WO2024148188A1

WO2024148188A1 - Non-axial flow pressure exchanger

Info

Publication number: WO2024148188A1
Application number: PCT/US2024/010350
Authority: WO
Inventors: Matthew Joseph PATTOM; Omprakash Samudrala
Original assignee: Energy Recovery Inc
Current assignee: Energy Recovery Inc
Priority date: 2023-01-06
Filing date: 2024-01-04
Publication date: 2024-07-11
Anticipated expiration: 2025-07-06
Also published as: IL321914A; JP2026500947A; CN120513349A; EP4646537A1

Abstract

A pressure exchanger includes a rotor configured to receive a first fluid, receive a second fluid, and exchange pressure between the first fluid and the second fluid. The pressure exchanger further includes a sleeve disposed around the rotor, where the first fluid is to enter the rotor radially through the sleeve. The pressure exchanger further includes a post disposed inside the rotor.

Description

Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) NON-AXIAL FLOW PRESSURE EXCHANGER TECHNICAL FIELD [0001] The present disclosure relates to pressure exchangers, and, more particularly, non- axial flow pressure exchangers. BACKGROUND [0002] Systems use fluids at different pressures. Systems use components to increase pressure of fluid. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0003] The present disclosure is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings. [0004] FIGS.1A-D illustrate schematic diagrams of fluid handling systems including hydraulic energy transfer systems, according to certain embodiments. [0005] FIGS.2A-E are exploded perspective views of pressure exchangers (PXs), according to some embodiments. [0006] FIG.3A illustrates a perspective view of components of a PX, according to some embodiments. [0007] FIG.3B illustrates a cross-sectional view of components of a PX, according to some embodiments. [0008] FIG.3C illustrates a top or bottom view of a rotor of a PX, according to some embodiments. [0009] FIG.4A illustrates a perspective view of components of a PX, according to some embodiments. [0010] FIGS.4B-C illustrate cross-sectional views of components of PXs, according to some embodiments. [0011] FIG.4D illustrates a perspective view of components of a PX, according to some embodiments. [0012] FIGS.4E-F illustrate cross sectional views of components of PXs, according to some embodiments. [0013] FIG.4G illustrates a perspective view of components of a PX, according to some embodiments. [0014] FIGS.5A-B illustrate components of PXs, according to some embodiments. [0015] FIGS.6A-B illustrate components of PXs, according to some embodiments. Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) [0016] FIGS.7A-B illustrate components of PXs, according to certain embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS [0017] Embodiments described herein are related to non-axial flow pressure exchangers (e.g., pressure exchangers with non-axial entry of fluids into the rotor and/or exit of fluids out of the rotor). [0018] Systems may use fluids at different pressures. A supply of a fluid to a system may be at lower pressure, and one or more portions of the system may operate at higher pressures. A system may include a closed loop with various fluid pressures maintained in different portions of the loop. These systems may include hydraulic fracturing (e.g., fracking or fracing) systems, desalinization systems, refrigeration systems, heat pump systems, energy generation systems, mud pumping systems, slurry pumping systems, industrial fluid systems, waste fluid systems, fluid transportation systems, etc. Pumps or compressors may be used to increase pressure of fluids of such systems. [0019] Conventionally, systems (e.g., refrigeration systems, heat pump systems, reversible heat pump systems, water systems, or the like) use pumps or compressors to increase the pressure of a fluid (e.g., a refrigeration fluid such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), R-744, R-134a, hydrocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), ammonia (NH₃), refrigerant blends, R-407A, R-404A, etc.). Conventionally, separate pumps or compressors mechanically coupled to motors are used to increase pressure of the fluid in any portion of a system including an increase in fluid pressure. Pumps and compressors, especially those that operate over a large pressure differential (e.g., cause a large pressure increase in the fluid), require large quantities of energy. Conventional systems thus expend large amounts of energy increasing the pressure of the fluid (via the pumps or compressors driven by the motors). Additionally, conventional heat transfer systems decrease the pressure of the fluid through expansion valves and/or heat exchangers (e.g., condensers and/or evaporators, etc.). Conventional systems inefficiently increase pressure of fluid and decrease pressure of the fluid. This is wasteful in terms of energy used to run the conventional systems (e.g., energy used to repeatedly increase the pressure of the refrigeration fluid to cause increase or decrease of temperature of the surrounding environment). Conventional systems, have unintended leakage or mixing in the PXs. [0020] The systems, devices, and methods of the present disclosure provide solutions to these and other shortcomings of conventional systems. The present disclosure provides PXs for use in systems (e.g., fluid handling systems, heat transfer systems, refrigeration systems, Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) heat pump systems, cooling systems, heating systems, etc.). In a system, a PX may be configured to exchange pressure between a first fluid (e.g., a high pressure portion of a refrigeration fluid in a refrigeration cycle) and a second fluid (e.g., a low pressure portion of the refrigeration fluid in the refrigeration cycle). The PX may receive the first fluid (e.g., a portion of the refrigeration fluid at high pressure) via a first inlet (e.g., a high pressure inlet) and a second fluid (e.g., a portion of the refrigeration fluid at a low pressure) via a second inlet (e.g., a low pressure inlet). When entering the PX, the first fluid may be of a higher pressure than the second fluid. The PX may exchange pressure between the first fluid and the second fluid. The first fluid may exit the PX via a first outlet (e.g., a low pressure outlet) and the second fluid may exit the PX via a second outlet (e.g., a high pressure outlet). When exiting the PX, the second fluid may have a higher pressure than the first fluid (e.g., pressure has been exchanged between the first fluid and the second fluid). [0021] In some embodiments, a PX includes a rotor configured to receive a first fluid, receive a second fluid, and exchange pressure between the first fluid and the second fluid. The PX can further include a sleeve disposed around the rotor, where the first fluid is to enter the rotor radially through the sleeve. The PX can further include a stationary post disposed inside the rotor. [0022] In some embodiments, the second fluid can enter the rotor radially via the post. The post can form either a first low pressure in (LPIN) port and a first low pressure out (LPOUT) port, or a first high pressure in (HPIN) port and a first high pressure out (HPOUT) port. The post can further form either a second LPIN port and a second LPOUT port, or a second HPIN port and a second HPOUT port. The sleeve can form either a first LPIN port and a first LPOUT port, or a first HPIN port and a first HPOUT port. The sleeve can further form either a second LPIN port and a second LPOUT port, or a second HPIN port and a second HPOUT port. [0023] In some embodiments, the rotor can be configured to rotate around a rotation axis. The sleeve can form an angled port disposed around a port axis, where the port axis does not intersect the rotation axis. [0024] In some embodiments, the post can form an angled port disposed around a port axis, where the port axis does not intersect the rotation axis. [0025] In some embodiments, the rotor forms a plurality of ducts, where at least one of the first fluid or the second fluid is to radially enter the rotor via the plurality of ducts. In some embodiments, the plurality of ducts can be fluted. Fluted ducts can refer to ducts formed by the surface of the rotor. The surface of the rotor can form substantially parallel grooves or Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) channels (the fluted ducts). The fluted ducts can be longitudinally orientated with respect to the length of the rotor. The fluted ducts can have a uniform shape and depth, forming a consistent pattern across the surface of the rotor. In some embodiments, the fluted ducts can be covered by the sleeve encasing the rotor causing the fluted ducts to be enclosed.In some embodiments, fluted ducts can be formed by the rotor (e.g., a groove or channel on an outer surface of the rotor. Fluted ducts can vary in terms of depth, width, and shape. Fluted ducts can be pathways (conduits) used to control the flow of fluids or gases, improving heat transfer, and increasing pressure exchange efficiency. The rotor has a planar upper surface, a planar bottom surface, a curved inner side surface (where post is disposed), and curved outer side surface. The curved outer side surface can form the fluted ducts. The rotor and the sleeve form the pathway and or conduit between the fluted ducts and an inner side surface of sleeve. In some embodiments, a sleeve (e.g., disposed around the rotor) can seal the flutes (e.g., to contain the fluid). The sleeve can be a cylindrical casing that encapsulates the rotor and covers the fluted ducts. This sealing causes (e.g., ensures that) the fluids or gases within the fluted ducts to be contained and directed according to the desired flow pattern, which has less (e.g., prevents) unintended leakage or mixing compared to conventional systems. [0027] In some embodiments, a PX includes a rotor configured to exchange pressure between a first fluid and a second fluid, the rotor forming a rotor cavity. In some embodiments, the rotor includes an outer side surface, where the first fluid is to enter the rotor radially via the outer side surface. The rotor further includes an inner side surface forming the rotor cavity, where the second fluid is to enter the rotor radially via the inner side surface. [0028] In some embodiments, the PX further includes a post disposed in the rotor cavity, the post forming a post cavity, where the second fluid is to enter the post cavity axially