WO2024195653A1 - アミド化合物の製造方法 - Google Patents
アミド化合物の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024195653A1 WO2024195653A1 PCT/JP2024/009781 JP2024009781W WO2024195653A1 WO 2024195653 A1 WO2024195653 A1 WO 2024195653A1 JP 2024009781 W JP2024009781 W JP 2024009781W WO 2024195653 A1 WO2024195653 A1 WO 2024195653A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P13/00—Preparation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds
- C12P13/02—Amides, e.g. chloramphenicol or polyamides; Imides or polyimides; Urethanes, i.e. compounds comprising N-C=O structural element or polyurethanes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Y—ENZYMES
- C12Y402/00—Carbon-oxygen lyases (4.2)
- C12Y402/01—Hydro-lyases (4.2.1)
- C12Y402/01084—Nitrile hydratase (4.2.1.84)
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing an amide compound from a nitrile compound using a biocatalyst having nitrile hydratase activity.
- Patent Document 5 discloses a difference between a cooling water temperature and a reaction temperature for efficiently removing the heat of reaction, and shows a method for producing an amide compound at low cost by reducing energy costs.
- Patent Document 6 discloses stirring power and Froude number that can efficiently mix the reaction liquid while preventing volatilization of acrylonitrile during the reaction, and shows a method for producing an amide compound from a nitrile-free compound at low cost.
- the main objective of the present invention is to provide a method for producing an aqueous solution of an amide compound that has low foaming properties.
- a method for producing an amide compound by subjecting a nitrile compound to a hydration reaction in the presence of a biocatalyst having nitrile hydratase activity comprising the steps of: The method for producing an amide compound, further comprising increasing the pH of the reaction solution during the hydration reaction.
- the method for producing an amide compound according to [1] wherein the pH of the reaction solution is increased during the reaction to a level higher than the pH at the start of the reaction.
- the pH of the reaction solution is increased during the hydration reaction, which makes it possible to suppress foaming of the resulting reaction solution, i.e., the aqueous solution of the amide compound, and thus makes it easier to handle the reaction solution.
- a numerical range expressed as "to” means a numerical range including the numerical values before and after “to” as the lower and upper limits.
- the numerical ranges of the contents, various physical property values, and property values disclosed in this specification can be arbitrarily combined with the lower and upper limits to form new numerical ranges.
- the method for producing an amide compound according to the embodiment is a method for producing an amide compound by hydrating a nitrile compound in the presence of a biocatalyst having nitrile hydratase activity.
- the pH of the reaction solution is increased during the hydration reaction.
- nitrile hydratase refers to an enzyme capable of hydrolyzing a nitrile compound to produce a corresponding amide compound.
- the biocatalyst having nitrile hydratase activity may be a nitrile hydratase protein itself, or may be an animal cell, a plant cell, a cell organelle, or a microbial cell containing nitrile hydratase, or a processed product thereof.
- Examples of the processed material include disrupted animal cells, plant cells, cell organelles, or microbial cells, or enzymes extracted from microbial cells (raw enzymes or purified enzymes); animal cells, plant cells, cell organelles, microbial cells, or enzymes themselves immobilized on a carrier; and the like.
- the treated material also includes animal cells, plant cells, cell organelles, or microbial cells that have lost their proliferation ability through drug treatment. Microorganism cells that have lost their proliferation ability through drug treatment are sometimes called "killed cells.”
- Immobilization methods include the entrapment method, cross-linking method, and carrier binding method.
- the entrapment method is a method in which the enzyme is coated with a polymer film.
- the cross-linking method is a method in which the enzyme is cross-linked with a reagent that has two or more functional groups, i.e., a multifunctional cross-linking agent.
- the carrier binding method is a method in which the enzyme is bound to a water-insoluble carrier.
- Carriers used for immobilization include, for example, glass beads, silica gel, polyurethane, polyacrylamide, polyvinyl alcohol, carrageenan, alginic acid, agar, and gelatin.
- microorganisms include those with nitrile hydratase activity, such as the genera Rhodococcus, Gordona, Pseudomonas, Pseudonocardia, Geobacillus, Bacillus, Bacteridium, Micrococcus, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Nocardia, Microbacterium, Fuza, and others.
- nitrile hydratase activity such as the genera Rhodococcus, Gordona, Pseudomonas, Pseudonocardia, Geobacillus, Bacillus, Bacteridium, Micrococcus, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Nocardia, Microbacterium, Fuza, and others.
- microorganisms that may be useful include those belonging to the genera Fusarium, Agrobacterium, Acinetobacter, Xanthobacter, Streptomyces, Rhizobium, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Pantoea, Candida
- Rhodococcus rhodochrous J-1 strain described in JP-B-06-55148 was deposited on September 18, 1987 under the accession number "FERM BP-1478" at the National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Patent Organism Deposit Center (1-1-1 Central 6, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan (hereinafter the same in this specification)).
- Rhodococcus rhodochrous NCIMB41164 strain described in WO 2005/054456 has been deposited on March 5, 2003 at the National Collection of Industrial, Food and Marine Bacteria, Ltd. (NCIMB) (NCIMB Ltd Ferguson Building Craibstone Estate Buksburn Aberdeen AB21 9YA) under the accession number NCIMB41164.
- NCIMB National Collection of Industrial, Food and Marine Bacteria, Ltd.
- one type having desirable characteristics selected from the above microorganisms can be used alone, or two or more types can be used in combination.
- nitrile hydratase can be introduced and expressed in microbial cells by standard molecular biology techniques. For these molecular techniques, see Sambrook, Fritsch and Maniatis, "Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual," 2nd Edition (1989), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. In other words, in this embodiment, an enzyme obtained by expressing a nucleic acid encoding a natural nitrile hydratase (wild type) or a mutant (improved type) thereof in microbial cells can also be used.
