WO2024029333A1 - 非水電解質蓄電素子 - Google Patents
非水電解質蓄電素子 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024029333A1 WO2024029333A1 PCT/JP2023/026351 JP2023026351W WO2024029333A1 WO 2024029333 A1 WO2024029333 A1 WO 2024029333A1 JP 2023026351 W JP2023026351 W JP 2023026351W WO 2024029333 A1 WO2024029333 A1 WO 2024029333A1
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- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte storage device.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries typified by lithium ion secondary batteries
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery generally has a pair of electrodes electrically isolated by a separator and a non-aqueous electrolyte interposed between the electrodes, and transfers charge transport ions between the two electrodes. It is configured to charge and discharge by doing so.
- capacitors such as lithium ion capacitors and electric double layer capacitors are also widely used as nonaqueous electrolyte storage devices other than nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries.
- Lithium transition metal composite oxides, polyanion compounds, and the like are used as positive electrode active materials for nonaqueous electrolyte storage devices.
- the surfaces of particles of positive electrode active materials are sometimes coated with other compounds.
- Patent Document 1 describes a positive electrode material for lithium secondary batteries in which the particle surface of a lithium manganese composite oxide is coated with a metal oxide such as titanium oxide or tin oxide.
- carbon materials such as graphite are widely used as negative electrode active materials (see Patent Document 2).
- non-aqueous electrolyte storage element It is desirable for a non-aqueous electrolyte storage element that its capacity does not easily decrease even after being stored in a high-temperature environment.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a non-aqueous electrolyte energy storage element that has a large capacity after being stored in a high-temperature environment.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte energy storage device includes a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material containing a tungsten element, and a carbon material in which at least a portion of the surface of solid graphite is coated with a carbonaceous material other than graphite. and a negative electrode containing coated solid graphite, wherein the carbon coated solid graphite has a porosity of 2% or less, and the carbon coated solid graphite has a coating amount of the carbonaceous material of 12.0% by mass or more. It is.
- non-aqueous electrolyte energy storage element that has a large capacity after being stored in a high-temperature environment.
- FIG. 1 is a transparent perspective view showing one embodiment of a non-aqueous electrolyte storage element.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an embodiment of a power storage device configured by collecting a plurality of non-aqueous electrolyte power storage elements.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte energy storage device includes a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material containing a tungsten element, and at least a part of the surface of solid graphite is coated with a carbonaceous material other than graphite.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte storage device described in [1] above has a large capacity after being stored in a high-temperature environment. Although the reason for this is not certain, the following reasons are presumed.
- a positive electrode active material containing tungsten element By using a positive electrode active material containing tungsten element, the initial output of the non-aqueous electrolyte storage element becomes large.
- the tungsten element contained in the positive electrode active material is eluted into the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the present inventors discovered that the eluted tungsten element precipitated on the negative electrode active material, and precipitated on the negative electrode active material surface (when the negative electrode active material was graphite, especially on the edge surface of the graphite crystal and the surface of the internal voids of graphite particles). It has been discovered that when tungsten element reacts with the non-aqueous electrolyte, the non-aqueous electrolyte is decomposed and the capacity of the non-aqueous electrolyte storage element may decrease.
- the edge surface of the graphite crystal can be appropriately covered with the carbonaceous material, and precipitation of tungsten element on the edge surface of the graphite crystal can be suppressed.
- decomposition reactions of the non-aqueous electrolyte at the edge surfaces of graphite crystals in solid graphite and in the internal voids of graphite particles are less likely to occur. It is presumed that this contributes to increasing the capacity of the non-aqueous electrolyte storage element described in [1] above after being stored in a high-temperature environment.
- Graphite refers to a carbon material whose average lattice spacing (d 002 ) of the (002) plane is 0.33 nm or more and less than 0.34 nm, as determined by X-ray diffraction, before charging and discharging or in a discharged state.
- the "discharged state" of carbon materials such as graphite means that charge transport ions such as lithium ions, which can be intercalated and released during charging and discharging, are sufficiently released from the carbon material that is the negative electrode active material. means a discharged state.
- a state in which the open circuit voltage is 0.6 V or more means that the carbon material is "discharged". This is a typical example of "state”.
- Solid in solid graphite means that the inside of the graphite particle is filled with substantially no voids. More specifically, “solid” refers to the area ratio of voids within the particle to the area of the entire particle ( porosity) is 2% or less.
- the "area ratio (porosity) of voids within a particle to the area of the entire particle" in a graphite particle can be determined by the following procedure. (1) Preparation of sample for measurement Fix the negative electrode to be measured with thermosetting resin. The cross section of the negative electrode fixed with resin is exposed by ion milling to prepare a measurement sample. Note that the negative electrode to be measured is prepared according to the following procedure.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte storage element is discharged at a constant current of 0.1 C to the final discharge voltage during normal use to bring it into a discharged state.
- This discharged non-aqueous electrolyte storage element is disassembled and the negative electrode is taken out.
- a half-cell is assembled using the removed negative electrode as a working electrode and metal Li as a counter electrode. If the open circuit voltage in this half cell is less than 0.6V, the half cell is discharged so that the open circuit voltage becomes 0.6V or more.
- the discharge in the half cell refers to an oxidation reaction in which charge transport ions are released from graphite, which is a negative electrode active material.
- the half-cell is disassembled, the negative electrode is taken out, thoroughly washed with dimethyl carbonate, and then dried under reduced pressure at room temperature for 24 hours.
- the work from disassembling the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element to preparing the negative electrode to be measured is performed in a dry air atmosphere with a dew point of -40°C or lower.
- normal use refers to a case where the non-aqueous electrolyte storage element is used under charging and discharging conditions recommended or specified for the non-aqueous electrolyte storage element.
- the accelerating voltage is 15 kV.
- the observation magnification is set so that the number of graphite particles appearing in one field of view is 3 or more and 15 or less.
- the obtained SEM image is saved as an image file.
- Other conditions such as spot diameter, working distance, irradiation current, brightness, and focus are appropriately set so that the outline of the graphite particles becomes clear.
