WO2024116787A1 - 硬化性組成物、膜形成方法、および物品製造方法 - Google Patents
硬化性組成物、膜形成方法、および物品製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024116787A1 WO2024116787A1 PCT/JP2023/040496 JP2023040496W WO2024116787A1 WO 2024116787 A1 WO2024116787 A1 WO 2024116787A1 JP 2023040496 W JP2023040496 W JP 2023040496W WO 2024116787 A1 WO2024116787 A1 WO 2024116787A1
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- curable composition
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/004—Photosensitive materials
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D11/00—Inks
- C09D11/02—Printing inks
- C09D11/10—Printing inks based on artificial resins
- C09D11/101—Inks specially adapted for printing processes involving curing by wave energy or particle radiation, e.g. with UV-curing following the printing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C43/00—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
- B29C43/003—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor characterised by the choice of material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C43/00—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
- B29C43/02—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor of articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
- B29C43/18—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor of articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles incorporating preformed parts or layers, e.g. compression moulding around inserts or for coating articles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C59/00—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor
- B29C59/02—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor by mechanical means, e.g. pressing
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
- C08F220/10—Esters
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F222/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical and containing at least one other carboxyl radical in the molecule; Salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof
- C08F222/10—Esters
- C08F222/1006—Esters of polyhydric alcohols or polyhydric phenols
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F230/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and containing phosphorus, selenium, tellurium or a metal
- C08F230/04—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and containing phosphorus, selenium, tellurium or a metal containing a metal
- C08F230/08—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and containing phosphorus, selenium, tellurium or a metal containing a metal containing silicon
- C08F230/085—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and containing phosphorus, selenium, tellurium or a metal containing a metal containing silicon the monomer being a polymerisable silane, e.g. (meth)acryloyloxy trialkoxy silanes or vinyl trialkoxysilanes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F290/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers modified by introduction of aliphatic unsaturated end or side groups
- C08F290/08—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers modified by introduction of aliphatic unsaturated end or side groups on to polymers modified by introduction of unsaturated side groups
- C08F290/14—Polymers provided for in subclass C08G
- C08F290/148—Polysiloxanes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L33/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L33/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters
- C08L33/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters of esters containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which oxygen atoms are present only as part of the carboxyl radical
- C08L33/08—Homopolymers or copolymers of acrylic acid esters
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D11/00—Inks
- C09D11/02—Printing inks
- C09D11/03—Printing inks characterised by features other than the chemical nature of the binder
- C09D11/033—Printing inks characterised by features other than the chemical nature of the binder characterised by the solvent
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D11/00—Inks
- C09D11/02—Printing inks
- C09D11/10—Printing inks based on artificial resins
- C09D11/106—Printing inks based on artificial resins containing macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C09D11/107—Printing inks based on artificial resins containing macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds from unsaturated acids or derivatives thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D11/00—Inks
- C09D11/30—Inkjet printing inks
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D11/00—Inks
- C09D11/30—Inkjet printing inks
- C09D11/38—Inkjet printing inks characterised by non-macromolecular additives other than solvents, pigments or dyes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/0002—Lithographic processes using patterning methods other than those involving the exposure to radiation, e.g. by stamping
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/004—Photosensitive materials
- G03F7/075—Silicon-containing compounds
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/16—Coating processes; Apparatus therefor
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- H10P76/00—
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2033/00—Use of polymers of unsaturated acids or derivatives thereof as moulding material
- B29K2033/04—Polymers of esters
- B29K2033/08—Polymers of acrylic acid esters, e.g. PMA, i.e. polymethylacrylate
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a curable composition, a film forming method, and an article manufacturing method.
- imprinting technology photoimprinting technology
- a mold with a fine uneven pattern formed on its surface is brought into contact with a curable composition supplied (applied) onto a substrate, and the curable composition is cured. In this way, the mold pattern is transferred to the cured film of the curable composition, and a pattern is formed on the substrate.
- imprinting technology it is possible to form a fine pattern (structure) on the order of several nanometers on a substrate (see Patent Document 1).
- JFIL jet and flash imprint lithography technology
- the time until spreading and filling are completed is called filling time.
- the curable composition is irradiated with light to cure the curable composition.
- the mold is separated from the cured curable composition on the substrate.
- the pattern of the mold is transferred to the curable composition on the substrate, and a pattern of the curable composition is formed.
- the pattern of the curable composition formed on the substrate may include a residual film.
- the residual film refers to the cured film remaining between the concave portions of the cured film of the curable composition (the convex portions of the mold pattern) and the substrate.
- EUV extreme ultraviolet exposure technology
- the focal depth at which the projected image is formed becomes shallow as the size of the substrate becomes smaller, so the unevenness of the surface of the substrate to which the curable composition is applied must be suppressed to tens of nanometers or less.
- imprint technology the same level of flatness as EUV is required to improve the filling property and line width accuracy of the curable composition (see Non-Patent Document 1).
- the present invention was made in consideration of these problems with the conventional technology, and aims to provide a new technology related to curable compositions.
- the curable composition according to one aspect of the present invention is a curable composition that contains at least a polymerizable compound (a), a photopolymerization initiator (b), and a solvent (d), and is characterized in that the viscosity of the curable composition at 23°C is 1.3 to 60 mPa ⁇ s, the content of the solvent (d) relative to the entire curable composition is greater than 5 volume % and not greater than 95 volume %, the boiling point of the solvent (d) is less than 250°C, and when the surface tension of the curable composition at 23°C from which the solvent (d) has been removed is ⁇ 1 (mN/m) and the surface tension of the solvent (d) at 23°C is ⁇ 2 (mN/m), ⁇ 1 is greater than ⁇ 2.
- the present invention can provide, for example, new technology related to curable compositions.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram for explaining a pattern formation method (film formation method) according to an embodiment.
- a diagram to explain the behavior of droplets after dropping A diagram to explain the shape of a droplet when a droplet flow is induced by the Marangoni effect.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram for explaining the flow behavior of droplets of a curable composition during a waiting process.
- FIG. 1 shows a comparison of the contacting process in the prior art and the contacting process in one embodiment.
- Graph showing the dependence of droplet volatilization time on ⁇
- the inventors discovered a curable composition and process conditions that allow droplets of the curable composition that are discretely dropped (placed) on a substrate to quickly bond together and allow the solvent contained in the curable composition to quickly volatilize.
- the curable composition (A) according to an embodiment of the present invention is a curable composition for inkjet printing.
- the curable composition (A) according to an embodiment of the present invention is a composition including at least a polymerizable compound (a), a photopolymerization initiator (b), and a solvent (d).
- a cured film means a film obtained by polymerizing and curing a curable composition on a substrate.
- the shape of the cured film is not particularly limited, and the surface may have a pattern shape.
- Component (a) is a polymerizable compound.
- the polymerizable compound is a compound that reacts with a polymerization factor (such as a radical) generated from a photopolymerization initiator (component (b)) to form a film made of a polymer compound by a chain reaction (polymerization reaction).
- a polymerization factor such as a radical
- component (b) photopolymerization initiator
- polymerizable compounds examples include radically polymerizable compounds.
- the polymerizable compound that is component (a) may be composed of only one type of polymerizable compound, or may be composed of multiple types (one or more) of polymerizable compounds.
- Radically polymerizable compounds include (meth)acrylic compounds, styrene compounds, vinyl compounds, allyl compounds, fumaric compounds, and maleyl compounds.
- the (meth)acrylic compound is a compound having one or more acryloyl groups or methacryloyl groups.
- monofunctional (meth)acrylic compounds having one acryloyl group or one methacryloyl group include, but are not limited to, the following: Phenoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, phenoxy-2-methylethyl (meth)acrylate, phenoxyethoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 3-phenoxy-2-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, 2-phenylphenoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 4-phenylphenoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 3-(2-phenylphenyl)-2-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, EO-modified p-cumylphenol (meth)acrylate, 2-bromophenoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 2,4-dibromophenoxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 2,4,6-trib
- Examples of commercially available products of the above-mentioned monofunctional (meth)acrylic compounds include, but are not limited to, the following.
- Aronix registered trademark
- examples of polyfunctional (meth)acrylic compounds having two or more acryloyl groups or methacryloyl groups include, but are not limited to, the following: Trimethylolpropane di(meth)acrylate, trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, EO-modified trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, PO-modified trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, EO,PO-modified trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, dimethyloltricyclodecane di(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tri(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylate, ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, tetraethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, polyethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, polypropylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, 1,4-butanediol di(meth)
- Examples of commercially available products of the above-mentioned polyfunctional (meth)acrylic compounds include, but are not limited to, the following. Upimer (registered trademark) UV SA1002, SA2007 (all manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical), Viscoat #195, #230, #215, #260, #335HP, #295, #300, #360, #700, GPT, 3PA (all manufactured by Osaka Organic Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.), Light Acrylate 4EG-A, 9EG-A, NP-A, DCP-A, BP-4EA, BP-4PA, TMP-A, PE-3A, PE-4A, DPE-6A (all manufactured by Kyoeisha Chemical), KAYARAD (registered trademark) PET-30, TMPTA, R-604, DPHA, DPCA-20, -30, -60, -120, HX-620, D-310, D-330 (all manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.), Aronix (registered trademark) M208, M210, M215
- (meth)acrylate means acrylate or methacrylate having an alcohol residue equivalent thereto.
- (Meth)acryloyl group means acryloyl group or methacryloyl group having an alcohol residue equivalent thereto.
- EO stands for ethylene oxide
- EO-modified compound A stands for a compound in which the (meth)acrylic acid residue and alcohol residue of compound A are bonded via a block structure of an ethylene oxide group.
- PO stands for propylene oxide
- PO-modified compound B stands for a compound in which the (meth)acrylic acid residue and alcohol residue of compound B are bonded via a block structure of a propylene oxide group.
- styrene-based compounds include, but are not limited to, the following: Alkylstyrenes such as styrene, 2,4-dimethyl- ⁇ -methylstyrene, o-methylstyrene, m-methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, 2,4-dimethylstyrene, 2,5-dimethylstyrene, 2,6-dimethylstyrene, 3,4-dimethylstyrene, 3,5-dimethylstyrene, 2,4,6-trimethylstyrene, 2,4,5-trimethylstyrene, pentamethylstyrene, o-ethylstyrene, m-ethylstyrene, p-ethylstyrene, diethylstyrene, triethylstyrene, propylstyrene, 2,4-diisopropyren
- halogenated styrenes such as styrene; compounds having a styryl group as a polymerizable functional group, such as nitrostyrene, acetylstyrene, o-methoxystyrene, m-methoxystyrene, p-methoxystyrene, o-hydroxystyrene, m-hydroxystyrene, p-hydroxystyrene, 2-vinylbiphenyl, 3-vinylbiphenyl, 4-vinylbiphenyl, 1-vinylnaphthalene, 2-vinylnaphthalene, 4-vinyl-p-terphenyl, 1-vinylanthracene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, o-isopropenyltoluene, m-isopropenyltoluene, p-isopropenyltoluene, 2,3
- vinyl compounds include, but are not limited to, the following: Vinylpyridine, vinylpyrrolidone, vinylcarbazole, vinyl acetate, and acrylonitrile; conjugated diene monomers such as butadiene, isoprene, and chloroprene; vinyl halides such as vinyl chloride and vinyl bromide; vinylidene halides such as vinylidene chloride, vinyl esters of organic carboxylic acids and derivatives thereof (vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl benzoate, divinyl adipate, etc., (meth)acrylonitrile, and other compounds having a vinyl group as a polymerizable functional group.
- (meth)acrylonitrile is a general term for acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile.
- acrylic compounds include, but are not limited to, the following: Allyl acetate, Allyl benzoate, Diallyl adipate, Diallyl terephthalate, Diallyl isophthalate, Diallyl phthalate
- fumarole compounds include, but are not limited to, the following: Dimethyl fumarate, diethyl fumarate, diisopropyl fumarate, di-sec-butyl fumarate, diisobutyl fumarate, di-n-butyl fumarate, di-2-ethylhexyl fumarate, dibenzyl fumarate
- maleyl compounds include, but are not limited to, the following: Dimethyl maleate, diethyl maleate, diisopropyl maleate, di-sec-butyl maleate, diisobutyl maleate, di-n-butyl maleate, di-2-ethylhexyl maleate, dibenzyl maleate
- radical polymerizable compounds include, but are not limited to, the following: Dialkyl esters of itaconic acid and their derivatives (dimethyl itaconate, diethyl itaconate, diisopropyl itaconate, di-sec-butyl itaconate, diisobutyl itaconate, di-n-butyl itaconate, di-2-ethylhexyl itaconate, dibenzyl itaconate, etc.), N-vinylamide derivatives of organic carboxylic acids (N-methyl-N-vinylacetamide, etc.), maleimide and its derivatives (N-phenylmaleimide, N-cyclohexylmaleimide, etc.)
- component (a) When component (a) is composed of multiple types of compounds having one or more polymerizable functional groups, it preferably contains both monofunctional polymerizable compounds and polyfunctional polymerizable compounds.
- the ratio of polyfunctional polymerizable compounds in component (a) is preferably 20% by weight or more, more preferably 25% by weight or more, and particularly preferably 40% by weight or more. This is because by combining monofunctional compounds and polyfunctional compounds, a cured film with excellent balance of performance, such as high mechanical strength, high dry etching resistance, and high heat resistance, can be obtained.
- the film forming method it takes several milliseconds to several hundred seconds for the droplets of the curable composition (A) arranged discretely on the substrate to combine with each other to form a substantially continuous liquid film, and therefore a waiting step, which will be described later, is necessary.
- the solvent (d) is evaporated while the polymerizable compound (a) must not be evaporated. Therefore, the boiling point of each of the one or more polymerizable compounds that can be contained in the polymerizable compound (a) under normal pressure is preferably 250°C or higher, more preferably 300°C or higher, and even more preferably 350°C or higher.
- the cured film contains at least a compound having a ring structure such as an aromatic structure, an aromatic heterocyclic structure, or an alicyclic structure.
- normal pressure may be 1 atmosphere (atmospheric pressure).
- the boiling point of the polymerizable compound (a) generally correlates with the molecular weight.
- the molecular weight of each of the one or more polymerizable compounds that can be contained in the polymerizable compound (a) is preferably 200 or more, more preferably 240 or more, and even more preferably 250 or more.
- the molecular weight is 200 or less, as long as the boiling point is 250°C or more, it can be preferably used as the polymerizable compound (a) of one embodiment of the present invention.
- the boiling point under normal pressure of each of the one or more polymerizable compounds contained in the polymerizable compound (a) is 250°C or more.
- the vapor pressure of the polymerizable compound (a) at 80° C. is preferably 0.001 mmHg or less.
- each of the one or more polymerizable compounds may have a vapor pressure of 0.001 mmHg or less at 80° C. It is preferable to heat the mixture in order to accelerate the volatilization of the solvent (d) described below, and this is to suppress the volatilization of the polymerizable compound (a) during heating.
- the boiling points and vapor pressures of various organic compounds under normal pressure can be calculated using Hansen Solubility Parameters in Practice (HSPiP) 5th Edition. 5.3.04 or the like.
- Non-Patent Document 2 V ⁇ N/(N C ⁇ N O ) Equation (1)
- N/(N C ⁇ N O ) is commonly known as the “Ohnishi parameter” (hereinafter, OP).
- Patent Document 3 describes a technology for obtaining a photocurable composition having high dry etching resistance by using a polymerizable compound component having a small OP. According to the above formula (1), it is suggested that the more oxygen atoms there are in the molecule of an organic compound, or the fewer aromatic ring structures or alicyclic structures there are, the larger the OP is, and the faster the dry etching rate is.
- the OP of the component (a) is 1.80 or more and 4.00 or less.
- the OP of the component (a) is more preferably 2.00 or more and 3.50 or less, and particularly preferably 2.40 or more and 3.00 or less.
- the cured film of the curable composition (A) has high dry etching resistance.
- the OP can be calculated as a weighted average value based on the molar fraction (molar fraction weighted average value) as shown in the following formula (2). That is, when component (a) contains one or more polymerizable compounds, the OP of component (a) can be calculated as a mole fraction weighted average value of the N/(N C -N O ) values of each molecule of the one or more polymerizable compounds.
