WO2024248108A1 - アンテナ装置 - Google Patents
アンテナ装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024248108A1 WO2024248108A1 PCT/JP2024/019948 JP2024019948W WO2024248108A1 WO 2024248108 A1 WO2024248108 A1 WO 2024248108A1 JP 2024019948 W JP2024019948 W JP 2024019948W WO 2024248108 A1 WO2024248108 A1 WO 2024248108A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- antenna device
- antenna
- cavity
- patch antenna
- dielectric substrate
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
- H01Q13/08—Radiating ends of two-conductor microwave transmission lines, e.g. of coaxial lines, of microstrip lines
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
- H01Q19/06—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens
- H01Q19/09—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens wherein the primary active element is coated with or embedded in a dielectric or magnetic material
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an antenna device constructed using a dielectric substrate.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a technology that can obtain a wide-angle radiation directivity in an array antenna in which multiple antennas are arranged in an array by applying a phase difference to each antenna and performing beamforming.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above problems, and when constructing an antenna device using a dielectric substrate, it realizes an antenna device that can be made smaller and less expensive while maintaining a wide angle of radiation directivity by arranging only one patch antenna.
- the antenna device (1) of the present invention is an antenna device constructed using a dielectric substrate, and is configured to include a patch antenna (20) formed on a predetermined conductor layer of the dielectric substrate, a cavity (12) formed on a dielectric layer (11) arranged above the predetermined conductor layer of the dielectric substrate and having a shape surrounding the patch antenna in a plan view seen from a first direction (Z) which is the thickness direction of the dielectric substrate, and ground conductors (21, 22, 23) arranged opposite the dielectric layer in the first direction, sandwiching the predetermined conductor layer therebetween.
- the antenna device of the present invention is configured such that an antenna device using a dielectric substrate has a patch antenna on a specified conductor layer and a ground conductor directly below, and a cavity is formed in a dielectric layer stacked above the patch antenna, with the cavity having a shape that surrounds the patch antenna in a plan view from a first direction.
- the radio waves radiated from the patch antenna via the power supply structure are expanded in the radiation direction due to the influence of the electromagnetic field distribution on the dielectric surface on the side of the upper cavity, and the radiation directivity becomes a wide angle. Therefore, there is no need for additional space to arrange multiple antennas in an array, or complex electronic circuits for phase control during beamforming, and it is easy to achieve a smaller and less costly antenna device.
- the patch antenna and cavity can each have a variety of shapes when viewed from a first direction.
- a patch antenna and cavity having a rectangular shape or a circular shape when viewed from a first direction can be used.
- the patch antenna and the cavity can be arranged symmetrically with respect to the center of the dielectric substrate in a plan view from the first direction. This allows the antenna device to obtain symmetric radiation directivity in each direction from approximately the center of the substrate plane.
- the ground conductor can be formed in multiple conductor layers that are connected to each other through multiple via conductors extending in the first direction. This increases the area of the ground conductor, strengthens the ground, and improves the antenna characteristics.
- the patch antenna can be provided with a power supply structure for supplying either or both horizontally polarized and vertically polarized waves. This makes it possible to transmit and receive at least horizontally polarized radio waves and vertically polarized radio waves with one patch antenna, allowing them to be used appropriately depending on the usage situation.
- a single patch antenna is placed on a dielectric substrate with a cavity disposed above it, making it possible to realize an antenna device that is easy to use by widening the angle of radiation directivity while avoiding the large size and high cost that would accompany an array of antenna devices.
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the antenna device 1 of the present embodiment, seen obliquely from above. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the antenna device 1 of FIG. 1 taken along the line AA. FIG. 2 is a plan view of the antenna device 1 of the present embodiment, seen from above.
