WO2024185884A1 - 相補dna鎖を増幅する方法 - Google Patents
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for amplifying complementary DNA strands that enables high-sensitivity amplification of cDNA from minute amounts of mRNA.
- RNA-seq analysis Single-cell RNA-seq analysis
- siRNA-seq analysis Single-cell RNA-seq analysis
- An international project to create an atlas at the single-cell level in humans was launched in 2016 (Non-Patent Document 1), and is a driving force behind the advancement of understanding biology at an unprecedented resolution.
- scRNA-seq analysis is particularly useful for elucidating the complex immune mechanisms in pathological conditions.
- Representative trace samples include tumor-infiltrating T cells contained in biopsy specimens of primary and metastatic lesions taken for diagnostic purposes in cancer patients, and B cells that specifically react to viruses and vaccines against them.
- CTLs cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- CD8 + T cells attention is being paid to a method for measuring the extent to which CD8 + T cells with cancer antigen-specific recognition ability are induced (Non-Patent Document 2).
- TCR T cell receptors
- BCR B cell receptors
- Non-Patent Documents 3, 4 it would be ideal to obtain the same amount of mRNA from the cells, but the amount of mRNA contained in T/B cells is significantly lower than that of epithelial cells, tumor cells, macrophages, etc. Therefore, it is becoming increasingly important to develop a method to sensitively amplify mRNA from individual cells derived from a sample for high-resolution scTCR/BCR/RNA-seq analysis of these cells.
- cDNA amplification methods can be classified according to whether or not mRNA capture and cDNA synthesis are performed on a solid phase.
- solid-phase systems that capture mRNA in microwells or microdroplets using mRNA capture oligos immobilized on solid-phase beads and synthesize cDNA include the BD Rhapsody system (Patent Document 3), Seq-well system (Non-Patent Document 12), and Nx1-seq system (Patent Document 5, Non-Patent Document 14) from Beckton Dickinson, which use plates with microwells, as well as the Drop-seq method (Non-Patent Document 13), which captures mRNA in microdroplets, and the Nadia system from Dolomite Bio.
- liquid-phase systems that capture mRNA in microwells or microdroplets using free mRNA capture oligos that are not bound to a solid phase and synthesize cDNA
- 10X Chromium system Patent Document 4
- 10X Genomics which encapsulates hydrogel beads containing mRNA capture oligos and a single cell in a microdroplet, melts the hydrogel and dissolves the cell in the microdroplet, and captures mRNA with the free mRNA capture oligos
- Smart-Seq2 Non-Patent Document 15
- liquid-phase analysis techniques include combinatorial indexing such as sci-RNA-seq3, which suspends fixed cells in a solution containing a cell membrane permeabilization reagent and mRNA capture oligos, and captures mRNA on the mRNA capture oligos within the fixed cells.
- combinatorial indexing such as sci-RNA-seq3, which suspends fixed cells in a solution containing a cell membrane permeabilization reagent and mRNA capture oligos, and captures mRNA on the mRNA capture oligos within the fixed cells.
- TS template switching
- a primer of several tens of base pairs containing a base sequence such as [guanosine]-[guanosine]-[guanosine] is added to the 3' end of a template switching oligo, which is used to synthesize cDNA from mRNA, to add the desired base sequence to the cDNA end and perform second-strand synthesis
- Patent Document 1 Non-Patent Document 5, Non-Patent Document 6
- TdT a polynucleotide sequence consisting of the same bases is added to the synthesized cDNA end using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), and second-strand synthesis is performed using a primer that has a complementary sequence to the polynucleotide at the 3' end and a known adapter sequence at the 5' end
- the TS method has the advantage of having fewer reaction steps, resulting in less loss of cDNA during purification.
- the TS reaction occurs primarily with mRNA that has a 5' cap structure, making it easier to generate full-length cDNA.
- the efficiency of the TS reaction is highly dependent on the terminal structure of the mRNA, with the efficiency decreasing in the order of terminal bases G>A>C>U.
- the efficiency is relatively high (approximately 20%-60%) for full-length cDNA with a cap structure at the 5' end, but is low (several percent-40%) for incomplete-length mRNA without a cap structure, immature mRNA, and partially degraded mRNA, etc., resulting in uneven efficiency that leads to amplification bias (Non-Patent Document 6).
- the efficiency is lower than the polynucleotide addition efficiency in the TdT method (92-95%, Non-Patent Document 10).
- the TdT method is more efficient than the TS method, but it has the disadvantage that it is difficult to control the TdT reaction, there are many steps, and when single-stranded DNA is used as a template, the efficiency can be greatly reduced if the end forms a higher-order structure and becomes a recessed end (Non-Patent Document 10), so it is more difficult to synthesize long, full-length cDNA, which is more likely to form a higher-order structure, than with the TS reaction.
- the TAS-Seq method which the inventors of this application previously developed, is a technology that resolves the difficulty of controlling the TdT reaction in the TdT method (Patent Document 2, Non-Patent Document 11).
- the TAS-Seq method is a solid-phase cDNA amplification method that captures target nucleic acids on a solid phase and synthesizes cDNA.
- the nucleotide homopolymer addition reaction by the TdT reaction is controlled to be within a certain range even under various conditions.
- the TAS-Seq method has excellent detection sensitivity for expressed genes and quantification of cell composition, and is a technology that can more reliably detect intercellular communication that is difficult to detect with conventional technologies.
- a method for amplifying individual single-cell mRNA from various specimens with high sensitivity and low bias is an important issue in terms of constructing a more advanced and accurate single-cell atlas, capturing tumor-reactive T cells, and capturing B cells with high vaccine responsiveness.
- the existing TS and TdT methods each have their own unique advantages and disadvantages, and there is no highly sensitive cDNA amplification method that can cover all of the advantages.
- the TAS-Seq method previously developed by the inventors of the present application also has the problem that, due to the nature of adding a certain amount of terminator nucleotides, a certain amount of cDNA is produced to which a polynucleotide of sufficient length to form a stable complementary strand with the primer used for second strand synthesis is not added. Since the TAS-Seq method is a type of TdT method, it is similar to the general TS method in that it has more steps than the TS method and long full-length cDNA is less easily synthesized than in the TS reaction. In addition, the known TAS-Seq method is a solid-phase cDNA amplification method, and its application to a liquid-phase system is not known.
- the present invention aims to provide a cDNA amplification method that can comprehensively amplify mRNA with high efficiency and low bias even from very small amounts of cell samples.
- the cDNA product will decrease, leading to a decrease in the final cDNA amplification efficiency.
- the TdT method is applied to the product of the TS method without carrying out a step to remove unreacted target RNA capture oligos, as is, according to this common technical knowledge, it is expected that the unreacted target RNA capture oligos and template switching oligos, which are present in much greater quantities than the cDNA product, will be preferentially amplified by the TdT method, resulting in a significant decrease in the efficiency of cDNA amplification. Therefore, there is no method that combines the TS method and the TdT method, and there is no reason to expect that any significant advantage will be obtained that does more than negate the advantages of the two methods.
- the inventors of the present application decided to carry out a step of removing unreacted target RNA capture oligos as well as unreacted template switching oligos from the products of the TS reaction in a liquid phase system, and then further applied the TdT method to the products. They surprisingly found that the cDNA yield was significantly increased compared to each reaction alone, that the amount of long-stranded cDNA synthesized was greater than that of the TdT reaction alone, and that the amount of short-stranded cDNA synthesized was greater than that of the TS reaction alone.
- the inventors of the present application discovered that when a reverse transcriptase with terminal transferase activity is used to perform the TAS-Seq step (TdT method) without combining it with a TS reaction, bases such as CCC are added to the ends of the cDNA, reducing the proportion of homopolymer portions (especially polyC) that are too short, and that the TAS-Seq method can be performed efficiently even in a liquid phase system that does not use a solid phase.
- the present invention which was completed through the above-mentioned intensive research, is a method for amplifying complementary DNA strands, which includes the steps of capturing target RNA and synthesizing complementary DNA strands in a liquid-phase or solid-phase system using a reverse transcriptase with terminal transferase activity, adding bases such as CCC to the ends of the complementary DNA strands, and then performing homopolymer tailing by a TdT reaction in the presence of chain-terminating nucleotide triphosphates.
- a TS reaction using a template switching oligo, it is a technology that can amplify complementary DNA strands with higher efficiency and lower bias, and includes the following aspects.
- a target RNA capture step of capturing a target RNA using a target RNA capture oligo containing a target capture portion a complementary strand synthesis step in which a complementary DNA strand having a sequence complementary to the captured RNA is synthesized by performing a reverse transcription reaction using a reverse transcriptase having terminal transferase activity, and an additional sequence consisting of any number of bases is added to the 3' end of at least a part of the complementary DNA; an unreacted oligo removal step for removing target RNA capture oligos that have not captured the target RNA; an RNA degradation step of degrading RNA with an RNA degrading enzyme; a homopolymer addition step in which a reaction is carried out with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in the presence of dATP, dTTP, dCTP or dGTP and a chain-terminating nucleotide triphosphate to add a nucleotide homopolymer to the 3' end
- the target RNA capture oligo comprises a first adaptor portion on the 5' side of the target capture portion
- the primer for second strand synthesis comprises a long primer comprising a second adaptor portion on the 5' side of a complementary homopolymer portion
- a nucleic acid amplification reaction is carried out using a primer targeting the first adaptor and a primer targeting the second adaptor.
- the primer for second strand synthesis comprises a long primer including a second adapter portion on the 5' side of the complementary homopolymer portion
- a nucleic acid amplification reaction is carried out using a primer targeting the second adapter and a primer targeting a desired region in the complementary DNA strand.
- the long primer comprises a molecular barcode portion consisting of a random sequence between the second adapter portion and the complementary homopolymer portion.
- RNA capture oligo is a free oligo that is not bound to a solid support, and the step of removing the unreacted oligo is carried out by nucleic acid size fractionation.
- the target RNA capture oligo comprises, from the 5' to 3' side, a first adapter portion, a cell identification barcode portion, and a target capture portion.
- the target RNA capture oligo is an immobilized oligo bound to a solid support, and the step of removing unreacted oligo is carried out by exonuclease treatment.
- the target RNA capture oligo comprises a target polyA RNA capture oligo containing a polyT portion as a target capture portion, and the target RNA comprises polyA RNA.
- a reverse transcription reaction is carried out in the presence of a template switching oligo that contains a sequence at its 3' end that can hybridize to the additional sequence and that contains a switching sequence on the 5' side of the sequence, the template switching oligo is hybridized to the complementary DNA strand to which the additional sequence has been added, and a sequence complementary to the switching sequence is further added to the 3' end of the complementary DNA strand.
- the template switching oligo comprises an oligonucleotide comprising GGG, GUG or NGG (wherein G and U are ribonucleotide bases, and N is any ribonucleotide base selected from A, U, G and C, which may contain one or more nucleotide analogs) at its 3' end as a sequence hybridizable with the additional sequence, and the switching sequence comprises a second adapter portion.
- the switching sequence comprises a molecular barcode portion consisting of a random sequence on the 3' side of the second adapter portion.
- the target RNA capture oligo is a free oligo that is not bound to a solid phase support
- the unreacted oligo removal step includes removal by nucleic acid size fractionation of the target RNA capture oligo that has not captured the target RNA and the template switching oligo that has not hybridized to a complementary DNA strand.
- the primer for second strand synthesis comprises a long primer comprising a second adaptor portion on the 5' side of a complementary homopolymer portion, and a short primer which does not comprise a complementary homopolymer portion and comprises the second adaptor portion on its 3' side.
- the present invention by using a reverse transcriptase having terminal transferase activity, it is possible to comprehensively amplify mRNA from a very small amount of sample with higher efficiency and lower bias than the conventional TAS-Seq method (Patent Document 2, Non-Patent Document 11), and the TAS-Seq method can be efficiently performed even in a liquid phase system without using a solid phase.
- the yield of both long and short cDNA can be significantly increased.
- a problem of a decrease in cDNA amplification efficiency is expected both when a purification step for removing unreacted oligos is performed after cDNA synthesis and when it is not performed.
- the accuracy of therapeutic effect evaluation using expression analysis or TCR analysis, and the separation and identification of rare cells (e.g., cancer cells) by scRNA-seq analysis can be significantly improved compared to conventional methods, so that it can further contribute to suppressing waste of medical resources.
