Bus (USB) memory stick, and/or a hard disk. Many of these forms of computer readable media may be involved in carrying one or more sequences of one or more instructions to a processor for execution.

[0170] In some embodiments, the device, system, and/or apparatus disclosed herein comprises, or is operatively coupled with, a communication technology, e.g., in addition to the optical fiber disclosed herein. The communication may comprise wired or wireless communication. For example, the systems, apparatuses, and/or parts thereof may comprise Bluetooth, wi-fi, global positioning system (GPS), or radiofrequency (RF) technology. The RF technology may comprise ultrawideband (UWB) technology. Systems, apparatuses, and/or parts thereof may comprise a communication port. The communication port may be a serial port or a parallel port. The communication port may be a Universal Serial Bus port (i.e. , USB). The systems, apparatuses, and/or parts thereof may comprise USB ports. The USB can be micro- or mini-USB. The surface identification mechanism may comprise a plug and/or a socket, e.g., electrical, AC power, DC power. The systems, apparatuses, and/or parts thereof may comprise an electrical adapter (e.g., AC and/or DC power adapter). The systems, apparatuses, and/or parts thereof may comprise a power connector. The power connector can be an electrical power connector. The power connector may comprise a magnetically attached power connector. The power connector can be a dock connector. The connector can be a data and power connector. The connector may comprise pins. The connector may comprise at least about 10, 15, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 40, 42, 45, 50, 55, 80, or 100 pins.

[0171] In some embodiments, the cells are manufactured, e.g., to form a battery. An insulator and/or adhesive (e.g., tacky material) may be applied such as at a glass or at a melting temperature of at least one component of the adhesive, e.g., at a temperature of at least about 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, or 250°C. The application of the adhesive and/or insulator can be at least at ambient pressure, or above ambient pressure, e.g., at a pressure of at least about 14.5psi, 14.7psi, 20 psi, or 25psi. The adhesive and/or insulator may harden. The adhesive and/or insulator may have a thickness of at least about 50 pm, 100 pm, or 150 microns (pm). The adhesive and/or insulator may have a resistance, e.g., of at most about 0.1 mQ, 0.2 mQ, 0.5 mQ, 1 mfi, or 2 ohms (Q).

[0172] In some embodiments, a battery is manufactured. The battery can be fabricated (e.g., fabricated). The environment may or may not be an ambient environment. The environment may comprise one or more environmental characteristics different than those of the ambient environment. The one or more characteristics may comprise a lower concentration of reactive agent, a higher temperature, or a higher pressure. The reactive agent may react with one or more components of the battery, e.g., during its use, storage, shipping, maintenance, and/or fabrication. The battery cells may be fabricated according to any configuration disclosed herein, and using any material disclosed herein, as appropriate. The tabs may be folded, welded, adhered to a tacky connector, and/or adhered to a solid busbar. The manufacture process (e.g., of any component disclosed herein) may comprise printing, stenciling, heat application, heat transfer, any combination thereof, or any plurality thereof, as applicable. The application may comprise deposition. The printing may comprise stencil printing, direct printing, or sublimation printing. One or more operations of the manufacturing may be controlled by a control system, e.g., comprising at least one controller such as any control system disclosed herein.

[0173] The processes discussed above are intended to be illustrative and not limiting. One skilled in the art would appreciate that the operations (e.g., steps) of the processes discussed herein may be omitted, modified, combined, and/or rearranged, and any additional operations (e.g., steps) may be performed without departing from the scope of the invention. More generally, the above disclosure is meant to be exemplary and not limiting. Furthermore, it should be noted that the features and limitations described in any one embodiment may be applied to any other embodiment herein, and flowcharts or examples relating to one embodiment may be combined with any other embodiment in a suitable manner, done in different orders, or done in parallel. In addition, the systems and methods described herein may be performed in real time. It should also be noted that the systems and/or methods described above may be applied to, or used in accordance with, other systems and/or methods.

[0174] While preferred embodiments of the present inventions have been shown, and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. It is not intended that the present disclosure be limited by the specific examples provided within the specification. While the present disclosure has been described with reference to the afore-mentioned specification, the descriptions and illustrations of the embodiments herein are not meant to be construed in a limiting sense. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the present disclosure. Furthermore, it shall be understood that all aspects of the present disclosure are not limited to the specific depictions, configurations, or relative proportions set forth herein which depend upon a variety of conditions and variables. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments described herein might be employed in practicing the present disclosure. It is therefore contemplated that the present disclosure shall also cover any such alternatives, modifications, variations, or equivalents. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the present disclosure and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. A device for energy manipulation, the device comprising: a cell comprising an electrode opposing and separated from a counter-electrode by a gap, the cell being electrochemical, the cell comprising charge carriers and an electrolyte configured to, during use of the device, allow traversal of the charge carriers between the electrode and counter-electrode to manipulate electrical current including to utilize a current of electricity, generate the current, or utilize and generate the current, the energy manipulation of the device comprising energy storage, energy release, or energy storage and release; a housing configured to house the cell; and a fuse operatively coupled with the cell, the fuse being configured to (A) during flow of current below at least one threshold, allow flow of the current through the fuse and relative to the cell, and (B) when the flow of current through the fuse is equal to or greater than the at least one threshold, curtail current from flowing through the fuse, the fuse being disposed (i) in an interior of the housing and/or (ii) at a seal of the housing.