- 5A to 5C are diagrams illustrating a conductor structure at the bottom of another antenna device 1 according to the present embodiment. 1 is a diagram illustrating a comparison of radiation directivities in the XZ plane for the antenna device 1 of the present embodiment and an antenna device of a comparative example. 1 is a diagram illustrating a comparison of radiation directivities in the YZ plane for the antenna device 1 of the present embodiment and an antenna device of a comparative example.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the antenna device 1 of the present embodiment, seen obliquely from above. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the antenna device 1 of FIG. 1 taken along the line AA.
- FIG. 2 is a plan view of the antenna
- FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a comparison of reflection characteristics of the antenna device 1 of the present embodiment and an antenna device of a comparative example.
- FIG. 11 is a perspective view of an antenna device 1 according to a modified example to which the present invention is applied, as viewed obliquely from above.
- FIG. 11 is a plan view of the antenna device 1 of this modified example, as viewed from above.
- 11 is a diagram illustrating a comparison of radiation directivities in the XZ plane for the antenna device 1 of this modified example and an antenna device of a comparative example.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating a comparison of radiation directivities in the YZ plane for the antenna device 1 of this modified example and an antenna device of a comparative example.
- FIG. 11 is a perspective view of an antenna device 1 according to a modified example to which the present invention is applied, as viewed obliquely from above.
- FIG. 11 is a plan view of the antenna device 1 of this modified example, as viewed from above
- Fig. 1 is an oblique view of antenna device 1 as viewed diagonally from above.
- Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional view of antenna device 1 taken along the line A-A in Fig. 1.
- Fig. 3 is a plan view of antenna device 1 as viewed from above.
- Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating the conductor structure of the lower part of antenna device 1.
- the mutually orthogonal X, Y, and Z directions are indicated by arrows in Figs. 1 to 4.
- the antenna device 1 of this embodiment is constructed using a dielectric substrate made of a dielectric material, and the dielectric substrate has a structure in which a lower dielectric layer 10 and an upper dielectric layer 11 are laminated together.
- a patch antenna 20 is formed in the center of the surface of the lower dielectric layer 10, and a cavity 12 is formed in the center of the upper dielectric layer 11.
- the cavity 12 is the hollow portion in which the central dielectric material in the dielectric layer 11 has been removed in a rectangular shape.
- a three-layered ground conductor 21, 22, 23 is arranged in the lower part of the lower dielectric layer 10 facing the patch antenna 20.
- the upper and lower dielectric layers 10, 11 both have rectangular planar shapes of the same size
- the patch antenna 20 has a rectangular planar shape that is sufficiently smaller than the dielectric layer 11
- the cavity 12 has a rectangular planar shape that is slightly larger than the patch antenna 20.
- the patch antenna 20 faces the air inside the cavity 12 directly above, resulting in a structure in which the patch antenna 20 is exposed to the outside.
- the height Z1 of the lower dielectric layer 10 in the Z direction and the height Z2 of the upper dielectric layer 11 in the Z direction are shown. It can be seen that Z2 is set larger than Z1.
- the length X1 in the X direction and the length Y1 in the Y direction of the upper and lower dielectric layers 10 and 11, and the length X2 in the X direction and the length Y2 in the Y direction of the cavity 12 are shown, and as already mentioned, X1 and Y1 are set larger than X2 and Y2.
- the size of the patch antenna 20 is set slightly smaller than X2 and Y2.
- the height of the cavity 12 is equal to Z2, and the size of the patch antenna 20 is slightly smaller than X2 and Y2, at about 2 mm.
- the lower the operating frequency band the larger the dimensional parameters must be set, and the higher the operating frequency band, the smaller the dimensional parameters must be set.
- the conductor structure of the antenna device 1 will be described with reference to FIG. 4.
- FIG. 4 only the area of the lower dielectric layer 10 is shown with the upper dielectric layer 11 removed, and in addition to the patch antenna 20 and ground conductors 21, 22, 23, multiple via conductors 30, 31, 32 extending in the stacking direction of the dielectric layer 10 are shown.
- the three-layer ground conductors 21, 22, 23 are arranged in the order of ground conductor 21, ground conductor 22, and ground conductor 23 from the bottom layer side.