- 1 is an outline of the steps of a liquid-phase nonTS/TAS-Seq method using a reverse transcriptase having terminal transferase activity, which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- 1 is an outline of steps of a solid-phase TS/TAS-Seq method using a reverse transcriptase that has terminal transferase activity but does not have strand displacement activity, which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- 1 is an outline of steps of a solid-phase TS/TAS-Seq method using a reverse transcriptase having terminal transferase activity and strand displacement activity, which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- 1 is an outline of steps of a liquid-phase TS/TAS-Seq method using a reverse transcriptase that has terminal transferase activity but does not have strand displacement activity, which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- 1 is an outline of steps of a liquid-phase TS/TAS-Seq method using a reverse transcriptase having terminal transferase activity and strand displacement activity, which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- Comparison of size distributions of total cDNA amplification products using the TdT and template-switch + TdT methods in a solid-phase system (BD Rhapsody single-cell analysis system).
- the template-switch + TdT method produces higher yields of long-stranded cDNA.
- the template-switch + TdT method results in higher cDNA yields and longer cDNA yields.
- the template-switch + TdT method provides improved separation of cell populations. Comparison of the number of detected genes when the number of reads was changed in each cell subset in single-cell RNA sequencing analysis data using the template-switch method and the template-switch + TdT method in a liquid-phase system (10X Chromium single-cell analysis system). In all cell populations, the template-switch + TdT method was able to detect more genes.
- the A, T, G, and C that constitute the base sequences of target RNA capture oligos, template switching oligos, primers, adapters, nucleotide homopolymers, etc. include not only the deoxyribonucleotides that constitute DNA (A, T, G, and C of DNA), but also the ribonucleotides that constitute RNA (A, T, G, and C of RNA), and further include the corresponding nucleotide analogs (for example, bridged nucleic acids such as LNA, ENA, and PNA, and modified bases such as Super T (5-hydroxybutynl-2'-deoxyuridine), Super G (8-aza-7-deazaguanosine), deoxyinosine, 5-methyl dC, deoxyuridine, 2,6-diaminopurine, 2-aminopurine, and 2-Amino-dATP).
- the target RNA capture oligo e.g., the target capture portion, the first adapter portion, the barcode portion, and any other portion
- the template switching oligo the 3'-end portion capable of hybridizing with the additional sequence, the second adapter portion, the barcode portion, and any other portion
- the nucleotide homopolymer the second strand synthesis primer (e.g., the complementary homopolymer portion, the second adapter portion, the barcode portion, and any other portion)
- each primer used in the nucleic acid amplification step may contain one or more monomers (e.g., about 1 to 15, about 1 to 12, or about 1 to several) selected from ribonucleotides and nucleotide analogs.
- everal means a plurality of 2 to 9.
- “1 to several” can be 1 to 9, 1 to 8, 1 to 7, 1 to 6, 1 to 5, 1 to 4, 1 to 3, or 1 to 2.
- a primer targeting a certain region X means a primer that hybridizes specifically to this region X or its complementary strand.
- a primer that targets region X includes a primer that contains a sequence identical to region X or a sequence complementary thereto.
- primer set in region X which means a primer that hybridizes specifically to region X or its complementary strand, and includes a primer that contains a sequence identical to region X or a sequence complementary thereto.
- complementary DNA strand and cDNA refer to a DNA strand consisting of a base sequence complementary to a target RNA, and are not limited to a DNA strand consisting of a sequence complementary to an mRNA.
- oligonucleotide or oligo refers to a single-stranded polynucleotide with a relatively short chain length.
- the chain length of an oligonucleotide is typically several tens of bases to about 200 bases, for example, about 50 bases to 150 bases, but is not limited to this.
- terminal transferase activity refers to the activity of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase to add nucleotides to the 3' end of a nucleotide chain in a template-independent manner.
- the 3' end of a single-stranded nucleotide, the 3' overhanging end of a double-stranded nucleotide, and the 3' end of a blunt end of a double-stranded nucleotide are targets for nucleotide addition by the terminal transferase activity.
- the target RNA includes various RNAs including polyA RNA.
- PolyA RNA is RNA having a polyA tail at the 3' end, and the most typical example is mRNA.
- the cells from which the target RNA is derived are not particularly limited, and various cells are the target, such as cells derived from individual mice, various cultured cells, cells derived from healthy individuals, cells derived from cancer patients, and cells derived from patients with various diseases.
- Cells derived from cancer patients may be cells derived from cancer patients undergoing cancer immunotherapy.
- Cells derived from healthy individuals or patients may be cells collected from peripheral blood or diseased areas (e.g., tumors).
- the amplification method of the present invention is used in an analysis method such as transcriptome analysis, cells may be used as samples, or cell nuclei isolated from various cells may be used as samples.
- the complementary DNA strand amplification method of the present invention includes a target RNA capture step, a complementary strand synthesis step, an unreacted oligo removal step, an RNA degradation step, a homopolymer addition step, a second strand synthesis step, and a nucleic acid amplification step.
- the amplification method of the present invention includes an embodiment in which the reverse transcription reaction is carried out in the coexistence of a template switching oligo in the complementary strand synthesis step, and a template switching (TS) reaction is carried out, and an embodiment in which the reverse transcription reaction is carried out in the absence of a template switching oligo.
- TS template switching
- the former embodiment will be referred to as the TS/TAS-Seq method, and the latter embodiment as the nonTS/TAS-Seq method.
- the TS/TAS-Seq method is more preferable.
- the nonTS/TAS-Seq method is preferable when the TS reaction produces significantly undesirable products (for example, strand invasion products by the template switching oligo, cDNA reverse complementary strand products resulting from mispriming to the synthesized cDNA, etc.).
- the target RNA capture step involves a solid-phase system in which the target RNA is captured by a target RNA capture oligo bound to a solid phase such as beads, and a liquid-phase system in which the target RNA is captured by a free target RNA capture oligo that is not bound to a solid phase.
- Figure 1 is an overview of the liquid-phase nonTS/TAS-Seq method.
- Figures 2 to 5 are overviews of the TS/TAS-Seq method, with Figures 2 and 3 showing the solid-phase system and Figures 4 and 5 showing the liquid-phase system.
- Target RNA capture process (Step 1 in Figures 2 and 3) In the target RNA capture step of the solid-phase TS/TAS-Seq method, the target RNA is captured by a target RNA capture oligo bound to a solid-phase carrier. The target RNA is captured on the solid-phase carrier via the target RNA capture oligo. As described below, the target RNA capture step is carried out in a microwell or microdroplet, or in a solution that does not fall under these.
- the solid phase carrier may be beads or a plate such as a slide glass.
- single cell analysis systems using bead solid phase carriers include the BD Rhapsody system (Patent Document 3) from Beckton Dickinson, which uses plates with microwells, the Seq-well system (Non-Patent Document 12), and the Nx1-seq system (Patent Document 5, Non-Patent Document 14), as well as the Drop-seq method (Non-Patent Document 13) that captures mRNA in microdroplets and the Nadia system from Dolomite Bio.
- a spatial transcriptomics platform which uses a plate as a solid-phase support, in which a tissue sample is permeabilized on a plate with aligned and immobilized target capture oligos, and the mRNA released from each cell in the tissue sample is captured by the capture oligos on the plate.
- a tissue sample is permeabilized on a plate with aligned and immobilized target capture oligos, and the mRNA released from each cell in the tissue sample is captured by the capture oligos on the plate.
- the material of the beads is not particularly limited, and various materials used for nucleic acid capture carriers in nucleic acid analysis kits and solid-phase particle carriers in immunoassay kits can be used.
- bead materials include organic polymer beads such as resin beads such as polystyrene and polypropylene, semiconductor beads such as quantum dots (semiconductor nanoparticles) made of semiconductor materials such as cadmium selenide (CdSe), zinc sulfide (ZnS), cadmium sulfide (CdS), zinc selenide (ZnSe), and zinc oxide (ZnO), metal beads such as gold, and polymer beads such as silica beads.
- organic polymer beads such as resin beads such as polystyrene and polypropylene
- semiconductor beads such as quantum dots (semiconductor nanoparticles) made of semiconductor materials such as cadmium selenide (CdSe), zinc sulfide (ZnS), cadmium sulfide (C
- beads made of materials such as cellulose, cellulose derivatives, acrylic resins, glass, silica gel, polystyrene, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, copolymers of vinyl and acrylamide, divinylbenzene cross-linked polystyrene (see Merrifield Biochemistry 1964,3,1385-1390), polyacrylamide, latex gel, polystyrene, dextran, rubber, silicon, plastic, nitrocellulose, cellulose, natural sponge, silica gel, glass, metal plastic, cellulose, cross-linked dextran (e.g. Sephadex (trade name)), and agarose gel (Sepharose (trade name)). Either non-magnetic or magnetic materials may be used, but magnetic beads are preferred as they are easier to handle.
- materials such as cellulose, cellulose derivatives, acrylic resins, glass, silica gel, polystyrene, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, copolymers of vinyl and acrylamide, divinylbenzene
- the material of the plate is not particularly limited, and various materials used for microarray substrates can be used.
- a typical example of a material that can be used is glass, but other materials such as silicon and plastic can also be used.
- the solid-phase carrier that is a plate includes various plate-like solid-phase carriers with flat or uneven surfaces, such as microwell plates with aligned microwells, plates used as substrates for microarrays, and flow cells for sequencers.
- the target RNA capture oligos are usually immobilized in multiple compartments on the plate (typically aligned and immobilized in spots).
- One embodiment of the target RNA capture process in a solid-phase system is to extract RNA from an individual cell in a microwell or microdroplet using an scRNA-seq analysis platform using solid-phase beads, and then bring the RNA into contact with a bead carrier to which a target RNA capture oligo is bound, thereby capturing polyA RNA or mRNA as the target RNA on the beads in the microwell or microdroplet.
- micro in the terms microwell and microdroplet typically means that the volume is about 5 to 100 pl.
- Examples of general methods of the scRNA-seq analysis platform using solid-phase beads are as described above, and examples include the BD Rhapsody system (Patent Document 3), Seq-well system (Non-Patent Document 12), and Nx1-seq system (Patent Document 5, Non-Patent Document 14) from Beckton Dickinson that use plates with microwells, the Drop-seq method (Non-Patent Document 13) that captures mRNA in microdroplets, and the Nadia system from Dolomite Bio, and these general methods can be preferably used in the present invention.
- target RNA capture process in a solid-phase system is to use a spatial transcriptomics platform to permeabilize a tissue sample on a plate on which target RNA capture oligos are aligned and immobilized, and capture polyA RNA or mRNA eluted from each cell of the tissue sample with the capture oligos on the plate.
- a spatial transcriptomics platform to permeabilize a tissue sample on a plate on which target RNA capture oligos are aligned and immobilized, and capture polyA RNA or mRNA eluted from each cell of the tissue sample with the capture oligos on the plate.
- Stereo-seq system Chien et al. Cell 2022 185, 1777-1792. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.003.
- Another embodiment of the target RNA capture process in a solid-phase system is to prepare a polyA RNA sample or an mRNA sample from a cell sample such as a diseased tissue specimen or a cell suspension, and capture the polyA RNA on a solid-phase carrier by contacting the polyA RNA sample or the mRNA sample with a solid-phase carrier to which a polyA RNA capture oligo is bound.
- the target RNA is captured in a solution whose volume does not meet the above-mentioned definition of "micro”.
- the polyA RNA sample or the mRNA sample may be prepared by first extracting total RNA from the cell sample and then extracting the polyA RNA or the mRNA, or the polyA RNA or the mRNA may be extracted directly from the cell sample without first extracting total RNA.
- the target RNA in the TS/TAS-Seq method includes polyA RNA. Only polyA RNA may be targeted, or RNA other than polyA RNA may also be targeted. That is, in the TS/TAS-Seq method, the target RNA capture oligo may include a target polyA RNA capture oligo, and may also include a target RNA capture oligo that captures RNA other than polyA RNA. In addition to the target RNA capture oligo, a target capture oligo that captures a nucleic acid molecule other than RNA may be further included.
- RNA capture oligos may be immobilized on the solid phase, and a target capture oligo that captures a nucleic acid molecule other than RNA may be further immobilized.
- An example of a target capture oligo that captures a nucleic acid molecule other than RNA is an oligonucleotide that captures a labeled oligo DNA in an scRNA-seq analysis technique that uses an oligo DNA labeling antibody in combination, such as TotalSeq by BioLegend.
- a technique that combines such an oligo DNA labeling antibody with the TdT method is also known (Patent Document 2).