- one type selected from the above enzymes can be used alone, or two or more types can be used in combination.
- accession number of wild-type nitrile hydratase is published in NCBI databases such as GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/).
- accession number of the ⁇ subunit derived from Rhodococcus rhodochrous J1 is "P21219”
- the accession number of the ⁇ subunit is "P21220”
- the accession number of the ⁇ subunit derived from Rhodococcus rhodochrous M8 (SU1731814) is "ATT79340”
- accession number of the ⁇ subunit is "AAT79339”.
- accession number of the ⁇ subunit derived from Pseudomonas thermophila JCM3095 is “1IREA”
- accession number of the ⁇ subunit is "1IREB”.
- transformants into which a wild-type nitrile hydratase gene has been introduced include, but are not limited to, Escherichia coli MT10770 (FERM P-14756) transformed with nitrile hydratase from the genus Achromobacter (JP Patent Publication No. 8-266277), Escherichia coli MT10822 (FERM BP-5785) transformed with nitrile hydratase from the genus Pseudonocardia (JP Patent Publication No. 9-275978), or a microorganism transformed with nitrile hydratase from the species Rhodococcus rhodochrous (JP Patent Publication No. 4-211379).
- Improved (mutated) nitrile hydratases in which amino acid substitutions have been made in wild-type nitrile hydratases are known (JP 2010-172295 A, JP 2007-143409 A, JP 2007-043910 A, JP 2008-253182 A, JP 2019-088326 A, JP 2019-088327 A, WO 2005/116206 A, WO 2012/164933 A, WO 2012/169203 A, WO 2015/186298 A, etc.).
- a microorganism into which such an improved nitrile hydratase has been introduced can also be used.
- microorganisms having nitrile hydratase activity or processed products thereof can be used for amide synthesis reaction immediately after preparation of the bacterial cells, or can be stored after preparation of the bacterial cells and used for amide synthesis reaction as necessary.
- the method of culturing the microorganism for preparing the bacterial cells can be appropriately selected depending on the type of the microorganism. Seed culture may be performed before main culture.
- the cells of the microorganism having nitrile hydratase activity or a processed product thereof can be used for a batch reaction or a continuous reaction.
- the reaction system can be appropriately selected from a fluidized bed, a fixed bed, a suspension bed, etc. In this case, the temperature of the biocatalyst in the reaction liquid is not particularly limited as long as it does not interfere with the mixing of the aqueous medium and the nitrile compound.
- the nitrile compound used as a raw material in the production method of this embodiment is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound that can be converted to an amide compound by a biocatalyst having nitrile hydratase activity.
- examples include aliphatic saturated nitriles such as acetonitrile, propionitrile, succinonitrile, and adiponitrile, aliphatic unsaturated nitriles such as acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile, aromatic nitriles such as benzonitrile and phthalodinitrile, and heterocyclic nitriles such as nicotinonitrile.
- the nitrile compound in this embodiment is preferably a nitrile compound having 2 to 4 carbon atoms such as acetonitrile, propionitrile, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, n-butyronitrile, and isobutyronitrile, and the nitrile compounds that this embodiment is particularly effective for are acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, and acetonitrile.
- Raw Water The water used as a raw material (raw water) is used in the hydration reaction with acrylonitrile when producing acrylamide.
- water include pure water; aqueous solutions of acids, salts, etc. dissolved in water; and the like.
- acids include phosphoric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, boric acid, acrylic acid, formic acid, etc.
- salts include sodium salts, potassium salts, ammonium salts, etc. of the above acids.
- Specific examples of water include, but are not limited to, water such as pure water, ultrapure water, and city water; and buffer solutions such as Tris buffer, phosphate buffer, acetate buffer, citrate buffer, and borate buffer.
- the pH of the raw water at 20° C. is preferably 5 to 9.
- the method for producing an amide compound from a nitrile compound using a biocatalyst having nitrile hydratase activity can be any of the following reactions (i) to (iii): (i) A method in which the reaction raw materials including the biocatalyst, acrylonitrile, and raw water are all charged into a reactor at once and then reacted (batch reaction) (ii) A method in which a portion of the reaction raw materials is charged into a reactor, and then the remaining reaction raw materials are continuously or intermittently supplied to the reactor to carry out the reaction (semi-batch reaction) (iii) A method of continuously producing acrylamide by continuously or intermittently feeding the raw materials and continuously or intermittently removing the reaction mixture containing the raw materials and the produced acrylamide without withdrawing the entire amount of the reaction mixture in the reactor (continuous reaction).
- the type of reactor is not particularly limited, and various types of reactors can be used, such as stirred type, fixed bed type, fluidized bed type, moving bed type, tower type, and tubular type. Among these, stirred type reactors are preferred because they can promote dispersion and mixing of the raw materials. Reactors of different types can also be combined and linked.
- the apparatus used in the multi-tank continuous reaction is equipped with two or more reaction vessels connected in series, and produces an amide compound from a nitrile compound and water by a continuous reaction using a biocatalyst in each reactor. More specifically, in the continuous reaction apparatus, the raw materials to be reacted are first added to the most upstream reactor and the reaction vessel connected to it to start the reaction, and the reaction liquid is moved successively to the reaction vessels located downstream to allow the reaction to proceed. Then, the reaction liquid containing the amide compound produced from the most downstream reaction vessel, i.e., the desired aqueous amide compound solution, can be recovered. The biocatalyst can be separated from the recovered reaction liquid and fed back to the reaction vessels.
- the number of reactors is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected depending on the reaction conditions, etc. For example, 2 to 20 reactors are preferable, 2 to 12 reactors are more preferable, and 2 to 10 reactors are even more preferable. Some reactors may be connected in parallel as necessary. Each reactor may be independent, or a large reactor may be divided into multiple reactors by partitions. In the case of a reactor divided by partitions, each space divided by the partitions is considered to be one reactor.