- Each of the ground conductors 21, 22, 23 is formed to extend over almost the entire rectangular area of the dielectric layer 10.
- the three-layer ground conductors 21, 22, 23 are electrically connected to each other via multiple via conductors 30. Since the large-area ground conductors 21, 22, 23 and the upper patch antenna 20 are arranged opposite each other in this way, the ground of the antenna device 1 is strengthened, which is effective in improving the antenna characteristics.
- two via conductors 31 and 32 that function as power supply lines are connected to the patch antenna 20.
- a horizontally polarized high-frequency signal is supplied to one of the via conductors 31, and a vertically polarized high-frequency signal is supplied to the other via conductor 32.
- the upper end 31a of the horizontally polarized via conductor 31 and the upper end 32a of the vertically polarized via conductor 32 are shown, and are connected at positions shifted horizontally and vertically from the center of the patch antenna 20, respectively.
- the lower ends of the respective via conductors 31 and 32 are connected to a pair of pads (not shown) on the bottom surface of the dielectric layer 10, and the pair of power supply lines can be externally supplied with power.
- the antenna device 1 can radiate either or both of a horizontally polarized wave and a vertically polarized wave via the power supply structure.
- radio waves are basically emitted upward in the Z direction.
- the area above the patch antenna 20 on the surface of the dielectric layer 10 in the structure shown in FIG. 4 is entirely air, whereas in this embodiment, a cavity 12 exists above the patch antenna 20, which is different.
- the role of the cavity 12 is to make the radiation directivity of the antenna device 1 wide-angle.
- the antenna device 1 of this embodiment it is possible to obtain a wide-angle radiation directivity, mainly due to the effect of providing the cavity 12, and the verification results on this point will be described later.
- the antenna characteristics of the antenna device 1 of this embodiment will be described using Figures 5 to 7.
- the antenna characteristics were compared using an antenna device having a structure without an upper dielectric layer 10 and cavity 12 as a comparative example.
- This comparative example has a structure as shown in Figure 4, with the patch antenna 20 positioned at the top of the dielectric layer 10. Note that the dimensional parameters of the comparative example are generally the same as those of the corresponding parts of the antenna device 1 of this embodiment.
- Figures 5 and 6 are diagrams showing a comparison of radiation directivity for the antenna device 1 of this embodiment and an antenna device of a comparative example.
- Figure 5 shows the directivity in the XZ plane
- Figure 6 shows the directivity in the YZ plane. Both are the results of inputting a signal with a frequency of 28 GHz and verifying the directivity of the radio waves radiated from the patch antenna 20 through simulation.
- Figures 5 and 6 show the radiation directivity of this embodiment (solid line) and the radiation directivity of the comparative example (dashed line) superimposed on each other.
- the gain of the radiation directivity peaks when the radiation direction faces upward in the Z direction, and the gain decreases as the radiation direction deviates from the Z direction in the XZ plane and YZ plane.
- the half-width is calculated as the angular range where the gain is half its peak value in Figures 5 and 6, the half-width is about 90° in the comparative example, whereas the half-width in this embodiment (solid line) exceeds 180°, more than twice that of the comparative example. Therefore, it is verified from the results in Figures 5 and 6 that the antenna device 1 of this embodiment can obtain a wide angle radiation directivity.
- Figure 7 is a diagram showing a comparison of the reflection characteristics of the antenna device 1 of this embodiment and an antenna device of a comparative example.
- the reflection characteristics are obtained by simulating the VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio), which represents the relationship between the input signal and the reflected signal depending on the frequency.
- Figure 7 shows the VSWR of this embodiment (solid line) and the VSWR of the comparative example (dashed line) superimposed on each other.
- VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
- the reflection characteristics show that the VSWR reaches a minimum value near a frequency of 28 GHz, and the VSWR deteriorates from there toward the lower and higher frequency sides.
