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WO2024264049A2 - Commande de décharge à des fins de traitement d'alimentation et génération de profil de tension variant dans le temps - Google Patents

Commande de décharge à des fins de traitement d'alimentation et génération de profil de tension variant dans le temps Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024264049A2
WO2024264049A2 PCT/US2024/035265 US2024035265W WO2024264049A2 WO 2024264049 A2 WO2024264049 A2 WO 2024264049A2 US 2024035265 W US2024035265 W US 2024035265W WO 2024264049 A2 WO2024264049 A2 WO 2024264049A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
power
power sources
converters
sop
voltage profile
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PCT/US2024/035265
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English (en)
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WO2024264049A3 (fr
Inventor
Al-Thaddeus Avestruz
Alireza Ramyar
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University of Michigan System
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University of Michigan System
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Priority to AU2024312948A priority Critical patent/AU2024312948A1/en
Publication of WO2024264049A2 publication Critical patent/WO2024264049A2/fr
Publication of WO2024264049A3 publication Critical patent/WO2024264049A3/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J3/28—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy
    • H02J3/32—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy using batteries with converting means
    • H02J7/50—
    • H02J7/82—
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0067—Converter structures employing plural converter units, other than for parallel operation of the units on a single load
    • H02M1/007—Plural converter units in cascade
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0095—Hybrid converter topologies, e.g. NPC mixed with flying capacitor, thyristor converter mixed with MMC or charge pump mixed with buck
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/12—Arrangements for reducing harmonics from AC input or output
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/4807—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode having a high frequency intermediate AC stage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/483—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
    • H02M7/49—Combination of the output voltage waveforms of a plurality of converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • H02M7/5387—Conversion of DC power input into AC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output
    • H02M7/66—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output with possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/68—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output with possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/72—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output with possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/79—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output with possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/797—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output with possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02J2103/30—
    • H02J7/485—
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/12—Arrangements for reducing harmonics from AC input or output
    • H02M1/126—Arrangements for reducing harmonics from AC input or output using passive filters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load

Definitions

  • the disclosure relates generally to power processing and time-varying voltage profile generation.
  • Figure 1 shows an example power conversion device.
  • Figure 2 shows an example parallel power conversion device.
  • Figure 3 shows an example time-varying voltage profile generation device.
  • Figure 4 shows example voltage profile generation logic.
  • Figure 5 shows an example single-switch based time-varying voltage profile generation device.
  • Figure 6 shows an example single-switch based time-varying voltage profile generation device with an unfolder circuit.
  • Figure 7 shows an example half-bridge based time-varying voltage profile generation device.
  • Figure 8 shows an example half-bridge based time-varying voltage profile generation device with an unfolder circuit.
  • Figure 9 shows an example full-bridge based time-varying voltage profile generation device.
  • Figure 10 shows example parallel tiered structure based time-varying voltage profile generation devices.
  • Figure 11 A shows an example single-switch based time-varying voltage profile generation device including a clamp circuit.
  • Figure 11 B shows example clamp circuits.
  • Figure 12 shows an example single-switch based time-varying voltage profile generation device with a fault power converter.
  • Figure 13A shows an example full-bridge time-varying voltage profile generation device including an isolator.
  • Figure 13B shows example isolators.
  • Figure 14 shows an example time-varying voltage profile generation device with back- to-back insulated gate bipolar transistors.
  • Figure 15 shows example balancer logic.
  • Figure 16 shows an example load balancing computing environment.
  • Figure 17 shows an example power conversion device that implements a virtual bus.
  • a power source such as a power store (e.g., a battery, fuel cell, or other power store), solar cell, wind turbine, chemical process, or other power source, may output power in a state (e.g., voltage, wattage, current, direct current, alternating current, or other characterization metric) that does not match a target output for a system incorporating the power source.
  • a state e.g., voltage, wattage, current, direct current, alternating current, or other characterization metric
  • Various contexts may have mismatch between multiple power sinks connected in a unified system (e.g., battery chargers, motors, or other power consuming devices).
  • a system may have heterogeneity resulting from various power nodes (e.g., power sources and/or power sinks) in the system.
  • batteries that may be uniform or otherwise non-diverse (e.g., at the time of manufacture, installation, or other life cycle point) may degrade at different rates, in some cases, including contexts of uniform and/or load balanced usage.
  • an initially uniform set of batteries may degrade such that the output of the example set differs from the target output of the system.
  • the deviation from the target (or the expected contribution to the target) output by individual batteries in the example set may differ from battery to battery.
  • Diverse degradation may occur at various levels of battery technology, for example different battery packs may degrade differently, further within those packs, modules, and/or individual cells may have diverse degradation.
  • Batteries may refer to any portion of battery technologies and/or other technologies that behavior as a power storage unit. For example, multiple battery packs, modules, cells, chargers, controllers, power converters, or other battery internals connected via virtually any set of electrical interconnects may, in some cases, be referred to as a single “battery”. Further, power stores (such as batteries) may in various contexts behave as power sources, power sinks (e.g., while charging), or other power nodes. Solar cell/array power generation may differ as a result of transient and/or spatially variant irradiance profiles, cell degradation, cell obfuscation (e.g., via dust or other detritus), or other non-uniform interference with power generation.
  • second use of retired electric vehicle (EV) battery packs may require installation of battery packs that have already undergone degradation as a result of usage.
  • battery packs span a wide range of capacities, ratings, and form factors for a wide array of vehicles.
  • the diversity may increase as technologies for faster charging and newer battery chemistries emerge. This diversity is not only reflected in the second use packs for energy storage, but also in the charging of different vehicles within a station.