- the tank for supplying the nitrile compound, biocatalyst, raw water, other auxiliary agents, etc. is not limited to the most upstream tank, but may be one tank or two or more tanks.
- the latter (downstream) tanks are used for reaction cut-off and maturation, and the reaction liquid containing the product can be extracted from the most downstream tank (final tank) or a tank located upstream of it.
- the number of tanks for supplying raw materials and the number of tanks for aging or the like can be appropriately selected depending on the reaction conditions, reaction scale, etc.
- the stirring device is preferably a stirring blade.
- the shape of the stirring blade is not particularly limited, and examples include a paddle, a disk turbine, a propeller, a helical ribbon, an anchor, and a paddler.
- a water-soluble monocarboxylate having two or more carbon atoms can be added to the reaction liquid.
- timing of adding the water-soluble monocarboxylate can be added to the reactor located at the most upstream side, and the water-soluble monocarboxylate contained in the reaction liquid moves downstream together with the reaction liquid, so that it is contained in the reaction liquid in each reactor. It may also be added to each reactor before or after the reaction is started.
- the water-soluble monocarboxylate may be either a saturated monocarboxylate or an unsaturated monocarboxylate.
- the saturated carboxylic acid include acetic acid, propionic acid, and n-caproic acid.
- the unsaturated carboxylic acid include acrylic acid and methacrylic acid.
- the salt include the sodium salt, potassium salt, and ammonium salt of the saturated monocarboxylate or unsaturated monocarboxylate.
- the amount of the water-soluble monocarboxylate to be added is preferably 20 to 5,000 mg/kg in terms of acid relative to the amount of acrylamide produced.
- the pH of the reaction solution in which acrylonitrile is hydrated to produce acrylamide is increased during the hydration reaction.
- the pH of the reaction solution can be measured by a known method, such as an indicator method, a metal electrode method, a glass electrode method, a semiconductor sensor method, etc. In this embodiment, the measurement by the glass electrode method, which is widely used industrially, is preferred.
- the pH of the reaction solution is increased during the hydration reaction above the pH at the start of the reaction.
- the pH of the reaction solution at the start of the reaction can be, for example, 6.6 to 7.5, preferably 6.8 to 7.5, more preferably 6.9 to 7.4, and even more preferably 7.0 to 7.3.
- the pH increase range when increasing the pH of the reaction solution is preferably 0.3 to 1.5, more preferably 0.4 to 1.4, and even more preferably 0.5 to 1.2.
- foaming of the obtained aqueous amide compound solution tends to be easily suppressed, and the effect of improving the efficiency of the hydration reaction tends to be high.
- the hydration reaction is carried out by setting the pH of the reaction solution in at least a part of the latter half of the reaction higher than the pH of the reaction solution in the first half of the reaction.
- the “first half of the reaction” refers to “from the start of the reaction until the concentration of the amide compound in the reaction solution becomes less than 40% by mass”
- the “second half of the reaction” refers to "from the point at which the concentration of the amide compound in the reaction solution becomes equal to or greater than 40% by mass.”
- the first half of the reaction refers to the period during which the content of the amide compound in the product relative to the total mass of the reaction solution is less than 40% by mass
- the second half of the reaction refers to the period during which the content of the amide compound in the product relative to the total mass of the reaction solution is equal to or greater than 40% by mass.
- the total mass of the reaction solution refers to the mass of the entire reaction solution contained in the reaction tank of interest, and includes the mass of the amide compound and the nitrile
- the reaction can be carried out without decreasing the reaction efficiency, and further, foaming of the obtained aqueous amide compound solution can be suppressed and the foaming property can be reduced, making the reaction solution easier to handle.
- the pH of the reaction solution in the latter half of the reaction may be higher than the pH of the reaction solution in the first half of the reaction only in a part of the latter half of the reaction, or may be higher than the pH of the reaction solution in the first half of the reaction throughout the latter half of the reaction.
- the pH of the reaction solution in the latter half of the reaction is higher than the pH of the reaction solution in the first half of the reaction throughout the latter half of the reaction, since this tends to reduce the foamability of the resulting aqueous amide compound solution.
- the pH of the reaction solution in the first half of the reaction can be, for example, 6.6 to 7.5, preferably 6.8 to 7.5, more preferably 6.9 to 7.4, and even more preferably 7.0 to 7.3.
- the pH of the reaction solution in the latter half of the reaction can be, for example, 7.5 or more and less than 8.5, preferably 7.5 to 8.4, more preferably 7.6 to 8.3, and even more preferably 7.8 to 8.3.
- foaming of the reaction solution can be sufficiently suppressed.
- an amide compound can be efficiently produced.
- the difference is not limited, but for example, the difference between the pH of the reaction solution in the latter half of the reaction and the pH of the reaction solution in the first half of the reaction can be 0.3 to 1.5, preferably 0.4 to 1.4, and more preferably 0.5 to 1.2.
- the method for adjusting the pH of the reaction solution is not limited.
- the pH of the reaction solution can be adjusted by adding an acid or a base to the reaction solution as appropriate depending on the pH of the reaction solution.
- inorganic acids include hydrohalogenated acids such as hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, and hydrogen iodide; halogenated oxo acids such as hypochlorous acid, chlorous acid, chloric acid, perchloric acid, hypobromous acid, bromous acid, bromic acid, perbromic acid, hypoiodous acid, iodic acid, and periodic acid; sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and boric acid.
- hydrohalogenated acids such as hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, and hydrogen iodide
- halogenated oxo acids such as hypochlorous acid, chlorous acid, chloric acid, perchloric acid, hypobromous acid, bromous acid, bromic acid, perbromic acid, hypoiodous acid, iodic acid, and periodic acid
- sulfuric acid nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and boric acid.
- organic acids examples include carboxylic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, and benzoic acid; and sulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, and p-toluenesulfonic acid.