and exit the post cavity radially to enter the rotor radially. The rotor can form ducts, where at least one of the first fluid or the second fluid is to radially enter the rotor into at least one of the ducts. The ducts can be fluted. In some embodiments, flutes of the fluted ducts open to at least one of a sleeve disposed around the rotor or the post. The ducts can span the rotor beginning proximate a first distal end of the rotor and ending proximate a second distal end of the rotor. [0029] In some embodiments, a flute of the fluted ducts refers to the individual groove or channel on the outer surface of the rotor (e.g., formed by the fluted duct). In some embodiments, a flute can be a concave feature on the surface of the rotor. Flutes can vary in Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) terms of their depth, width, and shape and can be pathways (conduits) for the flow of fluids or gases. In some embodiments, a flute is a channel or groove formed by a fluted duct. [0030] In some embodiments, the plurality of ducts can be configured in a helical trajectory through the rotor. Helical ducts can be fluted and can be formed by the outer surface of the rotor or inner surface of the rotor. Helical ducts can also be internal channels within the body of the rotor (e.g., enclosed by the rotor and not by a combination of the rotor and sleeve). [0031] In some embodiments, the rotor can be configured to rotate around a rotation axis. The sleeve can form an angled port disposed around a port axis, where the port axis does not intersect the rotation axis. [0032] In some embodiments, the rotor can be configured to rotate around a rotation axis. The post can form an angled port dispose around a port axis, the port axis does not intersect the rotation axis. [0033] In some embodiments, a PX includes a rotor forming radial ducts. Radial ducts can be ducts arranged in a radial pattern. For example, radial ducts can extend outward from a central point or axis of the rotor. Radial ducts can be configured to extend from the central axis of the cross-sectional circle of the rotor directly towards the circumference of the cross- sectional circle of the rotor. The ducts can be linear, emanating from the geometric center of the cross-sectional circle and reaching the outer surface of the cylindrical rotor. [0034] The rotor can be configured to receive a first fluid, receive a second fluid, and exchange pressure between the first fluid and the second fluid. The PX can include a post disposed in a cavity formed by the rotor, where the first fluid is to radially enter the rotor via a first port of a first pair of ports formed by a sleeve disposed around the rotor or the post into a radial duct of the radial ducts and radially exit the rotor via a second port of the first pair of ports. [0035] In some embodiments, the PX includes a second pair of ports formed by a sleeve or the post. The sleeve being disposed around the rotor and the post being disposed in the rotor cavity. In some embodiments, the second pair of ports includes either a low pressure in (LPIN) port and a high pressure out (HPOUT) port, or a high pressure in (HPIN) port and a low pressure out (LPOUT) port. [0036] In some embodiments, the first pair of ports, formed by the sleeve or the post, can include either an LPIN port and an HPOUT port, or an HPIN port and an LPOUT port. [0037] In some embodiments, the rotor can be configured to rotate around a rotation axis. The sleeve can form an angled port disposed around a port axis, where the port axis does not intersect the rotation axis. Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) [0038] In some embodiments, the rotor can be configured to rotate around a rotation axis. The post can form an angled port disposed around a port axis, where the port axis does not intersect the rotation axis. [0039] In some embodiments, the PX includes a third pair of ports formed by the sleeve or the post. The third pair of ports can include either an LPIN port and an HPOUT port, or an HPIN port and an LPOUT port. [0040] In some embodiments, the PX includes a fourth pairs of ports formed by the sleeve or the post. The fourth pair of posts can include either an LPIN port and an HPOUT port, or an HPIN port and an LPOUT port. [0041] In some embodiments, a PX includes one or more of the features described in one or more of FIGS.3A-7B. [0042] Systems, devices, and methods of the present disclosure provide advantages over conventional solutions. Systems of the present disclosure reduce energy consumption compared to conventional systems. For example, use of a PX of the present disclosure may recover energy stored as pressure and transfer that energy back into the system, reducing the energy cost of operating the system and increasing efficiency. Systems of the present disclosure may reduce wear on components (e.g., pumps, compressors) compared to conventional systems. Systems of the present disclosure prevent unintended leakage or mixing. [0043] Although some embodiments of the present disclosure are described in relation to pressure exchangers, energy recovery devices, and hydraulic energy transfer systems, the current disclosure can be applied to other systems and devices (e.g., pressure exchanger that is not isobaric, rotating components that are not a pressure exchanger, a pressure exchanger that is not rotary, systems that do not include pressure exchangers, etc.). [0044] Although some embodiments of the present disclosure are described in relation to exchanging pressure between fluid used in fracing systems, desalinization systems, heat pump systems, and/or refrigeration systems, the present disclosure can be applied to other types of systems. Fluids can refer to liquid, gas, transcritical fluid, supercritical fluid, subcritical fluid, and/or combinations thereof. [0045] FIGS.1A-D illustrate schematic diagrams of fluid handling systems 100 including hydraulic energy transfer systems 110, according to certain embodiments. [0046] In some embodiments, a hydraulic energy transfer system 110 includes a pressure exchanger (e.g., PX). The PX may include one or more of the features described in one or more of FIGS.3A-7B. In some embodiments, a PX includes a rotor that is configured to Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) receive a first fluid, receive a second fluid, and exchange pressure between the first fluid and the second fluid. The first fluid and/or the second fluid are to non-axially enter and/or non- axially exit the rotor. [0047] The hydraulic energy transfer system 110 (e.g., PX) receives low pressure (LP) fluid in 120 (e.g., low-pressure inlet stream) from a LP in system 122. The hydraulic energy transfer system 110 also receives high pressure (HP) fluid in 130 (e.g., high-pressure inlet stream) from HP in system 132. The hydraulic energy transfer system 110 (e.g., PX) exchanges pressure between the HP fluid in 130 and the LP fluid in 120 to provide LP fluid out 140 (e.g., low-pressure outlet stream) to LP fluid out system 142 and to provide HP fluid out 150 (e.g., high-pressure outlet stream) to HP fluid out system 152. [0048] In some embodiments, the hydraulic energy transfer system 110 includes a PX to exchange pressure between the HP fluid in 130 and the LP fluid in 120. The PX may be a device that transfers fluid pressure between HP fluid in 130 and LP fluid in 120 at efficiencies in excess of approximately 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or greater (e.g., without utilizing centrifugal technology). High pressure (e.g., HP fluid in 130, HP fluid out 150) refers to pressures greater than the low pressure (e.g., LP fluid in 120, LP fluid out 140). LP fluid in 120 of the PX may be pressurized and exit the PX at high pressure (e.g., HP fluid out 150, at a pressure greater than that of LP fluid in 120), and HP fluid in 130 may be depressurized and exit the PX at low pressure (e.g., LP fluid out 140, at a pressure less than that of the HP fluid in 130). The PX may operate with the HP fluid in 130 directly applying a force to pressurize the LP fluid in 120, with or without a fluid separator between the fluids. Examples of fluid separators that may be used with the PX include, but are not limited to, pistons, bladders, diaphragms and the like. In some embodiments, PXs may be rotary devices. Rotary PXs, such as those manufactured by Energy Recovery, Inc. of San Leandro, Calif., may not have any separate valves, since the effective valving action is accomplished internal to the device via the relative motion of a rotor with respect to end covers. Rotary PXs may be designed to operate with internal pistons to isolate fluids and transfer pressure with relatively little mixing of the inlet fluid streams. Reciprocating PXs may include a piston moving back and forth in a rotor duct for transferring pressure between the fluid streams. Any PX or multiple PXs may be used in the present disclosure, such as, but not limited to, rotary PXs, reciprocating PXs, or any combination thereof. In addition, the PX may be disposed on a skid separate from the other components of a fluid handling system 100 (e.g., in situations in which the PX is added to an existing fluid handling system). Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) [0049] In some embodiments, a motor 160 is coupled to hydraulic energy transfer system 110 (e.g., to a PX). In some embodiments, the motor 160 controls the speed of a rotor of the hydraulic energy transfer system 110 (e.g., to increase pressure of HP fluid out 150, to decrease pressure of HP fluid in 130, etc.). In some embodiments, motor 160 generates energy (e.g., acts as a generator) based on pressure exchanging in hydraulic energy transfer system 110. [0050] The hydraulic energy transfer system 110 may be a hydraulic protection system (e.g., hydraulic buffer system, hydraulic isolation system) that may block or limit contact between solid particle laden fluid (e.g., frac fluid) and various equipment (e.g., hydraulic fracturing equipment, high-pressure pumps) while exchanging work and/or pressure with another fluid. By blocking or limiting contact between various equipment (e.g., fracturing equipment) and solid particle containing fluid, the hydraulic energy transfer system 110 increases the life and performance, while reducing abrasion and wear, of various equipment (e.g., fracturing equipment, high pressure fluid pumps). Less expensive equipment may be used in the fluid handling system 100 by using equipment (e.g., high pressure fluid pumps) not designed for abrasive fluids (e.g., frac fluids and/or corrosive fluids). [0051] The hydraulic energy transfer system 110 may include a hydraulic turbocharger or hydraulic pressure exchange system, such as a rotating PX. The PX may include one or more chambers (e.g., 1 to 100) to facilitate pressure transfer and equalization of pressures between volumes of first and second fluids (e.g., gas, liquid, multi-phase fluid). In some embodiments, the PX may transfer pressure between a first fluid (e.g., pressure exchange fluid, such as a proppant free or substantially proppant free fluid) and a second fluid that may be highly viscous and/or contain solid particles (e.g., frac fluid containing sand, proppant, powders, debris, ceramics). The solid particle fluid causes abrasion and/or erosion of components of the PX, such as the rotor and end covers of the PX. The fluid (e.g., abrasive particles in the fluid) may cause wear to an interface between the rotor and each end cover as the rotor rotates relative to the end covers. Replacing worn components of the PX may be costly. [0052] The hydraulic energy transfer system 110 may be used in different types of systems, such as fracing systems, desalination systems, refrigeration systems, etc. [0053] FIG.1A illustrates a schematic diagram of a fluid handling system 100A including a hydraulic energy transfer system 110, according to certain embodiments. Fluid handling system 100A may include a control module 180 that includes one or more controllers 185. [0054] FIG.1B illustrates a schematic diagram of a fluid handling system 100B including a hydraulic energy transfer system 110, according to certain embodiments. Fluid handling Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) system 100B may be a fracing system. In some embodiments, fluid handling system 100B includes more components, less components, same routing, different routing, and/or the like than that shown in FIG.1B. [0055] LP fluid in 120 and HP fluid out 150 may be frac fluid (e.g., fluid including solid particles, proppant fluid, etc.). HP fluid in 130 and LP fluid out 140 may be substantially solid particle free fluid (e.g., proppant free fluid, water, filtered fluid, etc.). [0056] LP in system 122 may include one or more low pressure fluid pumps to provide LP fluid in 120 to the hydraulic energy transfer system 110 (e.g., PX). HP in system 132 may include one or more high pressure fluid pumps 134 to provide HP fluid in 130 to hydraulic energy transfer system 110. [0057] Hydraulic energy transfer system 110 exchanges pressure between LP fluid in 120 (e.g., low pressure frac fluid) and HP fluid in 130 (e.g., high pressure water) to provide HP fluid out 150 (e.g., high pressure frac fluid) to HP out system 152 and to provide LP fluid out 140 (e.g., low pressure water). HP out system 152 may include a rock formation 154 (e.g., well) that includes cracks 156. The solid particles (e.g., proppants) from HP fluid out 150 may be provided into the cracks 156 of the rock formation. [0058] In some embodiments, LP fluid out 140, high pressure fluid pumps 134, and HP fluid in 130 are part of a first loop (e.g., proppant free fluid loop). The LP fluid out 140 may be provided to the high pressure fluid pumps to generate HP fluid in 130 that becomes LP fluid out 140 upon exiting the hydraulic energy transfer system 110. [0059] In some embodiments, LP fluid in 120, HP fluid out 150, and low pressure fluid pumps 124 are part of a second loop (e.g., proppant containing fluid loop). The HP fluid out 150 may be provided into the rock formation 154 and then pumped from the rock formation 154 by the low pressure fluid pumps 124 to generate LP fluid in 120. [0060] In some embodiments, fluid handling system 100B is used in well completion operations in the oil and gas industry to perform hydraulic fracturing (e.g., fracking, fracing) to increase the release of oil and gas in rock formations 154. HP out system 152 may include rock formations 154 (e.g., a well). Hydraulic fracturing may include pumping HP fluid out 150 containing a combination of water, chemicals, and solid particles (e.g., sand, ceramics, proppant) into a well (e.g., rock formation 154) at high pressures. LP fluid in 120 and HP fluid out 150 may include a particulate laden fluid that increases the release of oil and gas in rock formations 154 by propagating and increasing the size of cracks 156 in the rock formations 154. The high pressures of HP fluid out 150 initiates and increases size of cracks 156 and propagation through the rock formation 154 to release more oil and gas, while the Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) solid particles (e.g., powders, debris, etc.) enter the cracks 156 to keep the cracks 156 open (e.g., prevent the cracks 156 from closing once HP fluid out 150 is depressurized). [0061] In order to pump this particulate laden fluid into the rock formation 154 (e.g., a well), the fluid handling system 100B may include one or more high pressure fluid pumps 134 and one or more low pressure fluid pumps 124 coupled to the hydraulic energy transfer system 110. For example, the hydraulic energy transfer system 110 may be a hydraulic turbocharger or a PX (e.g., a rotary PX). In operation, the hydraulic energy transfer system 110 transfers pressures without any substantial mixing between a first fluid (e.g., HP fluid in 130, proppant free fluid) pumped by the high pressure fluid pumps 134 and a second fluid (e.g., LP fluid in 120, proppant containing fluid, frac fluid) pumped by the low pressure fluid pumps 124. In this manner, the hydraulic energy transfer system 110 blocks or limits wear on the high pressure fluid pumps 134, while enabling the fluid handling system 100B to pump a high-pressure frac fluid (e.g., HP fluid out 150) into the rock formation 154 to release oil and gas. In order to operate in corrosive and abrasive environments, the hydraulic energy transfer system 110 may be made from materials resistant to corrosive and abrasive substances in either the first or second fluids. For example, the hydraulic energy transfer system 110 may be made out of ceramics (e.g., alumina, cermets, such as carbide, oxide, nitride, or boride hard phases) within a metal matrix (e.g., Co, Cr or Ni or any combination thereof) such as tungsten carbide in a matrix of CoCr, Ni, NiCr or Co. [0062] In some embodiments, the hydraulic energy transfer system 110 includes a PX (e.g., rotary PX) and HP fluid in 130 (e.g., the first fluid, high-pressure solid particle free fluid) enters a first side of the PX where the HP fluid in 130 contacts LP fluid in 120 (e.g., the second fluid, low-pressure frac fluid) entering the PX on a second side. The contact between the fluids enables the HP fluid in 130 to increase the pressure of the second fluid (e.g., LP fluid in 120), which drives the second fluid out (e.g., HP fluid out 150) of the PX and down a well (e.g., rock formation 154) for fracturing operations. The first fluid (e.g., LP fluid out 140) similarly exits the PX, but at a low pressure after exchanging pressure with the second fluid. As noted above, the second fluid may be a low-pressure frac fluid that may include abrasive particles, which may wear the interface between the rotor and the respective end covers as the rotor rotates relative to the respective end covers. [0063] FIG.1C illustrates a schematic diagram of a fluid handling system 100C including a hydraulic energy transfer system 110, according to certain embodiments. Fluid handling system 100C may be a desalination system (e.g., remove salt and/or other minerals from Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) water). In some embodiments, fluid handling system 100C includes more components, less components, same routing, different routing, and/or the like than that shown in FIG.1C. [0064] LP in system 122 may include a feed pump 126 (e.g., low pressure fluid pump 124) that receives seawater in 170 (e.g., feed water from a reservoir or directly from the ocean) and provides LP fluid in 120 (e.g., low pressure seawater, feed water) to hydraulic energy transfer system 110 (e.g., PX). HP in system 132 may include membranes 136 that provide HP fluid in 130 (e.g., high pressure brine) to hydraulic energy transfer system 110 (e.g., PX). The hydraulic energy transfer system 110 exchanges pressure between the HP fluid in 130 and LP fluid in 120 to provide HP fluid out 150 (e.g., high pressure seawater) to HP out system 152 and to provide LP fluid out 140 (e.g., low pressure brine) to LP out system 142 (e.g., geological mass, ocean, sea, discarded, etc.). [0065] The membranes 136 may be a membrane separation device configured to separate fluids traversing a membrane, such as a reverse osmosis membrane. Membranes 136 may provide HP fluid in 130 which is a concentrated feed-water or concentrate (e.g., brine) to the hydraulic energy transfer system 110. Pressure of the HP fluid in 130 may be used to compress low-pressure feed water (e.g., LP fluid in 120) to be high pressure feed water (e.g., HP fluid out 150). For simplicity and illustration purposes, the term feed water is used. However, fluids other than water may be used in the hydraulic energy transfer system 110. [0066] The circulation pump 158 (e.g., centrifugal pump) provides the HP fluid out 150 (e.g., high pressure seawater) to membranes 136. The membranes 136 filter the HP fluid out 150 to provide LP potable water 172 and HP fluid in 130 (e.g., high pressure brine). The LP out system 142 provides brine out 174 (e.g., to geological mass, ocean, sea, discarded, etc.). [0067] In some embodiments, a high pressure fluid pump 176 is disposed between the feed pump 126 and the membranes 136. The high pressure fluid pump 176 increases pressure of the low pressure seawater (e.g., LP fluid in 120, provides high pressure feed water) to be mixed with the high pressure seawater provided by circulation pump 158. [0068] In some embodiments, use of the hydraulic energy transfer system 110 decreases the load on high pressure fluid pump 176. In some embodiments, fluid handling system 100C provides LP potable water 172 without use of high pressure fluid pump 176. In some embodiments, fluid handling system 100C provides LP potable water 172 with intermittent use of high pressure fluid pump 176. [0069] In some examples, hydraulic energy transfer system 110 (e.g., PX) receives LP fluid in 120 (e.g., low-pressure feed-water) at about 30 