- the frequency range in which the VSWR is good is relatively wide, whereas in the comparative example, the frequency range in which the VSWR is good is relatively narrow.
- the frequency range in which the VSWR is 2 or less is more than four times that of the comparative example. Therefore, the results in FIG. 7 verify that the antenna device 1 of this embodiment can obtain good reflection characteristics over a wide frequency range.
- an antenna device 1 according to a modified example to which the present invention is applied will be described with reference to Figures 8 and 9.
- an antenna device 1 was described in which the patch antenna 20 and the cavity 12 have a rectangular planar shape when viewed from the Z direction, but the antenna device 1 of this modified example has a modified patch antenna 20a and cavity 12a.
- Figure 8 is a perspective view of the antenna device 1 of this modified example seen diagonally from above
- Figure 9 is a plan view of the antenna device 1 of Figure 8 seen from above.
- Figures 8 and 9 correspond to Figures 1 and 3.
- Figures 2 and 4 are omitted as they are generally common to this modified example.
- the antenna device 1 of this modified example differs from the structures of Figs. 1 and 3 in that the patch antenna 20a and the cavity 12a both have a circular planar shape when viewed from the Z direction. That is, the cavity 12a is formed by removing the central dielectric material in a circular shape in the upper dielectric layer 11, and the patch antenna 20a is formed in a circular shape in the center of the surface of the lower dielectric layer 10.
- the upper and lower dielectric layers 10 and 11 both have a rectangular planar shape, as in Figs. 1 and 3.
- the lower dielectric layer 10 has three-layered ground conductors 21, 22, and 23.
- the power supply structure shown in Fig. 4 and the arrangement of the upper end 31a and lower end 32a (Fig. 9) of each via conductor 31 and 32 for horizontal polarization and vertical polarization are also the same as in the above embodiment.
- the circular cavity 12a is set to a diameter D
- the circular patch antenna 20a is set to a diameter slightly smaller than the diameter D. That is, the cavity 12a is arranged to surround the patch antenna 20a in plan view, as in the case of FIG. 3.
- the heights Z1 and Z2 (FIG. 2) of the dielectric layers 10 and 11 in the Z direction, and the lengths X1 and Y1 of the upper and lower dielectric layers 10 and 11 in the X direction and Y direction, respectively are the same as in the above embodiment.
- the diameter D in FIG. 9 must be appropriately determined according to the frequency band used, antenna characteristics, etc.
- FIGS. 10 and 11 are diagrams showing radiation directivity similar to that of FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 for the antenna device 1 of this modified example. Both are the results of verifying the directivity of radio waves radiated from the patch antenna 20a by inputting a signal with a frequency of 28 GHz through simulation.
- FIG. 10 and FIG. 11 the radiation directivity of FIG. 5 and the radiation directivity of a comparative example similar to that of FIG. 5 are shown (dashed line) superimposed on the radiation directivity of this modified example (solid line).
- the radiation directivity in FIG. 10 and FIG. 11 is generally the same as that in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, and it has been verified that even when the structure of this modified example is adopted, it is possible to obtain the effect of obtaining a wide angle radiation directivity.
- the reflection characteristics of this modified example also show generally the same results as those in FIG. 7.
- the structure of the antenna device 1 to which the present invention is applied it is possible to realize good antenna characteristics including wide-angle radiation directivity. That is, in a conventional structure in which a patch antenna 20 is arranged on the surface of a dielectric layer 10, the radiation directivity is relatively narrow-angle, whereas in an embodiment including the above-mentioned modified example (hereinafter referred to as this embodiment), the effect of providing a cavity 12 in the dielectric layer 11 laminated on the top of the dielectric layer 10 makes it possible to widen the radiation directivity angle.
- the radio waves emitted upward in the Z direction from the patch antenna 20 generate an electromagnetic field distribution on the dielectric surface that constitutes the four sides of the cavity 12, and when this propagates along the Z direction to the opening at the top of the cavity 12, it is assumed that the radiation directivity spreads in various directions and widens the radiation directivity angle.