- OP n is the OP of component a n
- n n is the mole fraction of component a n in the entire component (a).
- the polymerizable compound (a) may contain a polymerizable compound (a-1) having an aromatic structure, an aromatic heterocyclic structure, or an alicyclic structure. Furthermore, the ratio of component (a-1) in component (a) is preferably 65% by weight or more. By making it 65% by weight or more, it is possible to suppress OP to 2.70 or less.
- the cyclic structure may be an aromatic structure, an aromatic heterocyclic structure, or an alicyclic structure.
- the aromatic structure preferably has a carbon number of 6 to 22, more preferably 6 to 18, and even more preferably 6 to 10. Specific examples of the aromatic ring include the following.
- aromatic rings a benzene ring or a naphthalene ring is preferred, and a benzene ring is more preferred.
- the aromatic ring may have a structure in which a plurality of rings are linked together, and examples thereof include a biphenyl ring and a bisphenyl ring.
- the number of carbon atoms in the aromatic heterocyclic structure is preferably 1 to 12, more preferably 1 to 6, and still more preferably 1 to 5.
- Specific examples of the aromatic heterocyclic ring include the following. Thiophene ring, furan ring, pyrrole ring, imidazole ring, pyrazole ring, triazole ring, tetrazole ring, thiazole ring, thiadiazole ring, oxadiazole ring, oxazole ring, pyridine ring, pyrazine ring, pyrimidine ring, pyridazine ring, isoindole ring, indole ring, indazole ring, purine ring, quinolizine ring, isoquinoline ring, quinoline ring, phthalazine ring, naphthyridine ring, quinoxaline ring, quinazoline ring, cinnoline ring, carbazole ring
- the number of carbon atoms in the alicyclic structure is preferably 3 or more, more preferably 4 or more, and even more preferably 6 or more.
- the number of carbon atoms in the alicyclic structure is preferably 22 or less, more preferably 18 or less, even more preferably 6 or less, and even more preferably 5 or less. Specific examples thereof include the following.
- polymerizable compounds (a-1) having a boiling point of 250°C or higher include, but are not limited to, the following:
- 1-naphthyl acrylate NaA, OP 2.27, boiling point 317°C, vapor pressure at 80°C 0.0422 mmHg, molecular weight 198
- PhBzA shown in the following formula (OP 2.29, boiling point 350.4°C, vapor pressure at 80°C 0.0022 mmHg, molecular weight 238.3)
- FLMA shown in the following formula (OP 2.20, boiling point 349.3°C, vapor pressure at 80°C 0.0018 mmHg, molecular weight 250.3)
- ATMA shown in the following formula (OP 2.13, boiling point 414.9°C, vapor pressure at 80°C 0.0001 mmHg, molecular weight 262.3)
- DNaMA (OP 2.00, boiling point 489.4°C, vapor pressure at 80°C ⁇ 0.0001 mmHg, molecular weight 338.4) shown in the following formula
- DPhEDA shown in the following formula (OP 2.63, boiling point 410°C, vapor pressure at 80°C ⁇ 0.0001 mmHg, molecular weight 322.3)
- the polymerizable compound (a) may contain a polymerizable compound (a-2) containing at least a Si atom.
- the curable composition (A) from which the solvent (d) has been removed preferably contains 10% by weight or more of Si atoms based on the entire curable composition (A).
- the polymerizable compound (a-2) containing at least a Si atom may be either linear or branched.
- the following structure, such as a cyclic siloxane compound, may be mentioned.
- the polymerizable functional group in the group Q having a polymerizable functional group may be, for example, a radically polymerizable functional group.
- Specific examples of the radically polymerizable functional group include a (meth)acrylic group, a (meth)acrylamide group, a vinylbenzene group, an allyl ether group, a vinyl ether group, and a maleimide group.
- the group Q having a polymerizable functional group may be any group having the above polymerizable functional group.
- polymerizable compound (a-2) examples include a silsesquioxane skeleton as shown in the following chemical formula (I) and a silicone skeleton as shown in the following chemical formula (II).
- A, B, R 2 and R 3 are independently an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkoxy group, a phenyl group or a hydroxyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, t is an integer of 1 to 3, and at least one of A and B is a polymerizable functional group.
- the polymerizable functional group in the groups Q, A, and B having a polymerizable functional group can be, for example, a radically polymerizable functional group.
- radically polymerizable functional groups include (meth)acrylate-based compounds, (meth)acrylamide-based compounds, vinylbenzene-based compounds, allyl ether-based compounds, vinyl ether-based compounds, and maleimide-based compounds.
- the group Q having a polymerizable functional group may be any group having the above polymerizable functional group.
- the silicon-containing (meth)acrylate compound is a compound having one or more acryloyl groups or methacryloyl groups.
- monofunctional (meth)acrylate compounds having one silicon-containing acryloyl group or methacryloyl group include, but are not limited to, the following: (2-acryloylethoxy)trimethylsilane, N-(3-acryloyl-2-hydroxypropyl)-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, acryloxymethyltrimethoxysilane, (acryloxymethyl)phenethyltrimethoxysilane, acryloxymethyltrimethylsilane, (3-acryloxypropyl)dimethylmethoxysilane, (3-acryloxypropyl)methylbis(trimethylsiloxy)silane, (3-acryloxypropyl)methyldichlorosilane, (3-acryloxypropyl)methyldiethoxysilane, (3-acryloxypropyl)methyldimethoxysilane, (3-acryl
- Examples of commercially available silicon-containing monofunctional (meth)acrylate compounds include, but are not limited to, the following: SIA0160.0, SIA0180.0, SIA0182.0, SIA0184.0, SIA0186.0, SIA0190.0, SIA0194.0, SIA0196.0, SIA0197.0, SIA0198.0, SIA0199.0, SIA0200.0, SIA0200.A1, SIA0210.0, SIA0315.0, SIA0320.0, SIM6483.0, SIM6487.5, SIM6480.76, SIM6481.2, SIM6486.1, SIM6481.1, SIM6481.46, SIM6481.43, SIM6482.0, SIM6487.4, SIM6487.35, SIM6480.8, SIM6486.9, SIM6486.8, SIM6486.5, SIM6486.4, SIM6481.3, SIM6487 .3, SIM6487.1, SIM6487.6, SIM6486.14, SIM6481.48, SIM6481.5, SIM6491.0
- the silicon-containing (meth)acrylamide compound is a compound having one or more acrylamide groups or methacrylamide groups.
- Examples of monofunctional (meth)acrylamide compounds having one silicon-containing acrylamide group or methacrylamide group include, but are not limited to, the following: 3-Acrylamidepropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-Acrylamidepropyltris(trimethylsiloxy)silane
- Examples of commercially available silicon-containing monofunctional (meth)acrylamide compounds include, but are not limited to, the following: SIA0146.0, SIA0150.0 (both manufactured by GELEST)
- polyfunctional (meth)acrylate compounds having two or more acryloyl groups or methacryloyl groups include, but are not limited to, the following: Linear polydimethylsiloxane modified at both ends with acryloxypropyl groups Linear polydimethylsiloxane modified at both ends with methacryloxypropyl groups Cyclic siloxane modified with multiple acryloxypropyl groups Cyclic siloxane modified with multiple methacryloxypropyl groups Silsesquioxane modified with multiple acryloxypropyl groups Silsesquioxane modified with multiple methacryloxypropyl groups
- Examples of commercially available products of the above-mentioned silicon-containing polyfunctional (meth)acrylate compounds include, but are not limited to, the following: SIA0200.2, SIA0200.3, SIM6487.42, DMS-R11, DMS-R05, DMS-R22, DMS-R18, DMS-R31 (all manufactured by GELEST), FM-7711, FM-7721, FM-7725 (all manufactured by JNC), X-22-2445 (Shin-Etsu Chemical), AC-SQ TA-100, MAC-SQ TM-100, AC-SQSI-20, MAC-SQ SI-20 (all manufactured by Toagosei)
- the blending ratio of component (a) in the curable composition (A) is preferably 40% by weight or more and 99% by weight or less based on the combined weight of component (a), component (b) described below, and component (c) described below, i.e., the total weight of all components excluding the solvent (d). Also, it is more preferably 50% by weight or more and 95% by weight or less, and even more preferably 60% by weight or more and 90% by weight or less.
- the mechanical strength of the cured film of the curable composition is increased.
- the blending ratio of component (a) 99% by weight or less the blending ratios of components (b) and (c) can be increased, and properties such as a fast photopolymerization rate can be obtained.
- At least a part of the component (a), which may contain one or more polymerizable compounds, may be a polymer having a polymerizable functional group.
- a polymer preferably contains at least a ring structure such as an aromatic structure, an aromatic heterocyclic structure, or an alicyclic structure.
- it preferably contains at least one of the constitutional units represented by any one of the following chemical formulas (1) to (6).
- the substituents R are each independently a substituent containing a partial structure containing an aromatic ring, and R1 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group.
- R1 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group.
- the portion other than R is the main chain of a specific polymer.
- the formula weight of the substituent R is 80 or more, preferably 100 or more, more preferably 130 or more, and even more preferably 150 or more. It is practical that the upper limit of the formula weight of the substituent R is 500 or less.
- the polymer having a polymerizable functional group is usually a compound having a weight-average molecular weight of 500 or more, preferably 1,000 or more, and more preferably 2,000 or more.
- the upper limit of the weight-average molecular weight is not particularly specified, but is preferably 50,000 or less, for example.
- the weight-average molecular weight refers to that measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) unless otherwise specified.
- polymerizable functional groups that the polymer has include (meth)acryloyl groups, epoxy groups, oxetane groups, methylol groups, methylol ether groups, and vinyl ether groups. From the viewpoint of ease of polymerization, (meth)acryloyl groups are particularly preferred.
- a polymer having a polymerizable functional group When a polymer having a polymerizable functional group is added as at least a part of component (a), its blending ratio can be freely set as long as it falls within the range of the viscosity regulation described later. For example, it is preferably 0.1% by weight or more and 60% by weight or less, more preferably 1% by weight or more and 50% by weight or less, and even more preferably 10% by weight or more and 40% by weight or less, based on the total mass of all components excluding the solvent (d).
- the blending ratio of the polymer having a polymerizable functional group By setting the blending ratio of the polymer having a polymerizable functional group to 0.1% by weight or more, it is possible to improve heat resistance, dry etching resistance, mechanical strength, and low volatility.
- the blending ratio of the polymer having a polymerizable functional group By setting the blending ratio of the polymer having a polymerizable functional group to 60% by weight or less, it is possible to fall within the
- Component (b) is a photopolymerization initiator.
- a photopolymerization initiator is a compound that senses light of a specific wavelength and generates the above-mentioned polymerization factor (radical).
- the photopolymerization initiator is a polymerization initiator (radical generator) that generates radicals by light (infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays, far ultraviolet rays, charged particle rays such as X-rays and electron beams, radiation).
- Component (b) may be composed of only one type of photopolymerization initiator, or may be composed of multiple types of photopolymerization initiators.
- radical generator examples include, but are not limited to, the following: 2,4,5-triarylimidazole dimers which may have a substituent, such as 2-(o-chlorophenyl)-4,5-diphenylimidazole dimer, 2-(o-chlorophenyl)-4,5-di(methoxyphenyl)imidazole dimer, 2-(o-fluorophenyl)-4,5-diphenylimidazole dimer, and 2-(o- or p-methoxyphenyl)-4,5-diphenylimidazole dimer; benzophenone derivatives such as benzophenone, N,N'-tetramethyl-4,4'-diaminobenzophenone (Michler's ketone), N,N'-tetraethyl-4,4'-diaminobenzophenone, 4-methoxy-4'-dimethylaminobenzophenone, 4-chlorobenzophenone, 4,4'-dime
- radical generators examples include, but are not limited to, the following: Irgacure 184, 369, 651, 500, 819, 907, 784, 2959, CGI-1700, -1750, -1850, CG24-61, Darocur 1116, 1173, Lucirin (registered trademark) TPO, LR8893, LR8970 (all manufactured by BASF), Ubecryl P36 (manufactured by UCB)
- the component (b) is preferably an acylphosphine oxide-based polymerization initiator.
- the acylphosphine oxide-based polymerization initiator is as follows. Acylphosphine oxide compounds such as 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide, bis(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phenylphosphine oxide, and bis(2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl)-2,4,4-trimethylpentylphosphine oxide
- the blending ratio of component (b) in the curable composition (A) is preferably 0.1% by weight or more and 50% by weight or less, based on the total weight of components (a), (b), and (c) described later, i.e., the total weight of all components excluding the solvent (d).
- the blending ratio of component (b) in the curable composition (A) is more preferably 0.1% by weight or more and 20% by weight or less, and even more preferably 1% by weight or more and 20% by weight or less, based on the total weight of all components excluding the solvent (d).
- the curable composition (A) may further contain a non-polymerizable compound as component (c) in accordance with various purposes, within the scope of the present invention, so long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired.
- component (c) include compounds that do not have a polymerizable functional group such as a (meth)acryloyl group, and that do not have the ability to sense light of a specific wavelength and generate the above-mentioned polymerization factor (radical).
- the non-polymerizable compound include sensitizers, hydrogen donors, internal mold release agents, antioxidants, polymer components, and other additives.
- Component (c) may contain multiple types of the above-mentioned compounds.
- a sensitizer is a compound that is added as needed to promote the polymerization reaction and improve the reaction conversion rate.
- a single type of sensitizer may be used alone, or two or more types may be mixed together.
- sensitizer examples include sensitizing dyes.
- the sensitizing dye is a compound that is excited by absorbing light of a specific wavelength and interacts with the photopolymerization initiator, which is component (b).
- the interaction refers to energy transfer or electron transfer from the excited sensitizing dye to the photopolymerization initiator, which is component (b).
- the sensitizing dye include, but are not limited to, the following: Anthracene derivatives, anthraquinone derivatives, pyrene derivatives, perylene derivatives, carbazole derivatives, benzophenone derivatives, thioxanthone derivatives, xanthone derivatives, coumarin derivatives, phenothiazine derivatives, camphorquinone derivatives, acridine dyes, thiopyrylium salt dyes, merocyanine dyes, quinoline dyes, styrylquinoline dyes, ketocoumarin dyes, thioxanthene dyes, xanthene dyes, oxonol dyes, cyanine dyes, rhodamine dyes, pyrylium salt dyes
- the hydrogen donor is a compound that reacts with the initiating radicals generated from the photopolymerization initiator, component (b), or with radicals at the polymer growth end, to generate radicals with higher reactivity.
- the photopolymerization initiator, component (b), is a photoradical generator, it is preferable to add a hydrogen donor.
- hydrogen donors include, but are not limited to, the following: Amine compounds such as n-butylamine, di-n-butylamine, tri-n-butylphosphine, allylthiourea, s-benzylisothiuronium-p-toluenesulfinate, triethylamine, diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, triethylenetetramine, 4,4'-bis(dialkylamino)benzophenone, N,N-dimethylaminobenzoic acid ethyl ester, N,N-dimethylaminobenzoic acid isoamyl ester, pentyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate, triethanolamine, and N-phenylglycine, and mercapto compounds such as 2-mercapto-N-phenylbenzimidazole and mercaptopropionic acid ester.
- One type of hydrogen donor may be used alone, or two or more types may be
- An internal mold release agent can be added to the curable composition for the purpose of reducing the interfacial bonding strength between the mold and the curable composition, i.e., reducing the demolding force in the demolding step described below.
- the internal mold release agent means that it is added to the curable composition in advance before the step of placing the curable composition.
- surfactants such as silicon-based surfactants, fluorine-based surfactants, and hydrocarbon-based surfactants can be used.
- the fluorine-based surfactant has a limited amount to be added, as described below.
- the internal mold release agent in one embodiment of the present invention does not have polymerizability.
- the internal mold release agent may be used alone or in a mixture of two or more types.
- Fluorosurfactants include the following: Polyalkylene oxide (polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, etc.) adduct of alcohol having a perfluoroalkyl group, polyalkylene oxide (polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, etc.) adduct of perfluoropolyether Note that the fluorosurfactant may have a hydroxyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkyl group, an amino group, a thiol group, etc. in a part of the molecular structure (for example, a terminal group). For example, pentadecaethylene glycol mono 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl ether, etc. can be mentioned.