  • markets may in part resist some standardization since improvements in battery performance provide benefits to producers able to incorporate new technologies when advances outweigh the benefits of standardization.
  • systems may implement power converters to convert the power from at power node into the state used at the output port.
  • full power processing may include placing a power converter between the power node and the target port to convert the power at the power node to that of the target port.
  • a converter may be paired to each node in a group tied to a target port. The converter may process all of the power from the node.
  • partial power processing may be implemented.
  • the number of converters may be dependent (e.g., equal or similar to) the number of power nodes, the PPP converters may process less than all of the power at the nodes. Instead, processing may be focused on a portion of the power to adjust the power from the power nodes to an output state.
  • PPP may reduce the overall power processed.
  • PPP operations may increase efficiency relative to FPP because PPP (even with otherwise identical converters) does not process the full power of the system. Accordingly, per converter inefficiencies are reduced by the relative size of the portion being processes. For example, a FPP system processing 100% with 5% loss will lose 5% of the power of the system. A PPP configuration with the same converters processing 10% of the power, will lose 0.5%. Other efficiencies such as reduced internal heating may be gained.
  • differential power processing may operate on the portion of the power that differs from the target state.
  • the power nodes may differ only on a given range (e.g., X% to Y%, where Y>X).
  • power converter set each individually capable of handling the maximum deviation of the range (e.g., Y%), may be sufficient to support power conversion.
  • the cost of a power converter may scale with the processing capacity of the converter. Accordingly, systems configured to employ PPP and/or DPP may have cost savings advantages over FPP systems. However, some FPP systems may operate where no information about current operation condition / future operational condition of power node is known.
  • DPP and PPP may have operational tolerance ranges where a particular output may be delivered. If a set of power nodes falls outside the range (or for example degrades to the point it is outside the range after installation), the PPP system may fail.
  • statistical, empirical, and/or theoretical models may provide information of power node condition. For example, a model of battery degradation versus use and/or time may provide a distribution of states for a given second-use battery population. Accordingly, such a model may provide predictive information on a set of batteries drawn from such a population.
  • a particular population (or other group) of power nodes may be diverse for one or more reasons such as degradation, model type, or other diversity factors.
  • a diversity model including models generated from power node characterizations, statistical models, or other models of power node performance, may be used to provide information on the expected characteristics of a power node selected from that particular population.
  • the population can be divided into defined portions.
  • the defined portions may be statistical portions, such as percentile ranges, individual node assignments, characterization based assignments or other groupings. Once divided into portions, the portions may be treated specifically, such that electrical coupling to members of that portion may be specific to the characteristics of that power node portion.
  • systems using diverse power nodes may anticipate power converter sizing requirements. Accordingly, power converters with lower conversion capacity may be used because the uncertainty if the amount of necessary conversion capacity is reduced.
  • a system capable of processing a set of power nodes with conditions estimated by a model may allow comparatively robust performance to blind and/or limited characterization implementations, while not requiring detailed characterization of individual power nodes in the set. Further, a system capable of making model-referenced corrections may allow for more uniform construction of power processing systems rather than relying on highly power-node-set-specific interconnects and power converter units.
  • an adjuvant set (e.g., a group, a tier (with a hierarchical relationship with another set of power converters), multiple hierarchical tiers within the set itself, or other configuration) of power converters may be selected to correct from a model- referenced estimates of power node variation for a set of power nodes.
  • the adjuvant set may include a number of power converters that is dependent on the power node differences as estimated by the model. Thus, in some cases, the number of power converters in the adjuvant set may be fewer than the number of power nodes serviced by the power converters.
  • an example model may estimate that set of nine power nodes (selected by a population of power nodes governed by the model) may be (on-average) interconnected to three power converters for adjustment among the power nodes.
  • the three power converters may rebalance outputs/inputs from various ones of the power nodes to ensure a particular power.
  • the three power converters may process input over a range to allow for uncertainty associated with choosing a finite number of power converters from the population. The distribution of a finite number of power converters selected from a population may not necessarily align with the distribution of the population as whole.
  • the power nodes may be connected to the system and operate without individual characterization.
  • the model may be the single node for estimating the condition of the power nodes.
  • the nodes may be connected and assumed to operate within some tolerance of the model estimates.
  • characterizations such as voltage level outputs, specifications for the power node when new, and/or other information that can be measured without alteration of the power node (or costs rivalling that of the power processing system itself) may be performed.
  • the processing system may include characterization elements such as voltage testing capabilities.
  • the characterization may be used for initialization, dynamic configuration, and/or other configuration of the system. Characterization may be used to facilitate interconnection of the power nodes that approximates the estimates (e.g., expected values) of power node differences provided by the diversity model.
  • the adjuvant set may be implemented as one or more adjuvant tiers, where power processing may proceed sequentially from tier-to-tier.
  • power processing at an adjuvant converter may occur after power conversion at one or more dense sets of power converters and provide an adjustment that is earlier in series (by current flow) than other power conversion that may be done (e.g., for another power node connected later in a series).
  • tiers may be, in some cases, defined by a localized order from (e.g., from dense to adjuvant) that may not necessarily align with a device-wide current flow.
  • the system may include a dense set of power converters (which may include one or more dense tiers).
  • dense tiers may be used to correct for uncertainty from deviation of individual power nodes to center (or other target values) values for the particular portions of the power node population.
  • a specific installed group of batteries power nodes
  • the status of all of these batteries may continue to change over time during this second-use installation.