- the antenna device 1 of this embodiment is suitable for miniaturizing the antenna device 1 by reducing the size of the dielectric substrate compared to the case of arraying with the conventional configuration, and as a result, the dimensional tolerance when manufacturing the dielectric substrate can be relaxed, and component costs and mounting costs can be reduced, making it possible to reduce costs.
- the dimensional parameters of the antenna device 1 are not limited to the structures shown in Figs. 1 to 4, but are preferably set to match the wavelength ⁇ corresponding to the frequency used in the dielectric substrate.
- This wavelength ⁇ is a wavelength that takes into account the wavelength shortening effect in the dielectric substrate.
- the height of the cavity 12 along the Z direction is preferably set to a height Z2 of the upper dielectric layer 11 (height of the cavity 12) within a range of 0.7 ⁇ to 0.8 ⁇ with respect to the wavelength ⁇ of the frequency used in the dielectric substrate.
- the lengths X2 and Y2 of the cavity 12 in the X and Y directions are desirable settings for ensuring the desired antenna characteristics such as wide-angle radiation directivity and good reflection characteristics in the antenna device 1.
- the patch antenna 20 and the cavity 12 have a rectangular and circular planar shape when viewed from the Z direction, but the planar shapes are not limited to rectangular and circular, and may be different.
- the present invention can be applied even if the patch antenna 20 and the cavity 12 have a polygonal planar shape other than a rectangle. Even in this case, the effect of the antenna device 1 to which the present invention is applied can be obtained.
- the patch antenna 20 and the cavity 12 are arranged symmetrically with respect to the center of the dielectric substrates 10, 11 when viewed from the Z direction, but the present invention can be applied even if they are arranged asymmetrically with respect to the center.
- the present invention is not limited to the above embodiment and can be modified without departing from the gist of the invention.
- the basic structure of the antenna device 1 described using Figures 1 to 4 can be widely applied to various antenna devices 1 with other structures and shapes, as long as the effects of the present invention can be obtained.
- various changes can be made to the shape, power supply method, size, etc. of the patch antenna 20, as long as the effects of the present invention can be obtained.
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Abstract
Description
しかし、誘電体基板を用いたアレイアンテナは、複数のアンテナを配置するためのスペースが必要であり、サイズが拡大してアンテナ装置の小型化が困難になる。また、複数のアンテナにビームフォーミングのための位相差を与える複雑な電子回路を形成する必要があり、部品コストと実装コストの両方の増加を招くことになるし、誘電体基板の製作時の寸法公差も厳しくなる。
以上のように、上記従来の手法により誘電体基板を用いたアンテナ装置を構成する場合、小型かつ低コストで広角度の放射指向性を実現することは困難であった。
10、11…誘電体層
12、12a…キャビティ
20、20a…パッチアンテナ
21、22、23…グランド導体
33、31、32…ビア導体
Claims (8)
- 誘電体基板を用いて構成されたアンテナ装置であって、
前記誘電体基板の所定の導体層に形成されるパッチアンテナと、
前記誘電体基板の前記所定の導体層の上方に配置された誘電体層に形成され、前記誘電体基板の厚さ方向である第1の方向から見た平面視で前記パッチアンテナを取り囲む形状を有するキャビティと、
前記第1の方向に前記所定の導体層を挟んで前記誘電体層と対向して配置されるグランド導体と、
を備えることを特徴とするアンテナ装置。 - 前記パッチアンテナ及び前記キャビティは、それぞれ前記第1の方向から見た平面視で矩形の形状を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載のアンテナ装置。
