WO2025013789A1 - セラミックス回路基板およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
セラミックス回路基板およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2025013789A1 WO2025013789A1 PCT/JP2024/024457 JP2024024457W WO2025013789A1 WO 2025013789 A1 WO2025013789 A1 WO 2025013789A1 JP 2024024457 W JP2024024457 W JP 2024024457W WO 2025013789 A1 WO2025013789 A1 WO 2025013789A1
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- metal
- brazing material
- hole
- circuit
- ceramic
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
- H05K3/38—Improvement of the adhesion between the insulating substrate and the metal
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- H10W70/60—
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- H10W70/68—
Definitions
- the embodiments generally relate to ceramic circuit boards and manufacturing methods thereof.
- Ceramic circuit boards are used in semiconductor devices that incorporate semiconductor elements such as power elements.
- the ceramic substrate and metal circuit section are bonded to each other via a bonding layer that uses a brazing material or the like. This improves the bonding strength and heat cycle characteristics.
- ceramic circuit boards are used in automobiles (including electric vehicles), electric railway vehicles, solar power generation facilities, industrial machinery inverters, and the like.
- semiconductor devices such as power modules, semiconductor elements are mounted in the circuit section. Wire bonding or metal terminals may also be bonded to the circuit section to ensure electrical continuity of the semiconductor elements.
- semiconductor elements, wire bonding, metal terminals, and the like are bonded to the circuit section.
- Ceramic circuit boards may include a metal lead frame.
- a ceramic circuit board with a metal lead frame may be configured as part of a semiconductor device. In this case, the ceramic circuit board can transmit and receive electrical signals to and from an external device via the metal lead frame.
- a pin-shaped metal lead frame is used instead of a flat plate-shaped metal lead frame.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a method of forming a hole in a metal member and bonding a pin-shaped lead frame into the hole. According to Patent Document 1, a backing plate with vias is bonded to a sapphire detection diaphragm by a bonding pad to form an electrical lead.
- Patent Documents 2 and 3 Ceramic circuit boards with holes formed in the metal circuit have also been disclosed, although not for the purpose of joining pin-shaped lead frames (Patent Documents 2 and 3).
- Patent Document 2 through-holes are formed by etching at the same time as the circuit section and heat dissipation section are formed.
- Patent Document 3 a copper plate with through-holes formed by punching is joined to a ceramic board by the DBC method.
- pattern circuits are formed by etching.
- a brazing material containing an active metal is printed on a ceramic substrate.
- a metal plate is placed on the brazing material.
- the ceramic substrate and the metal plate are heated to create a metal bonded plate.
- a resist is then applied onto the metal bonded plate.
- the metal plate is etched using the resist as a mask to form a pattern on the metal plate.
- a hole is formed in the metal circuit.
- the metal pin is inserted into the hole and fixed in place to produce a ceramic circuit board with the metal pin.
- a possible method is to form the hole for fixing the metal pin by etching.
- the thickness of the metal circuit exceeds 1 mm, it can be difficult to form a hole that penetrates the metal circuit by etching. For this reason, in the past, a hole that does not completely penetrate the metal circuit was formed, and the metal pin was bonded inside this hole.
- the hole is shallow, the bonding area between the metal circuit and the metal pin is small, and there is a possibility that the metal pin will not be sufficiently fixed.
- the present embodiment is intended to solve these problems, and aims to provide a ceramic circuit board that enables improved bonding strength between the metal circuit and the metal pin.
- the ceramic circuit board comprises a ceramic substrate and a metal circuit.
- the metal circuit is joined to a first surface of the ceramic substrate via an active metal brazing material layer.
- the metal circuit has a thickness of 1 mm or more.
- the metal circuit has a through hole penetrating the metal circuit along a first direction perpendicular to the first surface. A portion of the first surface overlaps with the through hole in the first direction.
- the active metal brazing material layer is provided on the portion of the first surface.
- FIG. 1 is a side view showing an example of a ceramic circuit board according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 1 is a top view showing an example of a ceramic circuit substrate according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 1 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a metal pin joint according to an embodiment of the present invention;
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing another example of a ceramic circuit board according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 1 is a plan view showing another example of a ceramic circuit board according to an embodiment; 1 is a flowchart showing an example of a method for manufacturing a ceramic circuit board according to an embodiment of the present invention; 1 is a flowchart showing another example of a method for manufacturing a ceramic circuit board according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a side view showing an example of a ceramic circuit board according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 1 is a top view showing an example of a ceramic circuit substrate according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 1 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a metal pin joint
- FIG. 1 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a metal pin joint according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 1 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a metal pin joint according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 1 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a metal pin joint according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 1 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a metal pin joint according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 1 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a metal pin joint according to a comparative example.
- FIG. 1 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a metal pin joint according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 1 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a metal pin joint according to a comparative example.
- the ceramic circuit board comprises a ceramic substrate and a metal circuit.
- the metal circuit is joined to a first surface of the ceramic substrate via an active metal brazing material layer.
- the metal circuit has a thickness of 1 mm or more.
- the metal circuit has a through hole penetrating the metal circuit along a first direction perpendicular to the first surface. A portion of the first surface overlaps with the through hole in the first direction.
- the active metal brazing material layer is provided on the portion of the first surface.
- FIG. 1 is a side view showing an example of a ceramic circuit board according to an embodiment.
- 1 is a ceramic circuit board
- 2 is a ceramic substrate
- 3 is a metal circuit
- 4 is an active metal brazing material layer
- 5 is a metal heat sink.
- the ceramic substrate 2 has an upper surface 2a (front surface, first surface) and a lower surface 2b (rear surface, second surface).
- the upper surface 2a and the lower surface 2b are substantially parallel.
- the metal circuit 3 is joined to the upper surface 2a via an active metal brazing material layer 4.
- the metal heat sink 5 is joined to the lower surface 2b via an active metal brazing material layer 4.
- the metal circuit 3 has a through hole 6 indicated by a dotted line.
- the through hole 6 penetrates the metal circuit 3 in a first direction d1 perpendicular to the upper surface 2a and the lower surface 2b.
- the direction from the ceramic substrate 2 toward the metal circuit 3 is referred to as "upper”
- the direction from the ceramic substrate 2 toward the metal heat sink 5 is referred to as "lower”.