  • a dense set of power converters may adjust the power from the batteries to more closely match the center values that would be predicted by the model.
  • an adjuvant set of power converters may correct from the model distribution to the uniform model-corrected target power.
  • the dense set may include a number of power converters that is proportional to the total number of power nodes (for example, equal to, one less than, or other number directly dependent on the number of power nodes).
  • the deviation of individual batteries from the model estimates may be (on average) smaller in magnitude than the correction from the model to the target power. Accordingly, the processing capacity of power converters in the dense set may be smaller than that of those in the adjuvant set. In some cases, the cost of a power converter may scale with power processing capacity.
  • a hierarchical system with a dense set of power converters and an adjuvant set of power converters may have more power converters than a PPP system (as discussed above). The number of power converters in the dense set would be similar to the total number of power converters in the PPP system.
  • the processing capacity of the individual ones of dense set of converters may be smaller than the individual power converters of the PPP system.
  • the capacity of the individual power converters of the PPP system may be more similar to the power processing capacity of the adjuvant set of converters. Accordingly, despite having more power converters, the hierarchical system may still be lower cost than a similarly performing PPP system (which is already lower cost than similarly performing FPP system).
  • the adjuvant tier may be specifically constructed and used to generate a uniform model-corrected target power, by correcting from center values (or other interim values generated by dense tier correction).
  • the dense tier power converters may be specifically selected to correct variation with a defined portion of the population of power nodes.
  • a device may include multiple different power node connection ports coupled to dense tier power converters. Each connection port may be coupled to one or more dense tier power converters specifically selected to correct for expected variation within a defined portion of the population of power nodes.
  • connection ports e.g., across one or more multiple-port devices
  • the number of connection ports (e.g., across one or more multiple-port devices) dedicated to each portion of the population may be scaled relative to the relative size of that portion within the population. For example, a portion covering half a population of power nodes may have half of the total number of ports of devices using power nodes from the population configured for correcting for variation within that population.
  • the defined portions may be selected to ease such determinations.
  • a set of power conversion devices may be designed to have 12 ports, each configurable to support a particular portion of a population of power nodes. The population may then be divided into 12 different portions of at least roughly equal size.
  • defined portions may be overlapping (or partially overlapping). Accordingly, a particular power node may be within the definition of two or more different portions.
  • the diversity model may provide an expected range of different supported power flows for a portion.
  • the example PCD 100 includes multiple power node connection ports 1 11 - 1 19.
  • the each of the connection ports may be configured to support power conversion for a defined portion of the power node group of power nodes.
  • the diversity model may provide characteristics of the different portions.
  • the diversity model may provide a center value for expected power flow (such as a mean value, a median value, a selected value for ease of conversion in combination with other center values, or other value).
  • the diversity model may provide an expected range of power flows for the defined portion.
  • the defined portion may be defined based on power flow values.
  • other characteristics may be used. For example, power node age, power node operating voltage, power node internal resistance (e.g., battery resistance or other internal resistance), power store charge-discharge cycle count, power node current, or other characteristics.
  • the populations may be statistically defined (e.g., a percentiles based on expected distributions due to power node age, cycle count, or other factors). Accordingly, membership of a particular power node within any particular portion of group may not be fully discernable.
  • the ports may be configured for different portions and then power nodes may be coupled to particular ports based on a best guess and/or best fit membership assignment.
  • a particular PCD may have four ports tuned to different quartiles of total group of power nodes. At the time the PCD is placed into operation, power nodes may be partially characterized, for example, an operating voltage for each power node may be measured.
  • the power nodes may be assigned based on a ranking of the characterized value. For example, in a best fit port assignment scheme the lowest operating voltage measured may be assumed to be best placed in the port of the lowest quartile, including in circumstances where the lowest measured operating voltage may be suggestive of membership in another quartile. In a best guess scheme, the measured characteristic may be used to estimate membership. For example, the lowest measured operating voltage may be assigned to the quartile indicated most strongly by the actual measured voltage value without consideration with regard to ranking in relationship to other power nodes characterized along with that power node at the time of its installation.
  • the PCD 100 further includes node interconnects 140 between the multiple power node connection ports 111 - 119.
  • the node interconnects 140 may be configured to couple the power node connection portions 11 1 - 1 19 in a parallel or series configuration. In some cases, one or more series string of ports may be coupled in parallel to other individual ports.
  • the PCD 100 further includes interconnects 130 between the multiple power node connection ports 1 11 - 1 19 and an adjuvant set of power converters 141 , 142, 144.
  • the adjuvant set works to adjust power at different points to ensure a final uniform model-corrected power at the port 150.
  • the interconnects may include dynamic switching to support reconfiguration of the connections over time.
  • the switching may allow the power converter - power source connections to be changed after initial setup, for example, as a result of non- uniform degradation among the power sources.
  • dynamic reconfiguration may be applied in response to different use conditions.
  • the ports 11 1 - 119 may be switched such that they are coupled in series when power flows outward from the ports. For example, this may correspond to coupled batteries discharging during operation.
  • the ports 11 1 - 119 may be switched such that they are coupled in parallel when power flows inward to the ports. For example, this may correspond to coupled batteries charging.
  • the tier interconnects 130 may include a set of dense power converters 131 -139 to provide a first stage adjustment (e.g., with partial power processing of the model-deviation power) the power node connection ports 1 11 - 1 19 in accord with the center values provided by the model.
  • a first stage adjustment e.g., with partial power processing of the model-deviation power
  • the power node connection ports 1 11 - 1 19 in accord with the center values provided by the model.