- (3) Cutting out the outline of graphite particles Using the image cutting function of the image editing software Adobe Photoshop Elements 11, the outline of the graphite particles is cut out from the acquired SEM image. This outline is cut out by selecting the outside of the outline of the graphite particles using a quick selection tool and editing the parts other than the graphite particles to a black background.
- Binarization processing For the image of the first graphite particle among the cut out graphite particles, use the image analysis software PopImaging 6.00 to set the threshold value to a concentration 20% lower than the concentration at which the intensity is maximum. Perform binarization processing. By the binarization process, the area on the higher concentration side is calculated, and this is determined as the "area S1 of the voids within the particle.” Next, the same image of the first graphite particle as before is subjected to binarization processing using a density of 10% as a threshold.
- the outer edge of the graphite particle is determined by the binarization process, and the area inside the outer edge is calculated to obtain "the area S0 of the entire particle.”
- S1 and S0 calculated above, calculate the ratio of S1 to S0 (S1/S0) to calculate the "area ratio R1 of voids within the particle to the area of the entire particle" in the first graphite particle. do.
- the above-mentioned binarization process is also performed on the images of the second and subsequent graphite particles among the cut out graphite particles, and the areas S1 and S0 are calculated. Based on the calculated area S1 and area S0, the area ratios R2, R3, . . . of voids of each graphite particle are calculated.
- the carbonaceous material may be non-graphitic carbon.
- the carbonaceous material is non-graphitic carbon, capacity reduction after storage in a high-temperature environment can be further reduced.
- Non-graphitic carbon refers to a carbonaceous material that does not fall under the above-mentioned "graphite.”
- the solid graphite may be solid natural graphite. Natural graphite has higher crystallinity than artificial graphite. Therefore, when the solid graphite is solid natural graphite, the non-aqueous electrolyte storage device described in [3] above has a large discharge capacity per mass of the negative electrode active material, and the high-temperature environment of the non-aqueous electrolyte storage device The storage capacity below is also larger.
- the positive electrode active material further contains a transition metal element other than the tungsten element and a lithium element, and the positive electrode active material further contains a transition metal element other than the tungsten element and a lithium element.
- the content of the tungsten element relative to metal elements other than the tungsten element and lithium element in the substance may be 0.2 mol% or more.
- the positive electrode active material contains a high concentration of tungsten element
- a negative electrode containing solid graphite coated with a specific amount of carbonaceous material by using it in combination with a negative electrode containing solid graphite coated with a specific amount of carbonaceous material, the edge surface of the graphite crystal of solid graphite Since it is appropriately coated with the carbonaceous material, the capacity of the non-aqueous electrolyte storage element after being stored in a high-temperature environment can be increased.
- the content of tungsten element relative to metal elements other than tungsten element and lithium element in the positive electrode active material refers to the total amount (mol) of all metal elements other than tungsten element and lithium element contained in the positive electrode active material. ) is the ratio (mol %) of the amount (mol) of the tungsten element.
- the amount of tungsten element and the total amount of all metal elements other than tungsten element and lithium element in the positive electrode active material are measured by the following procedure.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte storage element is discharged at a constant current of 0.05 C to the lower limit voltage during normal use. It was dismantled, the positive electrode was taken out, and a test battery was assembled with metal Li as the counter electrode. At a discharge current of 10 mA per 1 g of positive electrode active material, the positive electrode potential was 3.0 V vs. Constant current discharge is performed until Li/Li + , and the positive electrode is adjusted to a completely discharged state. Disassemble it again and take out the positive electrode.
- Components (electrolyte, etc.) adhering to the taken out positive electrode are thoroughly washed using dimethyl carbonate, and after drying under reduced pressure at room temperature for 24 hours, the positive electrode active material is collected.
- the work from dismantling the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element to collecting the positive electrode active material for measurement is performed in an argon atmosphere with a dew point of -60°C or lower.
- the positive electrode active material collected by the above method is completely dissolved in an acid capable of dissolving the tungsten element and the positive electrode active material by microwave decomposition. Next, this solution is diluted with pure water to a certain amount and used as a measurement solution.
- the positive electrode active material containing tungsten and lithium elements in the above measurement solution was analyzed by high-frequency inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP). Measure the concentration of all metal elements involved. From the obtained concentrations of tungsten element, lithium element, and all metal elements other than tungsten element and lithium element, the amount of tungsten element and the total amount of all metal elements other than tungsten element and lithium element in the positive electrode active material. Quantify.
- a calibration curve is created from a solution with a known concentration of each element, and the concentration of the above measurement solution is calculated.
- a calibration curve method can be used to determine the concentration of each element.
- the average particle size of the solid graphite may be 5 ⁇ m or more.
- the surface area of the solid graphite becomes smaller, and as a result, in the non-aqueous electrolyte storage element described in [5] above, tungsten element is precipitated on the surface of the solid graphite particles. As a result, the capacity of the non-aqueous electrolyte storage element becomes larger after being stored in a high-temperature environment.
- Average particle size is based on the particle size distribution measured by laser diffraction/scattering method on a diluted solution of particles diluted with a solvent, in accordance with JIS-Z-8825 (2013). -2 (2001), meaning the value at which the volume-based cumulative distribution calculated in accordance with 2001 is 50%.
- a configuration of a non-aqueous electrolyte storage device, a configuration of a power storage device, a method for manufacturing a non-aqueous electrolyte storage device, and other embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail. Note that the name of each component (each component) used in each embodiment may be different from the name of each component (each component) used in the background art.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte storage device (hereinafter also simply referred to as a "power storage device") according to an embodiment of the present invention includes an electrode body having a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator, a non-aqueous electrolyte, and the electrode body and the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the electrode body is usually a laminated type in which a plurality of positive electrodes and a plurality of negative electrodes are stacked with a separator in between, or a wound type in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are stacked and wound with a separator in between.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte exists in a state impregnated with the positive electrode, negative electrode, and separator.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte storage element a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery (hereinafter also simply referred to as a "secondary battery”) will be described.
- the positive electrode includes a positive electrode base material and a positive electrode active material layer disposed on the positive electrode base material directly or via an intermediate layer.
- the positive electrode base material has electrical conductivity. Whether or not it has “conductivity” is determined using a volume resistivity of 10 ⁇ 2 ⁇ cm as a threshold value, which is measured in accordance with JIS-H-0505 (1970).