- carboxylic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, and benzoic acid
- sulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, and p-toluenesulfonic acid.
- these acids When using these acids, they can be used in any state, such as gas, solid, or liquid, but considering the ease of supplying them to the reaction vessel, it is preferable to use them in liquid or solid state.
- the acid When using the acid as a liquid, there are no particular limitations on the concentration of the acid, and it can be selected appropriately.
- an inorganic base As the base, either an inorganic base or an organic base can be used.
- inorganic bases include alkali metal hydroxides such as lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, etc., alkaline earth metal hydroxides such as magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, etc., alkali metal carbonates such as lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, etc., alkali metal bicarbonates such as lithium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, etc., ammonia, etc.
- organic bases include trimethylamine, triethylamine, aniline, pyridine, etc.
- these bases When using these bases, they can be used in any state, such as gas, solid, or liquid, but considering the ease of supply to the reaction vessel, it is preferable to use those in liquid or solid state.
- the concentration of the base is not particularly limited and can be selected appropriately.
- the reaction temperature when hydrating acrylonitrile i.e., the temperature of the reaction liquid
- the reaction temperature when hydrating acrylonitrile is not particularly limited, but is preferably 10 to 50°C, more preferably 15 to 40°C, and even more preferably 20 to 35°C.
- the reaction temperature is not particularly limited, but is preferably 10 to 50°C, more preferably 15 to 40°C, and even more preferably 20 to 35°C.
- the amount of catalyst is actually compared in units, not in terms of the actual weight of the catalyst.
- the amount of enzyme that produces 1 micromole of acrylamide per minute is defined as 1 U.
- the specific activity of the nitrile hydratase of this embodiment is, for example, 50 U/mg or more, preferably 80 U/mg or more, and more preferably 100 U/mg or more, based on the dry cell mass.
- Example 1 Seven reactors (inner volume: 1.3 L) equipped with jacket coolers were connected in series so that the reaction liquid flowed in order from the first to seventh reactors.
- 50 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.0
- acrylonitrile at 150 mL/hr
- a diluted cell suspension obtained by diluting a cell suspension with a dry cell weight of 15% by 40 times with 50 mM phosphate buffer at 100 mL/hr.
- acrylonitrile alone was continuously supplied at 120 mL/hr
- acrylonitrile alone was continuously supplied at 120 mL/hr
- acrylonitrile alone was continuously supplied at 80 mL/hr to start the reaction.
- the height of the overflow pipe from which the reaction liquid of each tank flows out was adjusted so that the volume of reaction liquid in each tank from tank 1 to tank 7 was 1 L, and the reaction liquid was sent to the next tank via overflow.
- the temperature of the reaction liquid in tanks 1 to 7 was controlled to 20°C using cooling water (10°C) in the jacket.
- the stirring power per reaction liquid fluid in all reactors from the first to the seventh vessels was adjusted to 0.08 kW/ m3 (Froude number: 0.057).
- the pH of the reaction solution in each tank was measured with a KCl refill type pH detector, and the pH was adjusted to the set value by automatically adding 0.06N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.
- the pH values of the reaction solutions in the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh tanks were set to 7.2, 7.2, 7.2, 7.5, 7.7, 8.0 and 8.0, respectively.
- the acrylamide concentration of the reaction liquid in each reaction tank was measured with a refractometer (Atago Co., Ltd.: RX-5000).
- the acrylamide concentrations of the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh tanks were 19, 31, 38, 43, 49, 50, and 50%, respectively, and the acrylamide concentration of the reaction liquid flowing out of the seventh tank reached 50% of the target concentration.
- the acrylonitrile concentration of the reaction liquid in the seventh tank was measured by gas chromatography (column: Waters Corp., PoraPak-PS, 1 m, 180°C; carrier gas: helium; detector: FID).
- the unreacted acrylonitrile (AN) in the seventh tank was 10 ppm, and the reaction efficiency was high. It is also preferable that the unreacted acrylonitrile concentration is 100 ppm or less in that the quality when polymerizing acrylamide is better.
- reaction solution in the seventh tank was placed in a 500 mL graduated cylinder and allowed to stand in a thermostatic bath at 25 ° C. for 10 minutes.
- a glass ball filter (Kinoshita Glass Filter 504G) was placed in the center of the graduated cylinder, 5 mm from the bottom, and air at a pressure of 0.5 kg / cm 3 was aerated at 800 cc / min.
- the reaction solution began to foam and the height of the foam stabilized, the aeration was stopped and the time until the foam disappeared was measured. The shorter the time until the foam disappeared, the less protein was brought from the biocatalyst into the acrylamide aqueous solution. The time until the foam disappeared is required to be within 30 seconds for quality reasons. The time until the foam disappeared was 5 seconds, which met the required quality.
- Example 2 The reaction was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the pH of the reaction solutions in the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh tanks was 6.8, 7.0, 7.5, 8.3, 8.3, 8.3 and 8.3. One day after the start of the reaction, it was confirmed that the pH of each reaction tank was maintained at the set value, and then the acrylamide concentration of the reaction solution in each reaction tank was measured, and the acrylamide concentrations in tanks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 were 18, 31, 36, 42, 48, 50, and 50%, respectively, and the acrylamide concentration of the reaction solution flowing out of tank 7 reached 50% of the target concentration.
- the acrylonitrile concentration of the reaction solution in tank 7 was measured, and the concentration of unreacted acrylonitrile was 20 ppm, indicating high reaction efficiency.
- the foam disappearance time was measured using the reaction liquid in the seventh tank, and was found to be 2 seconds, which satisfied the required quality.
- Example 3 The reaction was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the pH of the reaction solutions in the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh tanks was 6.8, 6.8, 6.8, 8.3, 8.3, 8.3 and 8.3.