- 前記パッチアンテナ及び前記キャビティは、それぞれ前記第1の方向から見た平面視で円形の形状を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載のアンテナ装置。
- 前記キャビティの前記第1の方向に沿った高さは、前記誘電体基板における使用周波数の波長λに対し、0.7λから0.8λの範囲内に設定されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のアンテナ装置。
- 前記第1の方向から見た平面視で、前記キャビティの外縁部は、前記パッチアンテナの外縁部から、0.03λから0.07λの範囲内の距離だけ大きく設定されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のアンテナ装置。
- 前記第1の方向から見た平面視で、前記パッチアンテナ及び前記キャビティは、前記誘電体基板の中心に対し対称的に配置されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のアンテナ装置。
- 前記グランド導体は、前記第1の方向に延伸する複数のビア導体を介して相互に接続される複数の導体層に形成されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のアンテナ装置。
- 前記パッチアンテナには、水平偏波と垂直偏波の一方又は両方を給電するための給電構造が設けられることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のアンテナ装置。
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202480005323.1A CN120303827A (zh) | 2023-06-02 | 2024-05-30 | 天线装置 |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| JP2023091865 | 2023-06-02 | ||
| JP2023-091865 | 2023-06-02 | ||
| JP2024-067067 | 2024-04-17 | ||
| JP2024067067A JP7608660B2 (ja) | 2023-06-02 | 2024-04-17 | アンテナ装置 |
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| WO2024248108A1 true WO2024248108A1 (ja) | 2024-12-05 |
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| PCT/JP2024/019948 Pending WO2024248108A1 (ja) | 2023-06-02 | 2024-05-30 | アンテナ装置 |
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Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9929472B2 (en) * | 2012-03-14 | 2018-03-27 | Israel Aerospace Industries Ltd. | Phased array antenna |
| WO2020261332A1 (ja) * | 2019-06-24 | 2020-12-30 | 三菱電機株式会社 | アンテナ製造方法およびアンテナ装置 |
| JP6818757B2 (ja) | 2016-04-01 | 2021-01-20 | アップル インコーポレイテッドApple Inc. | マルチビーム多入力多出力(mimo)のためのビームフォーミングアーキテクチャ |
| JP2021520743A (ja) * | 2018-05-04 | 2021-08-19 | テレフオンアクチーボラゲット エルエム エリクソン(パブル) | キャビティバックアンテナエレメント及びアレイアンテナ装置 |
| JP2021153278A (ja) * | 2020-03-25 | 2021-09-30 | 京セラ株式会社 | アンテナ素子及びアレイアンテナ |
-
2024
- 2024-05-30 WO PCT/JP2024/019948 patent/WO2024248108A1/ja active Pending
- 2024-05-30 CN CN202480005323.1A patent/CN120303827A/zh active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9929472B2 (en) * | 2012-03-14 | 2018-03-27 | Israel Aerospace Industries Ltd. | Phased array antenna |
| JP6818757B2 (ja) | 2016-04-01 | 2021-01-20 | アップル インコーポレイテッドApple Inc. | マルチビーム多入力多出力(mimo)のためのビームフォーミングアーキテクチャ |
| JP2021520743A (ja) * | 2018-05-04 | 2021-08-19 | テレフオンアクチーボラゲット エルエム エリクソン(パブル) | キャビティバックアンテナエレメント及びアレイアンテナ装置 |
| WO2020261332A1 (ja) * | 2019-06-24 | 2020-12-30 | 三菱電機株式会社 | アンテナ製造方法およびアンテナ装置 |
| JP2021153278A (ja) * | 2020-03-25 | 2021-09-30 | 京セラ株式会社 | アンテナ素子及びアレイアンテナ |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| TUNG, WEISHIN ET AL.: "A Millimeter-Wave Antenna on Low Cost FR 4 Substrate", IEEE ASIA-PACIFIC MICROWAVE CONFERENCE (APMC, December 2019 (2019-12-01), pages 652 - 654, XP033741862, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9038532> [retrieved on 20240805], DOI: 10.1109/APMC46564.2019.9038532 * |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN120303827A (zh) | 2025-07-11 |
| JP2024173949A (ja) | 2024-12-13 |
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