- the material of the positive electrode base material metals such as aluminum, titanium, tantalum, stainless steel, or alloys thereof are used. Among these, aluminum or aluminum alloy is preferred from the viewpoint of potential resistance, high conductivity, and cost.
- Examples of the positive electrode base material include foil, vapor deposited film, mesh, porous material, etc., and foil is preferable from the viewpoint of cost. Therefore, aluminum foil or aluminum alloy foil is preferable as the positive electrode base material. Examples of aluminum or aluminum alloy include A1085, A3003, A1N30, etc. specified in JIS-H-4000 (2014) or JIS-H-4160 (2006).
- the average thickness of the positive electrode base material is preferably 3 ⁇ m or more and 50 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 40 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 8 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 10 ⁇ m or more and 25 ⁇ m or less.
- the intermediate layer is a layer disposed between the positive electrode base material and the positive electrode active material layer.
- the intermediate layer reduces contact resistance between the positive electrode base material and the positive electrode active material layer by containing a conductive agent such as carbon particles.
- the structure of the intermediate layer is not particularly limited, and includes, for example, a binder and a conductive agent.
- the positive electrode active material layer contains a positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material layer contains optional components such as a conductive agent, a binder, a thickener, and a filler, as necessary.
- the positive electrode active material contains tungsten element.
- This tungsten element may exist in the form of a compound such as an oxide (WO 3 ).
- the compound containing the tungsten element may coat at least a portion of the surface of particles of a substance that can insert and release charge transport ions such as lithium ions, for example.
- the positive electrode active material may include a substance capable of inserting and releasing charge transporting ions and a compound containing a tungsten element.
- the positive electrode active material may consist essentially only of a substance capable of occluding and releasing charge transporting ions and a compound containing the tungsten element.
- the substance capable of inserting and releasing charge transporting ions may itself contain tungsten element (that is, tungsten element may be solidly dissolved in the positive electrode active material).
- the tungsten element may be present, for example, on the surface of the particles of the positive electrode active material.
- the tungsten element may be present inside the particles of the positive electrode active material. In this way, by containing tungsten element in the positive electrode active material, side reactions at the positive electrode can be suppressed and the conductivity of charge transport ions such as lithium ions can be improved.As a result, the output and capacity of the non-aqueous electrolyte storage element can be improved. can be improved.
- tungsten element As a method of incorporating tungsten element into the positive electrode active material, there is a method of coating the particle surface of a substance capable of occluding and releasing charge transporting ions with a compound containing tungsten element. Another method is to add a tungsten element during the synthesis of a substance that can absorb and release charge transport ions, and then sinter it to support a compound containing the tungsten element on the particle surface of the positive electrode material or to contain it inside the particle. . A commercially available product may be used as the positive electrode active material containing the tungsten element.
- a substance capable of intercalating and deintercalating charge transporting ions a substance capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions is preferable, and conventionally known materials can be used as these substances.
- examples of such substances include lithium transition metal composite oxides having an ⁇ -NaFeO 2 type crystal structure, lithium transition metal composite oxides having a spinel type crystal structure, polyanion compounds, chalcogen compounds, sulfur, and the like.
- lithium transition metal composite oxides having ⁇ -NaFeO type 2 crystal structure examples include Li[Li x Ni (1-x) ]O 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5), Li[Li x Ni ⁇ Co ( 1-x- ⁇ ) ]O 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5, 0 ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ 1-x- ⁇ ), Li[Li x Co (1-x) ]O 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5 ), Li [ Li x Ni ⁇ Mn ⁇ Co (1-x- ⁇ - ⁇ ) ]O 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5, 0 ⁇ , 0 ⁇ , 0.5 ⁇ + ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ 1-x- ⁇ - ⁇ ), Li[Li x Ni ⁇ Co ⁇ Al (1-x- ⁇ - ⁇ ) ]O 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5, 0 ⁇ , 0 ⁇ , 0.5 ⁇ + ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ 1-x- ⁇ - ⁇ ).
- lithium transition metal composite oxides having a spinel crystal structure examples include Li x Mn 2 O 4 and Li x Ni ⁇ Mn (2- ⁇ ) O 4 .
- the polyanion compound examples include LiFePO 4 , LiMnPO 4 , LiNiPO 4 , LiCoPO 4 , Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , Li 2 MnSiO 4 , Li 2 CoPO 4 F, and the like.
- chalcogen compounds include titanium disulfide, molybdenum disulfide, molybdenum dioxide, and the like. Atoms or polyanions in these materials may be partially substituted with atoms or anion species of other elements. The surfaces of these materials may be coated with other materials. In the positive electrode active material layer, one type of these materials may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination.
- lithium transition metal composite oxides are preferred as substances capable of intercalating and releasing charge transport ions, more preferred are lithium transition metal composite oxides having an ⁇ -NaFeO 2 type crystal structure, and Li[Li x Ni ⁇ Mn ⁇ Co (1-x- ⁇ - ⁇ ) ]O 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5, 0 ⁇ , 0 ⁇ , 0.5 ⁇ + ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ 1-x- ⁇ - ⁇ ) is more preferred.
- Li[Li x Ni ⁇ Mn ⁇ Co (1-x- ⁇ - ⁇ ) ]O 2 for example, 0.1 ⁇ 0.9, 0.1 ⁇ 0.9. preferable.
- the effect of the tungsten element in increasing the output and capacity of the non-aqueous electrolyte storage element is particularly well exhibited.
- the positive electrode active material further contains a transition metal element other than the tungsten element.
- the positive electrode active material further contains a transition metal element other than tungsten element and lithium element
- the content of tungsten element with respect to metal elements other than tungsten element and lithium element in the positive electrode active material is 0.2 mol% or more3 It is preferably mol% or less, and more preferably 0.5 mol% or more and 2 mol% or less.
- the content of the tungsten element By setting the content of the tungsten element to the above lower limit or more, the effect of the tungsten element in the positive electrode active material is sufficiently exhibited, and the output of the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element can be further increased.
- the content of tungsten element By setting the content of tungsten element to be below the above upper limit, it is possible to easily suppress eluting of tungsten element from the positive electrode active material, and as a result, capacity reduction after storage in a high-temperature environment can be further reduced.