- a plurality of metal circuits 3 are bonded to the upper surface 2a via a plurality of active metal brazing layers 4.
- One metal heat sink 5 is bonded to the lower surface 2b via one active metal brazing layer 4.
- the structure of the ceramic circuit board 1 according to the embodiment is not limited to the illustrated example.
- one metal circuit 3 or three or more metal circuits 3 may be bonded to the upper surface 2a.
- the through holes 6 may be formed in each metal circuit 3, or may be formed only in a portion of the plurality of metal circuits 3. Two or more through holes 6 may be formed in one metal circuit 3.
- Two or more metal heat sinks 5 may be bonded to the lower surface 2b via two or more active metal brazing layers 4.
- the metal heat sink 5 may have a circuit shape, and the metal heat sink 5 may be used as the metal circuit. In that case, the metal heat sink 5 may have a through hole 6.
- the ceramic substrate 2 is preferably one of a silicon nitride substrate, an aluminum nitride substrate, or an aluminum oxide substrate.
- An example of an aluminum oxide substrate is an aruziru substrate.
- Aruziru is a sintered body that is 20-80 wt % aluminum oxide with the remainder being zirconium oxide.
- the three-point bending strength of an aluminum nitride substrate or an aluminum oxide substrate is about 300-450 MPa.
- the strength of an aruziru substrate is also around 550 MPa.
- the three-point bending strength of a silicon nitride substrate is 600 MPa or more, and can be increased to 700 MPa or more.
- the thermal conductivity of a silicon nitride substrate is 50 W/m ⁇ K or more, and can be increased to 80 W/m ⁇ K or more.
- silicon nitride substrates that combine both high strength and high thermal conductivity have been available.
- the thickness of the ceramic substrate 2 is preferably 0.7 mm or less. By making the ceramic substrate 2 thinner, the heat dissipation properties of the ceramic circuit board 1 are improved. "Thickness" refers to the dimension in the first direction d1.
- the ceramic substrate 2 may be a single plate or may have a three-dimensional structure (e.g., a multi-layer structure). There is no particular lower limit for the thickness, but it is preferably 0.1 mm or more. This is to ensure the electrical insulation of the ceramic substrate 2.
- Silicon nitride substrates have high strength. For this reason, silicon nitride substrates can be made thin while maintaining the necessary strength. As a result, heat dissipation can be improved. For this reason, it is preferable that the ceramic substrate 2 is a silicon nitride substrate.
- the thickness of the ceramic substrate 2 is preferably 0.635 mm or less, and more preferably 0.3 mm or less.
- FIG. 2 is a plan view showing an example of a ceramic circuit board according to an embodiment. 2 , a portion of the upper surface 2a overlaps with the through hole 6 in the first direction d1.
- the active metal brazing material layer 4 is also provided on the portion of the upper surface 2a. For example, when the ceramic circuit board 1 is viewed in a plan view, the active metal brazing material layer 4 can be seen at the bottom of the through hole 6.
- FIG. 3 is an enlarged cross-sectional view showing the vicinity of the through hole.
- FIG. 3 corresponds to the A-A cross-sectional view of FIG. 2.
- the through hole 6 includes a first end 6a located on the upper surface 3a of the metal circuit 3, and a second end 6b facing the active metal brazing material layer 4.
- the ratio (D2/D1) of the dimension D2 of the second end 6b in the second direction d2 to the dimension D1 of the first end 6a in the second direction d2 is preferably greater than 1.00 and less than or equal to 1.10.
- the second direction d2 is perpendicular to the first direction d1.
- the dimension of the through hole 6 in the second direction d2 gradually decreases with increasing distance from the ceramic substrate 2.
- a metal pin can be inserted into the through hole 6.
- the inserted metal pin is bonded to the ceramic substrate 2 and the metal circuit 3.
- the gap between the side of the through hole 6 and the metal pin at the second end 6b is larger than the gap between the side of the through hole 6 and the metal pin at the first end 6a.
- the brazing material can easily enter the gap between the side of the through hole 6 and the metal pin.
- the volume of the brazing material disposed in the gap between the side of the through hole 6 and the metal pin can be increased, and the bonding strength of the metal pin can be increased.
- the dimension D2 is preferably 1.10 times or less than the dimension D1 and is not too large compared to the dimension D1.
- the gap between the side of the through hole 6 and the metal pin can be reduced, and the metal pin can be easily fixed.
- the metal pin can be prevented from tilting with respect to the first direction d1.
- the dimensions D1 and D2 are measured in the following procedure.
- the ceramic circuit board 1 is cut approximately perpendicular to the upper surface 3a of the metal circuit 3.
- the cross section is photographed using an optical microscope or a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the photograph obtained is enlarged.
- the dimension near the upper surface 3a of the metal circuit 3 is measured as dimension D1.
- the dimension near the lower surface 3b of the metal circuit 3 is measured as dimension D2.
- the lower surface 3b is also the bonding surface with the active metal brazing material layer 4.
- the location for measuring the dimension D1 is selected within a range from the upper surface 3a to within 5% of the thickness of the metal circuit 3.
- the location for measuring the dimension D2 is selected within a range from the lower surface 3b to within 5% of the thickness of the metal circuit 3.
- the distance in the first direction d1 between the upper surface 3a and the measurement point of the dimension D1 is set to be the same as the distance in the first direction d1 between the lower surface
- the direction in which the dimensions D1 and D2 are measured can be selected arbitrarily, provided that it is perpendicular to the first direction d1.
- the ceramic circuit board 1 is cut through the center of the through hole 6 and parallel to the short axis direction.
- the ceramic circuit board 1 is cut through the center of the through hole 6 in the direction in which the dimension of the through hole 6 is shortest.
- the ceramic circuit board 1 is cut through the center of the through hole 6 and parallel to the short axis direction. Dimensions D1 and D2 are measured on the cut surface.
- the metal circuit 3 with the through hole 6 formed in advance is joined to the ceramic substrate 2.