- the pH of each reaction tank was maintained at the set value, and then the acrylamide concentration of the reaction solution in each reaction tank was measured, and the acrylamide concentrations in tanks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 were 18, 30, 35, 41, 47, 49, and 50%, respectively, and the acrylamide concentration of the reaction solution flowing out of tank 7 reached 50% of the target concentration.
- the acrylonitrile concentration of the reaction solution in tank 7 was measured, and the concentration of unreacted acrylonitrile was 30 ppm, indicating high reaction efficiency.
- the foam disappearance time was measured using the reaction liquid in the seventh tank, and was found to be 2 seconds, which satisfied the required quality.
- Example 4 The reaction was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the pH of the reaction solutions in the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh tanks was 7.5, 7.5, 7.5, 8.5, 8.5, 8.5 and 8.5.
- the pH of each reaction tank was maintained at the set value, and then the acrylamide concentration of the reaction solution in each reaction tank was measured, and the acrylamide concentrations in the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh tanks were 18, 30, 34, 41, 47, 49 and 50%, respectively, and the acrylamide concentration of the reaction solution flowing out of the seventh tank reached 50% of the target concentration.
- the acrylonitrile concentration of the reaction solution in the seventh tank was measured, and the unreacted acrylonitrile concentration was 300 ppm, and the reaction efficiency was higher in Examples 1 to 3 in which the pH in the latter half of the reaction was controlled to less than 8.5.
- the foam disappearance time was measured using the reaction liquid in the seventh tank, and was found to be 2 seconds, which satisfied the required quality.
- Example 2 The reaction was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the pH of the reaction solutions in the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh tanks was all set to 7.5. One day after the start of the reaction, it was confirmed that the pH of each reaction tank was maintained at the set value, and then the acrylamide concentration of the reaction solution in each reaction tank was measured, and the acrylamide concentrations in tanks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 were 18, 30, 36, 43, 49, 50, and 50%, respectively, and the acrylamide concentration of the reaction solution flowing out of tank 7 reached 50% of the target concentration.
- the acrylonitrile concentration of the reaction solution in tank 7 was measured, and the concentration of unreacted acrylonitrile was 10 ppm, satisfying the required quality.
- the defoaming time was measured using the reaction liquid in the seventh tank, and was found to be 80 seconds, which did not satisfy the required quality.
- Example 3 The reaction was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the pH of the reaction solutions in the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh tanks was all set to 8.0. One day after the start of the reaction, it was confirmed that the pH of each reaction tank was maintained at the set value, and then the acrylamide concentration of the reaction solution in each reaction tank was measured, and the acrylamide concentrations in tanks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 were 17, 30, 35, 41, 48, 50, and 50%, respectively, and the acrylamide concentration of the reaction solution flowing out of tank 7 reached 50% of the target concentration.