- fluorosurfactant commercially available products may be used.
- fluorosurfactants include the following: Megafac (registered trademark) F-444, TF-2066, TF-2067, TF-2068, abbreviated as DEO-15 (all manufactured by DIC), Fluorard FC-430, FC-431 (all manufactured by Sumitomo 3M), Surflon (registered trademark) S-382 (manufactured by AGC), EFTOP EF-122A, 122B, 122C, EF-121, EF-126, EF-127, MF-100 (all manufactured by Tochem Products), PF-636, PF-6320, PF-656, PF-6520 (all manufactured by OMNOVA) Solutions), Unidyne (registered trademark) DS-401, DS-403, DS-451 (all manufactured by Daikin Industries), Futergent (registered trademark) 250, 251, 222F, 208G (all manufactured by Neos)
- the internal mold release agent may also be a hydrocarbon-based surfactant.
- hydrocarbon-based surfactants include alkyl alcohol polyalkylene oxide adducts, which are alkyl alcohols with 1 to 50 carbon atoms to which alkylene oxides with 2 to 4 carbon atoms are added, and polyalkylene oxides.
- alkyl alcohol polyalkylene oxide adducts examples include the following. Methyl alcohol ethylene oxide adduct, decyl alcohol ethylene oxide adduct, lauryl alcohol ethylene oxide adduct, cetyl alcohol ethylene oxide adduct, stearyl alcohol ethylene oxide adduct, stearyl alcohol ethylene oxide/propylene oxide adduct
- the terminal group of the alkyl alcohol polyalkylene oxide adduct is not limited to a hydroxyl group that can be produced by simply adding a polyalkylene oxide to an alkyl alcohol.
- Such a hydroxyl group may be substituted with other substituents, for example, polar functional groups such as carboxyl groups, amino groups, pyridyl groups, thiol groups, and silanol groups, or hydrophobic functional groups such as alkyl groups and alkoxy groups.
- polar functional groups such as carboxyl groups, amino groups, pyridyl groups, thiol groups, and silanol groups
- hydrophobic functional groups such as alkyl groups and alkoxy groups.
- polyalkylene oxide examples include the following. Polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, their mono- or dimethyl ethers, mono- or dioctyl ethers, mono- or dinonyl ethers, mono- or didecyl ethers, monoadipate esters, monooleate esters, monostearate esters, monosuccinate esters
- the alkyl alcohol polyalkylene oxide adduct may be a commercially available product.
- Examples of commercially available alkyl alcohol polyalkylene oxide adducts include the following: Polyoxyethylene methyl ether (methyl alcohol ethylene oxide adduct) (BLAUNON MP-400, MP-550, MP-1000) manufactured by Aoki Oil Industry Co., Ltd., polyoxyethylene decyl ether (decyl alcohol ethylene oxide adduct) (FINESURF D-1303, D-1305, D-1307, D-1310) manufactured by Aoki Oil Industry Co., Ltd., polyoxyethylene lauryl ether (lauryl alcohol ethylene oxide adduct) (BLAUNON EL-1505) manufactured by Aoki Oil Industry Co., Ltd., polyoxyethylene cetyl ether (cetyl alcohol ethylene oxide adduct) (BLAUNON CH-305, CH-310) manufactured by Aoki Oil Industry Co., Ltd., polyoxyethylene stearyl ether (steary
- polyalkylene oxides such as BASF's ethylene oxide-propylene oxide copolymer (Pluronic PE6400).
- Fluorosurfactants are effective as internal mold release agents because they exhibit an excellent effect of reducing the release force.
- the blending ratio of component (c) excluding the fluorosurfactant in the curable composition (A) is preferably 0% by weight or more and 50% by weight or less based on the total mass of components (a), (b), and (c), i.e., the total mass of all components excluding the solvent (d).
- the blending ratio of component (c) excluding the fluorosurfactant in the curable composition (A) is more preferably 0.1% by weight or more and 50% by weight or less, and even more preferably 0.1% by weight or more and 20% by weight or less, based on the total mass of all components excluding the solvent (d).
- the curable composition according to one embodiment of the present invention includes, as component (d), a solvent having a boiling point of 100° C. or more and less than 250° C. under normal pressure.
- component (d) include solvents in which component (a), component (b) and component (c) dissolve, such as alcohol-based solvents, ketone-based solvents, ether-based solvents, ester-based solvents, and nitrogen-containing solvents.
- Component (d) can be used alone or in combination of two or more types.
- the boiling point of component (d) under normal pressure is 100° C. or more, preferably 140° C. or more, and particularly preferably 150° C. or more.
- the boiling point of component (d) under normal pressure is less than 250° C., and preferably less than 200° C. If the boiling point of component (d) under normal pressure is less than 100° C., the volatilization rate in the waiting step described below is too fast, so that component (d) volatilizes before the droplets of the curable composition (A) bond together, and the droplets of the curable composition (A) may not bond together. Furthermore, if the boiling point of component (d) under normal pressure is 250° C. or higher, volatilization of component (d) becomes insufficient in the waiting step described below, and component (d) may remain in the cured product of curable composition (A).
- component (d) contains one or more solvents
- the boiling point of each of the one or more solvents under normal pressure is preferably 100° C. or higher and lower than 250° C. (e.g., 100° C. or higher and lower than 200° C.).
- alcohol-based solvents include the following: Methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol, iso-butanol, sec-butanol, tert-butanol, n-pentanol, iso-pentanol, 2-methylbutanol, sec-pentanol, tert-pentanol, 3-methoxybutanol, n-hexanol, 2-methylpentanol, sec-hexanol, 2-ethylbutanol, sec-heptanol, 3-heptanol, n-octanol, 2-ethylhexanol, sec-octanol, n-nonyl alcohol, 2,6-dimethylheptanol-4, n-decanol, sec-undecyl alcohol, trimethylnonyl alcohol, sec-tetradecyl Monoalco
- ketone solvents include the following: Acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl n-propyl ketone, methyl n-butyl ketone, diethyl ketone, methyl iso-butyl ketone, methyl n-pentyl ketone, ethyl n-butyl ketone, methyl n-hexyl ketone, di-iso-butyl ketone, trimethylnonanone, cyclohexanone, methylcyclohexanone, 2,4-pentanedione, acetonylacetone, diacetone alcohol, acetophenone, fenchone
- ether solvents include the following: Ethyl ether, isopropyl ether, n-butyl ether, n-hexyl ether, 2-ethylhexyl ether, ethylene oxide, 1,2-propylene oxide, dioxolane, 4-methyldioxolane, dioxane, dimethyldioxane, 2-methoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, 2-n-butoxyethanol, 2-n-hexoxyethanol, 2-phenoxyethanol, 2-(2-ethylbutoxy)ethanol, ethylene glycol dibutyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol mono-n-butyl ether, diethylene glycol di-n-butyl ether, diethylene glycol mono-n-hexyl ether, ethoxytriglycol, tetraethylene glycol di
- ester-based solvents include the following: Diethyl carbonate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, amyl acetate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone, n-propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, sec-butyl acetate, n-pentyl acetate, sec-pentyl acetate, 3-methoxybutyl acetate, methylpentyl acetate, 2-ethylbutyl acetate, 2-ethylhexyl acetate, benzyl acetate, cyclohexyl acetate, methylcyclohexyl acetate, n-nonyl acetate, methyl acetoacetate, ethyl acetoacetate, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol monoethyl
- nitrogen-containing solvent examples include the following: N-methylformamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-diethylformamide, acetamide, N-methylacetamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methylpropionamide, N-methylpyrrolidone
- ether-based solvents and ester-based solvents are preferred. From the viewpoint of excellent film-forming properties, ether-based solvents and ester-based solvents having a glycol structure are more preferred. More preferred examples include the following: Propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monoethyl ether, propylene glycol monopropyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol monopropyl ether acetate, and particularly preferred are propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate. In addition, ethyl)isocyanurate di(meth)acrylate and the like are also included.
- the preferred solvent is a solvent having at least one of an ester structure, a ketone structure, a hydroxyl group, and an ether structure.
- the solvent is a single solvent or a mixture of solvents selected from propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (boiling point 146°C), propylene glycol monomethyl ether, cyclohexanone, 2-heptanone, ⁇ -butyrolactone, and ethyl lactate.
- the solvent (d) is selected such that ⁇ is greater than zero.
- ⁇ is preferably 0.1 or more, particularly preferably 1.0 or more, and even more preferably 2.0 or more. Note that ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 are surface tensions under normal pressure.
- a polymerizable compound having a boiling point of 80° C. or more and less than 250° C. under normal pressure can also be used as component (d).
- examples of the polymerizable compound having a boiling point of 80° C. or more and less than 250° C. under normal pressure include the following.
- the content of the solvent (d) when the entire curable composition (A) is taken as 100 volume %, the content of the solvent (d) is 5 volume % or more and 95 volume % or less, preferably 15 volume % or more and 85 volume % or less, and more preferably 50 volume % or more and 80 volume % or less.
- the content of the solvent (d) can be 50 volume % or more and 85 volume % or less. If the content of the solvent (d) is less than 5 volume %, a thin film cannot be obtained after the solvent (d) evaporates under conditions that allow a substantially continuous liquid film to be obtained. Also, if the content of the solvent (d) is more than 95 volume %, a thick film cannot be obtained after the solvent (d) evaporates even if droplets are dropped in close contact by the inkjet method.
- ⁇ Temperature when compounding the curable composition> at least the components (a), (b) and (d) are mixed and dissolved under a predetermined temperature condition.
- the predetermined temperature condition is in the range of 0° C. or higher and 100° C. or lower. The same applies when the curable composition (A) contains the component (c).
- the curable composition (A) in one embodiment is liquid. This is because in the disposing step described later, droplets of the curable composition (A) are dropped discretely onto the substrate by the inkjet method.
- the viscosity of the curable composition (A) in one embodiment is 1.3 mPa ⁇ s or more and 60 mPa ⁇ s or less at 23°C, preferably 2 mPa ⁇ s or more and 30 mPa ⁇ s or less, and more preferably 5 mPa ⁇ s or more and 15 mPa ⁇ s or less. If the viscosity of the curable composition (A) is less than 2 mPa ⁇ s, the ejection of droplets by the inkjet method becomes unstable. In addition, if the viscosity of the curable composition (A) is greater than 60 mPa ⁇ s, droplets having a volume of about 1.0 to 3.0 pL, which is preferred in one embodiment, cannot be formed.
- the state after the solvent (d) has evaporated from the curable composition (A), that is, the viscosity at 23 ° C of the mixture of the components of the curable composition (A) excluding the solvent (d) is 30 mPa ⁇ s or more and 10,000 mPa ⁇ s or less.
- the viscosity at 23 ° C of the mixture of the components of the curable composition (A) excluding the solvent (d) is preferably 90 mPa ⁇ s or more and 2,000 mPa ⁇ s or less, for example, 120 mPa ⁇ s or more and 1000 mPa ⁇ s or less.
- the curable composition (A) of one embodiment according to the present invention is more preferably 150 mPa ⁇ s or more and 500 mPa ⁇ s or less.
- the viscosity of the components of the curable composition (A) is made other than the solvent (d) 1 mPa ⁇ s or more, it is possible to prevent unwanted flow of droplets of the curable composition (A) after the solvent (d) has evaporated. Furthermore, when the curable composition (A) is brought into contact with the mold, the curable composition (A) is less likely to flow out from the edge of the mold.
- the surface tension at 23 ° C. is preferably 5 mN / m or more and 70 mN / m or less.
- the surface tension at 23 ° C. is more preferably 7 mN / m or more and 50 mN / m or less, and even more preferably 10 mN / m or more and 40 mN / m or less.
- the higher the surface tension for example, 5 mN / m or more, the stronger the capillary force works, so that when the curable composition (A) is contacted with the mold, filling (spread and fill) is completed in a short time.
- the surface tension 70 mN / m or less the cured film obtained by curing the curable composition becomes a cured film having surface smoothness.
- the composition of components excluding the solvent (component (d)) is preferably 0° to 90°, particularly preferably 0° to 10°, with respect to both the surface of the substrate and the surface of the mold. If the contact angle is greater than 90°, the capillary force acts in the negative direction (the direction that shrinks the contact interface between the mold and the curable composition) inside the pattern of the mold or in the gap between the substrate and the mold, and the curable composition (A) may not fill the mold. The smaller the contact angle, the stronger the capillary force acts, and the faster the filling speed.
- the curable composition (A) of one embodiment according to the present invention preferably does not contain impurities as much as possible.
- the impurities mean those other than the above-mentioned components (a), (b), (c) and (d). Therefore, the curable composition (A) of one embodiment according to the present invention is preferably obtained through a purification process. As such a purification process, filtration using a filter or the like is preferable.
- the filtration using a filter it is preferable to mix the above-mentioned components (a), (b) and (c) and then filter the mixture with a filter having a pore size of 0.001 ⁇ m or more and 5.0 ⁇ m or less.
- a filter having a pore size of 0.001 ⁇ m or more and 5.0 ⁇ m or less.
- the liquid filtered through the filter may be filtered again, or may be filtered using multiple filters with different pore sizes.
- Filters used for filtration include, but are not limited to, filters made of polyethylene resin, polypropylene resin, fluororesin, nylon resin, etc.
- the glass transition temperature of the cured product is preferably 70° C. or higher, more preferably 100° C. or higher, and particularly preferably 150° C. or higher.
- the glass transition temperature of a cured product can be measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) or a dynamic viscoelasticity device.
- DSC differential scanning calorimetry
- a straight line is drawn by extending the low-temperature baseline of the DSC curve of the cured product (the part of the DSC curve in the temperature range where no transition or reaction occurs in the test piece) to the high-temperature side, and a tangent is drawn at the point where the gradient of the curve of the step-like change in the glass transition is at its maximum.
- the extrapolated glass transition onset temperature (Tig) is then calculated from the intersection of the straight line and the tangent, and this can be determined as the glass transition temperature.
- the main device is the STA-6000 (manufactured by Perkin Eimer).
- the temperature at which the loss tangent (tan ⁇ ) of the cured product is at its maximum is defined as the glass transition temperature.
- the main device that can measure dynamic viscoelasticity is the MCR301 (manufactured by Anton Paar).
- the curable composition of one embodiment of the present invention is used to manufacture a semiconductor integrated circuit, it is preferable to avoid impurities containing metal atoms (metal impurities) being mixed into the curable composition as much as possible so as not to impair the operation of the product.
- concentration of metal impurities contained in the curable composition is preferably 10 ppm or less, and more preferably 100 ppb or less.
- the substrate is a substrate to be processed, and is usually a silicon wafer.
- the substrate may have a layer to be processed on its surface.
- the substrate may have other layers formed below the layer to be processed.
- a quartz substrate is used as the substrate, a replica of a mold for imprinting (replica mold) can be produced.
- the substrate is not limited to a silicon wafer or a quartz substrate.
- the substrate can be selected from any substrate known as a substrate for semiconductor devices, such as aluminum, titanium-tungsten alloy, aluminum-silicon alloy, aluminum-copper-silicon alloy, silicon oxide, and silicon nitride.
- the surface of the substrate or the layer to be processed may be subjected to a surface treatment such as silane coupling treatment, silazane treatment, or formation of an organic thin film to improve adhesion with the curable composition (A).
- a surface treatment such as silane coupling treatment, silazane treatment, or formation of an organic thin film to improve adhesion with the curable composition (A).
- the organic thin film formed as a surface treatment for example, the adhesion layer described in Patent Document 4 can be used.
- a film formation method according to one embodiment will be described with reference to Figures 1[1] to 1[7].
- the film formation method according to this embodiment utilizes a photoimprint method to form a film of a curable composition in a space between a mold and a substrate.
- the curable composition may be cured by other energy (e.g., heat, electromagnetic waves).
- the film formation method according to this embodiment may be implemented as a method for forming a film having a pattern, i.e., a pattern formation method, or a method for forming a film without a pattern (e.g., a planarization film), i.e., a planarization film formation method.
- the cured film formed by the pattern formation method of this embodiment is preferably a film having a pattern of 1 nm or more and 10 mm or less in size, and more preferably a film having a pattern of 10 nm or more and 100 ⁇ m or less in size.