- a metal plate is prepared in which a number of metal circuits 3 are integrated by bridges. Through holes 6 are formed in this metal plate, and it is joined to the ceramic substrate 2. After joining, the bridges are removed. Pressing, electric discharge machining, or machining using a drill or the like can be used to form the through holes. At this time, it is preferable to adjust the ratio of dimension D2 to dimension D1 (D2/D1) by cutting the second end 6b side.
- the dissolution of the metal plate proceeds along the crystal grain boundaries of the metal plate.
- Dissolution by etching proceeds not only in the thickness direction (first direction d1) but also in the planar direction parallel to the thickness direction.
- etching proceeds in the planar direction, causing side etching.
- Side etching causes the side surface of the through hole 6 to be inclined with respect to the first direction d1.
- the dimension D1 becomes excessively large compared to the dimension D2. For this reason, from the standpoint of controlling the ratio (D2/D1), forming the through hole 6 using etching is not preferable.
- the thickness of the metal circuit 3 is preferably 1.0 mm or more.
- the thickness of the metal circuit 3 is more preferably 2.0 mm or more, and most preferably 3.0 mm or more.
- the metal heat sink 5 is used as a heat dissipation member or is joined to other components.
- the thickness of the metal heat sink 5 is preferably 1.0 mm or more.
- the thickness of the metal heat sink 5 is more preferably 2.0 mm or more, and most preferably 3.0 mm or more.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing another example of a ceramic circuit board according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 5 is a plan view showing another example of a ceramic circuit board according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 4 corresponds to the B-B cross-sectional view of FIG. 5.
- 7 is a ceramic circuit board
- 8 is a metal pin.
- the metal pin 8 is inserted into the through hole 6 of the metal circuit 3.
- the metal pin 8 is joined to the ceramic substrate 2 via the active metal brazing layer 4.
- the metal circuit 3, metal heat sink 5, and metal pin 8 preferably contain copper or a copper alloy. Copper and copper alloys have high electrical conductivity and are excellent materials for electrical circuits. Copper and copper alloys also have high thermal conductivity and can improve the heat dissipation of the mounted semiconductor element.
- the shape of the metal pin 8 is, for example, a cylinder or a prism.
- the shape of the cross section perpendicular to the first direction d1 of the metal pin 8 is a circle or an ellipse.
- the shape of the cross section perpendicular to the first direction d1 of the metal pin 8 is a polygon.
- the shape of the through hole 6 in a plan view is a circle, an ellipse, or a polygon.
- the shape of the through hole 6 and the shape of the metal pin 8 in a plan view may be different.
- the clearance between the through hole 6 and the metal pin 8 is uniform on the outer periphery of the metal pin 8.
- the shape of the insertion portion of the metal pin 8 is substantially the same as the shape of the through hole 6.
- the cross-sectional shape of the insertion portion of the metal pin 8 is circular.
- the size of the metal pin 8 can be appropriately designed as long as the metal pin 8 can be inserted into the through hole 6.
- the bonding strength of the metal pin 8 can be improved.
- the dimension of the insertion portion of the metal pin 8 in the second direction d2 is designed to be 0.7 to 0.98 times the dimension D1.
- the dimension of the insertion portion is preferably 0.75 to 0.97 times the dimension D1, more preferably 0.8 to 0.96 times the dimension D1, and most preferably 0.85 to 0.95 times the dimension D1.
- the metal circuit 3 and the metal heat sink 5 are preferably joined to the ceramic substrate 2 via an active metal brazing material layer 4.
- the active metal brazing material layer 4 preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of active metals titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), and niobium (Nb), and at least one selected from the group consisting of silver (Ag), copper (Cu), tin (Sn), indium (In), zinc (Zr), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), carbon (C), and magnesium (Mg).
- an active metal brazing material layer 4 containing copper and titanium between the ceramic substrate 2 and the metal circuit 3, and between the ceramic substrate 2 and the metal heat sink 5, respectively.
- the active metal brazing material layer 4 containing copper and titanium is formed by using an active metal brazing material containing copper and titanium for bonding.
- a mixture of titanium, copper, and silver may be used as the active metal brazing material.
- the titanium content is 0.1 to 10 wt%
- the copper content is 10 to 60 wt%
- the remainder is silver.
- 1 to 15 wt% of one or more selected from the group consisting of indium, tin, aluminum, silicon, carbon, and magnesium may be added.
- an active metal brazing material paste is applied to the upper surface 2a and lower surface 2b of the ceramic substrate 2.
- the metal circuit 3 and metal heat sink 5 are placed on the active metal brazing material paste.
- the ceramic substrate 2, metal circuit 3, and metal heat sink 5 are heated to 600-900°C to bond the metal circuit 3 and metal heat sink 5 to the ceramic substrate 2.
- the bonding strength between the ceramic substrate 2 and the metal circuit 3 and between the ceramic substrate 2 and the metal heat sink 5 can be made 50 MPa or more.
- a thin metal film may be provided on the surface of the metal circuit 3, the main component of which is one selected from the group consisting of nickel (Ni), silver, and gold (Au).
- "Main component” refers to a component that is contained at 50% or more.
- the thin metal film is formed by plating or sputtering, etc. By providing a thin metal film, it is possible to improve corrosion resistance, solder wettability, etc.
- Semiconductor devices using the ceramic circuit board 7 according to the embodiment can be used in PCU, IGBT, and IPM modules.
- the PCU, IGBT, and IPM modules are used in inverters.
- Inverters are used in automobiles (including electric vehicles), electric rail vehicles, industrial machinery, air conditioners, and the like. With regard to automobiles, electric vehicles are becoming more and more popular. The more reliable the semiconductor device is, the safer the automobile can be. The same is true for electric rail vehicles, industrial equipment, and the like.
- the metal circuit 3 has a through hole 6, and an active metal brazing material layer 4 is provided on the upper surface 2a of the ceramic substrate 2 in a portion overlapping with the through hole 6.
- the metal pin 8 inserted into the through hole 6 can be joined to the ceramic substrate 2 by the active metal brazing material. Therefore, the metal pin 8 can be firmly joined to the ceramic substrate 2.
- DBC method direct bonding method
- a method for manufacturing a ceramic circuit board according to an embodiment will be described. As long as the ceramic circuit board has the above-mentioned configuration, the manufacturing method is not particularly limited. Here, an example of a method for obtaining ceramic circuit board 7 with a good yield will be given.
- FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing an example of a manufacturing method for a ceramic circuit board according to an embodiment.
- the manufacturing method M1 mainly includes printing and drying an active metal brazing material (step S11), arranging a metal circuit (step S12), arranging a metal heat sink (step S13), joining the metal circuit and the metal heat sink (step S14), inserting a metal pin (step S15), and joining the metal pin (step S16).
- the ceramic substrate is preferably one selected from an aluminum oxide substrate, an aluminum nitride substrate, and a silicon nitride substrate.
- the ceramic substrate is preferably a silicon nitride substrate having a thermal conductivity of 50 W/m ⁇ K or more and a three-point bending strength of 600 MPa or more.
- the material of the metal plate is preferably one selected from copper and copper alloys.
- the thickness of the metal plate is 1 mm or more. If etching is not used, it is preferable to use a metal plate processed into the shape of a metal circuit. If etching is used to form a metal circuit, it is preferable to use a metal plate of the same thickness as the metal circuit to be formed.
- the through holes in the metal circuit (metal plate) are formed by laser processing, cutting processing, etc. Cutting processing is, for example, a hole-making process using a drill or the like.
- the copper plate or copper alloy plate is preferably joined to the ceramic substrate by an active metal joining method.
- an active metal brazing material in which an active metal and copper are mixed is used.
- the active metal is preferably titanium.
- the active metal brazing material may be a mixture of titanium and copper, or a mixture of titanium, silver, and copper.
- the titanium content is 0.1 to 10 wt%
- the copper content is 10 to 60 wt%
- the remainder is silver.
- one or more elements selected from the group consisting of indium, tin, aluminum, silicon, carbon, and magnesium may be added at 1 to 15 wt%.
- the active metal brazing material components are mixed with an organic substance to form a paste. In the paste, the active metal brazing material components are preferably mixed uniformly. This is because if the active metal brazing material components are distributed unevenly, the brazing is not stable, which causes poor joining.
- step S11 the active metal brazing paste is printed on the prepared ceramic substrate and dried. This produces a printout on which the active metal brazing paste is printed. As shown in Figures 1 and 2, it is preferable to print the active metal brazing paste over an area larger than the metal circuit. At this time, the active metal brazing paste is also printed on the portion of the upper surface 2a that is to overlap with the through hole in the first direction d1.
- step S12 a metal circuit is placed on the upper surface of the ceramic substrate via active metal brazing paste.
- step S13 a metal heat sink is placed on the lower surface of the ceramic substrate via active metal brazing paste. By placing the metal circuit and the metal heat sink, a laminate is produced. If a metal circuit is also placed on the lower surface, the metal circuit is placed instead of the metal heat sink.
- step S14 the laminate is heated to bond the metal circuit and the metal heat sink to the ceramic substrate. This produces a bonded body.
- the laminate is heated at 700 to 900° C.
- the heating step is carried out in a vacuum or a non-oxidizing atmosphere as necessary.
- the pressure is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 Pa or less.
- the non-oxidizing atmosphere is a nitrogen atmosphere, an argon atmosphere, or the like.
- the metal plates are placed in step S12. After step S14, the joined metal plates are etched to process the metal plates into the circuit shape.
- a ceramic circuit board that does not have metal pins is manufactured.
- the metal circuit has a through hole that penetrates the metal circuit along the first direction d1.
- a portion of the upper surface of the ceramic substrate overlaps with the through hole in the first direction d1.
- An active metal brazing material layer is provided on that portion of the upper surface.
- the method for manufacturing a ceramic circuit board according to the embodiment may include a step of joining a metal pin, as shown in FIG. 6.
- step S15 a metal pin is inserted into a through hole of the metal circuit.
- the tip of the inserted metal pin comes into contact with the active solder metal.
- the diameter of the metal pin is determined according to the shape of the through hole formed in the metal circuit.
- the metal pin has, for example, a slender columnar shape. If the clearance between the metal pin and the through hole is small, assembly is difficult. However, a solder layer is easily formed between the metal pin and the through hole, and the joint strength is large. If the clearance between the metal pin and the through hole is large, assembly is easy. However, a solder layer is not easily formed between the metal pin and the through hole, and the joint strength is small.
- step S16 the joint and the metal pin are heated to bond the inserted metal pin to the ceramic substrate. If the metal pin contains copper or a copper alloy, the joint and the metal pin are heated to 700 to 900°C. The metal pin is bonded to the ceramic substrate, and the ceramic circuit substrate shown in Figures 4 and 5 is manufactured.
- FIG. 7 is a flow chart showing another example of a method for manufacturing a ceramic circuit board according to an embodiment. Instead of the method shown in FIG. 6, manufacturing method M2 shown in FIG. 7 may be executed. Manufacturing method M2 shown in FIG. 7 mainly includes printing and drying active metal brazing material (step S21), arranging metal circuits and metal pins (step S22), arranging metal heat sinks (step S23), and bonding (step S24).
- step S21 a ceramic substrate and a metal plate are prepared, as in manufacturing method M1.
- step S21 an active metal brazing paste is printed on the ceramic substrate and then dried.
- step S22 a metal circuit and metal pins are placed on the upper surface of the ceramic substrate via active metal brazing paste.
- the metal pins are placed after the metal circuits are joined.
- the metal pins are placed before the metal circuits are joined.
- the metal circuit and metal pins may be placed at the same time. After the metal circuit is placed, the metal pins may be inserted into the through holes of the metal circuit and placed therein.
- a metal heat sink is placed on the lower surface of the ceramic substrate via active metal brazing paste.
- a laminate including metal pins is produced by steps S22 and S23.
- step S24 the laminate is heated to bond the metal circuit, metal pins, and metal heat sink to the ceramic substrate. This produces the ceramic circuit substrate shown in Figures 4 and 5.
- manufacturing method M1 When etching a metal plate to form a metal circuit, manufacturing method M1 is preferable to manufacturing method M2. This is because the presence of metal pins during etching makes it difficult to etch the metal plate. Furthermore, in manufacturing method M1, the metal circuit and metal pins can be individually aligned and positioned. Therefore, manufacturing method M1 improves the positional accuracy of the metal pins relative to the metal circuit compared to manufacturing method M2. On the other hand, manufacturing method M2 has fewer steps compared to manufacturing method M1. For example, in manufacturing method M2, the heating step for bonding is performed only once. Therefore, manufacturing method M2 can reduce costs compared to manufacturing method M1.