- the acrylonitrile concentration of the reaction solution in tank 7 was measured, and the concentration of unreacted acrylonitrile was 120 ppm, which slightly did not meet the required quality.
- the foam disappearance time was measured using the reaction liquid in the seventh tank, and was found to be 45 seconds, which did not satisfy the required quality.
- Example 1 to 3 The results of Examples 1 to 3 are summarized as follows.
- the pH of the reaction liquid was set to a first pH, and the hydration reaction of the nitrile compound was carried out. Due to this hydration reaction, the concentration of the amide compound in the reaction liquid increased as the reaction liquid proceeded from the first tank to the third tank.
- the content of the amide compound relative to the total mass of the reaction liquid that entered the fourth tank from the third tank was 40% by mass or more, and in the second half of the reaction from the fourth tank onwards, the pH of the reaction liquid was set to a second pH, and the hydration reaction was continued.
- the second pH was set to be higher than the first pH.
- the aqueous acrylamide solution obtained in the seventh tank had low foaming properties, with foaming suppressed.
- Examples 1 to 3 in which the second pH in the second half of the reaction was controlled to less than 8.5 had a lower concentration of unreacted acrylonitrile and higher reaction efficiency than Example 4, in which the second pH was 8.5.
- the present invention is useful in the industrial production of amide compounds such as acrylamide and methacrylamide.
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2023年3月17日に、日本に出願された特願2023-043453号に基づき優先権を主張し、その内容をここに援用する。
アミド化合物の製造においても、ニトリル化合物からアミド化合物に変換する酵素、ニトリルヒドラターゼが見出されて以来、盛んに生体触媒の利用が検討されている(特許文献1~6等)。また、プロセスも盛んに研究されており、回分反応、半回分反応、多槽連続反応、パイプリアクター等、多数の提案が行われている。
また、特許文献6には反応時のアクリロニトリルの揮発を防ぎつつ、効率的な反応液の混合を行える、撹拌動力やフルード数が開示されており、低コストで省ニトリル化合物からアミド化合物を製造する方法が示されている。
特許文献1~6の方法では、不純物であるタンパク質によるアミド化合物水溶液の発泡を充分に抑制するこができない。
前記水和反応の途中で反応液のpHを上昇させる、アミド化合物の製造方法。
[2] 反応途中で前記反応液のpHを反応開始時におけるpHよりも上昇させる、[1]に記載のアミド化合物の製造方法。
[3] 前記反応液の総質量に対する前記アミド化合物の含有量が40質量%未満である反応前半の少なくとも一部における前記反応液のpHよりも、前記アミド化合物の含有量が40質量%以上となった反応後半における前記反応液のpHを高く設定して水和反応を行う、[1]又は[2]アミド化合物の製造方法。
[4] 前記反応液のpHを0.3~1.5上昇させる、[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載のアミド化合物の製造方法。
[5] 反応開始時における前記反応液のpHが6.6~7.5である、[1]~[4]のいずれかに記載のアミド化合物の製造方法。
[6] 前記反応前半における前記反応液のpHを6.6~7.5、前記反応後半における前記反応液のpHを7.5以上8.5未満に設定して水和反応を行う、[3]~[5]のいずれかに記載のアミド化合物の製造方法。
[7] 前記ニトリル化合物がアクリロニトリル又はメタクリロニトリルである、[1]~[6]のいずれかに記載のアミド化合物の製造方法。
[8] 前記アミド化合物がアクリルアミド又はメタクリルアミドである、[1]~[6]のいずれかに記載のアミド化合物の製造方法。
本明細書に開示する含有量、種々の物性値、性状値の数値範囲は、その下限値及び上限値を任意に組み合わせて新たな数値範囲とすることができる。
以下、本態様の実施形態の一例を説明する。
本実施形態において、ニトリルヒドラターゼとは、ニトリル化合物を加水分解して、対応するアミド化合物を生成する能力を持つ酵素をいう。ニトリルヒドラターゼ活性を有する生体触媒はニトリルヒドラターゼタンパク質そのものでもよいが、ニトリルヒドラターゼを含んだ動物細胞、植物細胞、細胞小器官、又は微生物の菌体、及びそれらの処理物でもよい。
また、前記処理物には、薬剤処理により増殖能を失わせた、動物細胞、植物細胞、細胞小器官又は、微生物の菌体も含まれる。薬剤処理により増殖能を失わせた微生物の菌体は「死滅化菌体」と呼ばれることもある。
例えば、ロドコッカス・ロドクロウスJ1(FERM BP-1478)由来のαサブユニットのアクセッション番号(Accession No.)は「P21219」であり、βサブユニットのアクセッション番号は「P21220」である。また、ロドコッカス・ロドクロウスM8(SU1731814)由来のαサブユニットのアクセッション番号は「ATT79340」であり、βサブユニットのアクセッション番号は「AAT79339」である。さらに、シュードモナス・サーモフィラ(Pseudomonas thermophila)JCM3095由来のαサブユニットのアクセッション番号は「1IREA」であり、βサブユニットのアクセッション番号は「1IREB」である。