- a film formation method that uses light to form a film having a nano-sized (1 nm or more and 100 nm or less) pattern is called a photoimprint method.
- the pattern formation method includes, for example, a formation step, a placement step, a waiting step, a contact step, a curing step, and a demolding step.
- the formation step is a step of forming a base layer.
- the placement step is a step of discretely placing droplets of the curable composition (A) on the base layer.
- the waiting step is a step of waiting until the droplets of the curable composition (A) are bonded to each other and the solvent (d) is evaporated.
- the contact step is a step of bringing the curable composition (A) into contact with the mold.
- the curing step is a step of curing the curable composition (A).
- the demolding step is a step of separating the mold from the cured film of the curable composition (A).
- the placement step is performed after the formation step, the waiting step is performed after the placement step, the contact step is performed after the waiting step, the curing step is performed after the contact step, and the demolding step is performed after the curing step.
- droplets of the curable composition (A) are discretely disposed on the substrate.
- droplets of the curable composition (A) having a volume of 1.0 pL or more can be disposed at a density of 80 droplets/ mm2 or more.
- the substrate a substrate on which a base layer is laminated may be used.
- the surface of the substrate may be subjected to a surface treatment such as a silane coupling treatment, a silazane treatment, or the formation of an organic thin film to improve adhesion to the curable composition (A).
- the inkjet method is particularly preferred as a method for disposing droplets of the curable composition (A) on the substrate.
- the droplets of the curable composition (A) are preferably densely disposed on the regions of the substrate facing the regions where the recesses constituting the mold pattern are densely present, and sparsely disposed on the regions of the substrate facing the regions where the recesses constituting the mold pattern are sparsely present. This allows the film (residual film) of the curable composition (A) described below that is formed on the substrate to be controlled to a uniform thickness, regardless of the density of the mold pattern.
- a waiting step is provided after the disposing step and before the contacting step.
- the total volume of the droplets of the curable composition (A) dropped in one pattern formation divided by the total area of the region (pattern formation region) where a pattern is formed in one pattern formation is defined as the average initial liquid film thickness.
- the droplets of the curable composition (A) spread on the substrate as shown in FIG. 1 [2]. As a result, the pattern formation region of the substrate is covered with the curable composition (A) over the entire region.
- the curable composition when the surface tension of the curable composition in a state where the solvent (d) is removed is ⁇ 1 (mN/m) and the surface tension of the solvent (d) is ⁇ 2 (mN/m), the curable composition is configured so that ⁇ 1 is larger than ⁇ 2. Specifically, the solvent (d) is selected so that ⁇ 1 is larger than ⁇ 2. When the solvent (d) is selected in this way, the dropped droplets spread widely (i.e., the spreading speed of the dropped droplets increases). The cause of this will be explained below.
- the dropped droplet contains a volatile component, and the concentration of the volatile component changes due to evaporation after dropping. Since the surface tension ⁇ 1 of the non-volatile component is greater than the surface tension ⁇ 2 of the volatile component, the surface tension increases as the concentration of the volatile component decreases due to evaporation. Generally, a dropped droplet gradually spreads and then stops spreading at a static contact angle; however, the spreading speed is faster when the contact angle between the edge of the droplet and the substrate is far from the static contact angle. Also, in one embodiment, the thickness of the cured film is very small compared to the radius of the droplet, and the concentration diffusion in the radial direction is very slow compared to the concentration diffusion in the thickness direction.
- FIG. 2 shows the spreading of the droplets dropped on the substrate, with 301 being the substrate and 302 being the droplets dropped on the substrate.
- the evaporation of the solvent components proceeds even while the droplets are spreading. Since the evaporation rate is largely dependent on the surface area of the droplets, when comparing the center of the droplet (region 303 represented by a dotted square) with the end of the droplet (region 304 represented by a dotted square), the end of the droplet has a slightly larger surface area and evaporates faster.
- the volume of the droplet is smaller at the end of the droplet (region 304) than at the center of the droplet (region 303).
- the end of the droplet (region 304) evaporates faster and has a smaller volume than the center of the droplet (region 303), so the concentration of the volatile components is lower and the surface tension is higher. Because the surface tension of the edge of the droplet (region 304) is higher than that of the center of the droplet (region 303), a force is generated from the center of the droplet toward the edge of the droplet due to the Marangoni effect, inducing a flow of the droplet.
- the shape of the droplet becomes as shown in Figure 3.
- 301 is a substrate
- 302 is a droplet dropped onto the substrate.
- the droplet 302 takes on a shape with a raised edge. Due to this raised edge, the contact angle between the edge of the droplet and the substrate becomes larger than when a droplet flow is not induced, and therefore the spreading speed of the droplet also increases.
- the solvent (d) is a highly volatile solvent with a non-volatile component volume ratio of 20%, and the droplet pitch is 88 ⁇ m, that is, the average initial liquid film thickness is 13 nm or more is selected.
- the droplets of the curable composition (A) are bonded to each other on the substrate to form a substantially continuous liquid film.
- droplets of the curable composition (A) with a volume of 1.0 pL or more are arranged at a density of 130 droplets/ mm2 or more.
- the solvent (d) contained in the liquid film is volatilized. It is preferable that the amount of solvent (d) remaining in the liquid film after the waiting step (e.g., at the start of the contacting step) is 10% by volume or less, assuming that the total weight of the components other than solvent (d) is 100% by volume. If the amount of solvent (d) remaining is more than 10% by volume, the mechanical properties of the cured film may be degraded.
- a baking step may be performed to heat the substrate and the curable composition (A) or to ventilate the atmospheric gas around the substrate in order to accelerate the evaporation of the solvent (d). Heating is performed, for example, at a temperature of 30°C or higher and 200°C or lower, preferably 80°C or higher and 150°C or lower, and particularly preferably 90°C or higher and 110°C. The heating time may be 10 seconds or higher and 600 seconds or lower.
- the baking step may be performed using a known heater such as a hot plate or an oven.
- the waiting step is, for example, 0.1 to 600 seconds, and preferably 10 to 300 seconds. If the waiting step is shorter than 0.1 seconds, the droplets of the curable composition (A) will not bond sufficiently to each other, and a substantially continuous liquid film will not be formed. If the waiting step exceeds 600 seconds, productivity will decrease. In order to suppress the decrease in productivity, the substrates for which the arrangement step has been completed may be sequentially transferred to the waiting step, and the waiting step may be performed in parallel on multiple substrates, and the substrates for which the waiting step has been completed may be sequentially transferred to the contact step.
- a substantially continuous liquid film consisting of components (a), (b) and (c) remains.
- the average remaining liquid film thickness of the substantially continuous liquid film from which the solvent (d) has been evaporated (removed) becomes thinner than the liquid film by the amount of the solvent (d) that has been evaporated.
- the entire pattern formation region of the substrate remains covered with a substantially continuous liquid film of the curable composition (A) from which the solvent (d) has been removed.
- a substantially continuous liquid film of the curable composition (A) from which the solvent (d) has been removed is brought into contact with the mold.
- the contact step includes a step of changing the state in which the curable composition (A) and the mold are not in contact with each other to a state in which they are in contact with each other, and a step of maintaining the state in which they are in contact with each other.
- the liquid of the curable composition (A) fills the recesses of the fine pattern on the surface of the mold, and the liquid becomes a liquid film that fills the fine pattern of the mold.
- the curable composition (A) in the waiting step, becomes a substantially continuous liquid film from which the solvent (d) has been removed, and the volume of gas entrapped between the mold and the substrate is reduced. Therefore, the spreading of the curable composition (A) in the contact step is completed quickly.
- a comparison (difference) between the contact step in the conventional technology (conventional example) disclosed in Patent Document 1 and the contact step in this embodiment is shown in Figure 5.
- Figure 5 shows the contact step in the conventional technology (conventional example) and the contact step in this embodiment.
- the time during which the mold is maintained in contact with the curable composition (A) (the time required for the contacting step) can be shortened. Furthermore, shortening the time required for the contacting step leads to shortening the time required for pattern formation (film formation), thereby improving productivity.
- the contacting step is preferably from 0.1 seconds to 3 seconds, and particularly preferably from 0.1 seconds to 1 second. If the contacting step is shorter than 0.1 seconds, spreading and filling will be insufficient, and defects known as unfilled defects tend to occur frequently.
- a mold made of a light-transmitting material is used in consideration of this.
- materials that make up the mold include glass, quartz, light-transmitting resins such as PMMA and polycarbonate resin, transparent metal deposition films, flexible films such as polydimethylsiloxane, light-cured films, and metal films.
- a light-transmitting resin is used as the material that makes up the mold, a resin that does not dissolve in the components contained in the curable composition is selected. Quartz is an ideal material for making up the mold because it has a small thermal expansion coefficient and small pattern distortion.
- the pattern formed on the surface of the mold has a height of, for example, 4 nm or more and 200 nm or less.
- the lower the height of the mold pattern the smaller the force required to separate the mold from the cured film of the curable composition in the demolding process, i.e., the demolding force, and the fewer demolding defects that result from the pattern of the curable composition being torn off and remaining on the mold.
- the impact of separating the mold may cause the pattern of the curable composition to elastically deform, causing adjacent pattern elements to come into contact with each other, resulting in adhesion or damage.
- the height of the pattern elements is advantageous for the height of the pattern elements to be approximately twice or less the width of the pattern elements (aspect ratio of 2 or less).
- the height of the pattern elements is too low, the processing accuracy of the substrate will be reduced.
- the mold may be subjected to a surface treatment before the contact step in order to improve the releasability of the mold to the curable composition (A).
- the surface treatment may involve applying a release agent to the surface of the mold to form a release agent layer.
- the release agent applied to the surface of the mold include silicon-based release agents, fluorine-based release agents, hydrocarbon-based release agents, polyethylene-based release agents, polypropylene-based release agents, paraffin-based release agents, montan-based release agents, and carnauba-based release agents.
- commercially available coating-type release agents such as Optool (registered trademark) DSX manufactured by Daikin Industries, Ltd. can also be suitably used.
- the release agents may be used alone or in combination of two or more types. Of the above-mentioned release agents, fluorine-based and hydrocarbon-based release agents are particularly preferred.
- the pressure applied to the curable composition (A) is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, 0 MPa or more and 100 MPa or less. Note that when the mold is brought into contact with the curable composition (A), the pressure applied to the curable composition (A) is preferably 0 MPa or more and 50 MPa or less, more preferably 0 MPa or more and 30 MPa or less, and even more preferably 0 MPa or more and 20 MPa or less.
- the contact step can be carried out under any of the conditions of air, reduced pressure, and inert gas atmosphere, but it is preferable to use a reduced pressure or inert gas atmosphere because it can prevent the influence of oxygen and moisture on the curing reaction.
- Specific examples of the inert gas used when carrying out the contact step under an inert gas atmosphere include nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, argon, various fluorocarbon gases, and the like, or a mixture of these gases.
- a gas containing 10% or more of carbon dioxide or helium in a molar ratio is preferable, and a gas containing 10% or more of carbon dioxide in a molar ratio is particularly preferable.
- the solubility coefficient of carbon dioxide in the curable composition is preferably 0.5 kg/m 3 ⁇ atm or more and 10 kg/m 3 ⁇ atm or less. Details of these are disclosed in JP-A-2022-99271 (Patent Document 5).
- the pressure is preferably 0.0001 atm or more and 10 atm or less.
- the curable composition (A) is irradiated with irradiation light as a curing energy to form a cured film by curing the curable composition (A).
- the curable composition (A) is irradiated with irradiation light through a mold. More specifically, the curable composition (A) filled in the fine pattern of the mold is irradiated with irradiation light through the mold. As a result, the curable composition (A) filled in the fine pattern of the mold is cured to form a cured film having a pattern.
- the irradiation light is selected according to the sensitivity wavelength of the curable composition (A). Specifically, the irradiation light is appropriately selected from ultraviolet light, X-rays, or electron beams having a wavelength of 150 nm or more and 400 nm or less. It is particularly preferable that the irradiation light is ultraviolet light. This is because many of the compounds commercially available as curing assistants (photopolymerization initiators) are sensitive to ultraviolet light.
- Examples of light sources that emit ultraviolet light include high-pressure mercury lamps, ultra-high-pressure mercury lamps, low-pressure mercury lamps, Deep-UV lamps, carbon arc lamps, chemical lamps, metal halide lamps, xenon lamps, KrF excimer lasers, ArF excimer lasers, and F2 lasers.
- ultra-high-pressure mercury lamps are particularly preferable.
- the number of light sources may be one or more.
- the entire area of the curable composition (A) filled in the fine pattern of the mold may be irradiated with light, or only a part of the area (limited to a certain area) may be irradiated with light.
- the light irradiation may be performed intermittently over a plurality of times over the entire region of the substrate, or may be performed continuously over the entire region of the substrate. Furthermore, the light may be irradiated to a first region of the substrate in the second irradiation process, and the light may be irradiated to a second region of the substrate different from the first region in the second irradiation process.
- ⁇ Mold release process> In the demolding step, the mold is separated from the cured film as shown in FIG. 1 [7]. By separating the patterned cured film from the mold, a free-standing cured film having a pattern that is an inversion of the fine pattern of the mold is obtained. Here, the cured film remains in the recesses of the patterned cured film. Such a film is called a residual film.
- the method for separating the mold from the cured film having the pattern is not particularly limited as long as a part of the cured film having the pattern is not physically damaged during the separation, and various conditions are not particularly limited.
- the substrate may be fixed and the mold may be moved away from the substrate.
- the mold may also be fixed and the substrate may be moved away from the mold.
- the mold may also be separated from the cured film having the pattern by moving both the mold and the substrate in opposite directions.
- the repeating unit (shot) from the placement process to the demolding process can be repeated multiple times on the same substrate, and a cured film having multiple desired patterns can be obtained in desired positions on the substrate.
- the planarizing film forming method includes, for example, a disposing step, a waiting step, a contact step, a curing step, and a demolding step.
- the disposing step is a step of disposing droplets of the curable composition (A) on a substrate.
- the waiting step is a step of waiting until the droplets of the curable composition (A) are bonded to each other and the solvent (d) is evaporated.
- the contacting step is a step of contacting the curable composition (A) with a mold.
- the curing step is a step of curing the curable composition (A).
- the demolding step is a step of separating the mold from the cured film of the curable composition (A).
- a substrate having irregularities with a height difference of about 10 to 1,000 nm is used as the substrate, and a mold having a flat surface is used as the mold, and a cured film having a surface following the flat surface of the mold is formed through the contacting step, the curing step, and the demolding step.
- the disposing step droplets of the curable composition (A) are densely disposed in the recessed portions of the substrate, and the curable composition (A) is sparsely disposed in the protruding portions of the substrate.
- the waiting step is performed after the disposing step, the contacting step is performed after the waiting step, the curing step is performed after the contacting step, and the demolding step is performed after the curing step.
- the article manufacturing method of the present embodiment includes a forming step of forming a film of a curable composition on a substrate using the above-mentioned film forming method, a processing step of processing the substrate on which the film of the curable composition has been formed in the forming step, and a manufacturing step of manufacturing an article from the substrate processed in the processing step.
- the film forming method can be a pattern forming method or a planarizing film forming method.
- the cured film having a pattern formed by the pattern forming method of one embodiment of the present invention is used as it is as at least a part of a constituent member of various articles.
- the cured film having a pattern formed by the pattern forming method of one embodiment of the present invention is used temporarily as a mask for etching or ion implantation of a substrate (or the substrate having a processable layer). After etching or ion implantation is performed in the substrate processing step, the mask is removed. This allows various articles to be manufactured.
- the specific method is not particularly limited, and a conventionally known method, for example, dry etching, can be used.
- a conventionally known dry etching device can be used for dry etching.
- the source gas during dry etching is appropriately selected according to the elemental composition of the cured material to be etched.
- halogen gas such as CF 4 , C 2 F 6 , C 3 F 8 , CCl 2 F 2 , CCl 4 , CBrF 3 , BCl 3 , PCl 3 , SF 6 , Cl 2
- gas containing oxygen atoms such as O 2 , CO, CO 2
- inert gas such as He, N 2 , Ar, H 2 , NH 3 gas, etc.
- these gases can also be used in combination.
- the photocured film is required to have high dry etching resistance.
- the article may be an electric circuit element, an optical element, a MEMS, a recording element, a sensor, or a mold.