- step S14 the active metal brazing paste is melted by heating.
- the active metal brazing paste is then solidified by cooling to form an active metal brazing layer.
- the metal pin is placed on the active metal brazing layer.
- the molten and solidified active metal brazing layer is less likely to melt than the active metal brazing paste before melting. This may result in a decrease in the bonding strength between the ceramic substrate and the metal pin.
- a brazing material e.g., silver brazing
- the bonding temperature in step S16 may be higher than the bonding temperature in step S14.
- the bonding temperature in step S16 is set to be 10°C to 30°C higher than the bonding temperature in step S14.
- the active metal brazing material layer melts, contributing to the joining of the ceramic substrate and the metal pin.
- silver brazing material for example, foil of BAg-8 (72% silver, 28% copper) specified in JIS Z 3261 can be used. The foil is placed at the bottom of the through hole after the metal circuit and ceramic substrate are joined. The metal pin is placed on the ceramic substrate via the active metal brazing material layer and foil. By heating in this state, the foil melts in addition to the active metal brazing material layer. The metal pin is joined to the ceramic substrate by the active metal brazing material and foil.
- the brazing material added to the active metal brazing material layer is also called "supplementary brazing material".
- FIG. 8 is an enlarged cross-sectional view showing an example of part C in FIG. 4.
- 9 is a brazing material layer.
- the brazing material layer 9 is part of the active metal brazing material layer 4.
- the active metal brazing material melts.
- Part of the active metal brazing material penetrates into the gap between the side of the through hole 6 and the metal pin 8.
- a brazing material layer 9 is formed between the side of the through hole 6 and the metal pin 8 in a direction perpendicular to the first direction d1.
- the brazing material layer 9 joins the metal pin 8 to the metal circuit 3. This can improve the joining strength of the metal pin 8.
- FIG. 9 is an enlarged cross-sectional view showing another example of part C in FIG. 4.
- the brazing material layer 9 is formed by a filler brazing material.
- the bonding area between the metal circuit 3 and the metal pin 8 is larger than that in the example shown in FIG. 8. This makes it possible to further increase the bonding strength between the metal circuit 3 and the metal pin 8.
- BAg-8 foil is used as the filler brazing material
- the mass proportion of silver in the brazing material layer 9 is greater than the mass proportion of silver in the active metal brazing material layer 4.
- the mass proportion of the active metal in the brazing material layer 9 is smaller than the mass proportion of the active metal in the active metal brazing material layer 4.
- FIG. 10 is an enlarged cross-sectional view showing an example of part D in FIG. 8.
- 8a is the tip of the metal pin 8. It is preferable that the position of the tip 8a in the first direction d1 is approximately the same as the position of the lower surface 3b of the metal circuit 3 in the first direction d1.
- the active metal brazing material or the filler brazing material wets and spreads between the side surface of the through hole 6 and the metal pin 8. This joins the metal circuit 3 and the metal pin 8.
- brazing material layer 9 becomes lower, as shown in FIG. 10.
- one side of the brazing material layer 9 contacts the metal circuit 3.
- the other side of the brazing material layer 9 contacts the metal pin 8.
- the center of the brazing material layer 9 is located between the two sides of the brazing material layer 9.
- the upper end of the center of the brazing material layer 9 is located lower than the upper ends of each side of the brazing material layer 9.
- the distance in the first direction d1 between the lower surface 3b of the metal circuit 3 and the upper end of the central part of the brazing material layer 9 is defined as the height H.
- the height H is preferably greater than 0 mm and less than the dimension of the through hole 6 in the first direction d1.
- the upper end of the brazing material layer 9 is preferably located between the lower end and the upper end of the through hole 6.
- the dimension of the through hole 6 in the first direction d1 is, in other words, the thickness of the metal circuit 3 in the first direction d1. If the heating temperature during bonding is low, the active metal brazing material does not spread sufficiently in the through hole 6.
- the brazing material layer 9 is not formed between the side of the through hole 6 and the metal pin 8, and sufficient bonding strength is not obtained. If the height H is greater than 0 mm and the brazing material layer 9 is formed between the side of the through hole 6 and the metal pin 8, the bonding strength between the metal circuit 3 and the metal pin 8 can be improved.
- the height H is preferably 6% or more of the thickness of the metal circuit 3.
- the height H is more preferably 10% or more of the thickness, and most preferably 20% or more. The greater the height H, the more the bonding strength can be improved. From the viewpoint of bonding strength, the height H is preferably 100%.
- the height H exceeds the dimension of the through hole 6, the active metal brazing material or the filler brazing material will wet and spread over the upper surface 3a of the metal circuit 3. This will be a factor that hinders bonding of the semiconductor element in a later process.
- the height H may be 95% or less of the thickness of the metal circuit 3, 90% or less of the thickness, or 85% or less of the thickness.
- FIG. 11 is an enlarged cross-sectional view showing another example of portion D in FIG. 8.
- the ratio of dimension D2 to dimension D1 affects height H.
- FIG. 11 shows an example in which dimension D1 is smaller than dimension D2. In other words, the ratio of D2 to D1 (D2/D1) is greater than 1.00.
- the active metal brazing material or the filler brazing material spreads by wetting the side of the through hole 6 and the side of the metal pin 8.
- the ratio (D2/D1) is greater than 1.00, the gap between the side of the through hole 6 and the metal pin 8 narrows as it moves upward. In other words, the gap becomes more likely to be filled with the active metal brazing material or the filler brazing material as it moves upward.
- the height H tends to become larger, and the metal circuit 3 and the metal pin 8 can be joined more firmly.
- FIG. 12 is an enlarged cross-sectional view showing a part of a ceramic circuit board according to a reference example.
- FIG. 12 shows an example in which the dimension D1 is larger than the dimension D2. That is, the ratio of D2 to D1 (D2/D1) is less than 1.00.
- the gap between the side of the through hole 6 and the metal pin 8 becomes wider as it goes upward.