- a target capture oligo that captures a nucleic acid molecule other than RNA is an oligonucleotide that captures a DNA fragment recombined by Tn5 transposase in a single-cell chromatin structure analysis technique that also uses Tn5 transposase.
- the solid phase is beads
- multiple types of capture oligos may be immobilized on one bead, or multiple types of capture oligos may each be immobilized on different beads.
- the solid phase is a plate, multiple types of capture oligos may be immobilized in one compartment, or multiple types of capture oligos may each be immobilized in different compartments.
- a typical example of a target polyA RNA capture oligo is an oligonucleotide that contains a polyT portion as the target capture portion, and captures the polyA portion of the target RNA.
- target RNA capture oligos that capture portions other than polyA include oligonucleotides that contain a random sequence of 6 to 15 bases as the target capture portion, and oligonucleotides that contain a sequence complementary to a desired region in a specific RNA sequence (e.g., the T cell receptor constant region, the B cell receptor constant region, or a region near the 5' end of the RNA) as the target capture portion.
- the target RNA capture oligo has a 5' end that is directly or indirectly bound to a solid phase support, and a target capture portion at the 3' end.
- the oligo may contain a first adaptor portion on the 5' side of the target capture portion, i.e., on the solid phase support side.
- the portion shown as Universal 1 in Figures 2 and 3 is the first adaptor portion.
- the first adaptor portion is the region where one of the primers is set in the nucleic acid amplification process.
- the target RNA capture oligo may also include a barcode portion between the first adaptor portion and the target capture portion for identifying an individual solid phase carrier or a position on the solid phase carrier.
- This barcode portion is a bead identification barcode when the solid phase carrier is a bead, and a compartment identification barcode for identifying which compartment on the plate the solid phase carrier is immobilized in when the solid phase carrier is a plate. That is, the target RNA capture oligo may include, from the 5' side to the 3' side, the first adaptor portion, the bead or compartment identification barcode portion, and the target capture portion.
- the complementary DNA strand amplified in the nucleic acid amplification step includes a barcode sequence derived from the identification barcode portion.
- the bead identification barcode portion has the same sequence on the same bead and a different sequence for each bead. This allows cDNA derived from mRNA captured on the same bead to be distinguished from cDNA derived from mRNA captured on other beads. In scRNA-seq analysis, cDNA derived from the same cell can be distinguished from cDNA derived from other cells.
- Such immobilized polyA RNA capture oligos containing bead identification barcode portions can be prepared by known methods (see, for example, WO 2015/166768 A1).
- compartment identification barcode portion has the same sequence within the same compartment (spot) on the plate, but has a different sequence for each compartment (spot). This makes it possible to determine, for example, if the sample is a tissue specimen, what kind of mRNA is expressed in which part of the tissue.
- FIGS 2 and 3 show an embodiment in which the solid phase is a bead, the target RNA capture oligo is a target polyA RNA capture oligo containing a polyT portion as the target capture portion, and mRNA is captured as the target polyA RNA (the polyT portion of the capture oligo is partially omitted in the figures).
- the capture of one mRNA molecule on one bead carrier is shown, but in reality, a large number of mRNA molecules are captured on one bead carrier.
- mRNA capture oligo if it contains polyA.
- A-2. Complementary strand synthesis process (Step 2 in Figures 2 and 3) After the target RNA capture step, the solid phase carrier is washed, and the complementary strand synthesis step is carried out in a state in which the target RNA is captured on the solid phase carrier.
- a reverse transcriptase having terminal transferase activity is used to carry out a reverse transcription reaction in the presence of a template switching oligo, thereby carrying out the reverse transcription reaction and the template switching reaction simultaneously (in one step).
- the timing of adding the template switching oligo to the reaction system is not particularly limited, and it may be before, simultaneously with, or after the initiation of the reverse transcription reaction, or it may be added after a certain time has passed during the reverse transcription reaction.
- the reverse transcription reaction and the template switching reaction themselves can be carried out in the usual manner.
- Reverse transcriptases with terminal transferase activity are widely known, and various types are commercially available. Representative examples include wild-type MMLV RT, Thermo Fisher Scientific's SuperScript II, SuperScript IV, Maxima H minus reverse transcriptase, Takara Bio's SmartScribe reverse transcriptase, and New England Biolabs' template switching RT.
- a DNA strand complementary DNA strand, first strand
- a complementary sequence is synthesized from the target RNA captured on the solid phase carrier.
- an additional sequence consisting of any number of bases is added to the 3' end of at least a portion of the synthesized complementary DNA by the terminal transferase activity of the reverse transcriptase.
- the number of bases added is generally within the range of 1 to 5 bases, and it is known that 3 bases are often added, and that when the template RNA is a full-length mRNA with a cap structure at the 5' end, CCC is likely to be added to the 3' end of the cDNA.
- Template switching oligos are oligonucleotides that contain a sequence at their 3' end that can hybridize with this additional sequence and contain a switching sequence on the 5' side of the sequence. Therefore, in this process, the template switching oligo hybridizes to the complementary DNA strand with the additional sequence added, and the complementary DNA strand extends to the 5' end of the template switching oligo, thereby further adding a complementary strand of the switching sequence to the 3' end of the complementary DNA.
- the template switching oligo preferably contains an oligonucleotide containing GGG, GUG or NGG (G and U are ribonucleotide bases, N is any ribonucleotide base selected from A, U, G and C, and may contain one or more nucleotide analogs) at the 3' end as a sequence that can hybridize with the additional sequence.
- Figures 2 and 3 show an example in which the hybridizable 3' end sequence is the ribonucleotide base GGG. Two or more types of template switching oligos with different 3' end sequences may be mixed and used.
- the switching sequence may include a second adaptor portion.
- the portion shown in the figure as Universal 2 is the second adaptor portion.
- the second adaptor portion becomes the region where one of the primers is set in the subsequent nucleic acid amplification process.
- the length of the molecular barcode is not particularly limited, but is typically about 12 to 30 bases.
- the molecular barcode may have a structure in which a specific fixed sequence is inserted into the random base sequence to provide resistance to sequence errors.
- the long primer used as a second-strand synthesis primer in the second-strand synthesis step may also contain a similar molecular barcode portion.
- the 5' or 3' end (either one or both) of the switching sequence may contain chemical modifications or bases, such as amino modifications, biotin modifications, or C3 spacer modifications, to prevent polymerization of the template switching oligo.
- Step 2 in Figures 2 and 3 when cDNA is synthesized for the entire length of mRNA on a target RNA capture oligo that has captured a full-length mRNA, CCC is added to the 3' end of the cDNA with a high probability due to the terminal transferase activity of the reverse transcriptase.
- a template switching oligo with a 3' end sequence of GGG hybridizes to this CCC portion, the DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity of the reverse transcriptase synthesizes a complementary strand of the switching sequence adjacent to the CCC at the 3' end of the cDNA (template switched cDNA).
- the complementary strand of the second adaptor, Universal 2 is synthesized, but if a molecular barcode is contained between Universal 2 and rGrGrG of the template switching oligo, the molecular barcode complementary strand + Universal 2 complementary strand are synthesized following the CCC at the 3' end of the cDNA.
- the end of the mRNA-cDNA hybrid becomes blunt, and any number of bases (indicated by NNN in the diagram) can be added to the 3' end of the cDNA strand by the terminal transferase activity of the reverse transcriptase (although there are cases where no bases are added).
- any cDNA to which the template switching oligo does not hybridize, or any cDNA to which other bases to which the template switching oligo does not hybridize, are added to the 3' end, remain on the solid phase as cDNA that has not undergone the template switching reaction (Step 2, second row, non-switched cDNA).
- any number of bases other than CCC are likely to be added to the end of the synthesized cDNA (although in some cases they may not be added), and such cDNA also remains on the solid phase as cDNA that has not undergone the template switching reaction (third row of Step 2, non-switched cDNA).
- Step 2 of Figure 3 in the hybrid double-stranded template-switched cDNA and mRNA, second strand synthesis proceeds while peeling off the mRNA from the cDNA due to the strand displacement activity of the reverse transcriptase.
- Reverse transcriptases with terminal transferase activity and strand displacement activity are also known, and various types are commercially available. Representative examples include wild-type MMLV RT, as well as Thermo Fisher Scientific's SuperScript II, SuperScript IV, Maxima H minus reverse transcriptase, Takara Bio's SmartScribe reverse transcriptase, and New England Biolabs' template switching RT.
- Examples of general exonucleases that specifically decompose single-stranded DNA include Exonuclease I and Exonuclease T. In the present invention, at least one of such general exonucleases can be used. After exonuclease treatment, the solid phase carrier is washed and the process proceeds to the next step.
- RNA decomposition process (Step 4 in Figures 2 and 3)
- the mRNA of the mRNA-cDNA hybrid bound to the solid support is degraded with an RNase. If the 3'-terminal sequence of the template switching oligo is a ribonucleotide base, the 3'-terminal portion is also degraded.
- a general RNase such as RNase H can be used, and alkaline treatment with NaOH solution, KOH solution, etc. can also be used.
- the solid support can be washed and recovered before proceeding to the homopolymer addition step, or it can be directly proceeded to the homopolymer addition step without washing. As described below, the RNA degradation step and the homopolymer addition step can also be performed simultaneously.
- Step 4 in Figures 2 and 3 Homopolymer addition process
- a reaction is carried out with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) in the presence of dATP, dTTP, dCTP, or dGTP and a chain-terminating nucleotide triphosphate (chain-terminating NTP) to add a nucleotide homopolymer to the 3' end of the complementary DNA strand synthesized on the solid phase (Step 4 in Figures 2 and 3; an example of polyC is shown in the figure).
- a nucleotide homopolymer is added to both template-switched and non-switched cDNA.
- a chain-terminating NTP (chain-terminating ATP, chain-terminating TTP, chain-terminating CTP, or chain-terminating GTP) is a nucleotide that has been modified or altered so that the OH group at the 3' position of the nucleotide cannot form a phosphate ester bond with the 5'-phosphate moiety of another nucleotide molecule, and can also be called a nucleotide triphosphate that does not have an OH group at the 3' position (the atomic group bound to the 3' position does not contain an OH group).
- ddNTPs dideoxynucleotide triphosphates
- ddNTP derivatives typically ddNTPs modified at the 3' position with an atomic group that does not have an OH group, e.g., ddNTPs modified at the 3' position with an azide group or an amino group, such as 3'-Azido-ddATP, 3'-Azido-ddCTP, 3'-Azido-ddGTP, 3'-Azido-ddTTP, 3'-Azido-ddUTP, 3'-Amino-ddATP, 3'-Amino-ddCTP, 3'-Amino-ddGTP, 3'-Amino-ddTTP, etc.), 3'-deoxyn
- the base chains of the chain-terminating NTP and the substrate (dNTP) forming the homopolymer used are the same. Since the minimum homopolymer length required for the second strand synthesis reaction, the necessary length of the 3'-terminal homopolymer portion of the primer used for second strand synthesis, and the chain length of the by-product derived from the free primer can be particularly desirably suppressed, it is preferable to perform polyC addition or polyG addition by using, for example, a combination of chain-terminating CTP such as ddCTP + dCTP, or chain-terminating GTP such as ddGTP + dGTP.
- the cytosine base added to the 3'-end of the cDNA strand for the full-length mRNA during the TS reaction can also be counted as a homopolymer site, so it is particularly preferable to perform polyC addition by using a combination of chain-terminating CTP + dCTP.
- the amount of chain-terminating NTPs added should be about 1:10 to 1:100 in terms of the ratio to dNTPs (dATP, dTTP, dCTP, or dGTP), and can be, for example, 1:10 to 1:80, 1:10 to 1:60, 1:10 to 1:40, 1:15 to 1:80, 1:15 to 1:60, or 1:15 to 1:40.
- the amount of other chain-terminating NTPs used can also be set according to this ratio.
- the reaction time must be strictly controlled in order to control the chain length of homopolymers, depending on the difference in activity between enzyme lots and the amount of substrates such as primers and cDNA.
- the homopolymer addition reaction by TdT is carried out in the presence of a chain-terminating NTP, and the chain-terminating NTP is incorporated stochastically to terminate the homopolymer extension reaction, thereby significantly increasing the tolerance to differences in reaction time and enzyme activity caused by TdT.