- the electric circuit element include volatile or non-volatile semiconductor memories such as DRAM, SRAM, flash memory, and MRAM, and semiconductor elements such as LSI, CCD, image sensor, and FPGA.
- the optical element include a microlens, a light guide, a waveguide, an anti-reflection film, a diffraction grating, a polarizing element, a color filter, a light-emitting element, a display, and a solar cell.
- the MEMS include a DMD, a microchannel, and an electromechanical conversion element.
- Examples of the recording element include optical disks such as CDs and DVDs, magnetic disks, magneto-optical disks, and magnetic heads.
- Examples of the sensor include a magnetic sensor, an optical sensor, and a gyro sensor.
- Examples of the mold include a mold for imprinting.
- CMOS complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor
- CMOS complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor
- SOG spin-on-glass
- SiO silicon oxide
- a curable composition can be applied thereon to perform a photolithography process.
- devices such as semiconductor devices.
- devices including such devices, such as electronic devices such as displays, cameras, and medical devices. Examples of devices include, for example, LSIs, system LSIs, DRAMs, SDRAMs, RDRAMs, D-RDRAMs, and NAND flashes.
- Example 1 In this Example 1, it is shown by numerical calculation that when ⁇ 1 is made larger than ⁇ 2, the dropped droplet spreads widely (i.e., the spreading speed of the droplet increases) and the solvent evaporates faster.
- ⁇ 1 is the surface tension at 23°C of the curable composition from which the solvent (d) has been removed
- ⁇ 2 is the surface tension at 23°C of the solvent (d).
- a 1 pL droplet was placed on a flat substrate with an initial contact angle of 90°, and the spread of the droplet while evaporating was calculated by solving the Navier-Stokes equations with a free surface and thin film approximation (lubrication theory).
- the droplet was assumed to be a two-component fluid of non-volatile and volatile components, and the volume ratio of the non-volatile component in the initial condition was set to 20%.
- the non-volatile component had a molecular weight of 300 g/mol, a viscosity of 150 cP, and a surface tension ( ⁇ 1) of 35 mN/m.
- the volatile component was calculated with a molecular weight of 125 g/mol and a viscosity of 1.1 cP, and surface tensions ( ⁇ 2) of 30, 34, 34.9, and 35 mN/m, respectively.
- the viscosity and surface tension of the curable composition change as evaporation progresses, but the viscosity was used as an exponential function and the surface tension was used as a linear function, as a function of the volume ratio of the non-volatile component. The calculation was terminated when evaporation was complete.
- Volatilization is considered as a source term of the time change of the droplet height function, and is proportional to the mole fraction of the volatile components, and is modeled as a uniform distribution in the spatial direction.
- the proportionality coefficient used is 10 -8 m/sec.
- the diffusion coefficient of the concentration diffusion of the non-volatile components was obtained by the Wilke-Chang equation, and the concentration dependence of the non-volatile components was interpolated by an exponential function.
- FIG. 6 shows the change in droplet radius over time.
- the horizontal axis is the elapsed time [sec], and the vertical axis is the droplet radius [m].
- Each curve has a different ⁇ defined by the following formula (3).
- the larger ⁇ is, the larger the maximum radius of the droplet is and the shorter the time required for volatilization to be completed.
- ⁇ : ⁇ 1 ⁇ 2 Equation (3)
- FIG. 7 shows the dependence of the maximum radius of the droplet on ⁇ .
- the horizontal axis is ⁇ [mN/m], and the vertical axis is ⁇ r [ ⁇ m].
- ⁇ r is defined by the following formula (4).
- r is the maximum radius of the droplet
- ⁇ r also increases monotonically with the change in ⁇ .
- FIG. 8 shows the dependence of the volatilization time on ⁇ .
- the horizontal axis is ⁇ [mN/m], and the vertical axis is Rt.
- Rt is defined by the following formula (5).
- t is the volatilization time of the droplet
- Rt also decreases monotonically with the change in ⁇ .
- Example 2 In this Example 2, it is shown by using numerical calculations that a thinner hardened film can be formed by making ⁇ 1 larger than ⁇ 2.
- "OK” indicates that it can be formed
- "NG” indicates that it cannot be formed.
- Table 1 shows the results for a highly volatile solvent with a proportional coefficient of volatilization of about 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 m/sec
- Table 2 shows the results for a low-volatility solvent with a proportional coefficient of volatilization of about 7 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 m/sec.
- a droplet pitch of 56 ⁇ m indicates a film thickness of 63 nm
- a droplet pitch of 88 ⁇ m indicates a film thickness of 26 nm
- the curable composition (A) was mixed with the monofunctional polymerizable compound (a), the polyfunctional polymerizable compound (a), the photopolymerization initiator (b) and the solvent (d) so that the total was 100% by weight.
- Tables 4 and 5 show the abbreviations and various physical properties of the single substances in Table 4. The viscosity at 23°C of the curable composition (A) mixed with the curable composition (A) without using the solvent (d) was measured.
- the OP of the polymerizable compound (a) ⁇ the sum of the monofunctional compound and the polyfunctional compound ⁇ in the state in which the solvent (d) was removed (at the time of removing the solvent) through the above-mentioned method was calculated. Furthermore, the glass transition temperature after curing of the curable composition was measured. The above results are shown in Table 6. In addition, the details of the photopolymerization initiator used in Table 3 are shown below.
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Abstract
Description
本発明に係る一実施形態の硬化性組成物(A)は、インクジェット用の硬化性組成物である。一実施形態の硬化性組成物(A)は、少なくとも、重合性化合物である成分(a)と、光重合開始剤である成分(b)と、溶剤である成分(d)とを含む組成物である。
成分(a)は、重合性化合物である。本明細書において、重合性化合物は、光重合開始剤(成分(b))から発生した重合因子(ラジカルなど)と反応し、連鎖反応(重合反応)によって高分子化合物からなる膜を形成する化合物である。
フェノキシエチル(メタ)アクリレート、フェノキシ-2-メチルエチル(メタ)アクリレート、フェノキシエトキシエチル(メタ)アクリレート、3-フェノキシ-2-ヒドロキシプロピル(メタ)アクリレート、2-フェニルフェノキシエチル(メタ)アクリレート、4-フェニルフェノキシエチル(メタ)アクリレート、3-(2-フェニルフェニル)-2-ヒドロキシプロピル(メタ)アクリレート、EO変性p-クミルフェノールの(メタ)アクリレート、2-ブロモフェノキシエチル(メタ)アクリレート、2,4-ジブロモフェノキシエチル(メタ)アクリレート、2,4,6-トリブロモフェノキシエチル(メタ)アクリレート、EO変性フェノキシ(メタ)アクリレート、PO変性フェノキシ(メタ)アクリレート、ポリオキシエチレンノニルフェニルエーテル(メタ)アクリレート、イソボルニル(メタ)アクリレート、1-アダマンチル(メタ)アクリレート、2-メチル-2-アダマンチル(メタ)アクリレート、2-エチル-2-アダマンチル(メタ)アクリレート、ボルニル(メタ)アクリレート、トリシクロデカニル(メタ)アクリレート、ジシクロペンタニル(メタ)アクリレート、ジシクロペンテニル(メタ)アクリレート、シクロヘキシル(メタ)アクリレート、4-ブチルシクロヘキシル(メタ)アクリレート、アクリロイルモルホリン、2-ヒドロキシエチル(メタ)アクリレート、2-ヒドロキシプロピル(メタ)アクリレート、2-ヒドロキシブチル(メタ)アクリレート、メチル(メタ)アクリレート、エチル(メタ)アクリレート、プロピル(メタ)アクリレート、イソプロピル(メタ)アクリレート、ブチル(メタ)アクリレート、アミル(メタ)アクリレート、イソブチル(メタ)アクリレート、t-ブチル(メタ)アクリレート、ペンチル(メタ)アクリレート、イソアミル(メタ)アクリレート、へキシル(メタ)アクリレート、ヘプチル(メタ)アクリレート、オクチル(メタ)アクリレート、イソオクチル(メタ)アクリレート、2-エチルヘキシル(メタ)アクリレート、ノニル(メタ)アクリレート、デシル(メタ)アクリレート、イソデシル(メタ)アクリレート、ウンデシル(メタ)アクリレート、ドデシル(メタ)アクリレート、ラウリル(メタ)アクリレート、ステアリル(メタ)アクリレート、イソステアリル(メタ)アクリレート、ベンジル(メタ)アクリレート、テトラヒドロフルフリル(メタ)アクリレート、ブトキシエチル(メタ)アクリレート、エトキシジエチレングリコール(メタ)アクリレート、ポリエチレングリコールモノ(メタ)アクリレート、ポリプロピレングリコールモノ(メタ)アクリレート、メトキシエチレングリコール(メタ)アクリレート、エトキシエチル(メタ)アクリレート、メトキシポリエチレングリコール(メタ)アクリレート、メトキシポリプロピレングリコール(メタ)アクリレート、ジアセトン(メタ)アクリルアミド、イソブトキシメチル(メタ)アクリルアミド、N,N-ジメチル(メタ)アクリルアミド、t-オクチル(メタ)アクリルアミド、ジメチルアミノエチル(メタ)アクリレート、ジエチルアミノエチル(メタ)アクリレート、7-アミノ-3,7-ジメチルオクチル(メタ)アクリレート、N,N-ジエチル(メタ)アクリルアミド、N,N-ジメチルアミノプロピル(メタ)アクリルアミド、1-又は2-ナフチル(メタ)アクリレート、1-又は2-ナフチルメチル(メタ)アクリレート、3-又は4-フェノキシベンジル(メタ)アクリレート、シノアベンジル(メタ)アクリレート、ナフタレンメチル(メタ)アクリレート
アロニックス(登録商標)M101、M102、M110、M111、M113、M117、M5700、TO-1317、M120、M150、M156(以上、東亞合成製)、MEDOL10、MIBDOL10、CHDOL10、MMDOL30、MEDOL30、MIBDOL30、CHDOL30、LA、IBXA、2-MTA、HPA、ビスコート#150、#155、#158、#190、#192、#193、#220、#2000、#2100、#2150(以上、大阪有機化学工業製)、ライトアクリレートBO-A、EC-A、DMP-A、THF-A、HOP-A、HOA-MPE、HOA-MPL、PO-A、P-200A、NP-4EA、NP-8EA、エポキシエステルM-600A、POB-A、OPP-EA(以上、共栄社化学製)、KAYARAD(登録商標) TC110S、R-564、R-128H(以上、日本化薬製)、NKエステルAMP-10G、AMP-20G、A-LEN-10(以上、新中村化学工業製)、FA-511A、512A、513A(以上、日立化成製)、PHE、CEA、PHE-2、PHE-4、BR-31、BR-31M、BR-32(以上、第一工業製薬製)、VP(BASF製)、ACMO、DMAA、DMAPAA(以上、興人製)、HRD-01(以上、日本触媒製)