  • such adjustment may include differential and/or partial conversion to an interim value that is selected in reference to the center values from the diversity model, but differs from the referenced center values.
  • an interim value may include a value corresponding to multiple center values added together, a difference between two center values, or other target value referencing the center values.
  • the interim values may be the center values from the diversity model.
  • the model-deviation power may include the portion of the power that deviates from the center values provided by the diversity model.
  • the dense set of power converters 131 -139 may be connected in one or more tiers (which as discussed below are the adjuvant set 141 , 142, 144 within the hierarchy).
  • the total number of tiers in the power converter hierarchy may include the number of tiers of dense set power 131 -139 converters added to the number of tiers of adjuvant set of power converters.
  • the tier interconnects 130 further include passive connections (e.g., parallel, series, capacitive, inductive, power converting, and/or other interconnects) to assist in the adjustment.
  • the tier interconnects 130 may not necessarily connect the power node connection ports one-to-one with dense tier power converters.
  • multiple series connected nodes may be used to estimate a desired operating voltage before connection to a power converter.
  • the power from multiple node connection ports may be processed by a single converter.
  • a complex electrical system may be referred to, depicted as, or reduced (via circuit equivalents) to a single node and/or single node connection port.
  • connection ports may be permanently wired to a particular power node.
  • a port may include a power interface for power flow out of and/or into a power node regardless of the permanent or temporary nature of the coupling of the interface.
  • the adjuvant set 141 , 142, 144 may be fed by the interconnects 130 (and the dense set of power converters).
  • the adjuvant set may provide partial power processing to adjust the power from model-referenced interim values (e.g., which are approximated by the adjustment via the interconnects 130) to ensure the uniform model- corrected target power at the target port 150.
  • the adjuvant set of power converters provides partial power processing of the power (e.g., with taps as various points within the PCD) to obtain the power format used by the system being powered by the power sources.
  • Figure 2 shows an example parallel PCD 200.
  • the power node connection ports 211 - 219 are coupled in parallel to a target port 250 and the various adjuvant tier converters 251 , 252, 254.
  • the dense tier converters 231 - 238 may be coupled between the power node connection ports 21 1 - 219 and the adjuvant tier converters 251 , 252, 254 using parallel and/or series connections.
  • a virtual tier of power converters 241 - 249 may be used to allow for circuit duality based analysis.
  • the virtual tier of power converters 241 - 249 may allow for the treatment of the power nodes as equal “current sources” rather than “voltage sources” for the purposes of circuit analysis.
  • a series circuit may be reformed as a parallel circuit with the addition of such power converters.
  • the contribution of this virtual tier of power converters 241 - 249 may be subsumed into the operation of the dense tier converters 231 - 238.
  • using the circuit duality may facilitate dual mode implementations.
  • a PCD that operates in series in one mode may be converted to a parallel circuit using the virtual tier of power converters 241 - 249 when operating in a second mode.
  • the adjustment to the operation of the dense tier converters 231 - 238 may be determined based on the virtual power conversion requirements when switching between series and parallel operation dynamically.
  • such virtualization may allow for simplification of dual mode operation.
  • the example dynamically switched PCDs may include meter circuity which may perform characterizations at power node connection ports 11 1 - 119
  • the meter circuitry may characterize voltage, power storage capacity (e.g., via charge-discharge cycle voltage patterns, power flow over a charge-discharge cycle, or other cycle measurements), internal resistance, power flow, current flow, cycle count, power node age, or other power node behavior.
  • the switching circuitry may include processing hardware to determine when a switching condition occurs.
  • a switching condition may include a pre-determined condition for which a particular interconnection layout is assigned.
  • switching condition may include one or more thresholds for one or more characterized values.
  • a switching condition may include a PCD exceeding a particular charge cycle count, and/or age from a reference point (such as initial installation).
  • a switching condition may include a change in operation mode.
  • switching condition may include a reversal of power flow from the power node connection ports 11 1 - 119 (or other indication of a change from discharging to a charging mode).
  • the switching condition may include a determination that the power node connection ports 111 - 119 have transitioned from an initial non-diverse state to a diversity state (e.g., a state in which the initial uniform powers nodes currently exhibit different behaviors, such as a degradation state).
  • a diversity state e.g., a state in which the initial uniform powers nodes currently exhibit different behaviors, such as a degradation state.
  • the switching circuitry may switch the interconnects 130, 140 to conform with an interconnect layout consistent with the determined switching condition.
  • the switching circuitry 504 may recouple power node connection ports.
  • aged batteries may degrade at different rates.
  • One or more of the power node connection ports may be coupled to power converters sized to handle more significant degradation than others of the power node connection ports.
  • the switching circuitry may recouple to ports to dedicate the particularly sized converters to the batteries that underwent the most significant degradation based on measurements from the meter circuitry.
  • the batteries that underwent the least significant degradation may be switched to power converters particularly sized for lower degradation. Initially, the non-diverse state of the batteries may allow for any of the batteries to be equally well served by any of the power node connection ports despite the different sizing of their coupled power converters.
  • FIG. 3 shows an example time-varying voltage profile generation device (TVPD) 300.
  • the example time-varying voltage profile generation device 300 includes multiple power node stages 31 1 -319.
  • Each of the stages 311 -319 may include one or more power nodes (e.g., such as batteries, solar cells, wind turbines, charging batteries with reverse current flow, and/or other power node types).
  • the power node stages 311 -319 may be coupled to a tiered power converter structure 340 including power converters grouped into one or more tiers.