pounds per square inch (PSI) and receives HP fluid in 130 (e.g., high-pressure brine or concentrate) at about 980 PSI. The hydraulic Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) energy transfer system 110 (e.g., PX) transfers pressure from the high-pressure concentrate (e.g., HP fluid in 130) to the low-pressure feed-water (e.g., LP fluid in 120). The hydraulic energy transfer system 110 (e.g., PX) outputs HP fluid out 150 (e.g., high pressure (compressed) feed-water) at about 965 PSI and LP fluid out 140 (e.g., low-pressure concentrate) at about 15 PSI. Thus, the hydraulic energy transfer system 110 (e.g., PX) may be about 97% efficient since the input volume is about equal to the output volume of the hydraulic energy transfer system 110 (e.g., PX), and 965 PSI is about 97% of 980 PSI. [0070] FIG.1D illustrates a schematic diagram of a fluid handling system 100D including a hydraulic energy transfer system 110, according to certain embodiments. Fluid handling system 100D may be a refrigeration system. In some embodiments, fluid handling system 100D includes more components, less components, same routing, different routing, and/or the like than that shown in FIG.1D. [0071] Hydraulic energy transfer system 110 (e.g., PX) may receive LP fluid in 120 from LP in system 122 (e.g., low pressure lift device 128, low pressure fluid pump, etc.) and HP fluid in 130 from HP in system 132 (e.g., condenser 138). The hydraulic energy transfer system 110 (e.g., PX) may exchange pressure between the LP fluid in 120 and HP fluid in 130 to provide HP fluid out 150 to HP out system 152 (e.g., high pressure lift device 159) and to provide LP fluid out 140 to LP out system 142 (e.g., evaporator 144). The evaporator 144 may provide the fluid to compressor 178 and low pressure lift device 128. The condenser 138 may receive fluid from compressor 178 and high pressure lift device 159. [0072] The fluid handling system 100D may be a closed system. LP fluid in 120, HP fluid in 130, LP fluid out 140, and HP fluid out 150 may all be a fluid (e.g., refrigerant) that is circulated in the closed system of fluid handling system 100D. [0073] In some embodiments, the fluid of fluid handling system 100D may include solid particles. For example, the piping, equipment, connections (e.g., pipe welds, pipe soldering), etc. may introduce solid particles (e.g., solid particles from the welds) into the fluid in the fluid handling system 100D. The solid particles in the fluid and/or the high pressure of the fluid may cause abrasion and/or erosion of components (e.g., rotor, end covers) of the PX of hydraulic energy transfer system 110. [0074] FIGS.2A-E are exploded perspective views a rotary PX 40 (e.g., rotary pressure exchanger, rotary liquid piston compressor (LPC)), according to certain embodiments. PX 40 may include a motor 92 and/or a control module 94. [0075] In some embodiments, PX 40 includes one or more of the features described in one or more of FIGS.3A-7B. In some embodiments, a PX includes a rotor that is configured to Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) receive a first fluid, receive a second fluid, and exchange pressure between the first fluid and the second fluid. The first fluid and/or the second fluid are to non-axially enter and/or non- axially exit the rotor. [0076] PX 40 is configured to transfer pressure and/or work between a first fluid (e.g., proppant free fluid or supercritical carbon dioxide, HP fluid in 130) and a second fluid (e.g., frac fluid or superheated gaseous carbon dioxide, LP fluid in 120) with minimal mixing of the fluids. The rotary PX 40 may include a generally cylindrical body portion 42 that includes a sleeve 44 (e.g., rotor sleeve) and a rotor 46. The rotary PX 40 may also include two end caps 48 and 50 that include manifolds 52 and 54, respectively. Manifold 52 includes respective inlet port 56 and outlet port 58, while manifold 54 includes respective inlet port 60 and outlet port 62. In operation, these inlet ports 56, 60 enable the first and second fluids to enter the rotary PX 40 to exchange pressure, while the outlet ports 58, 62 enable the first and second fluids to then exit the rotary PX 40. In operation, the inlet port 56 may receive a high- pressure first fluid (e.g., HP fluid in 130), and after exchanging pressure, the outlet port 58 may be used to route a low-pressure first fluid (e.g., LP fluid out 140) out of the rotary PX 40. Similarly, the inlet port 60 may receive a low-pressure second fluid (e.g., LP fluid in 120) and the outlet port 62 may be used to route a high-pressure second fluid (e.g., HP fluid out 150) out of the rotary PX 40. The end caps 48 and 50 include respective end covers 64 and 66 (e.g., end plates) disposed within respective manifolds 52 and 54 that enable fluid sealing contact with the rotor 46. [0077] As noted above, one or more components of the PX 40, such as the rotor 46, the end cover 64, and/or the end cover 66, may be constructed from a wear-resistant material (e.g., carbide, cemented carbide, silicon carbide, tungsten carbide, etc.) with a hardness greater than a predetermined threshold (e.g., a Vickers hardness number that is at least 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750, 2000, 2250, or more). For example, tungsten carbide may be more durable and may provide improved wear resistance to abrasive fluids as compared to other materials, such as alumina ceramics. [0078] The rotor 46 may be cylindrical and disposed in the sleeve 44, which enables the rotor 46 to rotate about the axis 68. The rotor 46 may have a plurality of channels 70 (e.g., ducts, rotor ducts) extending substantially longitudinally through the rotor 46 with openings 72 and 74 (e.g., rotor ports) at each end arranged symmetrically about the longitudinal axis 68. The openings 72 and 74 of the rotor 46 are arranged for hydraulic communication with inlet and outlet apertures 76 and 78 (e.g., end cover inlet port and end cover outlet port) and 80 and 82 (e.g., end cover inlet port and end cover outlet port) in the end covers 64 and 66, in Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) such a manner that during rotation the channels 70 are exposed to fluid at high-pressure and fluid at low-pressure. As illustrated, the inlet and outlet apertures 76 and 78 and 80 and 82 may be designed in the form of arcs or segments of a circle (e.g., C-shaped). [0079] In some embodiments, a controller using sensor feedback (e.g., revolutions per minute measured through a tachometer or optical encoder or volume flow rate measured through flowmeter) may control the extent of mixing between the first and second fluids in the rotary PX 40, which may be used to improve the operability of the fluid handling system (e.g., fluid handling systems 100A-D of FIGS.1A-D). For example, varying the volume flow rates of the first and second fluids entering the rotary PX 40 allows the plant operator (e.g., system operator) to control the amount of fluid mixing within the PX 40. In addition, varying the rotational speed of the rotor 46 also allows the operator to control mixing. Three characteristics of the rotary PX 40 that affect mixing are: (1) the aspect ratio of the rotor channels 70; (2) the duration of exposure between the first and second fluids; and (3) the creation of a fluid barrier (e.g., an interface) between the first and second fluids within the rotor channels 70. First, the rotor channels 70 (e.g., ducts) are generally long and narrow, which stabilizes the flow within the rotary PX 40. In addition, the first and second fluids may move through the channels 70 in a plug flow regime with minimal axial mixing. Second, in certain embodiments, the speed of the rotor 46 reduces contact between the first and second fluids. For example, the speed of the rotor 46 (e.g., rotor speed of approximately 1200 revolutions per minute (RPM)) may reduce contact times between the first and second fluids to less than approximately 0.15 seconds, 0.10 seconds, or 0.05 seconds. Third, a small portion of the rotor channel 70 is used for the exchange of pressure between the first and second fluids. Therefore, a volume of fluid remains in the channel 70 as a barrier between the first and second fluids. All these mechanisms may limit mixing within the rotary PX 40. Moreover, in some embodiments, the rotary PX 40 may be designed to operate with internal pistons or other barriers, either complete or partial, that isolate the first and second fluids while enabling pressure transfer. [0080] FIGS.2B-2E are exploded views of an embodiment of the rotary PX 40 illustrating the sequence of positions of a single rotor channel 70 in the rotor 46 as the channel 70 rotates through a complete cycle. It is noted that FIGS.2B-2E are simplifications of the rotary PX 40 showing one rotor channel 70, and the channel 70 is shown as having a circular cross- sectional shape. In other embodiments, the rotary PX 40 may include a plurality of channels 70 with the same or different cross-sectional shapes (e.g., circular, oval, square, rectangular, polygonal, etc.). Thus, FIGS.2B-2E are simplifications for purposes of illustration, and other Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) embodiments of the rotary PX 40 may have configurations different from that shown in FIGS.2A-2E. As described in detail below, the rotary PX 40 facilitates pressure exchange between first and second fluids by enabling the first and second fluids to briefly contact each other within the rotor 46. In certain embodiments, this exchange happens at speeds that result in limited mixing of the first and second fluids. The speed of the pressure wave traveling through the rotor channel 70 (as soon as the channel is exposed to the aperture 76), the diffusion speeds of the fluids, and the rotational speed of rotor 46 dictate whether any mixing occurs and to what extent. [0081] FIG.2B is an exploded perspective view of an embodiment of a rotary PX 40 (e.g., rotary LPC), according to certain embodiments. In FIG.2B, the channel opening 72 is in a first position. In the first position, the channel opening 72 is in fluid communication with the aperture 78 in end cover 64 and therefore with the manifold 52, while the opposing channel opening 74 is in hydraulic communication with the aperture 82 in end cover 66 and by extension with the manifold 54. As will be discussed below, the rotor 46 may rotate in the clockwise direction indicated by arrow 84. In operation, low-pressure second fluid 86 passes through end cover 66 and enters the channel 70, where it contacts the first fluid 88 at a dynamic fluid interface 90. The second fluid 86 then drives the first fluid 88 out of the channel 70, through end cover 64, and out of the rotary PX 40. However, because of the short duration of contact, there is minimal mixing between the second fluid 86 and the first fluid 88. [0082] FIG.2C is an exploded perspective view of an embodiment of a rotary PX 40 (e.g., rotary LPC), according to certain embodiments. In FIG.2C, the channel 70 has rotated clockwise through an arc of approximately 90 degrees. In this position, the opening 74 (e.g., outlet) is no longer in fluid communication with the apertures 80 and 82 of end cover 66, and the opening 72 is no longer in fluid communication with the apertures 76 and 78 of end cover 64. Accordingly, the low-pressure second fluid 86 is temporarily contained within the channel 70. [0083] FIG.2D is an exploded perspective view of an embodiment of a rotary PX 40 (e.g., rotary LPC), according to certain embodiments. In FIG.2D, the channel 70 has rotated through approximately 60 degrees of arc from the position shown in FIG.2B. The opening 74 is now in fluid communication with aperture 80 in end cover 66, and the opening 72 of the channel 70 is now in fluid communication with aperture 76 of the end cover 64. In this position, high-pressure first fluid 88 enters and pressurizes the low-pressure second fluid 86, driving the second fluid 86 out of the rotor channel 70 and through the aperture 80. Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) [0084] FIG.2E is an exploded perspective view of an embodiment of a rotary PX 40 (e.g., rotary LPC), according to certain embodiments. In FIG.2E, the channel 70 has rotated through approximately 270 degrees of arc from the position shown in FIG.2B. In this position, the opening 74 is no longer in fluid communication with the apertures 80 and 82 of end cover 66, and the opening 72 is no longer in fluid communication with the apertures 76 and 78 of end cover 64. Accordingly, the first fluid 88 is no longer pressurized and is temporarily contained within the channel 70 until the rotor 46 rotates another substantially 90 degrees, starting the cycle over again. [0085] Abrasion and/or erosion damage in a PX may occur when suspended solids are introduced and mixed in the fluid that enters the PX. Abrasion damage may occur when particles enter gaps in the PX (e.g., trapped between a stationary end cover and the rotor). Erosion damage may occur due to existence of suspended solids (e.g., erodents) in high velocity fluid jets (e.g., slurry jets) that are formed due to the high pressure differentials inside the PX. When the high velocity jet makes an impact with components of the PX, the high velocity jet can cause damage to those components. Damage (e.g., erosion damage) can occur when a high pressure rotor port (e.g., rotor duct) opens to a low pressure end cover port (e.g., kidney) or when a low pressure rotor port (e.g., rotor duct) opens to a high pressure end cover port (e.g., kidney) which causes a high pressure differential. [0086] FIGS.3A-7B illustrate components of PXs, according to some embodiments. A PX of the present disclosure may include features of one or more of FIGS.3A-7B. A PX of the present disclosure may have non-axial entry of fluids into the rotor of the PX and/or non- axial exit of fluids from the rotor of the PX. In some embodiments, a PX includes a rotor that is configured to receive a first fluid, receive a second fluid, and exchange pressure between the first fluid and the second fluid. The first fluid and/or the second fluid are to non-axially enter and/or non-axially exit the rotor. [0087] The present disclosure may solve the problem of axial contact (e.g., friction, rubs, etc.) between the rotor and end covers of the PX that may arise (e.g., primarily arise) due to axial clearances (e.g., very tight axial clearances, axial clearances of about 10 to 25 microns) between the rotor and end covers. The closure of the axial gaps resulting in contact can be attributed to one or both of the following: deformation of end cover due to pressure; and/or thrust loads (e.g., excessive thrust loads) on the rotor exceeding existing thrust bearing capabilities. The axial clearance on the loaded side may be about 5 to 10 microns. The axial clearance on the unloaded side is to be kept to a minimum (about 20 microns) to minimize leakages that can be excessive at high pressures. Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) [0088] FIGS.3A-C illustrate components of PXs, according to some embodiments. FIG. 3A illustrates a perspective view of components of a PX (e.g., a PX having radial entry, substantially straight duct, and post flow path design), FIG.3B illustrates a cross-sectional view of components of a PX (e.g., a PX having radial entry, substantially straight duct, and post flow path design), and FIG.3C illustrates a top or bottom view of a rotor of a PX, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, two or more of FIGS.3A-C illustrate views of components of a same PX (e.g., PX 300). In some embodiments, two or more of FIGS.3A-C illustrate views of components of different PXs. In some embodiments, the PXs of FIGS.3A-C may have two cycles of pressure exchange per revolution of the rotor (e.g., each rotor duct gets pressurized and depressurized twice per revolution) to balance radial loads (e.g., radial thrust) on the rotor 310. FIGS.3A-B may have a single cycle per revolution (e.g., each rotor duct gets pressurized and depressurized once per revolution). For example, each complete rotation (e.g., 360-degree rotation) of the rotor accomplishes one full cycle of pressure exchange. In a single rotation the rotor may facilitate the process of transferring pressure from an HP fluid to an LP fluid. This can include the intake of the HP fluid into the rotor, the transfer of pressure to the LP fluid, and the release of the LP fluid now at a different (higher) pressure. [0089] The single cycle HP ports (HPIN and HPOUT formed by the sleeve) and LP ports (LPIN and LPOUT formed by the center post) may be clocked substantially 180 degrees apart (e.g., HP ports are positioned directly opposite each other on the surface of the cylindrical sleeve and LP ports are positioned directly opposite each other on the surface of the cylindrical center post respectively). To enable two cycle operation, two additional ports can be formed on the sleeve substantially 180 degrees apart from each other and substantially 90 degrees from the single HP and LP ports. In addition, two additional ports are formed by the center post substantially 180 degrees apart from each other and substantially 90 degrees from the single HP and LP ports. [0090] The advantage of FIGS.3A-B may be a larger sealing area between HPIN port 381 and LPOUT port 371 as well as between LPIN port 361 and HPOUT port 391 to provide lower leakage. In some embodiments, the PX of FIGS.3A-B may be used for lower pressure applications such as brackish water desalination, wastewater treatment applications (e.g., municipal water), etc. [0091] FIG.3A illustrates a PX 300 having radial entry (e.g., via HPIN port 381, HPOUT port 391, LPIN port 361, and/or LPOUT port 371), substantially straight ducts 311, and post flow path design (e.g., via post 330), according to some embodiments. Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) [0092] In some embodiments, PX 300 can include a rotor 310 that can be configured to receive a first fluid, receive a second fluid, and exchange pressure between the first fluid and the second fluid. In some embodiments, PX 300 can include a sleeve 320 that can be disposed around rotor 310. In some embodiments, the first fluid is to enter rotor 310 radially (e.g., in the direction of arrows 302, from an outer side surface of the rotor into the rotor, via HPIN port 381, etc.) through sleeve 320. In some embodiments, the second fluid is to enter rotor 310 radially (e.g., in the direction of arrows 302, from an inner side surface of the rotor into the rotor, via LPIN port 361, etc.). In some embodiments, fluids enter radially into the rotor instead of axially. In some embodiments, PX 300 can include a post 330 disposed inside the rotor. In some embodiments, post 330 forms a post cavity 350. [0093] FIG.3B illustrates a cross-sectional view of PX 300 having radial rotor entry and exit (e.g., via HPIN port 381, HPOUT port 391, LPIN port 361, and/or LPOUT port 371), substantially straight ducts 311, and post flow path (e.g., via post 330) design. [0094] In some embodiments, PX 300 may be substantially cylindrical. In some embodiments, a radial direction may be a direction that is substantially perpendicular to a central axis 309 of PX 300. For example, arrows 302 show a radial direction in relation to central axis 309 of PX 300. In some embodiments, an axial direction may be a direction that is substantially parallel to central axis 309 of PX 300. For example, arrows 301 show an axial direction in relation to central axis 309 of PX 300. [0095] In some embodiments, the second fluid is to enter rotor 310 radially via post 330. [0096] In some embodiments, post 330 forms a first LPIN port 361 and a first LPOUT port 371. [0097] In some embodiments, sleeve 320 forms a first HPIN port 381 and a first HPOUT port 391. [0098] Alternatively, in some embodiments, post 330 may form a first HPIN port and a first HPOUT port. Sleeve 320 may form a first LPIN port and a first LPOUT port. [0099] FIG.3C illustrates a rotor 310 of PX 300, according to some embodiments. [00100] In some embodiments, rotor is the same rotor or a substantially similar rotor to rotor 310 of FIG.3A and/or FIG.3B. [00101] In some embodiments, PX 300 includes a rotor 310 configured to exchange pressure between a first fluid and a second fluid, the rotor forming a rotor cavity 360. [00102] In some embodiments, the rotor includes an outer side surface 322, where the first fluid is to enter rotor 310 radially via outer side surface 322. In some embodiments, rotor 310 Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) includes an inner side surface 324 forming rotor cavity 360, where the second fluid is to enter rotor 310 radially via inner side surface 324. [00103] In some embodiments, PX 300 further includes a post 330 (e.g., see FIG.3A and/or FIG.3B) disposed in rotor cavity 360, the post 330 forming a post cavity 350. In some