トリメチロールプロパンジ(メタ)アクリレート、トリメチロールプロパントリ(メタ)アクリレート、EO変性トリメチロールプロパントリ(メタ)アクリレート、PO変性トリメチロールプロパントリ(メタ)アクリレート、EO,PO変性トリメチロールプロパントリ(メタ)アクリレート、ジメチロールトリシクロデカンジ(メタ)アクリレート、ペンタエリスリトールトリ(メタ)アクリレート、ペンタエリスリトールテトラ(メタ)アクリレート、エチレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、テトラエチレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、ポリエチレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、ポリプロピレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、1,4-ブタンジオールジ(メタ)アクリレート、1,6-へキサンジオールジ(メタ)アクリレート、ネオペンチルグリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、1,9-ノナンジオールジ(メタ)アクリレート、1,10-デカンジオールジ(メタ)アクリレート、1,3-アダマンタンジメタノールジ(メタ)アクリレート、トリス(2-ヒドキシエチル)イソシアヌレートトリ(メタ)アクリレート、トリス(アクリロイルオキシ)イソシアヌレート、ビス(ヒドロキシメチル)トリシクロデカンジ(メタ)アクリレート、ジペンタエリスリトールペンタ(メタ)アクリレート、ジペンタエリスリトールヘキサ(メタ)アクリレート、EO変性2,2-ビス(4-((メタ)アクリロキシ)フェニル)プロパン、PO変性2,2-ビス(4-((メタ)アクリロキシ)フェニル)プロパン、EO,PO変性2,2-ビス(4-((メタ)アクリロキシ)フェニル)プロパン、o-、m-又はp-ベンゼンジ(メタ)アクリレート、o-、m-又はp-キシリレンジ(メタ)アクリレート
ユピマー(登録商標)UV SA1002、SA2007(以上、三菱化学製)、ビスコート#195、#230、#215、#260、#335HP、#295、#300、#360、#700、GPT、3PA(以上、大阪有機化学工業製)、ライトアクリレート4EG-A、9EG-A、NP-A、DCP-A、BP-4EA、BP-4PA、TMP-A、PE-3A、PE-4A、DPE-6A(以上、共栄社化学製)、KAYARAD(登録商標) PET-30、TMPTA、R-604、DPHA、DPCA-20、-30、-60、-120、HX-620、D-310、D-330(以上、日本化薬製)、アロニックス(登録商標)M208、M210、M215、M220、M240、M305、M309、M310、M315、M325、M400(以上、東亞合成製)、リポキシ(登録商標)VR-77、VR-60、VR-90(以上、昭和高分子製)、オグソールEA-0200、オグソールEA-0300(以上、大阪ガスケミカル製)、SR295,SR355(以上、サートマー製)
スチレン、2,4-ジメチル-α-メチルスチレン、o-メチルスチレン、m-メチルスチレン、p-メチルスチレン、2,4-ジメチルスチレン、2,5-ジメチルスチレン、2,6-ジメチルスチレン、3,4-ジメチルスチレン、3,5-ジメチルスチレン、2,4,6-トリメチルスチレン、2,4,5-トリメチルスチレン、ペンタメチルスチレン、o-エチルスチレン、m-エチルスチレン、p-エチルスチレン、ジエチルスチレン、トリエチルスチレン、プロピルスチレン、2,4-ジイソプロピルスチレン、ブチルスチレン、ヘキシルスチレン、ヘプチルスチレン及びオクチルスチレンなどのアルキルスチレン;フロロスチレン、o-クロロスチレン、m-クロロスチレン、p-クロロスチレン、o-ブロモスチレン、m-ブロモスチレン、p-ブロモスチレン、ジブロモスチレン及びヨードスチレンなどのハロゲン化スチレン;ニトロスチレン、アセチルスチレン、o-メトキシスチレン、m-メトキシスチレン、p-メトキシスチレ、o-ヒドロキシスチレン、m-ヒドロキシスチレン、p-ヒドロキシスチレン、2-ビニルビフェニル、3-ビニルビフェニル、4-ビニルビフェニル、1-ビニルナフタレン、2-ビニルナフタレン、4-ビニル-p-ターフェニル、1-ビニルアントラセン、α-メチルスチレン、o-イソプロペニルトルエン、m-イソプロペニルトルエン、p-イソプロペニルトルエン、2,3-ジメチル-α-メチルスチレン、3,5-ジメチル-α-メチルスチレン、p-イソプロピル-α-メチルスチレン、α-エチルスチレン、α-クロロスチレン、ジビニルベンゼン、ジイソプロピルベンゼン、ジビニルビフェニルなど、スチリル基を重合性官能基として有する化合物
ビニルピリジン、ビニルピロリドン、ビニルカルバゾール、酢酸ビニル及びアクリロニトリル;ブタジエン、イソプレン及びクロロプレンなどの共役ジエンモノマー;塩化ビニル及び臭化ビニルなどのハロゲン化ビニル;塩化ビニリデンなどのハロゲン化ビニリデン、有機カルボン酸のビニルエステル及びその誘導体(酢酸ビニル、プロピオン酸ビニル、酪酸ビニル、安息香酸ビニル、アジピン酸ジビニル等、(メタ)アクリロニトリルなど、ビニル基を重合性官能基として有する化合物
なお、本明細書において、(メタ)アクリロニトリルとは、アクリロニトリルとメタクリロニトリルとの総称である。
酢酸アリル、安息香酸アリル、アジピン酸ジアリル、テレフタル酸ジアリル、イソフタル酸ジアリル、フタル酸ジアリル
フマル酸ジメチル、フマル酸ジエチル、フマル酸ジイソプロピル、フマル酸ジ-sec-ブチル、フマル酸ジイソブチル、フマル酸ジ-n-ブチル、フマル酸ジ-2-エチルヘキシル、フマル酸ジベンジル
マレイン酸ジメチル、マレイン酸ジエチル、マレイン酸ジイソプロピル、マレイン酸ジ-sec-ブチル、マレイン酸ジイソブチル、マレイン酸ジ-n-ブチル、マレイン酸ジ-2-エチルヘキシル、マレイン酸ジベンジル
イタコン酸のジアルキルエステル及びその誘導体(イタコン酸ジメチル、イタコン酸ジエチル、イタコン酸ジイソプロピル、イタコン酸ジ-sec-ブチル、イタコン酸ジイソブチル、イタコン酸ジ-n-ブチル、イタコン酸ジ-2-エチルヘキシル、イタコン酸ジベンジルなど)、有機カルボン酸のN-ビニルアミド誘導体(N-メチル-N-ビニルアセトアミドなど)、マレイミド及びその誘導体(N-フェニルマレイミド、N-シクロヘキシルマレイミドなど)
なお、常圧下における各種有機化合物の沸点および蒸気圧は、Hansen Solubility Parameters in Practice(HSPiP)5thEdition.5.3.04 などにより計算することができる。
有機化合物のドライエッチング速度V、有機化合物中の全原子数N、組成物中の全炭素原子数NC、及び組成物中の全酸素原子数NOは、下記式(1)の関係にあることが知られている(非特許文献2)。
V∝N/(NC-NO) 式(1)
ここで、N/(NC-NO)は通称“オオニシパラメータ”(以下、OP)と呼ばれている。例えば特許文献3には、OPが小さい重合性化合物成分を用いることで、ドライエッチング耐性の高い光硬化性組成物を得る技術が記載されている。
上記式(1)によれば、分子中に酸素原子が多い、あるいは、芳香環構造や脂環構造が少ない有機化合物ほどOPが大きく、ドライエッチング速度が速いことが示唆される。
成分(a)のOPを1.80以上2.70以下とするためには、環状構造を2つ以上有し、少なくとも1つが芳香族または芳香族複素環構造である化合物(a-1)を少なくとも成分(a)として含むことが好ましい。
本発明に係る一実施形態の重合性化合物(a)は、芳香族構造、芳香族複素環構造又は脂環式構造を有する重合性化合物(a-1)を含んでいてもよい。更に、成分(a)のうち、成分(a-1)の比率は、65重量%以上を占めることが好ましい。65重量%以上とすることで、OPを2.70以下に抑えることが可能となる。
芳香族構造としては、炭素数は、6~22が好ましく、6~18がより好ましく、6~10が更に好ましい。芳香族環の具体例としては、以下のものが挙げられる。
ベンゼン環、ナフタレン環、アントラセン環、フェナントレン環、フェナレン環、フルオレン環、ベンゾシクロオクテン環、アセナフチレン環、ビフェニレン環、インデン環、インダン環、トリフェニレン環、ピレン環、クリセン環、ペリレン環、テトラヒドロナフタレン環
なお、上述した芳香族環のうち、ベンゼン環又はナフタレン環が好ましく、ベンゼン環がより好ましい。芳香族環は、複数が連結した構造を有していてもよく、例えば、ビフェニル環やビスフェニル環が挙げられる。
チオフェン環、フラン環、ピロール環、イミダゾール環、ピラゾール環、トリアゾール環、テトラゾール環、チアゾール環、チアジアゾール環、オキサジアゾール環、オキサゾール環、ピリジン環、ピラジン環、ピリミジン環、ピリダジン環、イソインドール環、インドール環、インダゾール環、プリン環、キノリジン環、イソキノリン環、キノリン環、フタラジン環、ナフチリジン環、キノキサリン環、キナゾリン環、シンノリン環、カルバゾール環、アクリジン環、フェナジン環、フェノチアジン環、フェノキサチイン環、フェノキサジン環
シクロプロパン環、シクロブタン環、シクロブテン環、シクロペンタン環、シクロヘキサン環、シクロヘキセン環、シクロヘプタン環、シクロオクタン環、ジシクロペンタジエン環、スピロデカン環、スピロノナン環、テトラヒドロジシクロペンタジエン環、オクタヒドロナフタレン環、デカヒドロナフタレン環、ヘキサヒドロインダン環、ボルナン環、ノルボルナン環、ノルボルネン環、イソボルナン環、トリシクロデカン環、テトラシクロドデカン環、アダマンタン環
本発明に係る一実施形態の重合性化合物(a)は、Si原子を少なくとも含む重合性化合物(a-2)を含んでいてもよい。更に、重合性化合物(a-2)を含む場合には、溶剤(d)が除かれた状態の硬化性組成物(A)が、当該硬化性組成物(A)の全体に対して10重量%以上のSi原子を含むことが好ましい。
(2-アクリロイルエトキシ)トリメチルシラン、
N-(3-アクリロイル-2-ヒドロキシプロピル)-3-アミノプロピルトリエトキシシラン、
アクリロキシメチルトリメトキシシラン、
(アクリロキシメチル)フェネチルトリメトキシシラン、
アクリロキシメチルトリメチルシラン、
(3-アクリロキシプロピル)ジメチルメトキシシラン、
(3-アクリロキシプロピル)メチルビス(トリメチルシロキシ)シラン、
(3-アクリロキシプロピル)メチルジクロロシラン 、
(3-アクリロキシプロピル)メチルジエトキシシラン、
(3-アクリロキシプロピル)メチルジメトキシシラン、
(3-アクリロキシプロピル)トリクロロシラン、
(3-アクリロキシプロピル)トリメトキシシラン、
(3-アクリロキシプロピル)トリス(トリメチルシロキシ)シラン、
アクリロキシトリイソプロピルシラン、
アクリロキシトリメチルシラン、
メタクリロキシメチルトリメトキシシラン、
O-(メタクリロキシエトキシ)カルバモイルプロピルメチルジメトキシシラン、
(メタクリロキシメチル)ビス(トリメチルシロキシ)メチルシラン、
N-(3-メタクリロイル-2-ヒドロキシプロピル)-3-アミノプロピルトリエトキシシラン、
(メタクリロキシメチル)メチルジメトキシシラン、
(メタクリロキシメチル)メチルジエトキシシラン、
メタクリロキシメチルトリエトキシシラン、
メタクリロキシプロピルトリメトキシシラン、
メタクリロイルプロピルトリイソプロポキシシラン、
O-(メタクリロキシエチル)-N-(トリエトキシシリルプロピル)カルバメート、
メタクリロキシプロピルメチルジメトキシシラン、
メタクリロキシプロピルメチルジエトキシシラン、
メタクリロキシプロピルジメチルメトキシシラン、
メタクリロキシプロピルジメチルエトキシシラン、
(メタクリロキシメチル)ジメチルエトキシシラン、
メタクリロキシプロピルトリエトキシシラン、
メタクリロキシプロピルシラトラン、
メタクリロキシペンタメチルジシロキサン、
(メタクリロキシメチル)フェニルジメチルシラン、
メタクリロキシトリメチルシラン、
メタクリロキシメチルトリメチルシラン、
(3-メタクリロキシ-2-ヒドロキシプロポキシプロピル)メチルビス(トリメチルシロキシ)シラン、
メタクリロキシプロピルペンタメチルジシロキサン、
O-(メタクリロキシエチル)-3-[ビス(トリメチルシロキシ)メチルシリル]プロピルカルバメート、
メタクリロキシメチルトリス(トリメチルシロキシ)シラン、
メタクリロキシエトキシトリメチルシラン、
(3-メタクリロキシ-2-ヒドロキシプロポキシプロピル)メチルビス(トリメチルシロキシ)シラン、
メタクリロキシプロピルトリス(ビニルジメチルシロキシ)シラン、
メタクリロキシプロピルトリス(トリメチルシロキシ)シラン、
3-メタクリロキシプロピルトリアセトキシシラン、
メタクリロキシプロピルメチルジクロロシラン、
メタクリロキシプロピルトリクロロシラン、
3-メタクルロキシプロピルビス(トリメチルシロキシ)メチルシラン、
3-メタクルロキシプロピルジメチルクロロシラン、
O-メタクリロキシ(ポリエチレンオキシ)トリメチルシラン、
ポリ(メタクルロキシプロピルシルセスキオキサン)、
メタクリロキシプロピルヘプタイソブチル-T8-シルセスキオキサン、
メタクリロキシプロピルトリス(トリメチルシロキシ)シラン
SIA0160.0、SIA0180.0、SIA0182.0、SIA0184.0、SIA0186.0、SIA0190.0、SIA0194.0、SIA0196.0、SIA0197.0、SIA0198.0、SIA0199.0、SIA0200.0、SIA0200.A1、SIA0210.0、SIA0315.0、SIA0320.0、SIM6483.0、SIM6487.5、SIM6480.76、SIM6481.2、SIM6486.1、SIM6481.1、SIM6481.46、SIM6481.43、SIM6482.0、SIM6487.4、SIM6487.35、SIM6480.8、SIM6486.9、SIM6486.8、SIM6486.5、SIM6486.4、SIM6481.3、SIM6487.3、SIM6487.1、SIM6487.6、SIM6486.14、SIM6481.48、SIM6481.5、SIM6491.0、SIM6485.6、SIM6481.15、SIM6487.0、SIM6481.05、SIM6485.8、SIM6481.0、SIM6487.4LI、SIM6481.16、SIM6487.8、SIM6487.6HP、SIM6487.17、SIM6486.7、SIM6487.2、SIM6486.0、SIM6486.2、SIM6487.6-06、SIM6487.6-20、SIM6485.9、SST-R8C42、SLT-3R01、SIM6486.65(以上、GELEST製)、TM-0701T、FM-0711、FM-0721、FM-0725(以上、JNC製)
3-アクリルアミドプロピルトリメトキシシラン、3-アクリルアミドプロピルトリス(トリメチルシロキシ)シラン
SIA0146.0、SIA0150.0(以上、GELEST製)
両末端をアクリロキシプロピル基で修飾された直鎖状ポリジメチルシロキサン
両末端をメタクリロキシプロピル基で修飾された直鎖状ポリジメチルシロキサン
複数のアクリロキシプロピル基で修飾された環状シロキサン
複数のメタクリロキシプロピル基で修飾された環状シロキサン
複数のアクリロキシプロピル基で修飾されたシルセスキオキサン
複数のメタクリロキシプロピル基で修飾されたシルセスキオキサン
SIA0200.2、SIA0200.3、SIM6487.42、DMS-R11、DMS-R05、DMS-R22、DMS-R18、DMS-R31(以上、GELEST製)、FM-7711、FM-7721、FM-7725(以上、JNC製)、X-22-2445(信越化学)、AC-SQ TA-100 、MAC-SQ TM-100、AC-SQSI-20、MAC-SQ SI-20(以上、東亜合成製)
両末端をメタクリロキシプロピル基で修飾された直鎖状変性ポリジメチルシロキサン(MA-Si-12)、
4つのメタクリロキシプロピル基で修飾された8員環シロキサン(8-ring)、
5つのメタクリロキシプロピル基で修飾された10員環シロキサン(10-ring)
成分(b)は、光重合開始剤である。本明細書において、光重合開始剤は、所定の波長の光を感知して、上述した重合因子(ラジカル)を発生させる化合物である。具体的には、光重合開始剤は、光(赤外線、可視光線、紫外線、遠紫外線、X線、電子線などの荷電粒子線、放射線)によりラジカルを発生する重合開始剤(ラジカル発生剤)である。成分(b)は、1種類の光重合開始剤のみで構成されていてもよいし、複数種類の光重合開始剤で構成されていてもよい。
2-(o-クロロフェニル)-4,5-ジフェニルイミダゾール二量体、2-(o-クロロフェニル)-4,5-ジ(メトキシフェニル)イミダゾール二量体、2-(o-フルオロフェニル)-4,5-ジフェニルイミダゾール二量体、2-(o-又はp-メトキシフェニル)-4,5-ジフェニルイミダゾール二量体などの置換基を有してもよい2,4,5-トリアリールイミダゾール二量体;ベンゾフェノン、N,N’-テトラメチル-4,4’-ジアミノベンゾフェノン(ミヒラーケトン)、N,N’-テトラエチル-4,4’-ジアミノベンゾフェノン、4-メトキシ-4’-ジメチルアミノベンゾフェノン、4-クロロベンゾフェノン、4,4’-ジメトキシベンゾフェノン、4,4’-ジアミノベンゾフェノンなどのベンゾフェノン誘導体;2-ベンジル-2-ジメチルアミノ-1-(4-モルフォリノフェニル)-ブタノン-1、2-メチル-1-〔4-(メチルチオ)フェニル〕-2-モルフォリノ-プロパン-1-オンなどのα―アミノ芳香族ケトン誘導体;2-エチルアントラキノン、フェナントレンキノン、2-t-ブチルアントラキノン、オクタメチルアントラキノン、1,2-ベンズアントラキノン、2,3-ベンズアントラキノン、2-フェニルアントラキノン、2,3-ジフェニルアントラキノン、1-クロロアントラキノン、2-メチルアントラキノン、1,4-ナフトキノン、9,10-フェナンタラキノン、2-メチル-1,4-ナフトキノン、2,3-ジメチルアントラキノンなどのキノン類;ベンゾインメチルエーテル、ベンゾインエチルエーテル、ベンゾインフェニルエーテルなどのベンゾインエーテル誘導体;ベンゾイン、メチルベンゾイン、エチルベンゾイン、プロピルベンゾインなどのベンゾイン誘導体;ベンジルジメチルケタールなどのベンジル誘導体;9-フェニルアクリジン、1,7-ビス(9,9’-アクリジニル)ヘプタンなどのアクリジン誘導体;N-フェニルグリシンなどのN-フェニルグリシン誘導体;アセトフェノン、3-メチルアセトフェノン、アセトフェノンベンジルケタール、1-ヒドロキシシクロヘキシルフェニルケトン、2,2-ジメトキシ-2-フェニルアセトフェノンなどのアセトフェノン誘導体;チオキサントン、ジエチルチオキサントン、2-イソプロピルチオキサントン、2-クロロチオキサントンなどのチオキサントン誘導体;2,4,6-トリメチルベンゾイルジフェニルフォスフィンオキサイド、ビス(2,4,6-トリメチルベンゾイル)フェニルフォスフィンオキサイド、ビス-(2,6-ジメトキシベンゾイル)-2,4,4-トリメチルペンチルフォスフィンオキサイドなどのアシルフォスフィンオキサイド誘導体;1,2-オクタンジオン,1-[4-(フェニルチオ)-,2-(O-ベンゾイルオキシム)]、エタノン,1-[9-エチル-6-(2-メチルベンゾイル)-9H-カルバゾール-3-イル]-,1-(O-アセチルオキシム)などのオキシムエステル誘導体;キサントン、フルオレノン、ベンズアルデヒド、フルオレン、アントラキノン、トリフェニルアミン、カルバゾール、1-(4-イソプロピルフェニル)-2-ヒドロキシ-2-メチルプロパン-1-オン、2-ヒドロキシ-2-メチル-1-フェニルプロパン-1-オン