  • the tiered power converter structure 340 may distribute power among power nodes within the stages and/or across multiple stages depending on the structure of the tiered power converter structure 340.
  • each of (or at least some of) the stages may have their own tiered power converter structure and/or one or more tiered power converter structures may interconnect different stages. Multiple nested power converter structures may be used.
  • the tiered power converter structure 340 may include, for example, any of the various tiered power conversion devices discussed above and/or other tiered power converter structures, including single-tier power converter structures.
  • Single-tier power converters may include the functionality of any individual tier of any of the PCDs (e.g., 100, 200) discussed above. Additionally or alternatively, a single-tier power converter structure may combine functionality of multiple stages. For example, a single-tier power converter structure may be dense with regard to converter number but also correct to and for a power converter diversity model.
  • tiers may be divided in accord with the power distribution function performed.
  • one or more tiers may operate to support DC-to-DC power conversion, e.g., distribution of power load among power sources.
  • one or more tiers may operate to distribute power among different switches, e.g., to support power distribution during switching functions.
  • the distribution of power may be within a signal power node stage (e.g., single-stage) and/or across different power stages of the TVPD (e.g., crossstage). Other power redistribution schemes may be used.
  • outputs associated with individual ones of the stages 311 -319 may be selectively output coupled by the switches 320.
  • the switches 320 may include various switching modules, such as single switches, half-bridge modules, full-bridge modules, or other switch types.
  • the power nodes may include power nodes of different types, such as batteries, solar cells, electro-chemical power stacks, wind turbines, fuel cells, fuel generators, and/or other power node types.
  • the number of concurrent selectively coupled stages may be used to control the magnitude of the output voltage. Changing the number of concurrently coupled stages may be used to vary the magnitude of the output voltage.
  • the polarity of the voltage may be controlled using the switching modules (e.g., for half-bridge and/or full-bridge configurations), an unfolder, and/or polarity selection switches that may be used to selectively couple power nodes in coupling configurations for negative polarity or those in coupling configurations for positive polarity.
  • Various switch types may be used within the modules, for example, transistors, bipolar transistors, field-effect transistors, mechanical switches, and/or other switch types.
  • the output of the switches 320 may be coupled to various output components 360 such as isolators, clamp circuits, unfolder circuits, and/or other output circuits.
  • the output components 360 may in turn couple to a load (e.g., such as a device, power grid, and/or other system).
  • the switches 320 within the TVPD may be paired with state-of-provision (SOP) balancer circuity 370.
  • the SOP balancer circuitry 370 may implement balancer logic 1600 to control SOPs among power sources, e.g., by controlling the operation of the power converter structure 340 and switches 320 to implement individual discharge quantity levels for the individual ones of the power sources, as discussed below with respect to Figure 15. “Balancing” loads among the power sources may include virtually any control of load distribution among power sources where the SOP balancer circuitry 370 determines SOP targets and/or relative states for any of the power sources.
  • Such balancing may be uneven, e.g., discharge of particular power sources may be accelerated to discharge particular power sources before others, balancing may reduce variance among SOPs of the power sources, and/or balancing may increase variance among SOPs of the power sources. Balancing may result in uneven or even distributions.
  • FIG. 4 shows example voltage profile generation logic (VPGL) 400.
  • the example VPGL 400 may control the operation of the TVPD 300 and may be implemented on circuitry.
  • the VPGL 400 may obtain a time varying voltage profile (TVVP) for generation (402).
  • the TVVP may include a target output.
  • a target output may include an alternating current (AC) input for a power grid.
  • the AC input may include a voltage profile with a specific phase, amplitude, frequency for a particular periodic function, such as a sinusoidal wave.
  • the TVVP may be determined via a static switching protocol, a dynamically controlled switching protocol, a programmable input, a profile input, one or more regulatory guidelines/rules or other profile source.
  • the VPGL 400 may cause the switches 320 to selectively couple the individual power node stages 31 1 -319 to with timings to generate the TVVP (404). As the TVVP is generated the VPGL 400 may cause the tiered power converter structure 340 to redistribute power (406) (e.g., among the power nodes via DC-to-DC conversion and/or among the switches to support the TVVP generation).
  • the level of power output, a power rating, level of stored charge remaining may differ depending on power source condition, including manufacture state, degradation state, temperature, climate, and/or other power source conditions.
  • power source condition including manufacture state, degradation state, temperature, climate, and/or other power source conditions.
  • different power sources may have different SOPs. Accordingly, for a group of power sources (e.g., starting at 0% level of discharge - fully charged), removing a uniform quantity of charge from each may result produce a variance in discharge, as recognized herein.
  • various architectures and techniques discussed herein proceed contrary to conventional wisdom by determining individual power source discharge quantity levels (e.g., a variance in discharge quantity is applied) to reduce variance and flatten SOPs among the group of power sources.
  • a variance e.g., in discharge quantity
  • the architectures and techniques may, additionally or alternatively, be used to implement other SOP balancing schemes, such as priority discharge (discharging selected power sources before others), power source reservation (preventing discharge of selected power sources other than for specific applications), and/or other SOP control schemes, which may or may not decrease SOP variance among power sources.
  • a SOP model which may include power source degradation models, power source condition models may be used.
  • the model may include a mapping of discharge quantity to estimated SOP for a power source. In some cases, the mapping may be determined based on power source conditions.
  • the SOP model may include a scheme model that provides SOP state targets for the individual power sources (and/or groups of the power sources) to guide the balancing procedure. In some cases, the scheme may be implemented in one or more intervals, e.g., the scheme may include indicating SOP targets and balancing reconfiguration operations within a defined period.