本実施形態の方法においては、これらの改良型ニトリルヒドラターゼが導入された微生物を使用することもできる。
ニトリルヒドラターゼ活性を有する微生物の菌体又は、その処理物は、回分反応に使用することもでき、連続反応に使用することもできる。また、反応形式は流動床、固定床、懸濁床等、適切な形式を選択できる。その際の反応液中での生体触媒温度は、水性媒体とニトリル化合物の混合に支障をきたさない限り、特に限定されるものではない。
本実施形態の製造方法において原料として使用されるニトリル化合物は、ニトリルヒドラターゼ活性を有する生体触媒によりアミド化合物へ変換される化合物であれば特に限定されない。例えばアセトニトリル、プロピオニトリル、サクシノニトリル、アジポニトリルのような脂肪族飽和ニトリル、アクリロニトリル、メタクリロニトリルのような脂肪族不飽和ニトリル、ベンゾニトリル、フタロジニトリルのような芳香族ニトリル及びニコチノニトリルのような複素環式ニトリルが挙げられる。本実施形態におけるニトリル化合物は、好ましくはアセトニトリル、プロピオニトリル、アクリロニトリル、メタクリロニトリル、n-ブチロニトリル、イソブチロニトリル等の炭素原子数2~4のニトリル化合物であり、特に本実施形態が効果を示すのは、アクリロニトリル、メタクリロニトリル、アセトニトリルである。
原料として使用する水(原料水)は、アクリルアミドを生成する際に、アクリロニトリルとの水和反応に利用されるものである。水としては、純水;酸、塩類等を水に溶解した水溶液等が挙げられる。酸としては、リン酸、酢酸、クエン酸、ホウ酸、アクリル酸、ギ酸等が挙げられる。塩類としては、前記酸のナトリウム塩、カリウム塩、アンモニウム塩等が挙げられる。水の具体例としては、特に限定されるものではないが、例えば、純水、超純水、市水等の水;トリス緩衝液、リン酸緩衝液、酢酸緩衝液、クエン酸緩衝液、ホウ酸緩衝液等の緩衝液が挙げられる。原料水の20℃におけるpHは、5~9が好ましい。
本実施形態にかかる、ニトリルヒドラターゼ活性を有する生体触媒を用いてニトリル化合物からアミド化合物を製造する方法は、以下の(i)~(iii)のいずれの反応を適用することもできる。
(i)生体触媒、アクリロニトリル、原料水を含む反応原料を反応器に一度に全量仕込んでから反応させる方法(回分反応)
(ii)反応原料の一部を反応器に仕込んだ後、連続的又は間歇的に残りの反応原料を供給して反応させる方法(半回分反応)
(iii)反応原料の連続的又は間歇的な供給と、反応原料及び生成したアクリルアミドを含む反応混合物の連続的又は間歇的な取り出しとを行いながら、反応器内の反応混合物を全量抜き出すことなく連続的に製造する方法(連続反応)
原料の供給を行う槽の数、熟成等を行う槽の数は、反応条件、反応規模等に応じて適宜選択することができる。
水溶性モノカルボン酸塩は、飽和モノカルボン酸塩及び不飽和モノカルボン酸塩のいずれでもよい。飽和カルボン酸としては、酢酸、プロピオン酸、n-カプロン酸等が挙げられる。不飽和カルボン酸としてはアクリル酸、メタクリル酸、等が挙げられる。塩としては、前記飽和モノカルボン酸又は不飽和モノカルボン酸のナトリウム塩、カリウム塩、アンモニウム塩が挙げられる。これらの水溶性モノカルボン酸塩は、1種を単独で使用することもできるし、2種以上を併用することもできる。
水溶性モノカルボン酸塩の添加量は、生成するアクリルアミドに対し、酸として20~5000mg/kgが好ましい。
本実施形態において、アクリロニトリルを水和してアクリルアミドを生成させる反応液のpHに関して、水和反応の途中で反応液のpHを上昇させる。水和反応の途中で反応液のpHを上昇させることにより、得られたアミド化合物水溶液の発泡を抑制し、発泡性を低くすることができるため、反応液の取り扱いが容易になる。
反応液のpH測定方法は、公知の方法を採用でき、例えば、指示薬法、金属電極法、ガラス電極法、半導体センサ法等が挙げられる。本実施形態においては、工業的に広く利用されているガラス電極法による測定が好ましい。
反応開始時における反応液のpHは、例えば6.6~7.5とすることができ、6.8~7.5とすることが好ましく、6.9~7.4とすることがより好ましく、7.0~7.3とすることが更に好ましい。反応開始時における反応液のpHを前記範囲内とすることにより、効率良くニトリル化合物からアミド化合物を得ることができる。
反応液のpHを上昇させる際のpHの上昇幅は、0.3~1.5が好ましく、0.4~1.4がより好ましく、0.5~1.2がさらに好ましい。pHの上昇幅が前記範囲内であれば、得られたアミド化合物水溶液の発泡を抑制しやすく、また水和反応の効率を向上させる効果が高い傾向がある。
ここで、「反応前半」とは、「反応開始時点から反応液中のアミド化合物の濃度が40質量%未満まで」を指し、「反応後半」とは、「反応液中のアミド化合物の濃度が40質量%以上又は40%を超えた時点以降」を指す。換言すると、反応液の総質量に対する生成物のアミド化合物の含有量が40質量%未満である期間を反応前半といい、反応液の総質量に対する生成物のアミド化合物の含有量が40質量%以上又は40質量%超の期間を反応後半という。反応液の総質量は、着目する反応槽に入っている反応液全体の質量をいい、アミド化合物やニトリル化合物の質量を含む。
反応後半における反応液のpHは、反応後半の一部だけで反応前半における反応液のpHよりも高くしてもよく、反応後半の全体にわたって反応前半における反応液のpHよりも高くしてもよい。なかでも、得られたアミド化合物水溶液の発泡性を低くしやすいことから、反応後半の全体にわたって、反応後半における反応液のpHを反応前半における反応液のpHよりも高く設定することが好ましい。
反応後半における反応液のpHは、例えば7.5以上8.5未満とすることができ、7.5~8.4とすること好ましく、7.6~8.3とすることがより好ましく、7.8~8.3とすることが更に好ましい。反応後半における反応液のpHを7.5以上とすることにより、反応液の発泡を十分に抑制することができる。反応後半における反応液のpHを8.5未満とすることにより、効率的なアミド化合物の製造を行うことができる。
<ロドコッカス・ロドクロウスJ1菌由来の菌体触媒の作成>
前培養条件:
(培地組成)
フルクトース:2%、ポリペプトン:5%(日本製薬株式会社)、酵母エキス:0.3%(オリエンタル酵母工業株式会社)、KH2PO4:0.1%、K2HPO4:0.1%、MgSO4 H2O:0.1%、pH7。
(培養方法)
500mLの三角フラスコに培地を100mL分注して綿栓をし、121℃で20分間、オートクレーブで滅菌した。Rhodococcus rhodochrous J1(FERM BP-1478)を接種して、30℃で48時間振とう培養した。
(培地組成)
初期培地;酵母エキス:0.2%、KH2PO4:0.1%、K2HPO4:0.1%、MgSO4・7H2O:0.1%、CoCl2・6H2O:0.002%、硫安:0.025%、フルクトース:2%、尿素:2%、エタノール:0.4%、プルロニックL61:0.1%(旭電化工業株式会社)、pH7。なお、「プルロニック」は登録商標である。
後添加培地;フルクトース:20%、エタノール:5%、硫安:6%、pH6.5。
(培養方法)
3Lのミニジャーファーメンターに初期培地2Lを分注し、121℃で20分間のオートクレーブにより滅菌した。但し、フルクトース、エタノール及び尿素は、別途、無菌的にろ過して培地に加えた。ろ過にはアドバンテック東洋株式会社製の0.45μmのろ紙を使用した。
槽内圧力0.098MPa、撹拌数600rpm、通気量1vvm、pH7、温度30℃で43時間培養した後、50mMのリン酸バッファー(pH7.7)にて洗浄して、乾燥菌体重量15%の菌体懸濁液を得た。
ジャケット冷却器付反応槽(内容積:1.3L)の7槽を直列に、1槽目から7槽目まで反応液が順に流通するように連結した。