- the content of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 50% by mass or more and 99% by mass or less, more preferably 70% by mass or more and 98% by mass or less, and even more preferably 80% by mass or more and 95% by mass or less.
- the positive electrode active material is usually particles (powder).
- the average particle size of the positive electrode active material is preferably, for example, 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less. By setting the average particle size of the positive electrode active material to be equal to or larger than the above lower limit, manufacturing or handling of the positive electrode active material becomes easier. By setting the average particle size of the positive electrode active material to be equal to or less than the above upper limit, the electronic conductivity of the positive electrode active material layer is improved. In addition, when using a composite of a positive electrode active material and another material, let the average particle diameter of the composite be the average particle diameter of the positive electrode active material.
- a pulverizer, classifier, etc. are used to obtain powder with a predetermined particle size.
- the pulverization method include methods using a mortar, a ball mill, a sand mill, a vibrating ball mill, a planetary ball mill, a jet mill, a counter jet mill, a swirling jet mill, a sieve, and the like.
- wet pulverization in which water or a non-aqueous solvent such as hexane is present can also be used.
- a sieve, a wind classifier, etc. may be used, both dry and wet, as necessary.
- the conductive agent is not particularly limited as long as it is a material that has conductivity.
- Examples of such conductive agents include carbonaceous materials, metals, conductive ceramics, and the like.
- Examples of the carbonaceous material include graphite, non-graphitic carbon, graphene-based carbon, and the like.
- Examples of non-graphitic carbon include carbon nanofibers, pitch-based carbon fibers, carbon black, and the like.
- Examples of carbon black include furnace black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, and the like.
- Examples of graphene-based carbon include graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNT), and fullerene.
- Examples of the shape of the conductive agent include powder, fiber, and the like.
- the conductive agent one type of these materials may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination. Further, these materials may be used in combination.
- a composite material of carbon black and CNT may be used.
- carbon black is preferred from the viewpoint of electronic conductivity and coatability, and acetylene black is particularly preferred.
- the content of the conductive agent in the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 1% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less, more preferably 3% by mass or more and 9% by mass or less.
- binders include fluororesins (polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), etc.), thermoplastic resins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyacrylic, polyimide, etc.; ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM), sulfone.
- EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene rubber
- examples include elastomers such as chemically modified EPDM, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), and fluororubber; polysaccharide polymers, and the like.
- the content of the binder in the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 1% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less, more preferably 3% by mass or more and 9% by mass or less.
- the thickener examples include polysaccharide polymers such as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and methylcellulose.
- CMC carboxymethylcellulose
- methylcellulose examples include polysaccharide polymers such as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and methylcellulose.
- this functional group may be deactivated in advance by methylation or the like.
- the content of the thickener in the positive electrode active material layer may be, for example, 0.1% by mass or more and 6% by mass or less, or 0.5% by mass or more and 3% by mass or less.
- the content of the thickener in the positive electrode active material layer may be 1% by mass or less, and the positive electrode active material layer may not contain any thickener.
- the filler is not particularly limited.
- Fillers include polyolefins such as polypropylene and polyethylene, inorganic oxides such as silicon dioxide, alumina, titanium dioxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide, magnesium oxide, and aluminosilicate, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, and hydroxide.
- Hydroxides such as aluminum, carbonates such as calcium carbonate, poorly soluble ionic crystals such as calcium fluoride, barium fluoride, barium sulfate, nitrides such as aluminum nitride and silicon nitride, talc, montmorillonite, boehmite, zeolite, Examples include substances derived from mineral resources such as apatite, kaolin, mullite, spinel, olivine, sericite, bentonite, and mica, or artificial products thereof.
- the content of the filler in the positive electrode active material layer may be, for example, 0.1% by mass or more and 8% by mass or less, or 0.5% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less.
- the filler content in the positive electrode active material layer may be 3% by mass or less, 1% by mass or less, and the positive electrode active material layer does not need to contain filler.
- the mass per unit area of the positive electrode active material layer is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 4.0 mg/cm 2 or more and 15.0 mg/cm 2 or less.
- the lower limit of the mass per unit area of the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 4.5 mg/cm 2 , more preferably 4.8 mg/cm 2 or 5.0 mg/cm 2 .
- the mass per unit area of the positive electrode active material layer may be, for example, 5.5 mg/cm 2 or more, or 5.8 mg/cm 2 or more.
- the upper limit of the mass per unit area of the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 12.0 mg/cm 2 , more preferably 10.0 mg/cm 2 .
- Mass per unit area of positive electrode active material layer refers to mass per unit area of one positive electrode active material layer.
- the “mass per unit area of the positive electrode active material layer” is This is the mass per unit area of the positive electrode active material layer on the surface. The same applies to the "mass per unit area of the negative electrode active material layer" which will be described later.
- the positive electrode active material layer is made of typical nonmetallic elements such as B, N, P, F, Cl, Br, I, Li, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Zn, Ga, Ge, Sn, Sr, Ba, etc.
- Typical metal elements such as Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, Zr, Nb, W, and other transition metal elements are used as positive electrode active materials, conductive agents, binders, thickeners, and fillers. It may be contained as a component other than the above.
- the negative electrode includes a negative electrode base material and a negative electrode active material layer disposed on the negative electrode base material directly or via an intermediate layer.
- the configuration of the intermediate layer is not particularly limited, and can be selected from, for example, the configurations exemplified for the positive electrode.
- the negative electrode base material has electrical conductivity.
- metals such as copper, nickel, stainless steel, nickel-plated steel, alloys thereof, carbonaceous materials, etc. are used. Among these, copper or copper alloy is preferred.
- the negative electrode base material include foil, vapor deposited film, mesh, porous material, etc. Foil is preferred from the viewpoint of cost. Therefore, copper foil or copper alloy foil is preferable as the negative electrode base material. Examples of copper foil include rolled copper foil, electrolytic copper foil, and the like.
- the average thickness of the negative electrode base material is preferably 2 ⁇ m or more and 35 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 3 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 4 ⁇ m or more and 25 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the negative electrode active material layer contains a negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode active material layer contains optional components such as a conductive agent, a binder, a thickener, and a filler, as necessary.