2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the at least one threshold considers a temperature of the fuse, a rate of current flow through the fuse, a material makeup of the fuse, a volume of the fuse, a pressure exerted on the fuse, or any combination thereof.

3. The device of claim 1, wherein the fuse is configured to curtail the current from flowing through the fuse at least in part by (I) the fuse physically separating to prevent flow through the fuse, or (II) the flow otherwise ceasing to flow the current through the fuse; and optionally wherein otherwise ceasing to flow the current through the fuse comprises a change in a material makeup of the fuse; and optionally wherein the change in the material makeup of the fuse is induced by (I) the flow of the current at or above the at least one threshold, (II) a pressure experienced by the fuse, the pressure being above a pressure threshold of the at least one threshold, (III) a temperature experienced by the fuse, the temperature being above a temperature threshold of the at least one threshold, (III) interaction with a reactive species sensed by the fuse, the reactive species being configured to react with any component of the device to induce harm, or (IV) any combination thereof.

4. The device of claim 1, wherein the housing comprising one or more encasings; and optionally wherein the one or more encasings are encasings; wherein the one or more encasings comprises a solid and/or rigid material; and optionally wherein the one or more encasings comprises a can; optionally wherein the one or more encasings are encasings; and optionally wherein the one or more encasings being nested one within another.

5. The device of claim 1, wherein the housing comprising one or more encasings; and optionally wherein the one or more encasings are encasings; wherein the one or more encasings comprising a flexible encasing; and optionally wherein the one or more encasings comprises a pouch; optionally wherein the one or more encasings are encasings; and optionally wherein the one or more encasings being nested one within another.

6. The device of claim 1, wherein the housing is configured to seal and separate the cell from an exterior environment to the housing; and optionally wherein the seal comprises a grommet.

7. The device of claim 6, wherein the seal is configured to protect an interior environment of the housing from ingress and/or egress of one or more substances therethrough; optionally wherein the seal is a hermetic seal, a gas tight seal, a liquid tight seal, or any combination thereof; and optionally wherein the grommet is configured to form a hermetic seal, a gas tight seal, a liquid tight seal, or any combination thereof.

8. The device of claim 1, wherein the fuse is disposed as part of, or operatively coupled with, (a) the housing, (b) the cell, (c) a stack of cells comprising the cell, cells of the stack of cells being similar to the cell, (d) at least one interconnected component operatively coupled with the cell, the at least one interconnected component being configured for flowing the current therethrough and relative to the cell, (f) the fuse is disposed in, or as part of, a seal of the housing, (g) the fuse is configured to cease flow of the current through the fuse, or (e) any combination thereof; and optionally wherein (A) the at least one interconnected component comprises a busbar, a busbar extender, or a terminal extending from an interior of the housing to an external environment to the housing, the terminal being operatively coupled with the cell (B) the fuse is disposed in, or as part of, a seal at least in part by being disposed in a grommet operatively coupled with the seal.

9. The device of claim 1, wherein the fuse comprises an insulator, the insulator being mixed, layered, or forming a composite material, with a conductor.

10. The device of claim 1, wherein the fuse comprises one or more layers; and optionally wherein the one or more layers are layers, and wherein (A) at least two of the layers are of a same material makeup, (B) at least two of the layers are of a different material makeup from each other, wherein (C) at least two of the layers have at least one FLS that are the same, (D) at least two of the layers have at least one FLS that is different from each other, or (E) any combination thereof.

11. The device of claim 1 , wherein a resistance of the fuse may be based at least in part on (a) a type of the device, (b) use of the device, (c) a prescribed conditions of the device, (d) a prescribed lifetime of the device, (e) an interconnect components in which the fuse is disposed or of which the fuse is part of, (f) a location of the fuse in the interconnect components, (g) a proximity of the fuse to one or more other components of the device, or (h) any combination thereof; and optionally wherein (I) the prescribed conditions comprise operating conditions, storage conditions, buffering conditions, transportation conditions and/or (II) the prescribed conditions comprise environmental conditions; and optionally wherein the environmental conditions comprise conditions in an ambient environment external to the device and/or conditions to which the cell of the device is exposed to; and optionally wherein the environmental conditions comprise a temperature, a pressure, a gas makeup, a gas level, or any combination thereof.