第1槽目に、50mMリン酸緩衝液(pH7.0)を525mL/hr、アクリロニトリルを150mL/hr、及び、乾燥菌体重量15%の菌体懸濁液を50mMリン酸緩衝液で40倍希釈した、希釈菌体懸濁液を100mL/hrで連続的に供給した。第2槽目に、アクリロニトリルのみを120mL/hrで連続的に供給し、第3槽目に、アクリロニトリルのみを120mL/hrで連続的に供給し、第4槽目にアクリロニトリルのみを80mL/hrで連続的に供給して反応を開始した。
第1,2,3,4,5,6,7槽の反応液のpHは、各々、7.2、7.2、7.2、7.5、7.7、8.0、8.0とした。
第1、2、3、4、5、6、7槽の反応液のpHを6.8、7.0、7.5、8.3、8.3、8.3、8.3とした以外は、実施例1と同様に反応させた。
反応開始から1日後、各反応槽のpHが設定した値を維持していることを確認した後、各反応槽内の反応液のアクリルアミド濃度を測定した結果、第1、2、3、4、5、6、7槽のアクリルアミド濃度は、18、31、36、42、48、50、50%であり、第7槽から流出する反応液のアクリルアミド濃度は、目的濃度の50%に到達した。また、第7槽の反応液のアクリロニトリル濃度を測定した結果、未反応のアクリロニトリル濃度は、20ppmであり、反応効率が高かった。
第7槽の反応液を用いて消泡時間を測定した結果、2秒であり要求される品質を満たした。
第1、2、3、4、5、6、7槽の反応液のpHを6.8、6.8、6.8、8.3、8.3、8.3、8.3とした以外は、実施例1と同様に反応させた。
反応開始から1日後、各反応槽のpHが設定した値を維持していることを確認した後、各反応槽内の反応液のアクリルアミド濃度を測定した結果、第1、2、3、4、5、6、7槽のアクリルアミド濃度は、18、30、35、41、47、49、50%であり、第7槽から流出する反応液のアクリルアミド濃度は、目的濃度の50%に到達した。また、第7槽の反応液のアクリロニトリル濃度を測定した結果、未反応のアクリロニトリル濃度は、30ppmであり、反応効率が高かった。
第7槽の反応液を用いて消泡時間を測定した結果、2秒であり要求される品質を満たした。
第1、2、3、4、5、6、7槽の反応液のpHを7.5、7.5、7.5、8.5、8.5、8.5、8.5とした以外は、実施例1と同様に反応させた。
反応開始から1日後、各反応槽のpHが設定した値を維持していることを確認した後、各反応槽内の反応液のアクリルアミド濃度を測定した結果、第1、2、3、4、5、6、7槽のアクリルアミド濃度は、18、30、34、41、47、49、50%であり、第7槽から流出する反応液のアクリルアミド濃度は、目的濃度の50%に到達した。また、第7槽の反応液のアクリロニトリル濃度を測定した結果、未反応のアクリロニトリル濃度は300ppmであり、反応後半のpHが8.5未満に制御されている実施例1~3の方が反応効率は高かった。
第7槽の反応液を用いて消泡時間を測定した結果、2秒であり要求される品質を満たした。
第1、2、3、4、5、6、7槽の反応液のpHを全て7.0とした以外は、実施例1と同様に反応させた。
反応開始から1日後、各反応槽のpHが設定した値を維持していることを確認した後、各反応槽内の反応液のアクリルアミド濃度を測定した結果、第1、2、3、4、5、6、7槽のアクリルアミド濃度は、19、31、36、44、49、50%であり、第7槽から流出する反応液のアクリルアミド濃度は、目的濃度の50%に到達した。また、第7槽の反応液のアクリロニトリル濃度を測定した結果、未反応のアクリロニトリル濃度は、検出されず、要求される品質を満たした。
第7槽の反応液を用いて消泡時間を測定した結果、150秒であり要求される品質を満たさなかった。
第1、2、3、4、5、6、7槽の反応液のpHを全て7.5とした以外は、実施例1と同様に反応させた。
反応開始から1日後、各反応槽のpHが設定した値を維持していることを確認した後、各反応槽内の反応液のアクリルアミド濃度を測定した結果、第1、2、3、4、5、6、7槽のアクリルアミド濃度は、18、30、36、43、49、50、50%であり、第7槽から流出する反応液のアクリルアミド濃度は、目的濃度の50%に到達した。また、第7槽の反応液のアクリロニトリル濃度を測定した結果、未反応のアクリロニトリル濃度は、10ppmであり、要求される品質を満たした。
第7槽の反応液を用いて消泡時間を測定した結果、80秒であり要求される品質を満たさなかった。
第1、2、3、4、5、6、7槽の反応液のpHを全て8.0とした以外は、実施例1と同様に反応させた。
反応開始から1日後、各反応槽のpHが設定した値を維持していることを確認した後、各反応槽内の反応液のアクリルアミド濃度を測定した結果、第1、2、3、4、5、6、7槽のアクリルアミド濃度は、17、30、35、41、48、50、50%であり、第7槽から流出する反応液のアクリルアミド濃度は、目的濃度の50%に到達した。また、第7槽の反応液のアクリロニトリル濃度を測定した結果、未反応のアクリロニトリル濃度は、120ppmであり、要求される品質を僅かに満たさなかった。
第7槽の反応液を用いて消泡時間を測定した結果、45秒であり要求される品質を満たさなかった。
Claims (8)
- ニトリルヒドラターゼ活性を有する生体触媒の存在下にニトリル化合物を水和反応させてアミド化合物を製造する方法において、
前記水和反応の途中で反応液のpHを上昇させる、アミド化合物の製造方法。 - 反応途中で前記反応液のpHを反応開始時におけるpHよりも上昇させる、請求項1に記載のアミド化合物の製造方法。
- 前記反応液の総質量に対する前記アミド化合物の含有量が40質量%未満である反応前半における前記反応液のpHよりも、前記アミド化合物の含有量が40質量%以上となった反応後半の少なくとも一部における前記反応液のpHを高く設定して水和反応を行う、請求項1又は2に記載のアミド化合物の製造方法。
- 前記反応液のpHを0.3~1.5上昇させる、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のアミド化合物の製造方法。
- 反応開始時における前記反応液のpHが6.6~7.5である、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載のアミド化合物の製造方法。
- 前記反応前半における前記反応液のpHを6.6~7.5、前記反応後半における前記反応液のpHを7.5以上8.5未満に設定して水和反応を行う、請求項3~5のいずれか一項に記載のアミド化合物の製造方法。
- 前記ニトリル化合物がアクリロニトリル又はメタクリロニトリルである、請求項1又は2に記載のアミド化合物の製造方法。
- 前記アミド化合物がアクリルアミド又はメタクリルアミドである、請求項1又は2に記載のアミド化合物の製造方法。
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| AU2024240913A AU2024240913A1 (en) | 2023-03-17 | 2024-03-13 | Method for producing amide compound |
| KR1020257028384A KR20250138785A (ko) | 2023-03-17 | 2024-03-13 | 아미드 화합물의 제조 방법 |
| CN202480011960.XA CN120677247A (zh) | 2023-03-17 | 2024-03-13 | 酰胺化合物的制造方法 |
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| CN120677247A (zh) | 2025-09-19 |
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