embodiments, the second fluid is to enter post cavity 350 axially and exit post cavity 350 radially to enter rotor 310 radially. [00104] In some embodiments, rotor 310 forms ducts 311, where at least one of the first fluid or the second fluid is to radially enter rotor 310 into at least one of ducts 311. In some embodiments, ducts 311 may be fluted. [00105] FIGS.4A-C illustrate components of PXs, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, FIGS.4A-C illustrate PXs that have radial entry (e.g., via HPIN port 481 and 482, HPOUT port 491 and 492, LPIN port 461 and 462, and/or LPOUT port 471 and 472), substantially straight ducts 411, and center bore (e.g., via center bore 450) flow path design. [00106] FIGS.4B-C illustrate a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the center bore 450 (e.g., formed by the post) is used as a fluid path. This is done using a center post 430 with flow paths as shown in FIGS.4A-C. The flow enters the PX 400 radially (through the sleeve 420 outside the cartridge, and through the center post 430, inside the rotor 410) and takes a substantially 90 degree turn into the rotor 410. The LP fluid is shown in the center bore 450 and HP outside. In some embodiments, HP and LP regions may be switched. The HP ports (e.g., 481-482 and 491-492) in the sleeve 420 and LP ports (e.g., 461-462 and 471-472) in the rotor 410 are clocked substantially 90 degrees apart from each other (e.g., HP and LP ports are positioned substantially 90 degrees from each other on the surface of the cylindrical sleeve 420 or the center post 430) to seal the high pressure and low pressure regions and to prevent direct communication or excessive leakage between the HP and LP ports. In some embodiments, the angular separation of the ports is equal to or greater than the angular separation of the ducts. [00107] Having two LP ports substantially 180 degrees apart (e.g., see FIG.4B) and two HP ports substantially 180 degrees apart (e.g., see FIG.4C) helps balance radial loads on the rotor 410. Using a center post 430 as a flow path in a radial entry pressure exchanger 400 offers the advantage of simplifying the housing design and keeping a similar outer design as other PXs. [00108] FIG.4A illustrates a PX 400 having radial entry, substantially straight duct, and post flow path design, according to some embodiments. Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) [00109] In some embodiments, PX 400 can include a rotor 410 that can be configured to receive a first fluid, receive a second fluid, and exchange pressure between the first fluid and the second fluid. In some embodiments, PX 400 can include a sleeve 420 that can be disposed around rotor 410. In some embodiments, the first fluid is to enter rotor 410 radially (e.g., in the direction of arrows 402) through sleeve 420. In some embodiments, fluids enter radially into the rotor instead of axially. In some embodiments, PX 400 can include a post 430 disposed inside the rotor. In some embodiments, post 430 fills the rotor center bore. [00110] FIGS.4B-C illustrate cross-sectional views of PXs 400 having radial entry, substantially straight duct, and post flow path design. In some embodiments, FIGS.4B-C illustrate the same PX 400. [00111] In some embodiments, PX 400 may be substantially cylindrical. In some embodiments, a radial direction may be a direction that is substantially perpendicular to a central axis 405 of PX 400. For example, arrows 402 show a radial direction in relation to central axis 405 of PX 400. In some embodiments, an axial direction may be a direction that is substantially parallel to central axis 405 of PX 400. For example, arrows 401 show an axial direction in relation to central axis 405 of PX 400. [00112] In some embodiments, the second fluid is to enter rotor 410 radially via post 430. [00113] In some embodiments, post 430 forms a first LPIN port 461 and a first LPOUT port 471. In some embodiments, post 430 further forms a second LPIN port 462 and a second LPOUT port 472. [00114] In some embodiments, sleeve 420 forms a first HPIN port 481 and a first HPOUT port 491. In some embodiments, sleeve 420 forms a second HPIN port 482 and a second HPOUT port 492. [00115] Alternatively, in some embodiments, post 430 may form a first HPIN port and a first HPOUT port. Post 430 may further form a second HPIN port and a second HPOUT port. Sleeve 420 may form a first LPIN port and a first LPOUT port. Sleeve 420 may further form a second LPIN port and a second LPOUT port. [00116] In some embodiments, PX 400 can include a rotor 410 forming radial ducts (e.g., see FIGS.4A-B), where rotor 410 is configured to receive a first fluid, receive a second fluid, and exchange pressure between the first fluid and the second fluid. In some embodiments, PX 400 includes a post 430 disposed in a rotor cavity formed by rotor 410, where the first fluid is to radially enter rotor 410 via a first radial duct of the radial ducts, pass through a post cavity (e.g., center bore 450) formed by post 430 into a second radial duct of the radial ducts, and radially exit rotor 410 via the second radial duct. Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) [00117] In some embodiments, PX 400 further includes a first pair of ports formed by sleeve 420 or post 430. Sleeve 420 being disposed around rotor 410 and post 430 being disposed in the rotor cavity. In some embodiments, first pair of ports includes an LPIN port and an LPOUT port. In some embodiments, the first pair of ports can include an HPIN port and an HPOUT port. [00118] In some embodiments, PX 400 further includes a second pair of ports formed by sleeve 420 or post 430. In some embodiments, the second pair of ports includes an HPIN port and an HPOUT port. In some embodiments, the second pair of ports includes an LPIN port and an LPOUT port. [00119] In some embodiments, PX 400 may include a third pair of ports formed by sleeve 420 or post 430. In some embodiments, the third pair of ports includes an LPIN port and an LPOUT port. In some embodiments, the third pair of ports includes an HPIN port and an HPOUT port. [00120] In some embodiments, PX 400 may include a fourth pairs of ports formed by sleeve 420 or post 430. In some embodiments, the fourth pair of ports includes an LPIN port and an LPOUT port. In some embodiments, the fourth pair of posts includes an HPIN port and an HPOUT port. [00121] In some embodiments, the third pair of ports formed by post 430 are disposed substantially 180 from the fourth pair of ports formed by post 430 and substantially 90 degrees from the first pair of ports and second pair of ports formed by sleeve 420. In some embodiments, the first pair of ports formed by sleeve 420 and the second pair of ports formed by post 430 are disposed substantially 180 degrees from each other on the sleeve 420. [00122] In some embodiments, rotor 410 can be configured to rotate around a rotation axis 405. In some embodiments, sleeve 420 can form an angled port (e.g., angled port 615 of FIGS.6A-B) disposed around a port axis. In some embodiments, the port axis does not intersect the rotation axis 405. For a more detailed description please see FIGS.6A-B. [00123] In some embodiments, rotor 410 can be configured to rotate around rotation axis 405. In some embodiments, post 430 forms an angled port disposed around a port axis. In some embodiments, the port axis does not intersect rotation axis 405 (e.g., see FIGS.6A-B and corresponding description). [00124] FIGS.4D-F illustrate components of PXs, according to some embodiments. FIGS. 4D-F illustrate PXs 400 that have a fluted and helical design (e.g., instead of a 90 degree turn in the rotor 410). Fluted and helical ducts can refer to ducts formed by the surface of the rotor. The surface of the rotor can form helical grooves or channels (fluted ducts) that are Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) substantially parallel. The fluted ducts can helical along the length of the rotor. The fluted ducts can have a uniform shape and depth, forming a consistent pattern across the surface of the rotor. In some embodiments, the fluted and helical ducts can be covered by the sleeve encasing the rotor causing the fluted ducts to be enclosed. This may increase the fluid path inside the rotor compared to the straight duct design and offer a more streamlined flow. For the same size envelope, pressure may need to decrease, since the solid section of the rotor may experience higher stresses because of bending loads not present in the straight duct design. An application could be where pressures are lower, but mixing may be a bigger concern. In some embodiments, the flutes can be any shape that increases the duct length. For example, the flutes can be partially helical, serpentine, partially serpentine, zig-zagged, partially zig-zagged, etc. (e.g., based on application of the PX). [00125] FIG.4D illustrates a PX 400 having radial entry, fluted ducts, and a helical flow path design. [00126] In some embodiments, PX 400 can include a rotor 410 that can be configured to receive a first fluid, receive a second fluid, and exchange pressure between the first fluid and the second fluid. In some embodiments, PX 400 can include a sleeve 420 that can be disposed around rotor 410. In some embodiments, the first fluid is to enter rotor 410 radially (e.g., in the direction of arrows 402) through sleeve 420. In some embodiments, fluids enter radially into the rotor instead of axially. In some embodiments, PX 400 can include a post 430 disposed inside the rotor. In some embodiments, post 430 forms a center bore 450. Center bore 450 may be a hollow channel that extends axially within post 430. In some embodiments, center bore 450 is a cylindrical hole in the center of rotor 410 that extends the full length of rotor 410. Post 430 is a stationary piece that disposed in center bore 450 with a clearance. Post 430 can form two cavities on either end. For example, in some embodiments, a first cavity forms an LPIN plenum and the second cavity forms LPOUT plenum. In some embodiments, a first cavity forms an HPIN plenum and the second cavity forms HPOUT plenum. [00127] In some embodiments, rotor 410 of PX 400 forms ducts 411, where at least one of the first fluid or the second fluid is to radially enter rotor 410 via of ducts 411. In some embodiments, ducts 411 are fluted. [00128] In some embodiments, fluted ducts 411 can be formed by rotor 410 (e.g., a groove or channel on an outer surface of the rotor). Fluted