- the homopolymer addition reaction with TdT is generally carried out in the presence of a divalent cation, which may include, but is not limited to, divalent metal cations such as Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ , Ni 2+ , Co 2+ , Mn 2+ , Mg 2+ , etc., for example, Co 2+ , Mn 2+ or Mg 2+ .
- a divalent cation which may include, but is not limited to, divalent metal cations such as Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ , Ni 2+ , Co 2+ , Mn 2+ , Mg 2+ , etc., for example, Co 2+ , Mn 2+ or Mg 2+ .
- RNA degradation step and the homopolymer addition step are carried out simultaneously.
- the second strand synthesis primer used in the second strand synthesis step of the TS/TAS-Seq method includes a primer (hereinafter, long primer) that contains a complementary homopolymer portion of a sequence complementary to the nucleotide homopolymer added to the end of the first strand of the complementary DNA and contains a second adapter portion on the 5' side of the complementary homopolymer portion, and a primer (hereinafter, short primer) that does not contain a complementary homopolymer portion and contains a second adapter portion on its 3' side.
- the template-switched cDNA derived from the full-length mRNA contains a complementary strand of the second adapter (Universal 2) derived from the template switching oligo, so both the long primer and the short primer can hybridize.
- the primer on the inside is easier to extend, so the figure shows the state of extension from the short primer.
- the long primer hybridizes to the non-switched complementary DNA strand, and the second strand is extended and synthesized.
- a DNA double strand consisting of a complementary DNA (first strand) and a second strand is formed on the solid phase. If a molecular barcode is included in the template switching oligo, the molecular barcode is incorporated into the second strand synthesized in this step for the template-switched cDNA first strand.
- the complementary homopolymer portion is present at the 3' end of the long primer.
- the length of the complementary homopolymer portion is usually about 6 to 15 bases, for example about 7 to 13 bases, when the homopolymer tail added to the first strand of the complementary DNA is polyC or polyG, and is usually about 15 to 30 bases, for example about 18 to 25 bases, when the homopolymer tail is polyA or polyT.
- the complementary homopolymer portion may also have an anchor sequence of about 1 to 2 bases added to its 3' end. Adding an anchor sequence can increase the probability that the long primer will anneal to the start point of the homopolymer tail added to the cDNA by TdT.
- the second adapter contained in the long primer and the short primer is the same as the second adapter contained in the template switching oligo, and will be the region where one of the primers is set in the subsequent nucleic acid amplification process.
- the long primer may contain a molecular barcode portion consisting of a random sequence.
- a molecular barcode may be included between the second adapter portion and the complementary homopolymer portion.
- the molecular barcode included in the switching sequence of the template switching oligo functions.
- the molecular barcode carried by the long primer functions.
- the polymerase used in the second strand synthesis step may be a general polymerase such as Taq polymerase used in normal PCR, or a polymerase known as a high-fidelity PCR enzyme or a polymerase with strand displacement activity such as Bst DNA polymerase.
- the second strand synthesis step after thermal denaturation as necessary, only one cycle of annealing and extension reaction of the primer for second strand synthesis may be carried out, or cycles may be carried out by thermal cycling reaction. In addition, after one or multiple cycles of reaction, a follow-up reaction may be carried out using a polymerase with strand displacement activity such as Bst DNA polymerase.
- nucleic acid amplification process (Step 6 in Figures 2 and 3) After the synthesis of the second strand, the solid phase carrier may or may not be washed before proceeding to the nucleic acid amplification step.
- a nucleic acid amplification reaction is carried out using the double-stranded DNA synthesized on the solid phase carrier as a template (Step 6 in Figures 2 and 3). Since high accuracy is required in this nucleic acid amplification reaction, it is desirable to use a polymerase generally known as a high-accuracy PCR enzyme. Various high-accuracy PCR enzymes are commercially available.
- the nucleic acid amplification reaction may be carried out directly by adding additional nucleic acid amplification reaction solution to the solid phase carrier without washing it.
- a nucleic acid amplification reaction can be carried out with a set of primers set for those adaptors.
- the mRNA expressed in each cell is comprehensively reverse transcribed and amplified, so it is common to carry out total cDNA amplification with a primer set targeting the first and second adaptors.
- the primer set is typically a set of a primer consisting of the first adaptor sequence and a primer consisting of the second adaptor sequence, but it is acceptable for the primer set to include any additional sequence or modification with biotin or the like on the 5' side.
- a nucleic acid amplification reaction may be carried out using a primer targeting a desired region in the complementary DNA strand instead of a primer targeting the first adaptor.
- a nucleic acid amplification reaction can be carried out using a primer targeting the second adaptor and a primer targeting a desired region in the complementary DNA strand (e.g., a primer targeting a TCR constant region).
- the nucleic acid amplification reaction itself may be carried out as a PCR reaction in the usual manner. If desired, one or more stages of PCR reaction may be carried out.
- both primers may be bound to spacers such as biotin or amine at their 5' ends, which makes it easier to recover the DNA fragments to be sequenced.
- Target RNA capture process (Step 1 in Figures 4 and 5)
- the target RNA is captured by a free target RNA capture oligo that is not bound to a solid-phase carrier.
- the target RNA capture step can be performed in a microwell or microdroplet, or in a solution that does not fall under these.
- Liquid-phase analysis techniques include, for example, the 10X Chromium system (Patent Document 4) from 10X Genomics, which encapsulates hydrogel beads containing mRNA capture oligos and a single cell in a microdroplet, melts the hydrogel and dissolves the cell in the microdroplet, and captures the mRNA with the released mRNA capture oligos; Smart-Seq2 (Non-Patent Document 15), which dispenses individual cells or trace amounts of mRNA into a 96-well plate for amplification; and sci-RNA-seq3, which suspends fixed cells in a solution containing a cell membrane permeabilization reagent and mRNA capture oligos, and captures the mRNA on the mRNA capture oligos within the fixed cells.
- the liquid-phase TS/TAS-Seq method can be applied to any of these known transcriptome analysis techniques.
- One embodiment of the target RNA capture process in a liquid phase system is to encapsulate target RNA capture oligos in beads made of a material (such as hydrogel) that can melt under mild conditions such as room temperature, encapsulate the beads and cells in a 1:1 ratio in microdroplets or add them to microwells, and then melt the beads and lyse the cells in the microdroplets or microwells to capture target RNA such as mRNA on the target RNA capture oligos.
- a material such as hydrogel
- Another embodiment is one in which a target RNA capture oligo is added to a solution containing a cell lysate or RNA extracted from cells, and target RNA such as mRNA is captured on the capture oligo in the solution.
- This embodiment includes a method in which individual cells or mRNA extracted from them are dispensed into a microwell and target RNA such as mRNA is captured on the target RNA capture oligo in the microwell, a method in which individual cells are trapped in a microdroplet and target RNA is captured on the target RNA capture oligo in the microdroplet, and a method in which target RNA is captured on the target RNA capture oligo in a solution that does not fall into a microvolume.
- fixed cells are suspended in a solution containing a cell membrane permeation reagent and a target RNA capture oligo, and target RNA such as mRNA is captured on the target RNA capture oligo within the fixed cells.
- the target RNA also includes polyA RNA in the liquid-phase TS/TAS-Seq method. Only polyA RNA may be targeted, or RNA other than polyA RNA may also be targeted. That is, in the TS/TAS-Seq method, the target RNA capture oligo includes a target polyA RNA capture oligo, and may also include a target RNA capture oligo that captures RNA other than polyA RNA. In addition to the target RNA capture oligo, it may further include a target capture oligo that captures a nucleic acid molecule other than RNA as a target. When capturing the target RNA in a microwell or microdroplet, multiple types of capture oligos may be contained in one microwell or microdroplet, or multiple types of capture oligos may be contained in different microwells or microdroplets.
- Typical examples of target polyA RNA capture oligos and examples of target RNA capture oligos that capture sites other than polyA are the same as those in the solid-phase TS/TAS-Seq method.
- Step 1 of Figures 4 and 5 not only full-length mRNAs with a 5' cap structure, but also "non-full-length mRNAs" such as incomplete length mRNAs without a cap structure, immature mRNAs, and partially degraded mRNAs, can be captured by target polyA RNA capture oligos that have a T portion as the target capture portion, as long as they have polyA.
- the target RNA capture oligo has a target capture portion at the 3' end.
- the 5' side of the target capture portion may contain a first adapter portion (shown as Universal 1 in Figures 4 and 5) that can be used as a primer setting region in the nucleic acid amplification process, and may contain a cell identification barcode portion between the first adapter portion and the target capture portion for identifying the individual cell from which the target RNA is derived.
- This cell identification barcode is a barcode that corresponds to the bead identification barcode portion and the compartment identification barcode portion in a solid-phase system.
- the target RNA capture oligo that will be encapsulated together with one cell in the same microwell or microdroplet has a cell identification barcode with the same sequence, and the sequence of the cell identification barcode differs for each microwell or microdroplet. This makes it possible to distinguish cDNA derived from mRNA captured by the capture oligo in the same microwell or microdroplet from cDNA derived from mRNA captured in another microwell or microdroplet, and thus to distinguish cDNA derived from the same cell from cDNA derived from other cells.
- Step 2 in Figures 4 and 5 Complementary strand synthesis process
- the complementary strand synthesis step is continued without purification, etc.
- a reverse transcriptase with terminal transferase activity and a template switching oligo are added to the reaction solution after the target RNA capture, and the reverse transcription reaction and TS reaction are carried out in one step.
- the details of this process and the structure of the template switching oligo are the same as in solid-phase TS/TAS-Seq.
- the first row of Step 2 in Figures 4 and 5 is the template-switched cDNA. cDNA that was synthesized for the entire length of full-length mRNA but to which the template switching oligo did not hybridize (second row of Step 2 in Figures 4 and 5), cDNA that was synthesized for the entire length of non-full-length mRNA and to which the template switching oligo did not hybridize (third row of Step 2), and cDNA whose synthesis stopped midway (fourth row of Step 2) remain in the reaction solution as cDNA that did not undergo the template switching reaction.
- Step 2 of Figure 5 When a reverse transcriptase that has strand displacement activity in addition to terminal transferase activity is used, as shown in Step 2 of Figure 5, in the hybrid double-stranded template-switched cDNA and mRNA, second-strand synthesis proceeds while peeling off the mRNA from the cDNA due to the strand displacement activity of the reverse transcriptase.
- Unreacted oligo removal process (Step 3 in Figures 4 and 5)
- the reaction solution after the completion of complementary strand synthesis can be purified by nucleic acid size fractionation to separate and remove the unreacted target RNA capture oligos with very short chain length from the complementary DNA strand (mRNA-cDNA hybrid).
- Unreacted template switching oligos can also be removed in one step together with the unreacted capture oligos.
- Purification methods by nucleic acid size fractionation are well known and can be carried out in the usual manner, such as purification by a silica membrane column or purification using magnetic beads to which DNA is bound.
- the nucleic acid size fractionation may be combined with removal by exonuclease, which can further increase the efficiency of removing the unreacted oligos.
- exonuclease A general exonuclease that specifically degrades single-stranded DNA can be used, and examples of such an exonuclease include Exonuclease I and Exonuclease T.
- Exonuclease can also be removed at the same time by adding exonuclease to the reaction solution after the completion of complementary strand synthesis and performing purification by nucleic acid size fractionation after the reaction.
- RNA degradation process (Step 4 in Figures 4 and 5) After purification by size fractionation, an RNase is added to the reaction solution to degrade the mRNA of the mRNA-cDNA hybrid in the reaction solution and the 3'-terminal sequence of the template switching oligo (if the sequence is a ribonucleotide base).
- reagents such as dNTPs, chain-terminating NTPs and TdT may be added to the reaction solution to carry out the next homopolymer addition step, but it is preferable to add RNA enzyme and these reagents to the reaction solution simultaneously or sequentially to carry out RNA degradation and homopolymer addition simultaneously. If an alkaline solution such as NaOH or KOH is used in the RNA degradation step, the reaction solution is neutralized after the degradation reaction with the alkaline solution before carrying out the TdT reaction.
- an alkaline solution such as NaOH or KOH
- Step 4 in Figures 4 and 5 A TdT-catalyzed reaction is carried out in the presence of dATP, dTTP, dCTP, or dGTP and a chain-terminating NTP to add a homopolymeric nucleotide to the 3' end of the complementary DNA strand (Step 4 in Figures 4 and 5; an example of polyC is shown in the figure). Details of this step, such as the preferred example of the chain-terminating NTP and the ratio of dNTPs and chain-terminating NTPs added, are the same as those of solid-phase TS/TAS-Seq, except for the points described below.