  • a scheme model may be configured to implement the balancing over the SOPs within a cycle (or a defined number of cycles) of the time-varying profile that is generated, e.g., for periodic profiles.
  • a SOP model may include battery charge matrices and/or load charge matrices that define loads for individual batteries to achieve a particular defined load balance, e.g. such as flattening an SOP variance (e.g., an SOP flattening model) within a cycle of an oscillating time-varying profile.
  • Figure 15 shows example balancer logic 1500, which may be implemented via SOP balancer circuitry (e.g., SOP balancer circuitry 370).
  • the example balancer logic 1500 may control power flow among power sources using a tiered power converter structure (1510), such as the power converter structures discussed herein.
  • the balancer logic 1500 may control the power flow among the power sources by determining, for a selected interval of a predetermined time-varying voltage profile, a corresponding charge quantity discharge level for each of the one or more power sources within a TVPD (1512).
  • the balancer logic 1500 may access a SOP model and determine individual SOP targets for each of the power sources. The targets many be used to determine the individual discharge quantities for the power sources which may define the load balance (e.g., individual voltage/power outputs) among the power sources.
  • an SOP flattening model may be used.
  • the SOP flattening model may select discharge quantity levels resulting in SOP variance reduction and/or elimination within the interval, such as within a cycle (and/or a selected number of cycles) of a periodic time-varying output.
  • the balancer logic may cause switches of a time-varying voltage profile generator to implement the determined individual voltage/power outputs for the power sources (1514). Accordingly, the time varying output of the time-varying voltage profile generator may be generated in accord with the load balancing scheme of the SOP model.
  • the SOP balancer circuitry 370 may further operate to remove artifacts from the generated time varying profile along with implementing balancing scheme.
  • a system with N power sources and/or dense tier power converters provides N degrees of freedom for load balancing and/or artifact removal within the generated time varying profile.
  • the SOP balancer circuitry 370 may determine the individual voltage/power outputs for the power sources such at a selective harmonic reduction is implemented. Because the switching system approximates a waveform, harmonics of the time-varying profile frequency are generated. Using the N degrees freedom, N-1 harmonics may be eliminated/reduced, and DC levels of the waveform may be controlled. Thus, the number of harmonics eliminated/reduced may be proportional to the number of power sources and/or number of dense tier power converters.
  • Figure 16 shows an example load balancing computing environment (LBCE) 1600 which may provide a hardware environment for execution of the balancer logic 1500.
  • the LBCE 1600 may include system logic 1614 to support temperature data extraction from electrical parameter curve data.
  • the system logic 1614 may include processors 1616, memory 1620, and/or other circuitry, which may be used to implement the example balancer logic 1500.
  • the memory 1620 may be used to store model data 1622 and/or source condition data 1624 that may be used to support various load balancing schemes.
  • the memory 1620 may further include applications and structures, for example, coded objects, templates, or one or more other data structures to support load balancing.
  • the LBCE 1600 may also include one or more communication interfaces 1612, which may support data bus communications, wireless network communications (WIFI, cellular, Bluetooth, and/or other wireless communications), and/or other communication pathways to receive power source states and/or conditions, degradation model data and/or other operational input. Additionally or alternatively the communication interfaces may be used to report SOP data and/or send SOP scheme mappings to remote systems for local implementation (e.g., on local circuitry with limited computational capacity).
  • the LBCE 1600 may include power management circuitry 1634 and one or more input interfaces 1628.
  • FIG. 5 shows an example single-switch based TVPD 500.
  • the single single-switch based TVPD 500 may use individual switches 502 for each of the switching levels used by the TVPD 500 for generation of voltage levels within a TVVP.
  • One or more power nodes 504 may be coupled for each of the switches 502.
  • the one or more tiers of the PCD 506 may distribute power among the nodes 504 (e.g., via DC-to-DC power conversion) and/or the switches 502 (e.g., to obtain switching level target outputs).
  • the switches and power nodes are shown as being coupled in series. However, other configurations may be used.
  • one or more of the power nodes may be coupled in parallel.
  • the nodes individually may include one or more series and/or parallel coupled power sources and/or power sinks.
  • the PCD 506 may use parallel and/or series coupling for implementation of the tiered structure.
  • the single-switch based TVPD 500 during operation, one switch is on at a time to effect each of the different output voltage levels for TVVP generation.
  • the single-switch based TVPD 500 includes a first array 510 of power nodes for one polarity voltage output and a second array of power nodes 520 for the other polarity.
  • the reliance on a single switch may reduce conduction losses by the TVPD 500 during operation.
  • the single switch may receive the entire operating current and voltage of the device and may be rated to handle the entire power output.
  • FIG. 6 shows an example single-switch based TVPD 600 including an unfolder circuit 650.
  • An unfolder circuit 650 may be paired with a single-switch based TVPD 600 to selectively invert the polarity of the output of the system.
  • the unfolder circuit 650 may allow the single-switch based TVPD 600 to produce two output polarity without reliance on two power node arrays to produce the opposing polarities.
  • Virtually any full-bridge switch may be implemented as an unfolder circuit.
  • the singleswitch based TVPD 600 may operate with three on switches for each TVVP level.
  • One switch 502 may be on within the power node array 610, while two switches 652 may be used within the unfolder circuit.
  • the single switch 502 in the power node array 610 may receive the entire operating current of the device and may be rated to handle that entire current.
  • the two switches within the unfolder circuit may receive 50% (on average) of the total.
  • various inverter circuits may be used (e.g., in place of the unfolder circuit 650) to invert the output polarity of the TVPD 600.