- the negative electrode active material layer is made of typical nonmetallic elements such as B, N, P, F, Cl, Br, I, Li, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Zn, Ga, Ge, Sn, Sr, Ba, etc. Typical metal elements of It may be contained as a component other than the adhesive and filler.
- the negative electrode active material includes carbon-coated solid graphite.
- carbon-coated solid graphite In carbon-coated solid graphite, at least a portion of the surface of solid graphite is coated with a carbonaceous material other than graphite.
- the negative electrode active material contains solid graphite, precipitation of tungsten element on the surface of the internal voids of graphite particles can be suppressed.
- carbon-coated solid graphite in which at least a portion of the surface is coated with a carbonaceous material other than graphite, the precipitation of tungsten element on the edge surface of the graphite crystal in the solid graphite is improved. can be suppressed. Therefore, the capacity of the non-aqueous electrolyte storage element after being stored in a high-temperature environment becomes large.
- the area ratio (porosity) of voids within particles to the area of the entire particle in the cross section of solid graphite observed in the above-mentioned SEM image is 2% or less, more preferably 1% or less, and 0.5% or less. is even more preferable.
- the lower limit of this area ratio (porosity) may be 0%.
- the solid graphite may be natural graphite or artificial graphite, but natural graphite is preferable. Since the solid graphite is natural graphite (solid natural graphite), the discharge capacity per mass of the negative electrode active material is increased, and the capacity after storage in a high-temperature environment is also increased.
- Natural graphite is a general term for graphite obtained from natural resources.
- the shape of the solid natural graphite is not particularly limited, and examples include flaky graphite, lumpy graphite (scaly graphite), and earthy graphite.
- the solid natural graphite may be spheroidized natural graphite particles obtained by spheroidizing flaky natural graphite or the like.
- Natural graphite may have four peaks appearing in a diffraction angle 2 ⁇ range of 40° to 50° in an X-ray diffraction pattern using CuK ⁇ rays measured before charging and discharging or in a discharged state.
- the ratio of the peak intensity originating from the (012) plane to the peak intensity originating from the (100) plane is preferably 0.3 or more, more preferably 0.4 or more.
- the ratio of the peak intensities ((012)/(100)) is preferably 0.6 or less.
- the (100) plane originates from a hexagonal crystal structure
- the (012) plane originates from a rhombohedral crystal structure.
- the average particle size of the solid graphite can be, for example, 1 ⁇ m or more and 25 ⁇ m or less, preferably 3 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 15 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 7 ⁇ m or more and 13 ⁇ m or less. In some embodiments, the average particle size of the solid graphite may be 8 ⁇ m or more and 12 ⁇ m or less, or 9 ⁇ m or more. When the average particle size of the solid graphite is within the above range, the charge/discharge performance of the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element can be improved.
- the capacity after storage in a high temperature environment becomes larger.
- a crusher, classifier, etc. are used to obtain solid graphite with a predetermined particle size.
- the pulverization method and classification method can be selected from, for example, the methods exemplified for the positive electrode.
- the carbonaceous material covering the solid graphite is preferably non-graphitic carbon. Since the carbonaceous material is non-graphitic carbon, the capacity after storage in a high temperature environment can be increased.
- non-graphitic carbon include non-graphitizable carbon (hard carbon), graphitizable carbon (soft carbon), amorphous carbon, and the like.
- Non-graphitizable carbon refers to a carbon material in which the above d 002 is 0.36 nm or more and 0.42 nm or less. Examples of the non-graphitizable carbon include phenol resin fired products, furan resin fired products, furfuryl alcohol resin fired products, and the like.
- Graphitizable carbon refers to a carbon material in which the above d 002 is 0.34 nm or more and less than 0.36 nm. Examples of graphitizable carbon include coke and pyrolytic carbon. "Amorphous carbon” refers to a carbon material with the above d 002 of more than 0.42 nm or a carbon material that does not have a long-range ordered crystal structure (typically assigned to the (002) plane in X-ray diffraction measurements) carbon material for which no peak is observed).
- the lower limit of the coating amount of the carbonaceous material in the carbon-coated solid graphite (the ratio of the mass of the carbonaceous material to the total mass of the solid graphite and the carbonaceous material covering the solid graphite) is 12 0% by weight, preferably 12.5% by weight. In some embodiments, the lower limit of the coating amount of the carbonaceous material may be 12.8% by mass or 13.0% by mass. When the amount of coating of the carbonaceous material is equal to or more than the lower limit, precipitation of tungsten element on the edge surface of graphite crystal in solid graphite is suppressed, and the capacity after storage in a high temperature environment can be increased.
- the upper limit of the coating amount of the carbonaceous material is not particularly limited, but is preferably 30% by mass, and more preferably 25% by mass. In some embodiments, the upper limit of the coating amount of the carbonaceous material may be 20% by mass, and 15% by mass (for example, less than 15% by mass, 14.8% by mass or less, 14.5% by mass or less). It may be. If the amount of the carbonaceous material coated is too large, the performance improvement effect (for example, the effect of increasing the capacity after storage in a high temperature environment) by the carbonaceous material coating may tend to slow down. The amount of coating of the carbonaceous material in the carbon-coated solid graphite may be greater than or equal to any of the above lower limits and less than or equal to any of the above upper limits.
- the amount of coating of the carbonaceous material mentioned above shall be measured as follows. That is, using a thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) analyzer, the temperature was raised from room temperature to 1200°C at a heating rate of 5°C/min in a steam atmosphere with a humidity of 65% RH, and carbon-coated solid graphite was measured. A thermogravimetric curve (horizontal axis: temperature, vertical axis: mass of carbon-coated solid graphite) is measured. In the thermogravimetric curve, the mass decreases as the temperature rises, but first the mass corresponding to the moisture adsorbed on solid graphite decreases around 100°C, and then the mass of the carbonaceous material coated on solid graphite decreases.
- TG/DTA thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis
- thermogravimetric curve typically shows (1) a first region in which almost no mass change occurs after the mass corresponding to water adsorbed on solid graphite decreases around 100°C as the temperature rises; (2) a second region where the mass of the carbonaceous material of the carbon-coated solid graphite decreases rapidly after the first region; and (3) a second region where the mass of the carbonaceous material of the carbon-coated solid graphite decreases rapidly after the second region; (4) After the third region, the mass of the solid graphite decreases more rapidly than in the third region. .