- Figure 5 shows an embodiment in which the reverse transcriptase used in the complementary strand synthesis step further has strand displacement activity.
- the second strand of the template-switched cDNA (the strand indicated by an asterisk in Step 4) is synthesized in the complementary strand synthesis step, a double-stranded DNA consisting of the first and second strands of cDNA is present in the reaction solution at the start of the homopolymer addition step, and both ends of this double-stranded DNA are blunt or have 3' overhanging ends (see the first row of Step 2 in Figure 5). Therefore, in this double-stranded DNA, homopolymers can be added not only to the 3' end of the template-switched first strand of cDNA, but also to the 3' end of the second strand.
- Second strand synthesis step (Step 5 in Figures 4 and 5)
- the reaction solution after RNA degradation and homopolymer addition is purified to remove reagents such as RNase and TdT, and then the second strand synthesis step is carried out.
- the second strand synthesis step of the liquid-phase TS/TAS-Seq is carried out using second strand synthesis primers including a long primer and a short primer, as in the solid-phase system.
- the composition and preferred conditions of each primer, as well as the details of this step, are the same as those of the solid-phase TS/TAS-Seq, except for the points described below.
- the second strand (the strand marked with an asterisk) synthesized in the complementary strand synthesis step for the template switched cDNA may also have a homopolymer at the 3' end, so a reaction may occur in which the long primer hybridizes to the homopolymer of this strand and is extended, as shown in the dashed box in Step 5.
- the DNA strand generated by this extension reaction does not contain the adapter sequence required for PCR amplification at its 5' end, so if primers targeting the first and second adapters are used in the subsequent nucleic acid amplification step, the DNA strand will not be amplified.
- Step 6 Nucleic acid amplification process
- the reaction solution is purified as necessary to remove excess primers and reagents such as polymerase, and the nucleic acid amplification step is then carried out.
- This step in the liquid phase system can be carried out in the same manner as in the solid phase system TS/TAS-Seq.
- nonTS/TAS-Seq method ( Figure 1) Although an example of a liquid phase system is shown in Fig. 1, a solid phase system can also be used.
- the reverse transcription reaction is carried out in the absence of a template switching oligo, and terminal transferase is used as the reverse transcriptase.
- the nonTS/TAS-Seq method can be carried out in the same manner as the TS/TAS-Seq method, except that strand displacement activity is not required.
- strand displacement activity is not required.
- Target RNA capture process (Step 1 in Figure 1)
- the main target RNA is mRNA, which is polyA RNA, and it is generally preferred that the target RNA capture oligo contains a target polyA RNA capture oligo.
- the TS reaction using CCC addition to cDNA for full-length mRNA is not used in combination, the effects of this method can be obtained even when nonTS/TAS-Seq is performed only for non-polyA RNA. Therefore, in the nonTS/TAS-Seq method, it is not essential that the target RNA capture oligo contains a target polyA RNA capture oligo.
- Step 2 in Figure 1 In the complementary strand synthesis step, a reverse transcription reaction is carried out in the absence of a template switching oligo using a reverse transcriptase having terminal transferase activity, whereby a complementary DNA strand for the mRNA captured by the immobilized or free target RNA capture oligo is synthesized, and any number of bases are added to the 3'-end of at least a part of the complementary DNA strand.
- Step 3 in Figure 1 In the case of a solid phase system, the reaction can be carried out in the same manner as in A-3, and in the case of a liquid phase system, the reaction can be carried out in the same manner as in B-3.
- RNA degradation process (Step 4 in Figure 1)
- the reaction can be carried out in the same manner as in A-4, and in the case of a liquid phase system, the reaction can be carried out in the same manner as in B-4.
- Homopolymer addition process (Step 4 in Figure 1)
- the procedure can be the same as that of A-5, and in the case of a liquid phase system, the procedure can be the same as that of B-5.
- the homopolymer addition step may be performed after RNA degradation, or RNA degradation and homopolymer addition may be performed simultaneously.
- Second strand synthesis process (Step 5 in Figure 1)
- the primers used for second strand synthesis include long primers. Short primers are not necessary.
- Nucleic acid amplification process (Step 6 in Figure 1) It can be carried out in the same manner as the nucleic acid amplification reaction in the liquid-phase and solid-phase TS/TAS-Seq methods.
- the complementary DNA strand amplified by the method of the present invention may be subjected to processing such as fragmentation, end repair, A-tailing, and addition of a sequencing adapter in order to be subjected to sequencing by a next-generation sequencer.
- processing such as fragmentation, end repair, A-tailing, and addition of a sequencing adapter in order to be subjected to sequencing by a next-generation sequencer.
- processing steps a library of cDNA processed into a sequencing construct is obtained. Ultrasound or enzymes can be used as a fragmentation method.
- Sequencing constructs can be created using commonly used reagents, and representative examples of the enzymatic method include the NEBNext UltraII FS kit from New England Biolabs and the KAPA HyperPlus kit from KAPA Biosystems, and machines such as Covaris and Bioruptor can be used as ultrasonic fragmentation devices, but other equivalent products can also be used.
- the sequencing adapter an appropriate adapter can be used depending on the next-generation sequencer to be used.
- the library may be sequenced using a sequencer generally known as a next-generation sequencer.
- next-generation sequencers that may be preferably used include Illumina's Novaseq 6000 system, Novaseq X system, Hiseq system, Nextseq system, Nextseq2000 system, Nextseq3000 system, and MiSeq system; MGI's DNBseq T7 system, DNBseq G400 system, and DNBseq G40 system; and Thermo Fisher Scientific's Ion S5/Ion S5 XL system.
- PBMCs Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- the number of cells was counted using a flow cytometer, and the cells and beads were loaded at an appropriate density into a microwell cartridge according to the Rhapsody specifications, the cells were lysed, and each cell-derived mRNA was trapped on one bead (including a Rhapsody universal adapter as a polyA RNA capture oligo) (target RNA capture step).
- the Rhapsody universal adapter immobilized on the beads is DNA with the following structure, and CLS1 (cell label section 1) to CLS3 each have 96 known unique sequences consisting of 9 bases, for a total of 288 types, constituting a total of approximately 900,000 bead identification barcodes. In sequence ID No.
- CLS1 to CLS3 are represented as NNNNNNNNN.
- Each of the four beads that trapped mRNA was divided into two (a total of eight), four of which were subjected to the TAS-Seq method, and the remaining four were subjected to reverse transcription and cDNA amplification using the cDNA amplification method of the present invention.
- the polyA RNA capture beads were subjected to reverse transcription as recommended by the manufacturer (complementary strand synthesis step, using a reverse transcriptase with terminal transferase activity and strand displacement activity), and then unreacted polyA RNA capture oligos on the beads were removed by Exonuclease I treatment (unreacted oligo removal step).
- dCTP and ddCTP as the terminator, mRNA degradation by RNase H and homopolymer addition reaction by TdT were simultaneously performed for 20 minutes.
- second strand synthesis reaction was performed using a primer with a guanine homopolymer at the 3' end of the universal 2 adaptor sequence and a high-fidelity DNA polymerase.
- the reaction solution was subjected to 9 cycles of PCR amplification of all cDNA using primers for universal 1 and universal 2 sequences (universal oligo-long, 5'BDWTAv2).
- primers for universal 1 and universal 2 sequences universal oligo-long, 5'BDWTAv2
- the cDNA was further amplified by 5 cycles of PCR.
- the final cDNA amount was measured using a Qubit fluorometer or nanodrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and the size distribution of cDNA was measured using a MultiNA system (Shimadzu Corporation).
- the above polyA RNA capture beads were subjected to reverse transcription reaction at 42°C for 30 minutes using the reagents provided by the manufacturer, and then template switching oligo (5'BDWTAv2-TSO) and MgCl2 were added and reverse transcription and template switching reaction were performed at 42°C for 30 minutes (complementary strand synthesis step). Then, unreacted polyA RNA capture oligo on the beads was removed by Exonuclease I treatment (unreacted oligo removal step). Using dCTP and ddCTP as a terminator, mRNA degradation by RNaseH and homopolymer addition reaction by TdT were performed simultaneously for 20 minutes.
- a second strand synthesis reaction was performed using a primer having a guanine homopolymer at the 3' end of the universal 2 adapter sequence and a highly accurate DNA polymerase.
- the reaction solution was subjected to 9 cycles of PCR amplification of all cDNA using primers for universal 1 and universal 2 sequences (universal oligo-long, 5'BDWTAv2).
- primers for universal 1 and universal 2 sequences universal oligo-long, 5'BDWTAv2
- AmPure XP beads (Beckman Coulter)
- the cDNA was amplified by five additional cycles of PCR.
- the final cDNA amount was measured using a Qubit fluorometer or nanodrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and the cDNA size distribution was measured using a MultiNA system (Shimadzu Corporation).
- a cDNA synthesis reagent containing a cell lysis reagent and a reverse transcription reagent (a reverse transcriptase with terminal transferase activity and strand displacement activity was used) was simultaneously loaded, but for comparison, samples with and without template switching oligo (10X Chromium-TSO) were prepared.
- samples with and without template switching oligo (10X Chromium-TSO) were prepared.
- mRNA from each cell was trapped on a polyA RNA capture oligo (10X Chromium adapter) released from the hydrogel (target RNA capture step), and reverse transcription reaction, or reverse transcription reaction and TS reaction were performed in the microdroplet at 37°C or 53°C for 1 hour (complementary strand synthesis step).
- the 10X Chromium adapter is a DNA having the following structure, and CB is a known identification barcode consisting of 16 bases and has approximately 900,000 combinations. In sequence number 5 of the sequence table, CB is shown as NNNNNNNNNNNN. ⁇ Structure of 10X Chromium adapter> CTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCT- (CB) NNNNNNNNNNTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTVN (SEQ ID NO: 5)
- the resulting cDNA solution was used to simultaneously degrade mRNA with RNase H and homopolymer addition reaction with TdT using dCTP and ddCTP as a terminator for 20 minutes.
- second strand synthesis reaction was carried out using a primer with a guanine homopolymer at the 3' end of the universal 2 adapter sequence and a high fidelity DNA polymerase.
- the reaction solution was subjected to 9 cycles of PCR amplification of all cDNA using primers for the universal 1 and universal 2 sequences (universal oligo-long, 5'BDWTAv2).
- the resulting cDNA was further amplified by 5 cycles of PCR.
- the final cDNA amount was measured using a nanodrop spectrophotometer, and the cDNA size distribution was measured using a MultiNA system.
- cDNA was purified by nucleic acid size fractionation using Pronex beads (Promega) (unreacted oligo removal step). Total cDNA from 3 samples was amplified by 11 cycles of PCR using 5'BDWTAv2 and 3'WTA primers, and purified by AmPure XP. The remaining three samples were subjected to simultaneous mRNA degradation by RNase H and homopolymer addition by TdT for 20 min using dCTP and ddCTP as a terminator.
- Second strand synthesis was performed using a primer with a guanine homopolymer at the 3' end of the universal 2 adaptor sequence and a highly accurate DNA polymerase.
- the reaction solution was amplified for 11 cycles by PCR using primers for the universal 1 and universal 2 sequences (5'BDWTAv2 and 3'WTA primer), and purified by AmPure XP.
- the final cDNA amount was measured by Qubit Fluorometer, the relative contents of Actb and Rps3 genes in the cDNA were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and the size distribution of cDNA was measured by MultiNA system.
- the results of a comparison of representative cDNA distributions are shown in Figure 10.
- the cDNA amplification method of the present invention which performs both TS and TdT reactions, shows an increased proportion of small cDNAs of 300-700 bp in size overall, suggesting the possibility that the cDNA amplification method of the present invention may capture nucleic acids that are difficult to react with the TS reaction, such as cDNA in which reverse transcription has stopped midway through the mRNA, immature mRNA, and partially degraded mRNA.
- the obtained sequence data was mapped to the reference sequence (GRCm38-101) to obtain gene expression data for each cell.
- data obtained with 10X Chromium v3.1 for mouse spleen cells (TS method, accession ID: GSE192930) was downloaded from a public database. The obtained data was downsampled so that the median number of reads per cell was uniform, and the data was again mapped to the reference sequence (GRCm38-101) to obtain gene expression data for each cell.