Irgacure 184、369、651、500、819、907、784、2959、CGI-1700、-1750、-1850、CG24-61、Darocur 1116、1173、Lucirin(登録商標) TPO、LR8893、LR8970(以上、BASF製)、ユベクリルP36(UCB製)
2,4,6-トリメチルベンゾイルジフェニルフォスフィンオキサイド、ビス(2,4,6-トリメチルベンゾイル)フェニルフォスフィンオキサイド、ビス(2,6-ジメトキシベンゾイル)-2,4,4-トリメチルペンチルフォスフィンオキサイドなどのアシルフォスフィンオキサイド化合物
本発明に係る一実施形態の硬化性組成物(A)は、上述した成分(a)及び成分(b)の他に、種々の目的に応じて、本発明の効果を損なわない範囲において、成分(c)として、非重合性化合物を更に含むことができる。このような成分(c)としては、(メタ)アクリロイル基などの重合性官能基を有さず、且つ、所定の波長の光を感知して、上述した重合因子(ラジカル)を発生させる能力を有していない化合物が挙げられる。非重合性化合物としては、例えば、増感剤、水素供与体、内添型離型剤、酸化防止剤、ポリマー成分、その他の添加剤などが挙げられる。成分(c)として、上述した化合物を複数種類含んでいてもよい。
アントラセン誘導体、アントラキノン誘導体、ピレン誘導体、ペリレン誘導体、カルバゾール誘導体、ベンゾフェノン誘導体、チオキサントン誘導体、キサントン誘導体、クマリン誘導体、フェノチアジン誘導体、カンファキノン誘導体、アクリジン系色素、チオピリリウム塩系色素、メロシアニン系色素、キノリン系色素、スチリルキノリン系色素、ケトクマリン系色素、チオキサンテン系色素、キサンテン系色素、オキソノール系色素、シアニン系色素、ローダミン系色素、ピリリウム塩系色素
n-ブチルアミン、ジ-n-ブチルアミン、トリ-n-ブチルホスフィン、アリルチオ尿素、s-ベンジルイソチウロニウム-p-トルエンスルフィネート、トリエチルアミン、ジエチルアミノエチルメタクリレート、トリエチレンテトラミン、4,4’-ビス(ジアルキルアミノ)ベンゾフェノン、N,N-ジメチルアミノ安息香酸エチルエステル、N,N-ジメチルアミノ安息香酸イソアミルエステル、ペンチル-4-ジメチルアミノベンゾエート、トリエタノールアミン、N-フェニルグリシンなどのアミン化合物、2-メルカプト-N-フェニルベンゾイミダゾール、メルカプトプロピオン酸エステルなどのメルカプト化合物
水素供与体は、1種類を単独で用いてもよいし、2種類以上を混合して用いてもよい。また、水素供与体は、増感剤としての機能を有していてもよい。
パーフルオロアルキル基を有するアルコールのポリアルキレンオキサイド(ポリエチレンオキサイド、ポリプロピレンオキサイドなど)付加物、パーフルオロポリエーテルのポリアルキレンオキサイド(ポリエチレンオキサイド、ポリプロピレンオキサイドなど)付加物
なお、フッ素系界面活性剤は、分子構造の一部(例えば、末端基)に、ヒドロキシル基、アルコキシ基、アルキル基、アミノ基、チオール基などを有していてもよい。例えば、ペンタデカエチレングリコールモノ1H,1H,2H,2H-パーフルオロオクチルエーテルなどが挙げられる。
メガファック(登録商標)F-444、TF-2066、TF-2067、TF-2068、略称DEO-15(以上、DIC製)、フロラードFC-430、FC-431(以上、住友スリーエム製)、サーフロン(登録商標)S-382(AGC製)、EFTOP EF-122A、122B、122C、EF-121、EF-126、EF-127、MF-100(以上、トーケムプロダクツ製)、PF-636、PF-6320、PF-656、PF-6520(以上、OMNOVA Solutions製)、ユニダイン(登録商標)DS-401、DS-403、DS-451(以上、ダイキン工業製)、フタージェント(登録商標)250、251、222F、208G(以上、ネオス製)
メチルアルコールエチレンオキサイド付加物、デシルアルコールエチレンオキサイド付加物、ラウリルアルコールエチレンオキサイド付加物、セチルアルコールエチレンオキサイド付加物、ステアリルアルコールエチレンオキサイド付加物、ステアリルアルコールエチレンオキサイド/プロピレンオキサイド付加物
なお、アルキルアルコールポリアルキレンオキサイド付加物の末端基は、単純に、アルキルアルコールにポリアルキレンオキサイドを付加して製造できるヒドロキシル基に限定されるものではない。かかるヒドロキシル基が、その他の置換基、例えば、カルボキシル基、アミノ基、ピリジル基、チオール基、シラノール基などの極性官能基やアルキル基、アルコキシ基などの疎水性官能基に置換されていてもよい。
ポリエチレングリコール、ポリプロピレングリコール、これらのモノ又はジメチルエーテル、モノまたはジオクチルエーテル、モノ又はジノニルエーテル、モノ又はジデシルエーテル、モノアジピン酸エステル、モノオレイン酸エステル、モノステアリン酸エステル、モノコハク酸エステル
青木油脂工業製のポリオキシエチレンメチルエーテル(メチルアルコールエチレンオキサイド付加物)(BLAUNON MP-400、MP-550、MP-1000)、青木油脂工業製のポリオキシエチレンデシルエーテル(デシルアルコールエチレンオキサイド付加物)(FINESURF D-1303、D-1305、D-1307、D-1310)、青木油脂工業製のポリオキシエチレンラウリルエーテル(ラウリルアルコールエチレンオキサイド付加物)(BLAUNON EL-1505)、青木油脂工業製のポリオキシエチレンセチルエーテル(セチルアルコールエチレンオキサイド付加物)(BLAUNON CH-305、CH-310)、青木油脂工業製のポリオキシエチレンステアリルエーテル(ステアリルアルコールエチレンオキサイド付加物)(BLAUNON SR-705、SR-707、SR-715、SR-720、SR-730、SR-750)、青木油脂工業製のランダム重合型ポリオキシエチレンポリオキシプロピレンステアリルエーテル(BLAUNON SA-50/50 1000R、SA-30/70 2000R)、BASF製のポリオキシエチレンメチルエーテル(Pluriol(登録商標)A760E)、花王製のポリオキシエチレンアルキルエーテル(エマルゲンシリーズ)
本発明に係る一実施形態の硬化性組成物は、成分(d)として、常圧下において、沸点が100℃以上250℃未満の溶剤を含む。成分(d)としては、成分(a)、成分(b)及び成分(c)が溶解する溶剤、例えば、アルコール系溶媒、ケトン系溶媒、エーテル系溶媒、エステル系溶媒、含窒素系溶媒などが挙げられる。成分(d)は、1種類を単独で、或いは、2種類以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。成分(d)の常圧下における沸点は、100℃以上とし、140℃以上であることが好ましく、150℃以上であることが特に好ましい。成分(d)の常圧下における沸点は、250℃未満とし、200℃未満であることが好ましい。成分(d)の常圧下における沸点が100℃未満であると、後述する待機工程における揮発速度が速すぎるため、硬化性組成物(A)の液滴同士が結合する前に成分(d)が揮発し、硬化性組成物(A)の液滴同士が結合しない可能性がある。また、成分(d)の常圧下における沸点が250℃以上であると、後述する待機工程において、成分(d)の揮発が不十分となり、硬化性組成物(A)の硬化物に成分(d)が残存する可能性がある。ここで、成分(d)は、1種類以上の溶剤を含む場合、1種類以上の溶剤のそれぞれの常圧下における沸点が、100℃以上250℃未満(例えば100℃以上200℃未満)であるとよい。
メタノール、エタノール、n-プロパノール、iso-プロパノール、n-ブタノール、iso-ブタノール、sec-ブタノール、tert-ブタノール、n-ペンタノール、iso-ペンタノール、2-メチルブタノール、sec-ペンタノール、tert-ペンタノール、3-メトキシブタノール、n-ヘキサノール、2-メチルペンタノール、sec-ヘキサノール、2-エチルブタノール、sec-ヘプタノール、3-ヘプタノール、n-オクタノール、2-エチルヘキサノール、sec-オクタノール、n-ノニルアルコール、2,6-ジメチルヘプタノール-4、n-デカノール、sec-ウンデシルアルコール、トリメチルノニルアルコール、sec-テトラデシルアルコール、sec-ヘプタデシルアルコール、フェノール、シクロヘキサノール、メチルシクロヘキサノール、3,3,5-トリメチルシクロヘキサノール、ベンジルアルコール、フェニルメチルカルビノール、ジアセトンアルコール、クレゾールなどのモノアルコール系溶媒、エチレングリコール、1,2-プロピレングリコール、1,3-ブチレングリコール、2,4-ペンタンジオール、2-メチル-2,4-ペンタンジオール、2,5-ヘキサンジオール、2,4-ヘプタンジオール、2-エチル-1,3-ヘキサンジオール、ジエチレングリコール、ジプロピレングリコール、トリエチレングリコール、トリプロピレングリコール、グリセリンなどの多価アルコール系溶媒
アセトン、メチルエチルケトン、メチル-n-プロピルケトン、メチル-n-ブチルケトン、ジエチルケトン、メチル-iso-ブチルケトン、メチル-n-ペンチルケトン、エチル-n-ブチルケトン、メチル-n-ヘキシルケトン、ジ-iso-ブチルケトン、トリメチルノナノン、シクロヘキサノン、メチルシクロヘキサノン、2,4-ペンタンジオン、アセトニルアセトン、ジアセトンアルコール、アセトフェノン、フェンチョン
エチルエーテル、iso-プロピルエーテル、n-ブチルエーテル、n-ヘキシルエーテル、2-エチルヘキシルエーテル、エチレンオキシド、1,2-プロピレンオキシド、ジオキソラン、4-メチルジオキソラン、ジオキサン、ジメチルジオキサン、2-メトキシエタノール、2-エトキシエタノール、エチレングリコールジエチルエーテル、2-n-ブトキシエタノール、2-n-ヘキソキシエタノール、2-フェノキシエタノール、2-(2-エチルブトキシ)エタノール、エチレングリコールジブチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールモノエチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールジエチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールモノ-n-ブチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールジ-n-ブチルエーテル、ジエチレングリコールモノ-n-ヘキシルエーテル、エトキシトリグリコール、テトラエチレングリコールジ-n-ブチルエーテル、1-n-ブトキシ-2-プロパノール、1-フェノキシ-2-プロパノール、プロピレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、プロピレングリコールモノエチルエーテル、プロピレングリコールモノプロピルエーテル、ジプロピレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、ジプロピレングリコールモノエチルエーテル、ジプロピレングリコールモノプロピルエーテル、トリプロピレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、テトラヒドロフラン、2-メチルテトラヒドロフラン
ジエチルカーボネート、酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、酢酸アミルγ-ブチロラクトン、γ-バレロラクトン、酢酸n-プロピル、酢酸iso-プロピル、酢酸n-ブチル、酢酸iso-ブチル、酢酸sec-ブチル、酢酸n-ペンチル、酢酸sec-ペンチル、酢酸3-メトキシブチル、酢酸メチルペンチル、酢酸2-エチルブチル、酢酸2-エチルヘキシル、酢酸ベンジル、酢酸シクロヘキシル、酢酸メチルシクロヘキシル、酢酸n-ノニル、アセト酢酸メチル、アセト酢酸エチル、酢酸エチレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、酢酸エチレングリコールモノエチルエーテル、酢酸ジエチレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、酢酸ジエチレングリコールモノエチルエーテル、酢酸ジエチレングリコールモノ-n-ブチルエーテル、酢酸プロピレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、酢酸プロピレングリコールモノエチルエーテル、酢酸プロピレングリコールモノプロピルエーテル、酢酸プロピレングリコールモノブチルエーテル、酢酸ジプロピレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、酢酸ジプロピレングリコールモノエチルエーテル、ジ酢酸グリコール、酢酸メトキシトリグリコール、プロピオン酸エチル、プロピオン酸n-ブチル、プロピオン酸iso-アミル、シュウ酸ジエチル、シュウ酸ジ-n-ブチル、乳酸メチル、乳酸エチル、乳酸n-ブチル、乳酸n-アミル、マロン酸ジエチル、フタル酸ジメチル、フタル酸ジエチル
N-メチルホルムアミド、N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド、N,N-ジエチルホルムアミド、アセトアミド、N-メチルアセトアミド、N,N-ジメチルアセトアミド、N-メチルプロピオンアミド、N-メチルピロリドン
また、更に好ましいものとして、以下のものが挙げられる。
プロピレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、プロピレングリコールモノエチルエーテル、プロピレングリコールモノプロピルエーテル、酢酸プロピレングリコールモノメチルエーテル、酢酸プロピレングリコールモノエチルエーテル、酢酸プロピレングリコールモノプロピルエーテル
さらに、特に好ましいものとして、酢酸プロピレングリコールモノメチルエーテルが挙げられる。なお、エチル)イソシアヌレートジ(メタ)アクリレートなども挙げられる。
シクロヘキシルアクリレート(198℃)、ベンジルアクリレート(229℃)、イソボルニルアクリレート(245℃)、テトラヒドロフルフリルアクリレート(202℃)、トリメチルシクロヘキシルアクリレート(232℃)、イソオクチルアクリレート(217℃)、n-オクチルアクリレート(228℃)、エトキシエトキシエチルアクリレート(沸点230℃)、ジビニルベンゼン(193℃)、1,3-ジイソプロペニルベンゼン(218℃)、スチレン(145℃)、α―メチルスチレン(165℃)
一実施形態の硬化性組成物(A)を調製する際には、少なくとも、成分(a)、成分(b)、成分(d)を所定の温度条件下で混合・溶解させる。所定の温度条件は、具体的には、0℃以上100℃以下の範囲とする。なお、硬化性組成物(A)が成分(c)を含む場合も同様である。
一実施形態の硬化性組成物(A)は、液体とする。これは、後述する配置工程において、硬化性組成物(A)の液滴をインクジェット法により基板上に離散的に滴下するためである。一実施形態の硬化性組成物(A)の粘度は、23℃において、1.3mPa・s以上60mPa・s以下とし、2mPa・s以上30mPa・s以下であることが好ましく、5mPa・s以上15mPa・s以下であることが更に好ましい。硬化性組成物(A)の粘度が2mPa・s未満であると、インクジェット法による液滴の吐出性が不安定になる。また、硬化性組成物(A)の粘度が60mPa・sよりも大きいと、一実施形態において好ましい1.0~3.0pL程度の体積の液滴を形成することができない。
本発明に係る一実施形態の硬化性組成物(A)から溶剤(d)が揮発した後の状態の表面張力γ1に関しては、23℃での表面張力において5mN/m以上70mN/m以下であることが好ましい。また、溶剤(成分(d))を除く成分の組成物について、23℃での表面張力が、7mN/m以上50mN/m以下であることがより好ましく、10mN/m以上40mN/m以下であることが更に好ましい。なお、表面張力が高いほど、例えば、5mN/m以上であると、毛細管力が強く働くため、硬化性組成物(A)と型とを接触させた際に、充填(スプレッド及びフィル)が短時間で完了する。また、表面張力を70mN/m以下にすることによって、硬化性組成物を硬化させて得られる硬化膜が、表面平滑性を有する硬化膜となる。
本発明に係る一実施形態の硬化性組成物(A)の接触角に関しては、溶剤(成分(d))を除く成分の組成物について、基板の表面及び型の表面の双方に対して0°以上90°以下であることが好ましく、0°以上10°以下であることが特に好ましい。接触角が90°よりも大きいと、型のパターンの内部や基板と型との間隙において、毛細管力が負の方向(型と硬化性組成物との接触界面を収縮させる方向)に働き、硬化性組成物(A)が型に充填しない可能性がある。接触角が小さいほど、毛細管力が強く働くため、充填速度が速くなる。
本発明に係る一実施形態の硬化性組成物(A)は、可能な限り、不純物を含まないことが好ましい。なお、不純物とは、上述した成分(a)、成分(b)、成分(c)及び成分(d)以外のものを意味する。従って、本発明に係る一実施形態の硬化性組成物(A)は、精製工程を経て得られたものであることが好ましい。このような精製工程としては、フィルタを用いた濾過などが好ましい。