- the temperature at which the bending point (measurement point where the slope of the curve changes) that occurs in the process of transitioning from the third region in (3) above to the fourth region in (4) above is the temperature at which solid graphite is observed.
- the decomposition start temperature of solid graphite is determined from the intersection of the approximate straight line of the curve in the process (3) above and the approximate straight line of the curve showing rapid mass loss in the process (4) above.
- the decomposition start temperature of solid graphite can be approximately 950°C or higher (for example, in the case of natural graphite, 950°C or higher and 1000°C or lower, and in the case of artificial graphite, 980°C or higher and 1100°C or lower).
- the content of carbon-coated solid graphite in the negative electrode active material layer is preferably 60% by mass or more and 99.5% by mass or less, more preferably 90% by mass or more and 99% by mass or less.
- the negative electrode active material may contain other negative electrode active materials other than carbon-coated solid graphite.
- other negative electrode active materials hollow graphite (graphite other than carbon-coated solid graphite) and other various conventionally known negative electrode active materials can be used.
- carbon-coated solid graphite is the main negative electrode active material.
- the area ratio occupied by carbon-coated solid graphite to the area occupied by the negative electrode active material should be 90% or more. is preferable, more preferably 99% or more, and may be substantially 100%.
- the cross-sectional SEM image of the negative electrode is obtained in the same manner as the SEM image used to determine the "area ratio (porosity) of voids within the particle to the area of the entire particle" of the graphite particle.
- the area occupied by the negative electrode active material is the area of the entire particle of the negative electrode active material (the area including voids).
- the area ratio occupied by carbon-coated solid graphite to the area occupied by the negative electrode active material (area occupied by carbon-coated solid graphite / negative electrode Find the area occupied by the active material.
- the content of carbon-coated solid graphite in all the negative electrode active materials contained in the negative electrode active material layer is preferably 90% by mass or more, more preferably 99% by mass or more, and substantially 100% by mass. Good too. In this way, by mainly using carbon-coated solid graphite as the negative electrode active material, the capacity after storage is increased in a high-temperature environment.
- the content of all negative electrode active materials in the negative electrode active material layer is preferably 60% by mass or more and 99% by mass or less, more preferably 90% by mass or more and 98% by mass or less.
- the conductive agent, binder, thickener, filler, etc. that are optional components in the negative electrode active material layer can be selected from the materials exemplified for the positive electrode above. However, the graphite included in the negative electrode active material layer is not included in the conductive agent.
- the content of the conductive agent in the negative electrode active material layer may be 3% by mass or less, or 1% by mass or less, and the conductive agent may not be contained in the negative electrode active material layer.
- the content of the binder in the negative electrode active material layer is preferably 0.5% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less, more preferably 0.8% by mass or more and 3% by mass or less.
- the content of the thickener in the negative electrode active material layer is preferably 0.1% by mass or more and 6% by mass or less, and more preferably 0.5% by mass or more and 3% by mass or less.
- the content of the filler in the negative electrode active material layer may be, for example, 0.1% by mass or more and 8% by mass or less, or 0.5% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less.
- the filler content in the negative electrode active material layer may be 3% by mass or less, 1% by mass or less, and the negative electrode active material layer does not need to contain any filler.
- the porosity of the negative electrode active material layer can be, for example, 30% or more and 60% or less.
- the lower limit of this porosity is preferably 35%, more preferably 38%, even more preferably 40%, and even more preferably 42%.
- the output of the nonaqueous electrolyte storage element especially the output after storage in a high-temperature environment, can be increased.
- the upper limit of the porosity is preferably 55%, more preferably 50%, and even more preferably 48%.
- the porosity of the negative electrode active material layer can be adjusted by the particle size of the carbon-coated solid graphite, the presence or absence of pressing during production, the pressing pressure, etc.
- the mass per unit area of the negative electrode active material layer is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 2.0 mg/cm 2 or more and 12.0 mg/cm 2 or less.
- the lower limit of the mass per unit area of the negative electrode active material layer is preferably 2.2 mg/cm 2 , more preferably 2.5 mg/cm 2 or 2.8 mg/cm 2 .
- the mass per unit area of the negative electrode active material layer may be, for example, 3.0 mg/cm 2 or more, or 3.5 mg/cm 2 or more.
- the upper limit of the mass per unit area of the negative electrode active material layer is preferably 10.0 mg/cm 2 , more preferably 8.0 mg/cm 2 or 6.0 mg/cm 2 . In a non-aqueous electrolyte energy storage element including a negative electrode active material layer having a mass per unit area within the above range, the application effect of this configuration can be more suitably exhibited.
- the lower limit of the ratio of the mass of carbon-coated solid graphite per unit area contained in the negative electrode active material layer to the mass of tungsten element per unit area contained in the positive electrode active material layer is: It may be approximately 25 or so.
- the lower limit of this ratio is preferably 30, and may be more preferably 32, 34 or 36.
- the upper limit of this ratio is preferably 100, and more preferably 80, 70, 60 or 45. In a non-aqueous electrolyte storage element having this ratio within the above range, the effects of applying the present configuration can be more suitably exhibited.
- the ratio of the mass of carbon-coated solid graphite per unit area contained in the negative electrode active material layer to the mass of tungsten element per unit area contained in the positive electrode active material layer is the content of tungsten element in the positive electrode active material, It can be adjusted by the content of carbon-coated solid graphite in the negative electrode active material, the mass per unit area of the positive electrode active material layer and the negative electrode active material layer, etc.
- the separator can be appropriately selected from known separators.
- a separator consisting of only a base material layer, a separator in which a heat resistant layer containing heat resistant particles and a binder is formed on one or both surfaces of the base material layer, etc.
- Examples of the shape of the base material layer of the separator include woven fabric, nonwoven fabric, and porous resin film. Among these shapes, a porous resin film is preferred from the viewpoint of strength, and a nonwoven fabric is preferred from the viewpoint of liquid retention of the nonaqueous electrolyte.
- polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene are preferred from the viewpoint of shutdown function, and polyimide, aramid, etc. are preferred from the viewpoint of oxidative decomposition resistance.
- a composite material of these resins may be used as the base material layer of the separator.
- the heat-resistant particles contained in the heat-resistant layer preferably have a mass loss of 5% or less when the temperature is raised from room temperature to 500°C in an air atmosphere of 1 atm, and the mass loss when the temperature is raised from room temperature to 800°C. is more preferably 5% or less.
- Inorganic compounds are examples of materials whose mass loss is less than a predetermined value. Examples of inorganic compounds include oxides such as iron oxide, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide, barium oxide, magnesium oxide, and aluminosilicate; nitrides such as aluminum nitride and silicon nitride.
- carbonates such as calcium carbonate
- sulfates such as barium sulfate
- poorly soluble ionic crystals such as calcium fluoride, barium fluoride, barium titanate
- covalent crystals such as silicon and diamond
- talc montmorillonite, boehmite
- examples include substances derived from mineral resources such as zeolite, apatite, kaolin, mullite, spinel, olivine, sericite, bentonite, and mica, or artificial products thereof.
- these substances may be used alone or in combination, or two or more types may be used in combination.
- silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, or aluminosilicate is preferred from the viewpoint of safety of the nonaqueous electrolyte storage device.
- the porosity of the separator is preferably 80% by volume or less from the viewpoint of strength, and preferably 20% by volume or more from the viewpoint of discharge performance.
- porosity is a value based on volume, and means a value measured with a mercury porosimeter.
- a polymer gel composed of a polymer and a non-aqueous electrolyte may be used as the separator.
- the polymer include polyacrylonitrile, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylidene fluoride, and the like.
- Use of polymer gel has the effect of suppressing liquid leakage.
- a separator a porous resin film or nonwoven fabric as described above and a polymer gel may be used in combination.
- Nonaqueous electrolyte The non-aqueous electrolyte can be appropriately selected from known non-aqueous electrolytes.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte may be used as the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte includes a nonaqueous solvent and an electrolyte salt dissolved in the nonaqueous solvent.
- the non-aqueous solvent can be appropriately selected from known non-aqueous solvents.
- the non-aqueous solvent include cyclic carbonates, chain carbonates, carboxylic esters, phosphoric esters, sulfonic esters, ethers, amides, and nitriles.
- compounds in which some of the hydrogen atoms contained in these compounds are replaced with halogens may be used.
- cyclic carbonates examples include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), vinylene carbonate (VC), vinylethylene carbonate (VEC), chloroethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), and difluoroethylene carbonate. (DFEC), styrene carbonate, 1-phenylvinylene carbonate, 1,2-diphenylvinylene carbonate, and the like. Among these, EC is preferred.
- chain carbonates examples include diethyl carbonate (DEC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC), diphenyl carbonate, trifluoroethylmethyl carbonate, bis(trifluoroethyl) carbonate, and the like. Among these, EMC is preferred.
- the nonaqueous solvent it is preferable to use a cyclic carbonate or a chain carbonate, and it is more preferable to use a cyclic carbonate and a chain carbonate together.
- a cyclic carbonate it is possible to promote the dissociation of the electrolyte salt and improve the ionic conductivity of the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- chain carbonate By using chain carbonate, the viscosity of the non-aqueous electrolyte can be kept low.
- the volume ratio of the cyclic carbonate to the chain carbonate is preferably in the range of, for example, 5:95 to 50:50.
- the electrolyte salt can be appropriately selected from known electrolyte salts.
- electrolyte salts include lithium salts, sodium salts, potassium salts, magnesium salts, onium salts, and the like. Among these, lithium salts are preferred.
- lithium salts include inorganic lithium salts such as LiPF 6 , LiPO 2 F 2 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , and LiN(SO 2 F) 2 , lithium bis(oxalate) borate (LiBOB), and lithium difluorooxalate borate (LiFOB).
- inorganic lithium salts such as LiPF 6 , LiPO 2 F 2 , LiBF 4 , LiClO 4 , and LiN(SO 2 F) 2
- LiBOB lithium bis(oxalate) borate
- LiFOB lithium difluorooxalate borate
- lithium oxalate salts such as lithium bis(oxalate) difluorophosphate (LiFOP), LiSO 3 CF 3 , LiN(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , LiN(SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 , LiN(SO 2 CF 3 )
- lithium salts having halogenated hydrocarbon groups such as (SO 2 C 4 F 9 ), LiC (SO 2 CF 3 ) 3 and LiC (SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 3 .
- inorganic lithium salts are preferred, and LiPF 6 is more preferred.
- the content of the electrolyte salt in the nonaqueous electrolyte is preferably 0.1 mol/dm 3 or more and 2.5 mol/dm 3 or less, and 0.3 mol/dm 3 or more and 2.0 mol/dm at 20° C. and 1 atmosphere. It is more preferably 3 or less, even more preferably 0.5 mol/dm 3 or more and 1.7 mol/dm 3 or less, particularly preferably 0.7 mol/dm 3 or more and 1.5 mol/dm 3 or less.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte may contain additives in addition to the non-aqueous solvent and electrolyte salt.
- additives include oxalates such as lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB), lithium difluorooxalateborate (LiFOB), and lithium bis(oxalate)difluorophosphate (LiFOP); lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide ( imide salts such as LiFSI); aromatic compounds such as biphenyl, alkylbiphenyl, terphenyl, partially hydrogenated products of terphenyl, cyclohexylbenzene, t-butylbenzene, t-amylbenzene, diphenyl ether, and dibenzofuran; 2-fluorobiphenyl; Partial halides of the above aromatic compounds such as o-cyclohexylfluorobenzene and p-cyclohexylfluorobenzene
- halogenated anisole compounds vinylene carbonate, methyl vinylene carbonate, ethyl vinylene carbonate, succinic anhydride, glutaric anhydride, maleic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, glutaconic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydride; ethylene sulfite, Propylene sulfite, dimethyl sulfite, methyl methanesulfonate, busulfan, methyl toluenesulfonate, dimethyl sulfate, ethylene sulfate, sulfolane, dimethyl sulfone, diethyl sulfone, dimethyl sulfoxide, diethyl sulfoxide, tetramethylene sulfoxide, diphenyl sulfide, 4,4'- Bis(2,2-dioxo-1,3,2-dioxathiolane), 4-methyls
- the content of the additive contained in the nonaqueous electrolyte is preferably 0.01% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less, and 0.1% by mass or more and 7% by mass or less based on the mass of the entire nonaqueous electrolyte. It is more preferable if it is present, more preferably from 0.2% by mass to 5% by mass, and particularly preferably from 0.3% by mass to 3% by mass.