- the brazing material spreads between the side of the through hole 6 and the metal pin 8, the gap is difficult to fill with the brazing material.
- the brazing material spreads on the side of the through hole 6 and the side of the metal pin 8, but there may be cases where the gap is not filled.
- the part that spreads on the side of the through hole 6 and the side of the metal pin 8 does not contribute much to the bonding strength between the metal circuit 3 and the metal pin 8. That is, the height H has a greater effect on the bonding strength.
- the brazing material spreads, but the height H is small. Therefore, if the ratio (D2/D1) is less than 1.00, the bond strength between the metal circuit 3 and the metal pin 8 is likely to decrease.
- the ratio of dimension D2 to dimension D1 is greater than 1.00. If D2/D1 is greater than 1.00, the height H that contributes to the joining can be increased, as shown in FIG. 11.
- the ratio (D2/D1) is greater than 1.00 and equal to or less than 1.10. It is more preferable that the ratio (D2/D1) is equal to or greater than 1.01 and equal to or less than 1.09, and even more preferable that the ratio (D2/D1) is equal to or greater than 1.01 and equal to or less than 1.08.
- FIG. 13 is an enlarged cross-sectional view showing another example of a ceramic circuit board according to an embodiment.
- the gap between the side of the through hole 6 and the metal pin 8 may be adjusted by the ratio (D2/D1) as shown in FIG. 11.
- the gap between the side of the through hole 6 and the metal pin 8 may be adjusted by the shape of the metal pin 8.
- the dimension of the metal pin 8 in the second direction d2 becomes smaller as it goes downward.
- the dimension of the metal pin 8 in the second direction d2 at the second end 6b is smaller than the dimension of the metal pin 8 in the second direction d2 at the first end 6a. Therefore, the gap between the side of the through hole 6 and the metal pin 8 at the first end 6a is smaller than the gap between the side of the through hole 6 and the metal pin 8 at the second end 6b.
- the metal circuit 3 and the metal pin 8 are bonded simultaneously. If the clearance between the through hole 6 and the metal pin 8 is appropriate, the brazing material will easily spread between the side of the through hole 6 and the metal pin 8 during bonding. Therefore, even if a filler brazing material is not used, the bonding strength of the metal pin 8 can be increased.
- the ceramic circuit board 7 according to the embodiment can be used in a power module or the like.
- Semiconductor elements or the like are joined to the metal pins 8 of the ceramic circuit board 7.
- a joining layer is provided at the joining location on the upper surface of the metal circuit 3.
- the joining layer preferably contains solder, brazing material, or a conductive adhesive.
- the required number of semiconductor elements are provided on the joining layer.
- An insulating resin may be provided around the semiconductor elements.
- Example 1 to 7, Comparative Examples 1 to 7, Reference Example 1 a silicon nitride substrate was prepared as the ceramic substrate.
- the thickness of the silicon nitride substrate is as shown in Table 1.
- the thermal conductivity of the silicon nitride substrate is 90 W/m ⁇ K, and the three-point bending strength is 650 MP.
- the size of the ceramic substrate is 30 mm long x 55 mm wide.
- a copper plate with the thickness shown in Table 1 was prepared as the metal plate.
- a copper plate measuring 17 mm x 17 mm was prepared as the metal circuit.
- a copper plate measuring 17 mm x 44 mm was prepared as the metal heat sink.
- Two metal circuits and one metal heat sink were prepared for one silicon nitride substrate.
- copper plates measuring 30 mm x 55 mm were prepared as the metal circuits and metal heat sink.
- One metal circuit and one metal heat sink were prepared for one silicon nitride substrate.
- one through hole was formed by machining in each of the prepared metal circuits. The diameter of the through hole was about 1 mm. In Comparative Example 4, no through hole was formed in any of the copper plates.
- a cylindrical copper member with a diameter of 1 mm (tolerance ⁇ 10%) was prepared as the metal pin.
- a brazing paste was prepared for brazing the ceramic substrate and the metal plate.
- An active metal brazing material was used for the brazing.
- the active metal brazing material contained 2 wt% titanium, 10 wt% tin, 30 wt% copper, and the remainder silver.
- the brazing paste was prepared by mixing organic components with the powders of these raw materials.
- the brazing paste was printed and dried on both sides of the ceramic substrate. In Comparative Examples 1 to 3, the brazing paste was not printed on the areas that would face the through holes after assembly, but in the other examples, the brazing paste was printed on the areas that would face the through holes after assembly. In Table 1, these conditions are listed in the "Through hole printing" column.
- a metal plate was placed on the dried brazing paste to prepare a laminate.
- a metal pin was placed at the same time as the metal plate.
- the laminate was heated for 10 minutes in a vacuum (1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 Pa or less) at a bonding temperature of 830° C. or more to perform bonding.
- a filler brazing material was used during bonding.
- Table 1 these conditions are described in the column "Pin bonding method”.
- the examples in which a metal pin was placed and bonded after bonding of the metal plate were described as "Post-bonding”.
- the examples in which a metal plate and a metal pin were simultaneously bonded to a ceramic substrate were described as "Simultaneous bonding".
- the ceramic circuit board was cut so that it passed through the center of the through hole.
- the cross section was observed and dimensions D1 and D2 were measured.
- the ratio (D2/D1) was calculated. Additionally, the height H of the center of the solder material within the through hole was measured. The results are shown in Table 2.
- the pull strength was also measured as the bonding strength of the metal pin.
- the ceramic circuit board was fixed to a jig, and the tip of the metal pin was pulled perpendicular to the ceramic board surface at a speed of 50 mm/min. The strength was measured when the metal pin peeled off from the ceramic circuit board.
- the results of the bonding strength measurements are also shown in Table 2. Note that in Reference Example 1, the metal pin was not bonded, and the bonding strength could not be measured. This is because the temperature when bonding the metal pin was lower than the melting temperature of the active metal brazing material.
- the height H exceeded 0 mm in all cases.
- the brazing paste was printed on the area facing the through hole. It is believed that the brazing paste melted when the metal pin was joined, and the molten brazing paste rose into the gap between the side of the through hole and the metal pin. In particular, in Example 5, which used a filler brazing material, the height H reached 92% of the thickness of the copper plate. On the other hand, in Comparative Examples 1 to 3, the brazing paste was not printed on the area facing the through hole.