  • FIG. 7 shows an example half-bridge based TVPD 700.
  • the half-bridge switch modules 702 of the half-bridge based TVPD 700 allows the individual switching stages of the half-bridge based TVPD 700 to selectively contribute to the output of the TVPD 700.
  • the half-bridge switch modules 702 within a polarity array 710, 720 may be turned on in any order and in any number.
  • the voltage load at each of the half-bridge modules is that contributed by the corresponding stage of the TVPD 700. Accordingly, the stress on the half-bridge switch modules 702 of TVPD 700 may be comparatively less than that on the single switches 502 of TVPD 500 for a given operational output. In some cases, switching modules of the same speed may be cheaper for TVPD 700 than TVPD 500 because lower voltage rating switches may be used.
  • some implementations may distribute the duty cycle among the different power stages, such that the stages spend a selected amount of time on/off load, rather than a specific stage in the array always being switched on first and switched off last.
  • the distribution may implement various schemes, such as, equal average load distribution, target on load times for individual stages, maximum average time between switching operations (e.g., for specific switches and/or for all switches), or other switching optimization schemes.
  • two polarity power node arrays 710, 720 are used.
  • Two polarity selector switches 712, 722 are used to selectively activate the corresponding array 710, 720.
  • the half-bridge based modules 702 can be activated independently of the arrays 710, 720. Accordingly, the two additional selector switches 712, 722 are used to then select the active polarity array 710, 720.
  • the active selector switch 712, 722 may receive the full output power of the TVPD 700 during operation and may be rated accordingly.
  • the TVVP may be inverted at a lower frequency than that of the sampling rate of the TVVP.
  • a sinusoidal may be sampled at 600 Hz, but be inverted at a rate of 120 Hz.
  • a cycle of the signal may be 60 Hz while the sample resolution of the overall signal is 600 Hz.
  • the speed of the selector switches may be five times less than that of the half-bridge switch modules 702. Other sampling and inversion rates may be used.
  • Figure 8 shows an example half-bridge based TVPD 800 with an unfolder circuit 850. Similar to the TVPD 600, a half-bridge based TVPD 800 may be implemented with an unfolder circuit 850 (and/or another inverter circuit) to selectively invert the output of the TVPD 800 without reliance on two polarity arrays. Accordingly, a single polarity array 810 may be used in the example half-bridge based TVPD 800 when an unfolder circuit 850 is implemented.
  • Figure 9 shows an example full-bridge based TVPD 900.
  • the full-bridge switch modules 902 may be used to selectively activate selectively polarize the output of each switching stage of the example full-bridge based TVPD 900 individually. Accordingly, the stages of the example full-bridge based TVPD 900 may be activated in any order and with any polarity.
  • FIG. 10 shows example parallel tiered structure based TVPDs 1010, 1020, 1030.
  • Parallel power nodes and PCD arrangements may be used in various implementations using the parallel - series circuit duality.
  • Such parallel/series tiered arrangements 1012, 1022, 1032 e.g., including structure of power nodes and power converters, may be used with single switch 1010, half-bridge 1020, and 1030 TVPDs.
  • the nested tiered structures 1002 may include nested TVPDs to create selectable voltage outputs for each stage of the TVPDs 1010, 1020, 1030.
  • individual ones of the stages of a bridge-based TVPD 1020, 1030 may include a nested tiers single-switch TVPD capable of time varying output at the stage level.
  • the nested tiers may include bridge-based structures within a single-switch TVPD 1010 and/or within a bridge-based TVPD 1020, 1030.
  • a full-bridge structure may also vary its own polarity output.
  • a single-switch TVPD 1010 or half-bridge TVPD may have selectively polarized output without an unfolder circuit, polarity selector switches, and/or multiple polarity arrays.
  • Figure 1 1 A shows an example single-switch based TVPD 1 100 including a clamp circuit 1170.
  • the clamp circuit may be used to hold a particular voltage output for a selected period.
  • the clamp circuit 1170 may be used to eliminate between-switching dead-times and/or other transient waveforms that may occur as a result of switching action or other TVPD operations.
  • the clamp circuit 1 170, the clamp circuit may be used with the half-bridge and full-bridge switching systems.
  • Figure 11 B shows alternative example clamp circuit structures 1198, 1199 which may be implemented.
  • FIG 12 shows an example single-switch based TVPD 1200 with a fault power converter 1280.
  • the fault power converter 1280 may be used to compensate for a fault in one or more of the power stages 1203 of the TVPD 1200.
  • the power node 1204 at the power stage 1203 may have a fault during operation.
  • the fault may cause the power node 1204 to cease providing power when active.
  • the fault diode 1282 may bypass the power stage 1203 and the fault power converter 1280 may activate to compensate for the cessation.
  • the TVPD 1200 may include multiple fault diodes (e.g., for each power stage).
  • multiple-power-converter and/or tiered structures may be used as the fault power converter.
  • a nested TVPD with a selectable time-varying output may be used to flexibly compensate for various faults of varying degrees (e.g., multiple simultaneous power stage faults).
  • FIG. 13A shows an example full-bridge TVPD 1300 including an isolator.
  • the full-bridge switching modules 1302 may implement a set of two switches in the module to “chop” the output of the switching stage (e.g., turn the output on and off at a selected rate greater than the sampling frequency of the TVVP).
  • the chopping of the voltage output creates a high frequency component within the signal that may allow the power stage 1303 output to pass through an isolator 1390 for the power stage 1303.