- RNA from each cell was trapped in a polyA RNA capture oligo (10X Chromium adapter) released from the hydrogel (target RNA capture step), and reverse transcription and TS reactions were performed in the microdroplet at 53°C for 1 hour (complementary strand synthesis step, using a reverse transcriptase with terminal transferase activity and strand displacement activity).
- complementary strand synthesis step using a reverse transcriptase with terminal transferase activity and strand displacement activity.
- the complementary strand synthesis step was completed, the emulsion constituting the microdroplet was broken using the method recommended by 10X, and the cDNA was purified by nucleic acid size fractionation to remove unreacted polyA RNA capture oligo and template switching oligo (unreacted oligo removal step).
- one of the libraries from each of the three samples was directly amplified by PCR using primers (universal oligo-long, 5'BDWTAv2) for universal 1 and universal 2 sequences for 9 cycles to amplify the entire cDNA.
- primers universal oligo-long, 5'BDWTAv2
- the obtained cDNA was further amplified by 5 cycles of PCR.
- dCTP and ddCTP as a terminator were used, and mRNA degradation by RNaseH and homopolymer addition reaction by TdT were performed simultaneously for 20 minutes.
- second strand synthesis reaction was performed using a primer with a guanine homopolymer at the 3' end of the universal 2 adapter sequence and a high-fidelity DNA polymerase.
- the entire cDNA was amplified by PCR using primers (universal oligo-long, 5'BDWTAv2) for universal 1 and universal 2 sequences for 9 cycles.
- primers universal oligo-long, 5'BDWTAv2
- AmPure XP beads (Beckman Coulter)
- the resulting cDNA was further amplified by five cycles of PCR.
- sequence data was mapped to the human reference sequence using 10X Cell ranger software to obtain gene expression data for each cell.
- the obtained data was downsampled so that the median number of reads per cell was uniform, and the data was again mapped to the human reference sequence to obtain gene expression data for each cell.
- Figure 14 shows a comparison of the number of detected genes and the number of reads in various cell populations based on the cell clustering results.
- the data obtained by the cDNA amplification method of the present invention (10X+TAS-Seq2) showed an increased number of detected genes per cell compared to the data obtained by the TS method alone (10X).
- One of the major applications of single-cell transcriptome analysis is the separation and identification of cell populations and elucidation of their properties. This demonstrated the usefulness of the liquid-phase single-cell transcriptome analysis of the present invention in the separation and identification of cell populations and elucidation of their properties.
- the amount of information per cell can be increased by 1.5-2 times compared to the conventional method.
- the required sequence analysis cost can be reduced to 1/2-1/3 times ( Figure 14).
- the number of analyzed cells has increased significantly in scRNA-seq analysis from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands, but the amount of sequence analysis required per cell has not changed, so it is expected that the sequence analysis cost will become a bottleneck in scRNA-seq analysis in the future.
- the present invention can reduce the sequence analysis cost, which is expected to account for the majority of the scRNA-seq analysis cost in the near future, by 1/2-1/3 times, improving cost-effectiveness and making a significant contribution to industrial use.
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Abstract
Description
ターミナルトランスフェラーゼ活性を有する逆転写酵素を用いて逆転写反応を行うことにより、捕捉したRNAと相補的な配列の相補DNA鎖を合成し、少なくとも一部の相補DNAの3'末端に任意の数塩基からなる付加配列を付加する、相補鎖合成工程;
標的RNAを捕捉していない標的RNA捕捉オリゴを除去する、未反応オリゴ除去工程;
RNA分解酵素によりRNAを分解する、RNA分解工程;
dATP、dTTP、dCTP又はdGTPと連鎖停止ヌクレオチド三リン酸との存在下でターミナルデオキシヌクレオチジルトランスフェラーゼによる反応を行い、前記相補DNA鎖の3'末端にヌクレオチドホモポリマーを付加する、ホモポリマー付加工程;
前記ヌクレオチドホモポリマーに対し相補的な配列の相補的ホモポリマー部分を含むプライマーを含む第2鎖合成用プライマーを用いて、前記相補DNA鎖に対し第2鎖合成を行い、相補DNA鎖及び第2鎖で構成されるDNA二本鎖を生成する、第2鎖合成工程;及び
前記DNA二本鎖を鋳型として核酸増幅反応を行う、核酸増幅工程
を含む、相補DNA鎖を増幅する方法。
[2] 標的RNA捕捉オリゴが、標的捕捉部の5'側に第1のアダプター部分を含み、第2鎖合成用プライマーが、相補的ホモポリマー部分の5'側に第2のアダプター部分を含むロングプライマーを含み、核酸増幅工程において、第1のアダプターを標的とするプライマーと、第2のアダプターを標的とするプライマーとを用いて核酸増幅反応を行う、[1]記載の方法。
[3] 第2鎖合成用プライマーが、相補的ホモポリマー部分の5'側に第2のアダプター部分を含むロングプライマーを含み、核酸増幅工程において、第2のアダプターを標的とするプライマーと、相補DNA鎖中の所望の領域を標的とするプライマーとを用いて核酸増幅反応を行う、[1]記載の方法。
[4] ロングプライマーが、第2のアダプター部分と相補的ホモポリマー部分の間にランダムな配列からなる分子バーコード部分を含む、[2]又は[3]記載の方法。
[5] ロングプライマーの相補的ホモポリマー部分の鎖長が6~15塩基である、[2]~[4]のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
[6] 標的RNA捕捉オリゴが、固相担体に結合していない遊離のオリゴであり、未反応オリゴ除去工程が核酸サイズ分画により行われる、[1]~[5]のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
[7] 標的RNA捕捉オリゴが、5'側から3'側に向かって、第1のアダプター部分、細胞識別バーコード部分、及び標的捕捉部を含む、[6]記載の方法。
[8] 標的RNA捕捉オリゴが、固相担体に結合した固相化オリゴであり、未反応オリゴ除去工程がエキソヌクレアーゼ処理により行われる、[1]~[5]のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
[9] 前記固相担体がビーズであり、標的RNA捕捉オリゴが、5'側から3'側に向かって、第1のアダプター部分、ビーズ識別バーコード部分、及び標的捕捉部を含む、[8]記載の方法。
[10] 前記固相担体がプレートであり、標的RNA捕捉オリゴが、プレートの複数箇所の区画に固定化され、5'側から3'側に向かって第1のアダプター部分、区画識別バーコード部分、及び標的捕捉部を含む、[8]記載の方法。
[11] 標的RNA捕捉オリゴが、標的捕捉部としてポリT部分を含む標的ポリA RNA捕捉オリゴを含み、標的RNAがポリA RNAを含む、[1]~[10]のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
[12] 相補鎖合成工程において、前記付加配列とハイブリダイズ可能な配列を3'末端に含み、かつ、該配列の5'側にスイッチング配列を含むテンプレートスイッチングオリゴの共存下で逆転写反応が行われ、前記付加配列が付加された相補DNA鎖にテンプレートスイッチングオリゴをハイブリダイズさせ、該相補DNA鎖の3'末端にスイッチング配列と相補的な配列をさらに付加する、[11]記載の方法。
[13] テンプレートスイッチングオリゴが、前記付加配列とハイブリダイズ可能な配列としてGGG、GUG又はNGG(G及びUはリボヌクレオチドの塩基、NはA、U、G及びCから選択されるいずれかのリボヌクレオチドの塩基であり、1個以上のヌクレオチドアナログを含んでいてもよい)を3'末端に含むオリゴヌクレオチドを含み、スイッチング配列が第2のアダプター部分を含む、[12]記載の方法。
[14] スイッチング配列が、第2のアダプター部分の3'側にランダムな配列からなる分子バーコード部分を含む、[13]記載の方法。
[15] 標的RNA捕捉オリゴが、固相担体に結合していない遊離のオリゴであり、未反応オリゴ除去工程が、標的RNAを捕捉していない標的RNA捕捉オリゴ及び相補DNA鎖にハイブリダイズしていないテンプレートスイッチングオリゴの核酸サイズ分画による除去を含む、[12]~[14]のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
[16] 第2鎖合成用プライマーが、相補的ホモポリマー部分の5'側に第2のアダプター部分を含むロングプライマーと、相補的ホモポリマー部分を含まず、第2のアダプター部分をその3'側に含むショートプライマーとを含む、[11]~[15]のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
[17] ロングプライマーが、第2のアダプター部分と相補的ホモポリマー部分の間にランダムな配列からなる分子バーコード部分を含む、[16]記載の方法。
[18] 相補鎖合成工程において、前記テンプレートスイッチングオリゴの共存下で、鎖置換活性をさらに有する逆転写酵素を用いて逆転写反応が行われ、テンプレートスイッチングオリゴがハイブリダイズした相補DNA鎖に対する第2鎖合成が行われる、[12]~[17]のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