- the ratio of dimension D2 to dimension D1 was within a preferred range. Furthermore, in Examples 1 to 7, the height H was within a preferred range. In Examples 1 to 7, a high bonding strength of 30 N or more was obtained. This is because the tip of the metal pin was well bonded to the ceramic substrate via the active metal brazing material. Furthermore, because the ratio (D2/D1) was within a preferred range, the metal pin was well bonded to the metal plate. In particular, in Example 3, the bonding strength exceeded 40 N, and in Example 5, the bonding strength exceeded 90 N.
- Comparative Examples 1 to 7 the bonding strength was below 20N.
- the height H was 5% or less of the thickness of the metal plate.
- the ratio (D2/D1) was outside the preferred range. As a result, a sufficient height H was not obtained, and the bonding strength between the metal plate and the metal pin was reduced.
- Comparative Examples 1 to 3 only a portion of the tip of the metal pin was bonded to the ceramic substrate via the active metal brazing material, and the bonding strength was reduced.
- the bonding strength was below 5N. This is because no brazing material paste was printed on the area facing the through hole, and no filler brazing material was used.
- Embodiments of the invention include the following features.
- (Feature 1) A ceramic substrate; a metal circuit joined to the first surface of the ceramic substrate via an active metal brazing material layer;
- the thickness of the metal circuit is 1 mm or more, the metal circuit has a through hole penetrating the metal circuit along a first direction perpendicular to the first surface; A portion of the first surface overlaps with the through hole in the first direction,
- the active metal brazing material layer is provided on the portion of the first surface.
- the through hole is a first end located on a top surface of the metal circuit; a second end facing the active braze metal layer; Including, The ceramic circuit board according to feature 1, wherein a ratio (D2/D1) of a dimension (D2) of the second end in the second direction parallel to the first surface to a dimension (D1) of the first end in the second direction is greater than 1.00 and is not greater than 1.10. (Feature 3) 3.
- a brazing material layer is provided between a side surface of the through hole and the metal pin, 4.
- (Feature 5) 5.
- (Feature 6) 6.
- the metal circuit is made of one of copper and a copper alloy.
- the active metal brazing material layer is At least one selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, hafnium, and niobium; At least one selected from the group consisting of silver, copper, tin, indium, zinc, aluminum, silicon, carbon, and magnesium; 8.
- the ceramic circuit board according to any one of Features 5 to 7, comprising: (Feature 9) An active metal brazing material is printed and dried on each of the first surface and the second surface of the ceramic substrate; a metal circuit having a through hole is disposed on the first surface via the active metal brazing material; a metal heat sink is disposed on the second surface via the active metal brazing material; bonding the metal circuit and the metal heat sink to the ceramic substrate; Inserting a metal pin into the through hole of the joined metal circuit; The metal pin is joined to the ceramic substrate.
- An active metal brazing material is printed and dried on each of the first surface and the second surface of the ceramic substrate; a metal circuit having a through hole and a metal pin inserted into the through hole are disposed on the first surface via the active metal brazing material; a metal heat sink is disposed on the second surface via the active metal brazing material;
- the method for manufacturing a ceramic circuit board includes bonding the metal circuit, the metal pin, and the metal heat sink to the ceramic substrate.