  • the isolators 1390 may prevent backflow of power (e.g., lacking the high frequency component) towards the power nodes thereby preventing reverse-flow system damage.
  • the individual isolators 1390 may be tuned to different high frequency components, to allow for isolation between the power stages. Thus, different types of power stages that may normally interfere with one another, may be used together via the isolation. Because a set of switches the full-bridge modules are used for chopping, an unfolder circuit 1350 may be used. In some cases, one-and-a-half bridge switching modules may be used for selective activation, chopping, and polarity selection.
  • Figure 13B shows various example isolator configurations 1392, 1394, 1396, 1398.
  • a passive isolated rectifier 1392 may be used.
  • an active isolated rectifier 1394 may be used.
  • a passive isolated rectifier with a center tapped winding 1396 may be used.
  • FIG. 14 shows an example TVPD 1400 with back-to-back insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) 1460.
  • the back-to-back IGBTs 1460 may be used as switching modules (single-switch modules as shown) to selectively activate the various power stages 1420 supported by the PCD 1410.
  • the example TVPD includes a power converter 1480 for fault tolerance, a clamp circuit 1470 for transient mitigation, and an unfolder circuit 1450 for polarity selection.
  • the power converter 1480 can be implemented with a time varying response, the power converter 1480 may be bidirectional, the power converter 1480 may output positive or negative current/voltage.
  • the power converter may be a buck converter.
  • the voltage provided by the power converter 1480 may be determined using the voltage variations in the power sources, regardless of whether the variations correspond to a fault. In other words, the output of the may be used to respond to variations whether or not the variations constitute a fault.
  • the power converter 1480 may be used to control input and/or output current from the power source. This control may be implemented in a partial power processing scheme (and/or using full power processing schemes). Although shown in a nonisolated configuration in Figure 14, the power converter may be implemented within the isolated configurations discussed herein.
  • FIG. 17 shows an example PCD 1700 that implements a virtual bus 1710 coupled to a multiple-tier power converter structure.
  • the example PCD 1700 may be used in conjunction with any of the TVPDs discussed above.
  • Virtual bus 1710 may be used to transfer power between pairs of power converters without using intervening power converters to implement the transfer, e.g., as an intermediate stage.
  • the virtual bus 1710 may include a DC storage device 1712, e.g., such as a capacitor and/or other storage device.
  • the PCD 1700 includes three adjuvant converters 1741 , 1742, and 1743.
  • the first adjuvant converter 1741 is coupled to the third adjuvant converter 1743 via the second adjuvant converter 1742.
  • power may be optionally transferred between the first 1741 and third 1743 adjuvant converters using the second adjuvant converter 1742 as an intervening power converter, which adds an additional stage of power conversion.
  • Virtually any number of power converters coupled between a given pair of power converters may be used to transfer power between the given pair, such intervening power converters add one additional stage of power conversion for each intervening power converter traversed in the path between the given pair.
  • the adjuvant converters 1741 , 1742, and 1743 are coupled to the virtual bus 1710.
  • the virtual bus 1710 may optionally be used to bypass the second adjuvant converter 1742 to transfer power directly between the first 1741 and third 1743 adjuvant converters in a single power conversion stage.
  • the virtual bus 1710 reduces the number of power conversion stages used to trans power between the first 1741 and third 1743 adjuvant converters.
  • current through the power converters coupled to a virtual bus may be equal to the sum of that from the power converted at each of the power converters. Accordingly, the current handled by each of the adjuvant converters 1741 , 1742, and 1743 may be that of total PCD 1700. Accordingly, implementation of a virtual bus may be associated with use of power converters with increased current ratings.
  • fewer than all power converters in a given tier may be coupled to a virtual bus.
  • the power converters may be rated to handle the sum of the current contributions from the power converters coupled to the virtual bus, but less than that of the table PCD.
  • multiple subsets of the power converters may be coupled via multiple virtual buses within a single PCD. Accordingly, virtual bus size may be controlled to maintain current rating requirements within a selected level while still reducing power conversion stages used in power transfer.

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  • Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)

Abstract

Un dispositif de génération de profil de tension variant dans le temps peut comprendre une structure d'alimentation pour commander un flux parmi des sources d'alimentation multiples. Les sources d'alimentation multiples peuvent être couplées en étages comprenant chacun une ou plusieurs sources d'alimentation. Des commutateurs multiples du dispositif de génération de profil de tension variant dans le temps peuvent coupler sélectivement des sorties provenant d'étages individuels parmi les étages pour générer un profil de tension variant dans le temps. Le fonctionnement des commutateurs multiples peut être commandé par des circuits d'équilibrage d'état de fourniture (SOP) pour équilibrer la charge parmi les sources d'alimentation multiples conformément à un modèle SOP à l'aide d'une correction provenant de convertisseurs de puissance adjuvants multiples de la structure de convertisseur de puissance.
PCT/US2024/035265 2023-06-23 2024-06-24 Commande de décharge à des fins de traitement d'alimentation et génération de profil de tension variant dans le temps Pending WO2024264049A2 (fr)

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US12027963B2 (en) * 2020-10-10 2024-07-02 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Power processing and energy storage
EP4327429A4 (fr) * 2021-04-23 2025-03-19 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Traitement de puissance et stockage d'énergie
CN113270881B (zh) * 2021-04-23 2024-06-18 华为数字能源技术有限公司 一种储能系统、储能系统的均衡控制方法及光伏发电系统

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CN120601416A (zh) * 2025-08-04 2025-09-05 国网雄安思极数字科技有限公司 一种配电台区柔性互联的智能控制方法

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