[19] 連鎖停止ヌクレオチド三リン酸が、ddNTP、ddNTPの誘導体、3'-dNTP、又は3'-デオキシ-5-メチルウリジン-5'-三リン酸である、[1]~[18]のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
[20] ddNTPの誘導体が、OH基を有しない原子団で3'位が修飾されたddNTPである、[19]記載の方法。
[21] 連鎖停止ヌクレオチド三リン酸がddNTPである、[19]記載の方法。
[22] ホモポリマー付加工程において、dCTP及び連鎖停止CTPを添加してポリC付加を行う、[1]~[21]のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
[23] RNA分解工程とホモポリマー付加工程が同時に実施される、[1]~[22]のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
A-1. 標的RNA捕捉工程(図2、図3のStep 1)
固相系TS/TAS-Seq法の標的RNA捕捉工程では、固相担体上に結合した標的RNA捕捉オリゴにより標的RNAを捕捉する。標的RNAは、標的RNA捕捉オリゴを介して固相担体上に捕捉される。後述するとおり、標的RNA捕捉工程は、微小ウェル若しくは微小液滴中で、又はこれらに該当しない溶液中で実施される。
標的RNA捕捉工程の後、固相担体を洗浄し、固相担体上に標的RNAが捕捉された状態で相補鎖合成工程を実施する。TS/TAS-Seqにおける相補鎖合成工程では、ターミナルトランスフェラーゼ活性を有する逆転写酵素を使用し、テンプレートスイッチングオリゴの共存下で逆転写反応を行うことにより、逆転写反応とテンプレートスイッチング反応を同時に(ワンステップで)実施する。反応系内にテンプレートスイッチングオリゴを添加するタイミングは特に限定されず、逆転写反応の開始前、開始と同時、又は開始後であってよく、逆転写反応中一定時間が経過したあと添加してもよい。逆転写反応及びテンプレートスイッチング反応自体は常法通りに行うことができる。
相補鎖合成工程の後、固相担体を洗浄して未反応オリゴ除去工程に進む。本工程では、固相上に残存する、標的RNAを捕捉していない標的RNA捕捉オリゴ(未反応の捕捉オリゴ)を除去する。固相系では、反応液中に残存する、相補DNA鎖にハイブリダイズしていないテンプレートスイッチングオリゴ(未反応のテンプレートスイッチングオリゴ)は固相の洗浄により除去されるので、固相上の未反応の捕捉オリゴをエキソヌクレアーゼ処理により分解除去する。一本鎖DNAを特異的に分解する一般的なエキソヌクレアーゼの例として、Exonuclease IやExonuclease Tを挙げることができる。本発明ではそのような一般的なエキソヌクレアーゼの少なくとも1種を用いることができる。エキソヌクレアーゼ処理後、固相担体を洗浄して次の工程に進む。
RNA分解工程では、固相担体上に結合しているmRNA-cDNAハイブリッドのmRNAをRNA分解酵素で分解する。テンプレートスイッチングオリゴの3'末端配列がリボヌクレオチド塩基の場合、当該3'末端部分も分解される。本工程では、RNase Hなどの一般的なRNA分解酵素を利用できるし、NaOH溶液、KOH溶液などによるアルカリ処理も利用できる。RNAの分解後は、固相担体を洗浄、回収してからホモポリマー付加工程に進んでもよいし、洗浄せずにそのままホモポリマー付加工程に進んでもよい。後述するように、RNA分解工程とホモポリマー付加工程を同時に行なうこともできる。
ホモポリマー付加工程では、dATP、dTTP、dCTP、又はdGTPと連鎖停止ヌクレオチド三リン酸(連鎖停止NTP)との存在下でターミナルデオキシヌクレオチジルトランスフェラーゼ(TdT)による反応を行ない、固相上に合成された相補DNA鎖の3'末端にヌクレオチドホモポリマーを付加する(図2、図3のStep 4; 図にはポリCの例を示す)。テンプレートスイッチされたcDNA、及びスイッチされなかったcDNAの両者に対し、ヌクレオチドホモポリマーが付加される。連鎖停止NTP(連鎖停止ATP、連鎖停止TTP、連鎖停止CTP、又は連鎖停止GTP)とは、この分野で周知の通り、ヌクレオチドの3'位のOH基が、他のヌクレオチド分子の5'-リン酸部分との間でリン酸エステル結合を形成できないように修飾ないし改変されたヌクレオチドであり、3'位のOH基を有しない(3'位に結合する原子団にOH基を含まない)ヌクレオチド三リン酸ともいうことができる。本発明においても使用可能な一般的な連鎖停止NTPの具体例として、ジデオキシヌクレオチド三リン酸(ddNTP)(ddATP, ddCTP, ddGTP, ddTTP, ddUTP), ddNTPの誘導体(典型的には、OH基を有しない原子団で3'位が修飾されたddNTPであり、例えば、3'-Azido-ddATP, 3'-Azido-ddCTP, 3'-Azido-ddGTP, 3'-Azido-ddTTP, 3'-Azido-ddUTP, 3'-Amino-ddATP, 3'-Amino-ddCTP, 3'-Amino-ddGTP, 3'-Amino-ddTTP等の、アジド基若しくはアミノ基で3'位が修飾されたddNTP), 3'-デオキシヌクレオチド三リン酸(3'-dNTP)(3’-dATP, 3’-dCTP, 3’-dGTP, 3’-dTTP, 3’-dUTP) , 3'-デオキシ-5-メチルウリジン-5'-三リン酸が挙げられ、例えばddNTP、又はアジド基で3'位が修飾されたddNTP、特にddNTPであってよいが、これらに限定されない。使用する連鎖停止NTP及びホモポリマーを形成する基質(dNTP)は、両者の塩基鎖を揃えることが望ましい。第2鎖合成反応に必要な最低ホモポリマー長、第2鎖合成に用いるプライマーの3’末端ホモポリマー部分の必要長、フリープライマー由来副産物の鎖長を特に望ましく抑えられることから、例えばddCTP等の連鎖停止CTP+dCTP、又はddGTP等の連鎖停止GTP+dGTPの組み合わせにより、ポリC付加又はポリG付加を行なうことが好ましい。TS反応を併用するTS/TAS-Seq法では、TS反応時に完全長mRNAに対するcDNA鎖の3'末端に付加されるシトシン塩基もホモポリマー部位として数えることができることから、連鎖停止CTP+dCTPの組み合わせによりポリC付加を行うことが特に好ましい。
ホモポリマー付加反応の後、固相担体を洗浄して第2鎖合成工程に進む。TS/TAS-Seq法の第2鎖合成工程で使用する第2鎖合成用プライマーは、相補DNA第1鎖の末端に付加されたヌクレオチドホモポリマーに対し相補的な配列の相補的ホモポリマー部分を含み、かつ、該相補的ホモポリマー部分の5'側に第2のアダプター部分を含むプライマー(以下、ロングプライマー)と、相補的ホモポリマー部分を含まず、第2のアダプター部分をその3'側に含むプライマー(以下、ショートプライマー)とを含む。完全長mRNAに由来するテンプレートスイッチされたcDNAには、テンプレートスイッチングオリゴに由来する第2のアダプター(Universal 2)の相補鎖が含まれているので、ロングプライマー及びショートプライマーの両者がハイブリダイズ可能である。一般に、内側にあるプライマーの方が伸長しやすいため、図にはショートプライマーから伸長する様子を示している。スイッチされなかった相補DNA鎖にはロングプライマーがハイブリダイズし、第2鎖が伸長合成される。第2鎖合成により、固相上には、相補DNA(第1鎖)及び第2鎖で構成されるDNA二本鎖が形成される。テンプレートスイッチングオリゴに分子バーコードが含まれていた場合には、テンプレートスイッチされたcDNA第1鎖に対して本工程で合成される第2鎖に分子バーコードが組み込まれる。
第2鎖合成後、固相担体を洗浄して、又は洗浄せずに核酸増幅工程に進む。核酸増幅工程では、固相担体上に合成されたDNA2本鎖を鋳型として核酸増幅反応を行なう(図2、図3のStep 6)。この核酸増幅反応では高い正確性が求められるため、一般に高正確性PCR酵素として知られているポリメラーゼを用いることが望ましい。高正確性PCR酵素は種々のものが市販されている。本工程では、固相担体を洗浄せずに核酸増幅反応液を追加添加することにより、そのまま核酸増幅反応を実施してもよい。
核酸増幅反応自体は常法通りにPCRを実施すればよい。所望により、1段階又は2段階以上のPCR反応を実施してよい。例えば、第1及び第2のアダプターを標的とするプライマーセットを使用して数サイクルの1st PCRを行い、増副産物のサイズセレクション及び精製を行ったのち、同じ部位を標的とするプライマーセット、又は、第2のアダプターを標的とするプライマーと、第1のアダプターよりも内側の部分領域を標的とするプライマーとのセットを用いて数十サイクルの2nd PCRを行い、増副産物のサイズセレクション及び精製を再度行うことにより、全cDNAの増副産物を得ることができる。2nd PCRでは、両プライマーの5'末端にビオチンやアミン等のスペーサーを結合させたものを使用してもよく、これにより、配列解析対象のDNA断片の回収が容易になる。
B-1. 標的RNA捕捉工程(図4、図5のStep 1)
液相系TS/TAS-Seq法の標的RNA捕捉工程では、固相担体上に結合していない遊離の標的RNA捕捉オリゴにより標的RNAを捕捉する。液相系においても、標的RNA捕捉工程は、微小ウェル若しくは微小液滴中で、又はこれらに該当しない溶液中で実施できる。
液相系では、標的RNA捕捉工程の後、精製等を行わずそのまま続けて相補鎖合成工程に進む。標的RNA捕捉後の反応液に、ターミナルトランスフェラーゼ活性を有する逆転写酵素及びテンプレートスイッチングオリゴを添加し、逆転写反応及びTS反応をワンステップで実施する。
液相系の場合、相補鎖合成が終了した反応液を核酸サイズ分画により精製することで、鎖長がごく短い未反応の標的RNA捕捉オリゴを、相補DNA鎖(mRNA-cDNAハイブリッド)から分離除去できる。未反応のテンプレートスイッチングオリゴも、未反応の捕捉オリゴと同時にワンステップで除去できる。核酸サイズ分画による精製法は周知であり、シリカメンブレンカラムによる精製や、DNAが結合する磁気ビーズを用いた精製など、常法どおりに実施できる。当該工程では、核酸サイズ分画にエキソヌクレアーゼによる除去を組み合わせてもよく、これにより未反応オリゴの除去効率をより一層高めることができる。一本鎖DNAを特異的に分解する一般的なエキソヌクレアーゼを使用することができ、その例として、Exonuclease IやExonuclease Tを挙げることができる。相補鎖合成が終了した反応液中にエキソヌクレアーゼを添加して反応後、核酸サイズ分画による精製を行うことで、エキソヌクレアーゼも同時に除去することができる。
サイズ分画による精製後の反応液にRNA分解酵素を添加し、反応液中のmRNA-cDNAハイブリッドのmRNA、及びテンプレートスイッチングオリゴの3'末端配列(当該配列がリボヌクレオチド塩基である場合)を分解する。
dATP、dTTP、dCTP、又はdGTPと連鎖停止NTPとの存在下でTdTによる反応を行い、相補DNA鎖の3'末端にヌクレオチドホモポリマーを付加する(図4、図5のStep 4; 図にはポリCの例を示す)。連鎖停止NTPの好ましい例、dNTPと連鎖停止NTPの添加比率等、本工程の詳細は、以下に記載した点の他は固相系TS/TAS-Seqと同じである。
RNA分解及びホモポリマー付加後の反応液を精製してRNA分解酵素及びTdT等の試薬を除去し、第2鎖合成工程に進む。液相系TS/TAS-Seqの第2鎖合成工程は、固相系と同様に、ロングプライマー及びショートプライマーを含む第2鎖合成用プライマーを用いて実施する。各プライマーの構成及び好ましい条件、本工程の詳細は、以下に記載した点の他は固相系TS/TAS-Seqと同じである。
第2鎖合成後、必要に応じて反応液を精製して過剰プライマー及びポリメラーゼ等の試薬を除去し、核酸増幅工程に進む。液相系における本工程は、固相系TS/TAS-Seqと同様に実施することができる。
図1には液相系の例を示したが、固相系でも実施可能である。相補鎖合成工程において、テンプレートスイッチングオリゴの非存在下で逆転写反応を行うこと、逆転写酵素としてターミナルトランスフェラーゼ活性を有するものを使用し、鎖置換活性は不要であること以外は、TS/TAS-Seq法と同様にして実施できる。以下、TS/TAS-Seq法と異なる点を中心にnonTS/TAS-Seq法の各工程を説明する。
nonTS/TAS-Seq法でも、主たる標的RNAはポリA RNAであるmRNAであり、標的RNA捕捉オリゴが標的ポリA RNA捕捉オリゴを含むことが一般に好ましい。もっとも、完全長mRNAに対するcDNAへのCCC付加を利用したTS反応を併用しないため、非ポリA RNAのみを対象としてnonTS/TAS-Seqを実施した場合にも本方法の効果を得ることができる。従って、nonTS/TAS-Seq法では、標的RNA捕捉オリゴが標的ポリA RNA捕捉オリゴを含むことは必須的ではない。
相補鎖合成工程では、ターミナルトランスフェラーゼ活性を有する逆転写酵素を使用し、テンプレートスイッチングオリゴの非存在下で逆転写反応を行う。これにより、固相化された又は遊離の標的RNA捕捉オリゴに捕捉されたmRNAに対する相補DNA鎖が合成され、少なくとも一部の相補DNA鎖の3'末端に任意の数塩基が付加される。
固相系の場合はA-3と同様にして、液相系の場合はB-3と同様にして実施できる。
固相系の場合はA-4と同様にして、液相系の場合はB-4と同様にして実施できる。
固相系の場合はA-5と同様にして、液相系の場合はB-5と同様にして実施できる。nonTS/TAS-Seq法においても、RNA分解後にホモポリマー付加工程を実施してもよいし、RNA分解とホモポリマー付加を同時に実施してもよい。
第2鎖合成用プライマーは、ロングプライマーを含むものを使用する。ショートプライマーは不要である。
液相系及び固相系のTS/TAS-Seq法における核酸増幅反応と同様にして実施できる。
BD Rhapsodyシステム(Beckton Dickinson)により調製した、固相ビーズ上にトラップされたシングルセルトランスクリプトームライブラリーを、TdT法(TAS-Seq法、特許文献2及び非特許文献11)及び本発明によるcDNA増幅法(Template-switch + TdT法、又はTemplate-switch + TAS-Seq法)によりそれぞれ増幅した。使用したプライマーの配列は下記表1に示す。
<Rhapsody universal adapterの構造>
ACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCT-[none or A or GT or TCA]-(CLS1)-GTGA-(CLS2)-GACA-(CLS3)-NNNNNNNNTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT(配列番号1)
ヒトPBMC検体を上記1.と同様の手法で取得し、細胞をカウント後、10X Genomics社Chromium v3.1試薬を用いてChromiumの仕様書に従いマイクロ流路系に適切な密度で細胞をロードし、各細胞とハイドロゲルビーズを微小液滴中に封入した。なお、Chromiumへの細胞ロードの際に、細胞溶解試薬および逆転写試薬等を含むcDNA合成試薬(逆転写酵素はターミナルトランスフェラーゼ活性及び鎖置換活性を有するものを使用)を同時にロードするが、比較のためにテンプレートスイッチングオリゴ(10X Chromium-TSO)を入れた検体と入れない検体を用意した。細胞を溶解後、各々1つの細胞由来mRNAをハイドロゲルより遊離したポリA RNA捕捉オリゴ(10X Chromium adapter)にトラップし(標的RNA捕捉工程)、そのまま微小液滴内で逆転写反応、または逆転写反応およびTS反応を37℃または53℃で1時間実施した(相補鎖合成工程)。相補鎖合成工程終了後、微小液滴を構成するエマルジョンを10X社推奨の手法にて壊し、核酸サイズ分画によりcDNAを精製することで未反応のポリA RNA捕捉オリゴおよびテンプレートスイッチングオリゴを除去した(未反応オリゴ除去工程)。なお、10X Chromium adapterは、下記の構造を有するDNAであり、CBは、16塩基からなる約90万通りの既知の識別バーコードである。配列表の配列番号5には、CBをNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNとして示す。
<10X Chromium adapterの構造>
CTACACGACGCTCTTCCGATCT- (CB) NNNNNNNNNNNNTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTVN(配列番号5)
NIH3T3細胞を培養し、TRIzol reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific)を用いてtotal RNAを抽出した。Total RNA 10ng(6検体)を用い、ポリA RNA捕捉オリゴ(BioEcoP-dT25-adapter)を加え(標的RNA捕捉工程)、Smart-seq2法(Picelli S., et al. Full-length RNA-seq from single cells using Smart-seq2. Nat Protoc. 2014 Jan;9(1):171-81.)を用いて逆転写反応およびTS反応を42℃で1時間実施した(相補鎖合成工程、ターミナルトランスフェラーゼ活性及び鎖置換活性を有する逆転写酵素を使用)。相補鎖合成工程終了後、Pronex beads(Promega)を用いて核酸サイズ分画によりcDNAを精製した(未反応オリゴ除去工程)。3検体はそのまま全cDNAを11サイクルのPCRにより、5'BDWTAv2および3'WTA primerを用いて増幅し、AmPure XPにより精製した。残りの3検体は、dCTPおよびターミネーターとしてddCTPを用い、RNaseHによるmRNA分解と、TdTによるホモポリマー付加反応を20分間同時に実施した。TdT反応液を精製後、第2鎖合成反応をuniversal 2アダプター配列の3'末端にグアニンホモポリマーを有するプライマー及び高正確DNAポリメラーゼを用いて実施した。反応液に対し、universal 1 及びuniversal 2配列に対するプライマー(5'BDWTAv2および3'WTA primer)を用いたPCRにて全cDNAを11サイクル増幅し、AmPure XPにより精製した。最終的なcDNA量をQubit Fluorometerにより、またcDNA中のActb, Rps3遺伝子の相対的な含有量につき定量リアルタイムPCR(qPCR)で、またcDNAのサイズ分布をMultiNAシステムにより測定した。
8週齢のマウス脾臓を摘出し、赤血球溶血バッファー(3 ml ACK buffer (155 mM NH4Cl, 10 mM KHCO3, 0.1 mM EDTA)を満たした6-wellプレートの上においた70μmストレーナーの上で優しく脾臓をすりつぶし、細胞懸濁液を回収した。懸濁液に対し7 mlのDMEM/5%FBSを添加し転倒混和、遠心後上清を除去し、再度DMEM/5%FBSで洗浄した。取得した細胞を用い、TdT法(TAS-Seq法)、本発明cDNA増幅法、およびBD Rhapsodyキット付属のrandom primingによるcDNA増幅を実施した。逆転写酵素はターミナルトランスフェラーゼ活性及び鎖置換活性を有するものを使用した。得られたcDNAよりシーケンスライブラリを作成後、Illumina Novaseq 6000にてシーケンスを実施した。シーケンスライブラリ作成に用いたプライマー配列を表4に示す。得られたシーケンスデータをリファレンス配列(GRCm38-101)にマッピングし、細胞毎の遺伝子発現データを得た。また比較のために、公共データベースよりマウス脾臓細胞の10X Chromium v3.1で取得したデータ(TS法、accession ID: GSE192930)をダウンロードした。得られたデータにつき、細胞あたりのリード数の中央値が均一となるようにシーケンスデータをダウンサンプリングし、再度リファレンス配列(GRCm38-101)にマッピングし、細胞毎の遺伝子発現データを得た。
ヒトPBMC検体(3検体)を上記1.と同様の手法で取得し、細胞をカウント後、10X Genomics社Chromium v3.1試薬を用いてChromiumの仕様書に従いマイクロ流路系に適切な密度で細胞をロードし、各細胞とハイドロゲルビーズを微小液滴中に封入した。1検体につき、2ライブラリーを作成した。細胞を溶解後、各々1つの細胞由来mRNAをハイドロゲルより遊離したポリA RNA捕捉オリゴ(10X Chromium adapter)にトラップし(標的RNA捕捉工程)、そのまま微小液滴内で逆転写反応およびTS反応を53℃で1時間実施した(相補鎖合成工程、ターミナルトランスフェラーゼ活性及び鎖置換活性を有する逆転写酵素を使用)。相補鎖合成工程終了後、微小液滴を構成するエマルジョンを10X社推奨の手法にて壊し、核酸サイズ分画によりcDNAを精製することで未反応のポリA RNA捕捉オリゴおよびテンプレートスイッチングオリゴを除去した(未反応オリゴ除去工程)。得られたcDNA溶液をもとに、3検体それぞれ由来のライブラリーのうちの1つはそのままuniversal 1及びuniversal 2配列に対するプライマー(universal oligo-long, 5'BDWTAv2)を用いたPCRにて全cDNAを9サイクル増幅した。AmPure XPビーズ(Beckman Coulter)を用いたサイズセレクション後、得られたcDNAをさらに5サイクルのPCRにより追加で増幅した。残りの3検体それぞれ由来のライブラリのうちのもう1つに関しては、dCTPおよびターミネーターとしてddCTPを用い、RNaseHによるmRNA分解と、TdTによるホモポリマー付加反応を20分間同時に実施した。TdT反応液を精製後、第2鎖合成反応をuniversal 2アダプター配列の3'末端にグアニンホモポリマーを有するプライマー及び高正確DNAポリメラーゼを用いて実施した。反応液に対し、universal 1 及びuniversal 2配列に対するプライマー(universal oligo-long, 5'BDWTAv2)を用いたPCRにて全cDNAを9サイクル増幅した。AmPure XPビーズ(Beckman Coulter)を用いたサイズセレクション後、得られたcDNAをさらに5サイクルのPCRにより追加で増幅した。
Claims (23)
- 標的捕捉部を含む標的RNA捕捉オリゴにより、標的RNAを捕捉する、標的RNA捕捉工程;
ターミナルトランスフェラーゼ活性を有する逆転写酵素を用いて逆転写反応を行うことにより、捕捉したRNAと相補的な配列の相補DNA鎖を合成し、少なくとも一部の相補DNAの3'末端に任意の数塩基からなる付加配列を付加する、相補鎖合成工程;
標的RNAを捕捉していない標的RNA捕捉オリゴを除去する、未反応オリゴ除去工程;
RNA分解酵素によりRNAを分解する、RNA分解工程;
dATP、dTTP、dCTP又はdGTPと連鎖停止ヌクレオチド三リン酸との存在下でターミナルデオキシヌクレオチジルトランスフェラーゼによる反応を行い、前記相補DNA鎖の3'末端にヌクレオチドホモポリマーを付加する、ホモポリマー付加工程;
前記ヌクレオチドホモポリマーに対し相補的な配列の相補的ホモポリマー部分を含むプライマーを含む第2鎖合成用プライマーを用いて、前記相補DNA鎖に対し第2鎖合成を行い、相補DNA鎖及び第2鎖で構成されるDNA二本鎖を生成する、第2鎖合成工程;及び
前記DNA二本鎖を鋳型として核酸増幅反応を行う、核酸増幅工程
を含む、相補DNA鎖を増幅する方法。 - 標的RNA捕捉オリゴが、標的捕捉部の5'側に第1のアダプター部分を含み、第2鎖合成用プライマーが、相補的ホモポリマー部分の5'側に第2のアダプター部分を含むロングプライマーを含み、核酸増幅工程において、第1のアダプターを標的とするプライマーと、第2のアダプターを標的とするプライマーとを用いて核酸増幅反応を行う、請求項1記載の方法。
- 第2鎖合成用プライマーが、相補的ホモポリマー部分の5'側に第2のアダプター部分を含むロングプライマーを含み、核酸増幅工程において、第2のアダプターを標的とするプライマーと、相補DNA鎖中の所望の領域を標的とするプライマーとを用いて核酸増幅反応を行う、請求項1記載の方法。
- ロングプライマーが、第2のアダプター部分と相補的ホモポリマー部分の間にランダムな配列からなる分子バーコード部分を含む、請求項2又は3記載の方法。
- ロングプライマーの相補的ホモポリマー部分の鎖長が6~15塩基である、請求項2又は3記載の方法。
- 標的RNA捕捉オリゴが、固相担体に結合していない遊離のオリゴであり、未反応オリゴ除去工程が核酸サイズ分画により行われる、請求項1記載の方法。
- 標的RNA捕捉オリゴが、5'側から3'側に向かって、第1のアダプター部分、細胞識別バーコード部分、及び標的捕捉部を含む、請求項6記載の方法。
- 標的RNA捕捉オリゴが、固相担体に結合した固相化オリゴであり、未反応オリゴ除去工程がエキソヌクレアーゼ処理により行われる、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記固相担体がビーズであり、標的RNA捕捉オリゴが、5'側から3'側に向かって、第1のアダプター部分、ビーズ識別バーコード部分、及び標的捕捉部を含む、請求項8記載の方法。
- 前記固相担体がプレートであり、標的RNA捕捉オリゴが、プレートの複数箇所の区画に固定化され、5'側から3'側に向かって第1のアダプター部分、区画識別バーコード部分、及び標的捕捉部を含む、請求項8記載の方法。
- 標的RNA捕捉オリゴが、標的捕捉部としてポリT部分を含む標的ポリA RNA捕捉オリゴを含み、標的RNAがポリA RNAを含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 相補鎖合成工程において、前記付加配列とハイブリダイズ可能な配列を3'末端に含み、かつ、該配列の5'側にスイッチング配列を含むテンプレートスイッチングオリゴの共存下で逆転写反応が行われ、前記付加配列が付加された相補DNA鎖にテンプレートスイッチングオリゴをハイブリダイズさせ、該相補DNA鎖の3'末端にスイッチング配列と相補的な配列をさらに付加する、請求項11記載の方法。
- テンプレートスイッチングオリゴが、前記付加配列とハイブリダイズ可能な配列としてGGG、GUG又はNGG(G及びUはリボヌクレオチドの塩基、NはA、U、G及びCから選択されるいずれかのリボヌクレオチドの塩基であり、1個以上のヌクレオチドアナログを含んでいてもよい)を3'末端に含むオリゴヌクレオチドを含み、スイッチング配列が第2のアダプター部分を含む、請求項12記載の方法。
- スイッチング配列が、第2のアダプター部分の3'側にランダムな配列からなる分子バーコード部分を含む、請求項13記載の方法。
- 標的RNA捕捉オリゴが、固相担体に結合していない遊離のオリゴであり、未反応オリゴ除去工程が、標的RNAを捕捉していない標的RNA捕捉オリゴ及び相補DNA鎖にハイブリダイズしていないテンプレートスイッチングオリゴの核酸サイズ分画による除去を含む、請求項12記載の方法。
- 第2鎖合成用プライマーが、相補的ホモポリマー部分の5'側に第2のアダプター部分を含むロングプライマーと、相補的ホモポリマー部分を含まず、第2のアダプター部分をその3'側に含むショートプライマーとを含む、請求項12記載の方法。
- ロングプライマーが、第2のアダプター部分と相補的ホモポリマー部分の間にランダムな配列からなる分子バーコード部分を含む、請求項16記載の方法。
- 相補鎖合成工程において、前記テンプレートスイッチングオリゴの共存下で、鎖置換活性をさらに有する逆転写酵素を用いて逆転写反応が行われ、テンプレートスイッチングオリゴがハイブリダイズした相補DNA鎖に対する第2鎖合成が行われる、請求項12記載の方法。
- 連鎖停止ヌクレオチド三リン酸が、ddNTP、ddNTPの誘導体、3'-dNTP、又は3'-デオキシ-5-メチルウリジン-5'-三リン酸である、請求項1記載の方法。
- ddNTPの誘導体が、OH基を有しない原子団で3'位が修飾されたddNTPである、請求項19記載の方法。
- 連鎖停止ヌクレオチド三リン酸がddNTPである、請求項19記載の方法。
- ホモポリマー付加工程において、dCTP及び連鎖停止CTPを添加してポリC付加を行う、請求項1記載の方法。
- RNA分解工程とホモポリマー付加工程が同時に実施される、請求項1記載の方法。
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| CN120693411A (zh) | 2025-09-23 |
| AU2024231805A1 (en) | 2025-09-18 |
| KR20250094720A (ko) | 2025-06-25 |
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