ducts 411 can vary in terms of depth, width, and shape. Fluted ducts 411 can be pathways (conduits) used to control the flow of fluids or gases, improving heat transfer, and increasing pressure exchange efficiency. In some Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) embodiments, sleeve 420 (e.g., disposed around rotor 410) can seal the flutes (e.g., to contain the fluid). Sleeve 420 can be a cylindrical casing that encapsulates rotor 410 and covers fluted ducts 411. This sealing ensures that fluids or gases within fluted ducts 411 are contained and directed according to the desired flow pattern, preventing any unintended leakage or mixing. [00129] In some embodiments, a flute of fluted ducts 411 refers to the individual groove or channel on the outer surface of rotor 410 (e.g., formed by the fluted duct). In some embodiments, a flute can be a concave feature on the surface of rotor 410. Flutes can vary in terms of their depth, width, and shape and can be pathways (conduits) for the flow of fluids or gases. In some embodiments, a flute is a channel or groove formed by a fluted duct (e.g., of fluted ducts 411). [00130] In some embodiments, FIGS.4E-F illustrates a cross sectional view of PX 400 having radial entry, fluted ducts, and a helical flow path design. [00131] In some embodiments, flutes of ducts 411 open to at least one of sleeve 420 disposed around rotor 410 or post 430. In some embodiments, ducts 411 span rotor 410 beginning proximate a first distal end 431 of rotor 410 and ending proximate a second distal end 432 of rotor 410. In some embodiments, ducts 411 are configured in a helical trajectory through rotor 410. [00132] In some embodiments, rotor 410 can be configured to rotate around a rotation axis 405. In some embodiments, sleeve 420 can form an angled port (e.g., angled port 615 of FIGS.6A-B) disposed around a port axis. In some embodiments, the port axis does not intersect the rotation axis 405. For a more detailed description please see FIGS.6A-B. [00133] In some embodiments, rotor 410 can be configured to rotate around rotation axis 405. In some embodiments, post 430 forms an angled port disposed around a port axis. In some embodiments, the port axis does not intersect rotation axis 405 (e.g., see FIGS.6A-B and corresponding description). [00134] FIG.4G illustrates components of a PX 400, according to some embodiments. FIG. 4G illustrates a PX that may not use the center bore for flow. All flow may enter and exit the sleeve 420. FIG.4G illustrates the fluted design version of the rotor. In some embodiments, FIG.4G may use straight ducts in the rotor shown in FIGS.4A-C. FIG.4G may eliminate use of a center post (e.g., which may be desirable or needed in certain applications). [00135] In some embodiments, a PX of FIGS.4A-C may have straight ducts as slots on the rotor outer diameter (OD) open to the sleeve inner diameter (ID). The ducts could also be on the rotor ID open to the post OD. The benefit may be an option of not using end caps on the Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) rotor (e.g., see FIGS.6A-B). In some embodiments, the ducts are at an angle instead of being vertical. [00136] FIGS.5A-B illustrate components of PXs, according to some embodiments. FIGS. 5A-B illustrates a PX 500 that has a rotor with radial ducts. The LPIN fluid enters through the (outer diameter) OD sleeve and exits the OD sleeve as HPOUT. The HPIN fluid enters the rotor ducts through the center post as HPIN and leaves through the center post after transferring its pressure energy as LPOUT. In some embodiments, an advantage of this embodiment is that the HPOUT fluid may gain a pressure boost due to centrifugal head imparted by the rotor. Multiple rows of ducts may be arranged along the axis of the rotor for increasing the flow capacity of the PX. [00137] In some embodiments, a PX 500 includes a rotor 510 forming radial ducts 511, where rotor 510 is configured to receive a first fluid, receive a second fluid, and exchange pressure between the first fluid and the second fluid. In some embodiments, PX 500 includes a post 530 disposed in a rotor cavity formed by rotor 510, where the first fluid is to radially enter rotor 510 via a first port 541 of a first pair of ports, the first pair of ports being formed by a sleeve 520 disposed around rotor 510 or by post 530, into a radial duct of the radial ducts 511 and radially exit rotor 510 via a second port 552 of the first pair of ports. In some embodiments, the first pair of ports includes an HPIN port 551 and an LPOUT port 542. In some embodiments, a radial direction is represented by arrows 502. A fluid that enters the rotor radially, may enter, for example, in the direction of arrows 502. [00138] In some embodiments, PX 500 further includes a second pair of ports being formed by sleeve 520 or post 530. Sleeve 520 being disposed around rotor 510 and post 530 being disposed inside post cavity 550. In some embodiments, the second pair of ports includes an LPIN port 541 and an HPOUT port 552. In some embodiments, the first pair of ports can include an HPIN port 551 and an LPOUT port 542. [00139] In some embodiments, PX 500 may include a third pair of ports formed by sleeve 520 or post 530. In some embodiments, the third pair of ports includes an LPIN port 561 and an HPOUT 572 port. In some embodiments, the third pair of ports includes an HPIN port 571 and an LPOUT port 562. [00140] In some embodiments, PX 500 may include a fourth pair of ports formed by sleeve 520 or post 530. In some embodiments, the fourth pair of ports includes an HPIN port 551 and LPOUT port 562. In some embodiments, the fourth pair of ports includes an LPIN port 561 and an HPOUT port 572. Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) [00141] In some embodiments, the third pair of ports formed by post 530 are disposed substantially 180 degrees from the second pair of ports formed by post 530. The third pair of ports formed by post 530 are disposed substantially 180 degrees from the first pair of ports disposed on the sleeve. The third pair of ports formed by post 530 and the fourth pair of ports formed by sleeve 520 are disposed substantially 0 degrees from each other on post 530 and sleeve 520 respectively. In some embodiments, the first pair of ports formed by sleeve 520 and the second pair of ports formed by post 530 are disposed substantially 0 degrees from each other on the sleeve 520 and post respectively. [00142] In some embodiments, rotor 510 can be configured to rotate around a rotation axis 505. In some embodiments, sleeve 520 can form an angled port (e.g., angled port 615 of FIGS.6A-B) disposed around a port axis. In some embodiments, the port axis does not intersect the rotation axis 505. For a more detailed description please see FIGS.6A-B. [00143] In some embodiments, rotor 510 can be configured to rotate around rotation axis 505. In some embodiments, post 530 forms an angled port disposed around a port axis. In some embodiments, the port axis does not intersect rotation axis 405 (e.g., see FIGS.6A-B and corresponding description). [00144] FIGS.6A-B illustrate components of PXs, according to some embodiments. FIGS. 6A-B may illustrate components of a PX 600 used to generate torque on the rotor to start rotation and maintain that rotation. To generate torque on the rotor to cause the rotor to spin and to exchange pressure (e.g., function as a pressure exchanger) may include having the fluid enter and exit at an angle with respect to the radial direction. In FIGS.6A-B, the PX may have a single cycle per revolution (e.g., of FIGS.3A-B) and/or may be applied to other embodiments of the present disclosure. To achieve a greater control on rotor RPM and to minimize entry losses, it is possible to incorporate adjustable vanes on the ports (on the sleeve) through which the fluid enters the rotor. In some embodiments, adjustable vanes can be inserts mounted in the ports and adjusted based on the flow rate of the application. Adjustable vanes can also be incorporated into the sleeve port and actuated mechanically, electrically, or hydraulically (e.g., if the flow rate changes substantially from time to time). Adjustable vanes can be part of another component upstream of the sleeve port. Adjustable vanes can be included at the HPIN port inside the center post. [00145] In some embodiments, PX 600 can include a rotor 610 that can be configured to receive a first fluid, receive a second fluid, and exchange pressure between the first fluid and the second fluid. In some embodiments, PX 600 can include a sleeve 620 that can be disposed around rotor 610. In some embodiments, the first fluid is to enter rotor 610 radially (e.g., in Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) the direction of arrows 602) through sleeve 620. In some embodiments, fluids enter radially into the rotor instead of axially. In some embodiments, PX 600 can include a post 630 disposed inside the rotor. [00146] In some embodiments, rotor 610 can be configured to rotate around a rotation axis 605. In some embodiments, sleeve 620 can form an angled port 615 disposed around a port axis 606. In some embodiments, port axis 606 does not intersect the rotation axis 605. [00147] In some embodiments, rotor 610 can be configured to rotate around rotation axis 605. In FIG.6B, rotation axis 605 is shown as a circle with a dot in the middle. This notation indicates that rotation axis 605 runs in a direction perpendicular to the 2D plane of the drawing. In some embodiments, post 630 forms an angled port 615 disposed around a port axis 606. In some embodiments, port axis 606 does not intersect rotation axis 605. In some embodiments, such a configuration causes the fluid to enter rotor 610 at an angle helping the rotor 610 to rotate. [00148] FIGS.7A-B are associated with PXs, according to some embodiments. FIGS.7A-B may illustrate a layout of a PX that includes a cartridge inside a housing 701. In some embodiments, radial bearings 709 may be used to seal HP and LP fluids. Having bearings on the post and sleeve could offer higher margin on acceptable radial loads. FIGS.7A-B also illustrates the axial bearings 708. Unlike conventional systems, these axial bearings may not act as seals and may not have as tight of a tolerance and may not have as small of clearances as conventional systems. FIG.7A illustrates forcing the fluid flow in a particular direction (e.g., clockwise in FIG.7A) using a flow diverter insert 712 to aid in providing