- the through hole is a first end located on a surface of the metal circuit; a second end facing the active braze metal layer; Including, The method for manufacturing a ceramic circuit board according to feature 9 or 10, wherein a ratio (D2/D1) of a dimension (D2) of the second end in the second direction to a dimension (D1) of the first end in the second direction parallel to the first surface is greater than 1.00 and is not greater than 1.10.
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Abstract
Description
図2に示すように、上面2aの一部は、第1方向d1において、貫通孔6と重なる。セラミックス回路基板1では、上面2aの当該一部にも、活性金属ろう材層4が設けられている。例えば、セラミックス回路基板1を平面視した場合、貫通孔6の底に活性金属ろう材層4が見える。
実施例1~7、比較例1~7、参考例1のそれぞれにおいて、セラミックス基板として、窒化珪素基板を用意した。窒化珪素基板の厚さは、表1に示す通りである。窒化珪素基板の熱伝導率は、90W/m・Kであり、三点曲げ強度は、650MPである。セラミックス基板のサイズは、縦30mm×横55mmである。
(特徴1)
セラミックス基板と、
前記セラミックス基板の第1面に活性金属ろう材層を介して接合された金属回路と、を備え、
前記金属回路の厚さは1mm以上であり、
前記金属回路は、前記第1面に対して垂直な第1方向に沿って前記金属回路を貫通する貫通孔を有し、
前記第1面の一部は、前記第1方向において前記貫通孔と重なり、
前記第1面の前記一部に、前記活性金属ろう材層が設けられた、セラミックス回路基板。
(特徴2)
前記貫通孔は、
前記金属回路の上面に位置する第1端部と、
前記活性金属ろう材層に面する第2端部と、
を含み、
前記第1面に平行な第2方向における前記第1端部の寸法(D1)に対する、前記第2方向における前記第2端部の寸法(D2)の比(D2/D1)は、1.00よりも大きく1.10以下である、特徴1に記載のセラミックス回路基板。
(特徴3)
前記活性金属ろう材層を介して前記第1面の前記一部に接合された金属ピンをさらに備えた、特徴1または2のいずれか1つに記載のセラミックス回路基板。
(特徴4)
前記貫通孔の側面と前記金属ピンとの間に設けられたろう材層をさらに備え、
前記ろう材層の上端は、前記貫通孔の下端と上端との間に位置する、特徴3に記載のセラミックス回路基板。
(特徴5)
前記セラミックス基板は、酸化アルミニウム基板、窒化アルミニウム基板、または窒化珪素基板のいずれか1種である、特徴1ないし4のいずれか1つに記載のセラミックス回路基板。
(特徴6)
前記セラミックス基板の厚さは0.7mm以下である、特徴5に記載のセラミックス回路基板。
(特徴7)
前記金属回路は、銅または銅合金のいずれか1種からなる、特徴5または6に記載のセラミックス回路基板。
(特徴8)
前記活性金属ろう材層は、
チタン、ジルコニウム、ハフニウム、およびニオブからなる群より選択された少なくとも1つと、
銀、銅、錫、インジウム、亜鉛、アルミニウム、珪素、炭素、およびマグネシウムからなる群より選択された少なくとも1つと、
を含む、特徴5ないし7のいずれか1つに記載のセラミックス回路基板。
(特徴9)
セラミックス基板の第1面および第2面のそれぞれに、活性金属ろう材を印刷して乾燥させ、
前記第1面に前記活性金属ろう材を介して貫通孔を有する金属回路を配置し、
前記第2面に前記活性金属ろう材を介して金属放熱板を配置し、
前記金属回路および前記金属放熱板を前記セラミックス基板に接合させ、
接合された前記金属回路の前記貫通孔に金属ピンを挿入し、
前記金属ピンを前記セラミックス基板に接合させる、セラミックス回路基板の製造方法。
(特徴10)
セラミックス基板の第1面および第2面のそれぞれに、活性金属ろう材を印刷して乾燥させ、
前記第1面に、前記活性金属ろう材を介して、貫通孔を有する金属回路と、前記貫通孔に挿入された金属ピンと、を配置し、
前記第2面に前記活性金属ろう材を介して金属放熱板を配置し、
前記金属回路、前記金属ピン、および前記金属放熱板を前記セラミックス基板に接合させる、セラミックス回路基板の製造方法。
(特徴11)
前記貫通孔は、
前記金属回路の表面に位置する第1端部と、
活性金属ろう材層に面する第2端部と、
を含み、
前記第1面に平行な第2方向における前記第1端部の寸法(D1)に対する、前記第2方向における前記第2端部の寸法(D2)の比(D2/D1)は、1.00よりも大きく1.10以下である、特徴9または10に記載のセラミックス回路基板の製造方法。
2…セラミックス基板、2a…セラミックス基板の上面、2b…セラミックス基板の下面
3…金属回路、3a…金属回路の上面、3b…金属回路の下面
4…活性金属ろう材層
5…金属放熱板
6…貫通孔
6a…第1端部、6b…第2端部
7…金属ピンが接合されたセラミックス回路基板
8…金属ピン、8a…金属ピンの先端
9…ろう材層
Claims (11)
- セラミックス基板と、
前記セラミックス基板の第1面に活性金属ろう材層を介して接合された金属回路と、を備え、
前記金属回路の厚さは1mm以上であり、
前記金属回路は、前記第1面に対して垂直な第1方向に沿って前記金属回路を貫通する貫通孔を有し、
前記第1面の一部は、前記第1方向において前記貫通孔と重なり、
前記第1面の前記一部に、前記活性金属ろう材層が設けられた、セラミックス回路基板。 - 前記貫通孔は、
前記金属回路の上面に位置する第1端部と、
前記活性金属ろう材層に面する第2端部と、
を含み、
前記第1面に平行な第2方向における前記第1端部の寸法(D1)に対する、前記第2方向における前記第2端部の寸法(D2)の比(D2/D1)は、1.00よりも大きく1.10以下である、請求項1に記載のセラミックス回路基板。 - 前記活性金属ろう材層を介して前記第1面の前記一部に接合された金属ピンをさらに備えた、請求項1または2のいずれか1項に記載のセラミックス回路基板。
- 前記貫通孔の側面と前記金属ピンとの間に設けられたろう材層をさらに備え、
前記ろう材層の上端は、前記貫通孔の下端と上端との間に位置する、請求項3に記載のセラミックス回路基板。 - 前記セラミックス基板は、酸化アルミニウム基板、窒化アルミニウム基板、または窒化珪素基板のいずれか1種である、請求項1または2に記載のセラミックス回路基板。
- 前記セラミックス基板の厚さは0.7mm以下である、請求項5に記載のセラミックス回路基板。
- 前記金属回路は、銅または銅合金のいずれか1種からなる、請求項5に記載のセラミックス回路基板。
- 前記活性金属ろう材層は、
チタン、ジルコニウム、ハフニウム、およびニオブからなる群より選択された少なくとも1つと、
銀、銅、錫、インジウム、亜鉛、アルミニウム、珪素、炭素、およびマグネシウムからなる群より選択された少なくとも1つと、
を含む、請求項5に記載のセラミックス回路基板。 - セラミックス基板の第1面および第2面のそれぞれに、活性金属ろう材を印刷して乾燥させ、
前記第1面に前記活性金属ろう材を介して貫通孔を有する金属回路を配置し、
前記第2面に前記活性金属ろう材を介して金属放熱板を配置し、
前記金属回路および前記金属放熱板を前記セラミックス基板に接合させ、
接合された前記金属回路の前記貫通孔に金属ピンを挿入し、
前記金属ピンを前記セラミックス基板に接合させる、セラミックス回路基板の製造方法。 - セラミックス基板の第1面および第2面のそれぞれに、活性金属ろう材を印刷して乾燥させ、
前記第1面に、前記活性金属ろう材を介して、貫通孔を有する金属回路と、前記貫通孔に挿入された金属ピンと、を配置し、
前記第2面に前記活性金属ろう材を介して金属放熱板を配置し、
前記金属回路、前記金属ピン、および前記金属放熱板を前記セラミックス基板に接合させる、セラミックス回路基板の製造方法。 - 前記貫通孔は、
前記金属回路の表面に位置する第1端部と、
活性金属ろう材層に面する第2端部と、
を含み、
前記第1面に平行な第2方向における前記第1端部の寸法(D1)に対する、前記第2方向における前記第2端部の寸法(D2)の比(D2/D1)は、1.00よりも大きく1.10以下である、請求項9または10に記載のセラミックス回路基板の製造方法。
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| JP2014239964A (ja) | 2014-08-28 | 2014-12-25 | 株式会社三共 | 遊技用システムおよび遊技点処理装置 |
| WO2017056360A1 (ja) * | 2015-09-28 | 2017-04-06 | 株式会社 東芝 | 回路基板および半導体装置 |
| JP2019161174A (ja) * | 2018-03-16 | 2019-09-19 | 富士電機株式会社 | 半導体装置及び半導体装置の製造方法 |
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