12. The device of claim 1, wherein the at least one threshold includes (a) a temperature threshold, current threshold, (b) a resistance threshold, or (c) any combination thereof; and optionally wherein (I) the threshold is a value or a function, (II) the at least one threshold includes a minimum threshold, a maximum threshold, or a minimum and maximum thresholds, or (III) any combination thereof.

13. The device of claim 1, wherein the fuse activates within at most about ten seconds of occurrence of a threshold event; and wherein the fuse activates within at most about half a second from occurrence of the threshold event.

14. The device of claim 1, wherein the fuse comprises an elemental metal, a metal alloy, an allotrope of elemental metal, a ceramic, a polymer, or a resin.

15. The device of claim 1, wherein the fuse comprises gold, silver, tin, nickel, copper, zinc, aluminum, lead, or any combination thereof; and optionally wherein the fuse comprises a lead-nickel alloy.

16. The device of claim 1, wherein when the current is flowing through the fuse above the at least one threshold, the fuse experiences a change in a material of the fuse; and optionally wherein (A) the change in the material comprises softening, liquification, liquidation, or evaporation, (B) at the least one threshold comprise a current threshold, a temperature threshold, or a current threshold and a temperature threshold, (C) a change in the material comprises undergoing a chemical change, or (D) any combination thereof.

17. The device of claim 1, wherein the at least one threshold occurs (a) during a prescribed lifetime of the device and/or (b) when the device is held in prescribed conditions of the device.

18. The device of claim 1, wherein the at least one threshold occurs (a) outside of a prescribed lifetime of the device and/or (b) when the device is held in conditions outside of prescribed conditions of the device.

19. The device of claim 1, wherein an increase of the current above the at least one threshold causes irreversible change in the fuse.

20. The device of claim 1, wherein the fuse is configured for a fast alteration of a charge state of the cell, the fast alteration of its charge state including charging and/or discharging; and optionally wherein the fast alteration C-rating of its charge state comprises at least about 1C.

21. The device of claim 1, wherein the device comprises fuses including the fuse, the fuses being operatively coupled with the cell, and wherein at least one of the fuses is operatively coupled with, or is a portion of, (a) at least one busbar operatively coupled with the electrode and/or with the counter-electrode, (b) at least one busbar extender operatively coupled with the electrode and/or with the counter-electrode, (a) at least one terminal operatively coupled with the electrode and/or with the counter-electrode; and optionally wherein at least a portion of a terminal is surrounded by a grommet, the terminal being of the at least one terminal.

22. The device of claim 1, wherein the fuse is disposed in an internal space surrounded by a grommet operatively coupled with the housing; and optionally wherein the grommet contributes at least in part to separation of an interior of the housing from an external environment to the housing.

23. The device of claim 1, wherein the fuse is disposed in a busbar operatively coupled to the electrode or to the counter-electrode.

24. The device of claim 1, wherein the fuse is disposed in a busbar extender operatively coupled to the electrode or to the counter-electrode.

25. The device of claim 1, wherein the fuse is disposed (a) in the housing, (b) external to the housing, (c) in a seal of the housing, or (d) any combination thereof; and optionally wherein the device comprises fuses including the fuse, wherein at least one fuse of the fuses is disposed (A) in the housing, (B) external to the housing, (C) in a seal a seal of the housing, (D) at an internal surface of the housing, or (E) any combination thereof.

26. The device of claim 1, wherein the cell is operatively coupled with a constraint system configured to curtail volume change of the cell as it alters its volume during a change between a charged state and a discharged state of the cell; and wherein the fuse is disposed (a) in the constraint system closer to the cell, (b) external to the constraint system further from the cell, (c) at a perimeter of a volume defined by the constraint system, or (d) any combination thereof; and optionally wherein the device comprises fuses including the fuse, wherein at least one fuse of the fuses is disposed (A) in the constraint system closer to the cell, (B) external to the constraint system further from the cell, (V) at a perimeter of a volume defined by the constraint system, or (F) any combination thereof.

27. The device of claim 1, wherein the fuse is disposed in a terminal operatively coupled with the electrode or with the counter-electrode, the terminal being configured to facilitate the flow of the current between the cell and an exterior of the housing.

28. The device of claim 1, wherein the device comprises fuses including the fuse, the fuses being disposed in terminals, a terminal of the terminals being coupled with one of a pair of electrodes, the pair of electrodes comprising the electrode and the counter-electrode, the terminals each being configured to facilitate the flow of the current between the cell and an exterior of the housing; and optionally wherein the at least one the fuse is respectively disposed in at least one terminal.