ガラス転移温度が離型時の温度よりも十分に高いと、離型時の硬化物が強固なガラス状態、つまり高い機械強度を示す。このため、離型の衝撃によるパターンの倒れや破壊が生じにくい。従って、離型工程を室温で実施する場合、硬化物のガラス転移温度は70℃以上が好ましく、より好ましくは100℃以上、特に好ましくは150℃以上であればよい。
本明細書では、硬化性組成物(A)の液滴が離散的に滴下される部材は、基板として説明される。
図1[1]~図1[7]を参照して、一実施形態の膜形成方法について説明する。本実施形態の膜形成方法は、光インプリント法を利用して、型と基板との間の空間に硬化性組成物の膜を形成する。但し、硬化性組成物は、その他のエネルギー(例えば、熱、電磁波)によって硬化されてもよい。本実施形態の膜形成方法は、パターンを有する膜を形成する方法、即ち、パターン形成方法として実施されてもよいし、パターンを有しない膜(例えば、平坦化膜)を形成する方法、即ち、平坦化膜形成方法として実施されてもよい。
配置工程では、図1[1]に模式的に示されるように、基板上に硬化性組成物(A)の液滴が離散的に配置される。配置工程では、1.0pL以上の体積を有する硬化性組成物(A)の液滴が80個/mm2以上の密度で配置されうる。基板としては、下地層が積層されている基板を用いてもよい。また、基板の表面は、シランカップリング処理、シラザン処理、有機薄膜の成膜などの表面処理によって、硬化性組成物(A)との密着性が向上されていてもよい。
本発明に係る一実施形態においては、配置工程の後、接触工程の前の間に、待機工程を設けている。ここで、1回のパターン形成で滴下される硬化性組成物(A)の液滴の総体積を、1回のパターン形成でパターンが形成される領域(パターン形成領域)の全面積で除した値を平均初期液膜厚と定義する。待機工程において、硬化性組成物(A)の液滴は、図1[2]に模式的に示されるように、基板の上で拡がる。これにより、基板のパターン形成領域は、全域にわたって、硬化性組成物(A)に被覆される。一実施形態においては、溶剤(d)が除かれた状態の硬化性組成物の表面張力をγ1(mN/m)、溶剤(d)の表面張力をγ2(mN/m)としたとき、γ1がγ2よりも大きいように硬化性組成物が構成される。具体的には、γ1がγ2よりも大きいように溶剤(d)が選択される。このように溶剤(d)を選択すると、滴下した液滴が大きく拡がる(即ち、滴下した液滴の拡がり速度が増加する)。その要因について以下で説明する。
また、一般に、滴下された液滴が次第に拡がった後、静止接触角で液滴の拡がりが停止するが、液滴端部における基板との接触角が静止接触角とかけ離れていたほうが拡がり速度が大きい。
また、一実施形態では、液滴の半径に比べて、硬化膜の厚みが非常に薄く、半径方向の濃度拡散は厚み方向の濃度拡散に比べて非常に遅い。
接触工程では、図1[5]に模式的に示されるように、溶剤(d)が除去された硬化性組成物(A)の実質的に連続的な液膜とモールドとを接触させる。接触工程は、硬化性組成物(A)とモールドとが接触していない状態から両者が接触した状態に変更する工程と、両者が接触した状態を維持する工程とを含む。これにより、モールドが表面に有する微細なパターンの凹部に硬化性組成物(A)の液体が充填(フィル)され、かかる液体は、モールドの微細なパターンに充填(フィル)された液膜となる。
硬化工程では、図1[6]に模式的に示されるように、硬化用エネルギーとしての照射光を硬化性組成物(A)に照射することによって、硬化性組成物(A)を硬化させて硬化膜を形成する。硬化工程では、例えば、硬化性組成物(A)に対して、モールドを介して照射光が照射される。より詳細には、モールドの微細なパターンに充填された硬化性組成物(A)に対して、モールドを介して照射光が照射される。これにより、モールドの微細なパターンに充填された硬化性組成物(A)が硬化して、パターンを有する硬化膜となる。
離型工程では、図1[7]に模式的に示されるように、硬化膜からモールドが引き離される。パターンを有する硬化膜とモールドとを引き離すことで、モールドの微細なパターンを反転させたパターンを有する硬化膜が自立した状態で得られる。ここで、パターンを有する硬化膜の凹部にも硬化膜が残存する。かかる膜は、残膜と呼ばれる。
上述した配置工程から離型工程を、この順で有する一連の工程(製造プロセス)によって、所望の凹凸パターン形状(モールドの凹凸形状に倣ったパターン形状)を、所望の位置に有する硬化膜を得ることができる。
以下、本発明に係る一実施形態の膜形成方法が平坦化膜形成方法に適用された例について説明する。平坦化膜形成方法は、例えば、配置工程と、待機工程と、接触工程と、硬化工程と、離型工程とを含む。配置工程は、基板上に硬化性組成物(A)の液滴を配置する工程である。待機工程は、硬化性組成物(A)の液滴同士が結合し、且つ、溶剤(d)が揮発するまで待機する工程である。接触工程は、硬化性組成物(A)と型とを接触させる工程である。硬化工程は、硬化性組成物(A)を硬化させる工程である。離型工程は、硬化性組成物(A)の硬化膜から型を引き離す工程である。平坦化膜形成方法では、基板としては、高低差が10~1,000nm程度の凹凸を有する基板が用いられ、型としては、平坦面を有する型が用いられ、接触工程、硬化工程及び離型工程を経て、型の平坦面に倣った面を有する硬化膜が形成される。配置工程においては、基板の凹部には、硬化性組成物(A)の液滴が密に配置され、基板の凸部には、硬化性組成物(A)が疎に配置される。待機工程は、配置工程の後に実施され、接触工程は、待機工程の後に実施され、硬化工程は、接触工程の後に実施され、離型工程は、硬化工程の後に実施される。
本実施形態の物品製造方法は、上記の膜形成方法を用いて基板上に硬化性組成物の膜を形成する形成工程と、形成工程で硬化性組成物の膜が形成された基板を加工する加工工程と、加工工程で加工された基板から物品を製造する製造工程と、を含む。膜形成方法は、前述したように、パターン形成方法、或いは平坦化膜形成方法でありうる。
上述した実施形態を補足するために、より具体的な実施例について説明する。
本実施例1では、γ1をγ2よりも大きくすると、滴下した液滴が大きく広がること(即ち、液滴の拡がり速度が増加すること)、および、溶剤の揮発が早くなることを、数値計算を用いて示す。なお、前述したように、γ1は、溶剤(d)が除かれた状態の硬化性組成物の23℃における表面張力であり、γ2は、溶剤(d)の23℃での表面張力である。
Δγ:=γ1-γ2 式(3)
Δr:=r-r0 式(4)
Rt:=t/t0 式(5)
本実施例2では、γ1をγ2よりも大きくすると、より薄い硬化膜が作成可能であることを、数値計算を用いて示す。
以下の表3に従って、重合性化合物(a)単官能、重合性化合物(a)多官能、光重合開始剤(b)及び溶剤(d)を、合計100重量%となるように硬化性組成物(A)を混合した。表4における略称、単体の各種物性値を表4、表5に示す。硬化性組成物(A)と溶剤(d)を用いずに混合した硬化性組成物(A)との23℃における粘度を測定した。また、上述の方法を経て溶剤(d)を除去した状態(溶剤除去時)での重合性化合物(a){単官能化合物及び多官能化合物の合計}のOPを算出した。更に、硬化性組成物の硬化後のガラス転移温度を測定した。以上の結果を表6に示す。また、表3で使用した光重合開始剤の詳細を以下に示す。
『光重合開始剤(b)』
Omnirad819:フェニルビス(2,4,6-トリメチルベンゾイル)ホスフィンオキシド(IGM Resin製)
『界面活性剤』
S1:メガファックF-444(DIC(株)製)
S2:アデカプルロニック(登録商標)L-44(ADEKA製)
インクジェット吐出評価は、市販の産業用マテリアルプリンターDMP-2850(富士フイルム製)を用いた。表3で得られた実施例3~22、及び、比較例1~6をそれぞれ1pLカートリッジに充填した。そして、吐出している様子を内蔵の吐出観察カメラで観察し、以下の判定基準で評価した。
(評価基準)
AAA:11m/sec以上の飛翔速度で、ヨレがまったく認められなかった。
AA :11m/sec以上の飛翔速度で、実用上影響がないレベルの極わずかなヨレが認められた。
A :10m/sec以上の飛翔速度で、実用上影響がないレベルの極わずかなヨレが認められた。
B :吐出されなかった。
溶剤(d)が揮発する前の液膜の厚さが80nmとなる条件で、実施例3~22、及び、比較例1~6の硬化性組成物(A)をシリコン基板上に離散的に滴下(配置)した。そして、実質的に連続的な液膜を形成されるまでの時間を計測し、以下の判定基準で評価した。
(評価基準)
AAA:100秒未満の時間内に連続的な液膜になった。
AA :100秒以上200秒未満の時間内に連続的な液膜になった。
A :200秒以上300秒未満の時間内に連続的な液膜になった。
B :300秒経過しても連続的な液膜にならなかった。
実施例3~22、及び、比較例1~6の硬化性組成物(A)に対し、深さ50nm、幅20nmのライン・アンド・スペース(L/S)パターンが全領域に形成された石英製モールドを用いて配置工程、待機工程、接触工程、硬化工程、離型工程を実施した。そして、これらの工程を経て得られたパターンを観察し、以下の判定基準で評価した。
(評価基準)
AAA:パターン形成領域のうち0.5%未満の領域にパターン倒れが観察された。
AA :パターン形成領域のうち1%未満の領域にパターン倒れが観察された。
A :パターン形成領域のうち10%未満の領域にパターン倒れが観察された。
B :パターン形成領域のうち10%以上の領域にパターン倒れが観察された。
実施例3~18、及び、比較例1~6で得られた硬化膜をドライエッチング装置内で酸素プラズマに暴露した。また、実施例19~22で得られた硬化膜をドライエッチング装置内でCF4プラズマに暴露した。そして、各実施例で残存した膜の重量変化を測定し、以下の判定基準で評価した。
(評価基準)
AAA:残存した硬化膜の重量がエッチング前の46%以上だった。
AA :残存した硬化膜の重量がエッチング前の42%以上だった。
A :残存した硬化膜の重量がエッチング前の38%以上だった。
B :残存した硬化膜の重量がエッチング前の38%未満だった。
Claims (31)
- 重合性化合物(a)と光重合開始剤(b)と溶剤(d)とを少なくとも含む硬化性組成物であって、
前記硬化性組成物の23℃における粘度が1.3mPa・s以上60mPa・s以下であり、
前記硬化性組成物の全体に対する前記溶剤(d)の含有量が5体積%より大きく95体積%以下であり、
前記溶剤(d)の沸点が250℃未満であり、
前記溶剤(d)が除かれた状態の前記硬化性組成物の23℃における表面張力をγ1(mN/m)、前記溶剤(d)の23℃における表面張力をγ2(mN/m)としたとき、γ1がγ2よりも大きい、
ことを特徴とする硬化性組成物。 - Δγ=γ1-γ2>0.1(mN/m)である、ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の硬化性組成物。
- Δγ=γ1-γ2>1(mN/m)である、ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の硬化性組成物。
- 前記溶剤(d)が除かれた状態の前記硬化性組成物は、23℃において、30mPa・s以上10,000mPa・s以下の粘度を有する、ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の硬化性組成物。
- 前記溶剤(d)は、1種類以上の溶剤を含み、前記1種類以上の溶剤のそれぞれの常圧下における沸点は、100℃以上250℃未満である、ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の硬化性組成物。
- 前記溶剤(d)は、常圧下における沸点が100℃以上250℃未満の重合性化合物を含む、ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の硬化性組成物。
- 前記溶剤(d)は、1種類以上の溶剤を含み、前記1種類以上の溶剤のそれぞれの常圧下における沸点は、100℃以上200℃未満である、ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の硬化性組成物。
- 前記硬化性組成物の全体に対する前記溶剤(d)の含有量は、50体積%以上85体積%以下である、ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の硬化性組成物。
- 前記重合性化合物(a)における多官能重合性化合物の比率が、20重量%以上を占める、ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の硬化性組成物。
- 前記重合性化合物(a)は、1種類以上の重合性化合物を含み、前記1種類以上の重合性化合物のそれぞれの常圧下における沸点は、250℃以上である、ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の硬化性組成物。
- 前記重合性化合物(a)は、1種類以上の重合性化合物を含み、前記1種類以上の重合性化合物のそれぞれの分子量は、200以上である、ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の硬化性組成物。
- 前記重合性化合物(a)として、重合性官能基を有するポリマーを少なくとも含む、ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の硬化性組成物。
- 前記溶剤(d)が除かれた状態の前記重合性化合物(a)を硬化させることで得られる硬化物のガラス転移温度が70℃以上である、ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の硬化性組成物。
- 前記重合性化合物(a)は、1種類以上の重合性化合物を含み、前記1種類以上の重合性化合物のそれぞれの80℃における蒸気圧は、0.001mmHg以下である、ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の硬化性組成物。
- 前記重合性化合物(a)として、芳香族構造、芳香族複素環構造又は脂環式構造を有する化合物(a-1)を少なくとも含む、ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の硬化性組成物。
- 前記重合性化合物(a)は、1種類以上の重合性化合物を含み、
前記重合性化合物(a)のオオニシパラメータ(OP)は、1.80以上4.00以下であるとともに、前記1種類以上の重合性化合物のそれぞれの分子のN/(NC-NO)値のモル分率加重平均値であり、Nは分子中の全原子数であり、NCは前記分子中の炭素原子数であり、NOは前記分子中の酸素原子数である、ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の硬化性組成物。 - 前記重合性化合物(a)として、Si原子を少なくとも含む化合物(a-2)を少なくとも含む、ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の硬化性組成物。
- 前記Si原子を少なくとも含む化合物(a-2)として、シルセスキオキサン骨格または環状シロキサン化合物を有する重合性化合物を少なくとも含む、ことを特徴とする請求項17に記載の硬化性組成物。
- 前記溶剤(d)が除かれた状態の前記硬化性組成物は、10重量%以上のSi原子を含む、ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の硬化性組成物。
- 前記硬化性組成物は、インクジェット用の硬化性組成物である、ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の硬化性組成物。
- 前記硬化性組成物に対する二酸化炭素の溶解度係数が0.5kg/m3・atm以上10kg/m3・atm以下である、ことを特徴とする請求項1に記載の硬化性組成物。
- 型と基板との間の空間に硬化性組成物の膜を形成する膜形成方法であって、
前記基板上に、請求項1乃至21のうちいずれか1項に記載の硬化性組成物の複数の液滴を離散的に配置する配置工程と、
前記基板上に離散的に配置された前記複数の液滴が隣接する液滴と結合して前記基板上で連続的な液膜を形成するように待機する待機工程と、
前記待機工程の後、前記型と前記基板上の前記液膜とを接触させる接触工程と、
を有することを特徴とする膜形成方法。 - 前記待機工程では、前記液膜に含まれる溶剤が揮発して、前記溶剤の含有量が前記液膜の全体に対して10体積%以下になるまで待機する、ことを特徴とする請求項22に記載の膜形成方法。
- 前記待機工程では、30℃以上200℃以下、且つ、10秒以上600秒以下の条件で前記基板を加熱する、ことを特徴とする請求項22に記載の膜形成方法。
- 前記配置工程では、前記基板上に、1.0pL以上の体積を有する前記硬化性組成物の液滴を、80個/mm2以上の密度で配置する、ことを特徴とする請求項22に記載の膜形成方法。
- 前記待機工程後に残存する前記硬化性組成物の体積を膜形成領域の面積で除した値である平均残存液膜厚が20nm以下である、ことを特徴とする請求項22に記載の膜形成方法。
- 前記型は、パターンを含み、
前記接触工程では、前記型の前記パターンと前記基板上の前記液膜とを接触させ、
前記膜形成方法は、前記接触工程の後、前記液膜を硬化させ、前記型の前記パターンに対応するパターンを有する硬化膜を形成する硬化工程を更に有する、
ことを特徴とする請求項22に記載の膜形成方法。 - 前記型は、平坦面を含み、
前記接触工程では、前記型の前記平坦面と前記基板上の前記液膜とを接触させ、
前記膜形成方法は、前記接触工程の後、前記液膜を硬化させ、前記型の前記平坦面に倣った面を有する硬化膜を形成する硬化工程を更に有する、
ことを特徴とする請求項22に記載の膜形成方法。 - 前記配置工程では、インクジェット法を用いて、前記基板上に前記複数の液滴を離散的に配置する、ことを特徴とする請求項22に記載の膜形成方法。
- 前記接触工程において、前記基板と前記型との間の空間を満たす気体が、モル比率で10%以上の二酸化炭素を含む、ことを特徴とする請求項22に記載の膜形成方法。
- 請求項22に記載の膜形成方法を用いて、基板上に硬化性組成物の膜を形成する形成工程と、
前記形成工程で前記膜が形成された前記基板を加工する加工工程と、
前記加工工程で加工された前記基板から物品を製造する製造工程と、
を含むことを特徴とする物品製造方法。
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