torque to the rotor. [00149] To attain high pressures and low leakage, conventional systems may use very small margin of error with regard to manufacturing tolerances and inspection. There is always the risk that at higher pressures, owing to high thrust and/or end cover deflections, contact can occur between the rotor and an end cover causing the rotor to stall. The present disclosure aims to eliminate or lessen the problem. Radial sealing surfaces of the present disclosure allow for axial clearances (e.g., generous axial clearances), preventing the end covers and rotors coming in contact with each other. Any residual thrust load may be taken by a bearing system (e.g., that is not dependent on tight clearances). In addition, radial bearing surfaces (convex rotor against concave sleeve) may better handle unexpected operational loads such as vibration etc. the PX would see in the field compared to conventional systems. [00150] In some embodiments of the present disclosure (e.g., FIGS.4A-F, FIGS.3A-7B) radial loads of the PX may be balanced. In some embodiments, the radial loads of the present Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) disclosure may be higher compared to conventional systems. In some embodiments, the flow velocities may be higher in comparison to conventional systems (e.g., for the same rotor and sleeve size envelope). In some embodiments, one or more components of the PX may be produced using complex machining processes (e.g., components incorporating helical flutes). [00151] The present disclosure (e.g., one or more embodiments of FIGS.3A-7B) may have improvement in one or more of pressure range, efficiency, reduction in volume and cost, etc. compared to conventional solutions. [00152] The preceding description sets forth numerous specific details, such as examples of specific systems, components, methods, and so forth, in order to provide a good understanding of several embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art, however, that at least some embodiments of the present disclosure may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known components or methods are not described in detail or are presented in simple block diagram format in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present disclosure. Thus, the specific details set forth are merely exemplary. Particular implementations may vary from these exemplary details and still be contemplated to be within the scope of the present disclosure. Descriptions of systems herein may include descriptions of one or more optional components. Components may be included in combinations not specifically discussed in this disclosure, and still be within the scope of this disclosure. [00153] Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. In addition, the term “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive “or.” When the term “about,” “substantially,” or “approximately” is used herein, this is intended to mean that the nominal value presented is precise within ±10%. Also, the terms "first," "second," "third," "fourth," etc. as used herein are meant as labels to distinguish among different elements and can not necessarily have an ordinal meaning according to their numerical designation. [00154] The terms “over,” “under,” “between,” “disposed on,” “before,” “after,” and “on” as used herein refer to a relative position of one material layer or component with respect to other layers or components. For example, one layer disposed on, over, or under another layer may be directly in contact with the other layer or may have one or more intervening layers. Moreover, one layer disposed between two layers may be directly in contact with the two Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) layers or may have one or more intervening layers. Similarly, unless explicitly stated otherwise, one feature disposed between two features may be in direct contact with the adjacent features or may have one or more intervening layers or components. [00155] It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. Many other embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading and understanding the above description. The scope of the disclosure should, therefore, be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which each claim is entitled.

Claims

Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) CLAIMS What is claimed is: 1. A pressure exchanger comprising: a rotor configured to receive a first fluid, receive a second fluid, and exchange pressure between the first fluid and the second fluid; a sleeve disposed around the rotor, wherein the first fluid is to enter the rotor radially through the sleeve; and a post disposed inside the rotor. 2. The pressure exchanger of claim 1, the second fluid is to enter the rotor radially via the post, and wherein the post forms: a first low pressure in (LPIN) port and a first low pressure out (LPOUT) port; or a first high pressure in (HPIN) port and a first high pressure out (HPOUT) port. 3. The pressure exchanger of claim 2, wherein the sleeve forms: a first LPIN port and a first LPOUT port; or a first HPIN port and a first HPOUT port. 4. The pressure exchanger of claim 3, wherein: the post further forms: a second LPIN port and a second LPOUT port; or a second HPIN port and a second HPOUT port; and the sleeve further forms: a second LPIN port and a second LPOUT port; or a second HPIN port and a second HPOUT port. 5. The pressure exchanger of claim 1, wherein: the rotor is configured to rotate around a rotation axis; the sleeve forms an angled port disposed around a port axis; and the port axis does not intersect the rotation axis. 6. The pressure exchanger of claim 2, wherein: the rotor is configured to rotate around a rotation axis; Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) the post forms an angled port disposed around a port axis; and the port axis does not intersect the rotation axis. 7. The pressure exchanger of claim 1, wherein the rotor forms a plurality of ducts, wherein at least one of the first fluid or the second fluid is to radially enter the rotor via the plurality of ducts, and wherein the plurality of ducts are fluted. 8. A pressure exchanger comprising: a rotor configured to exchange pressure between a first fluid and a second fluid, the rotor forming a rotor cavity, the rotor comprising: an outer side surface, wherein the first fluid is to enter the rotor radially via the outer side surface. 9. The pressure exchanger of claim 8, the rotor forming a plurality of fluted ducts configured in a helical trajectory through the rotor, the plurality of fluted ducts spanning the rotor beginning proximate a first distal end of the rotor and ending proximate a second distal end of the rotor, wherein at least one of the first fluid or the second fluid is to radially enter the rotor into at least one of the plurality of fluted ducts, and wherein a plurality of flutes of the plurality of ducts open to a sleeve disposed around the rotor. 10. The pressure exchanger of claim 8, further comprising a post disposed in the rotor cavity, the post forming a post cavity, wherein the second fluid is to enter the post cavity axially and exit the post cavity radially to enter the rotor radially, and wherein the rotor further comprises an inner side surface forming the rotor cavity, wherein the second fluid is to enter the rotor radially via the inner side surface. 11. The pressure exchanger of claim 10, the rotor forming a plurality of ducts, wherein at least one of the first fluid or the second fluid is to radially enter the rotor into at least one of the plurality of ducts, and wherein the plurality of ducts are fluted. 12. The pressure exchanger of claim 11, wherein a plurality of flutes of the plurality of ducts open to at least one of a sleeve disposed around the rotor or the post, and wherein the ducts span the rotor beginning proximate a first distal end of the rotor and ending proximate a second distal end of the rotor. Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) 13. The pressure exchanger of claim 12, wherein the plurality of ducts are configured in a helical trajectory through the rotor. 14. The pressure exchanger of claim 13, wherein: the rotor is configured to rotate around a rotation axis; the sleeve forms an angled port disposed around a port axis; and the port axis does not intersect the rotation axis. 15. The pressure exchanger of claim 13, wherein: the rotor is configured to rotate around a rotation axis; the post forms an angled port disposed around a port axis; and the port axis does not intersect the rotation axis. 16. A pressure exchanger comprising: a rotor forming a plurality of radial ducts, wherein the rotor is configured to receive a first fluid, receive a second fluid, and exchange pressure between the first fluid and the second fluid; and a post disposed in a rotor cavity formed by the rotor, wherein the first fluid is to radially enter the rotor via a first port of a first pair of ports formed by a sleeve disposed around the rotor or the post into a radial duct of the plurality of radial ducts, and radially exit the rotor via a second port of the first pair of ports. 17. The pressure exchanger of claim 16, further comprising a second pair of ports, formed by the sleeve or the post, the second pair of ports comprising: a low pressure in (LPIN) port and a high pressure out (HPOUT) port; or a high pressure in (HPIN) port and a low pressure out (LPOUT) port, wherein the first pair of ports, formed by the sleeve or the post, comprises: an LPIN port and an HPOUT) port; or an HPIN port and an LPOUT port. 18. The pressure exchanger of claim 17, wherein: the rotor is configured to rotate around a rotation axis; the sleeve forms an angled port disposed around a port axis; and the port axis does not intersect the rotation axis. Attorney Docket No.: 38708.619 (L0107PCT) 19. The pressure exchanger of claim 17, wherein: the rotor is configured to rotate around a rotation axis; the post forms an angled port disposed around a port axis; and the port axis does not intersect the rotation axis. 20. The pressure exchanger of claim 17, comprising: a third pair of ports, formed by the sleeve or the post, the third pair of ports comprising: an LPIN port and an HPOUT port; or an HPIN port and an LPOUT port; and a fourth pairs of ports formed by the sleeve or the post, the fourth pair of ports comprising: an LPIN port and an HPOUT port; or an HPIN port and an LPOUT port.