29. The device of claim 1, wherein the electrode comprises an electrode current collector, and wherein the counter-electrode comprises a counter-electrode current collector; and optionally wherein the electrode current collector extends to a first cell side and the counterelectrode current collector extends to a second cell side opposing the first cell side; and optionally wherein the electrode current collector operatively couples with an electrode terminal to flow the electrical current, the counter-electrode current collector operatively couples with a counter-electrode terminal to flow counter-electrical current.

30. The device of claim 1, wherein the electrode comprises an electrode current collector contacting an electrode active material; optionally wherein (I) electrode active material is disposed at one side of the electrode current collector, the one side facing the counterelectrode, an other side of the electrode current collector being devoid of the electrode active material, the other side opposing the one side, or (II) the electrode active material is disposed at opposing sides of the electrode current collector, one of the opposing sides facing the counter-electrode; and optionally wherein the electrode, counter-electrode, and current collector are stacked along a stacking axis.

31. The device of claim 1, wherein the charge carriers comprise lithium cations.

32. The device of claim 1, wherein the device is configured such that (A) during a prescribed lifetime of the device comprises buffering of the device and/or (B) prescribed conditions of the device comprise buffering of the device.

33. The device of claim 1, wherein the electrode is an anode, comprising, or operatively coupled with an electrode active material; wherein the electrode active material comprising graphite, silicon, a plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof; and optionally wherein the electrode active material comprises elemental silicon, silicon oxide (SiOx), silicon carbon mixture, silicon carbon composite, a plurality of types thereof, or any combination thereof.

34. The device of claim 1, wherein the electrode and the counter-electrode are stacked along a stacking axis, each of the electrode and counter-electrode having a length along their long axis perpendicular to the stacking axis, a width, and a height perpendicular to the length and to the stacking axis, and a width along the stacking axis; and wherein (I) an aspect ratio of the length to the height is at least about 2: 1 , the aspect ratio being of the electrode and/or of the counter-electrode and/or (II) an aspect ratio of the height to width is at least about 5:1 , the aspect ratio being of the electrode and/or of the counter-electrode; and optionally wherein (A) the aspect ratio of the length to the height is at least about 5:1, (B) the aspect ratio of the height to the width is at least about 10:1.

35. The device of claim 1, wherein the device comprises a set of cells similar to the cell and comprising the cell, the set of cells being stacked along a stacking axis; wherein the housing is a prism comprising a top surface opposing a bottom surface having a surface area of the top surface, wherein the electrode has an electrode surface having a largest surface among its surface types, and wherein the counter-electrode has a counter-electrode surface having a largest surface among its surface types; and wherein the electrode surface and the counter-electrode surface are both disposed parallel to each other and to a side different from the top surface.

36. A method comprising: (a) providing the device of any of claims 1 to 35; and (b) manufacturing, testing, buffering, storing, transporting, and/or using the device for the energy manipulation.

37. A method of fabricating the device of any of claims 1 to 35, the method comprises: executing one or more operations to fabricate the device; and optionally wherein fabrication of the device comprises manufacturing.

38. An apparatus for fabricating the device of any of claims 1 to 35, the apparatus comprises: at least one controller configured for (a) operatively coupling with at least one component; and (b) executing, or directing the at least one component to execute, one or more operations associated with fabrication of the device; and optionally wherein the at least one controller is configured to operatively couple with a power source and/or with a communication platform.

39. One or more non-transitory computer readable media comprising program instruction physically inscribed thereon, the program instructions, when read by one or more processors, are configured to (I) execute, or direct execution of, one or more operations associated with fabrication of the device of any of claims 1 to 35, (II) the one or more operations comprising directing at least one component to execute the one or more operations, the one or more processors being configured to operatively coupe with the at least one component, or (III) a combination of (I) and (II).

40. An apparatus for using the device of any of claims 1 to 35, the apparatus comprises: at least one controller configured for (a) operatively coupling with at least one component; and (b) executing, or directing the at least one component to execute, one or more operations associated with use of the device; and optionally wherein the at least one controller is configured to operatively couple with a power source and/or with a communication platform.

41. One or more non-transitory computer readable media comprising program instruction physically inscribed thereon, the program instructions, when read by one or more processors, are configured to (I) execute, or direct execution of, one or more operations associated with use of the device of any of claims 1 to 35, (II) the one or more operations comprising directing at least one component to execute the one or more operations, the one or more processors being configured to operatively coupe with the at least one component, or (III) a combination of (I) and (II).