- a solid electrolyte may be used as the non-aqueous electrolyte, or a non-aqueous electrolyte and a solid electrolyte may be used together.
- the solid electrolyte can be selected from any material that has ionic conductivity, such as lithium, sodium, and calcium, and is solid at room temperature (for example, 15° C. to 25° C.).
- Examples of solid electrolytes include sulfide solid electrolytes, oxide solid electrolytes, nitride solid electrolytes, polymer solid electrolytes, gel polymer electrolytes, and the like.
- Examples of the sulfide solid electrolyte in the case of a lithium ion secondary battery include Li 2 SP 2 S 5 , LiI-Li 2 SP 2 S 5 , Li 10 Ge-P 2 S 12 , and the like.
- the shape of the non-aqueous electrolyte storage element of this embodiment is not particularly limited, and examples include a cylindrical battery, a square battery, a flat battery, a coin battery, a button battery, and the like.
- FIG. 1 shows a non-aqueous electrolyte storage element 1 as an example of a square battery. Note that this figure is a perspective view of the inside of the container.
- An electrode body 2 having a positive electrode and a negative electrode wound together with a separator in between is housed in a rectangular container 3.
- the positive electrode is electrically connected to the positive electrode terminal 4 via a positive electrode lead 41.
- the negative electrode is electrically connected to the negative electrode terminal 5 via a negative electrode lead 51.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte storage element of this embodiment can be used as a power source for automobiles such as electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid vehicles (HEVs), and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs), power sources for electronic devices such as personal computers and communication terminals, or electric power sources.
- the present invention can be installed in a storage power source or the like as a power storage device including a power storage unit (battery module) configured by collecting a plurality of non-aqueous electrolyte power storage elements.
- the technology of the present invention may be applied to at least one non-aqueous electrolyte power storage element included in the power storage device.
- the power storage device 30 includes a bus bar (not shown) that electrically connects two or more non-aqueous electrolyte power storage elements 1, a bus bar (not shown) that electrically connects two or more power storage units 20, and the like. Good too.
- the power storage unit 20 or the power storage device 30 may include a state monitoring device (not shown) that monitors the state of one or more nonaqueous electrolyte power storage elements 1.
- a method for manufacturing the non-aqueous electrolyte storage element of this embodiment can be appropriately selected from known methods.
- the manufacturing method includes, for example, preparing an electrode body, preparing a non-aqueous electrolyte, and accommodating the electrode body and the non-aqueous electrolyte in a container.
- Preparing the electrode body includes preparing a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and forming the electrode body by stacking or winding the positive electrode and the negative electrode with a separator in between.
- the positive electrode can be prepared, for example, by applying a positive electrode mixture paste to the positive electrode base material directly or via an intermediate layer, and drying the paste.
- the positive electrode mixture paste contains components constituting the positive electrode active material layer, such as a positive electrode active material, and a dispersion medium. After drying the applied positive electrode mixture paste, pressing or the like may be performed.
- the negative electrode can be prepared, for example, by applying a negative electrode mixture paste to the negative electrode base material directly or through an intermediate layer and drying it.
- the negative electrode mixture paste contains components constituting the negative electrode active material layer, such as carbon-coated solid graphite, and a dispersion medium. After drying the applied negative electrode mixture paste, pressing or the like may be performed.
- Storing the non-aqueous electrolyte in a container can be appropriately selected from known methods.
- the injection port may be sealed after the nonaqueous electrolyte is injected through an injection port formed in the container.
- non-aqueous electrolyte storage device of the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and various changes may be made without departing from the gist of the present invention.
- the configuration of one embodiment can be added to the configuration of another embodiment, and a part of the configuration of one embodiment can be replaced with the configuration of another embodiment or a known technique.
- some of the configurations of certain embodiments may be deleted.
- well-known techniques can be added to the configuration of a certain embodiment.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte storage element is used as a chargeable/dischargeable non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery (for example, a lithium ion secondary battery) has been described.
- Capacity etc. are arbitrary.
- the present invention can also be applied to capacitors such as various secondary batteries, electric double layer capacitors, and lithium ion capacitors.
- Example 1 (Preparation of positive electrode) A positive electrode active material was prepared in which tungsten oxide was attached to the particle surface of LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 . The content of tungsten element relative to metal elements other than lithium element and tungsten element in this positive electrode active material was 1 mol %. The content of tungsten element relative to metal elements other than lithium element and tungsten element in the positive electrode active material was measured by the above measurement method.
- a positive electrode mixture paste was prepared using the above positive electrode active material, acetylene black (AB) as a conductive agent, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder, and N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) as a dispersion medium.
- AB acetylene black
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- the mass ratio of the positive electrode active material, the conductive agent, and the binder was 93:5:2 in terms of solid content.
- a positive electrode mixture paste was applied to both sides of an aluminum foil serving as a positive electrode base material so that the mass per unit area (mass of solid content) was 6 mg/cm 2 and dried. Thereafter, roll pressing was performed to obtain a positive electrode in which positive electrode active material layers were laminated on both sides of the positive electrode base material.
- Solid natural graphite coated with amorphous carbon as a carbonaceous material was prepared as a negative electrode active material.
- the porosity of this carbon-coated solid graphite was 0.45%, the average particle size was 9.9 ⁇ m, and the amount of carbonaceous material coated was 10.6% by mass.
- the porosity, average particle size, and amount of carbonaceous material covered in the carbon-coated solid graphite were measured by the above measurement method.
- a negative electrode mixture paste was prepared using the above negative electrode active material, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) as a binder, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a thickener, and water as a dispersion medium.
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- a negative electrode mixture paste was applied to both sides of a copper foil serving as a negative electrode base material so that the mass per unit area (mass of solid content) was 4 mg/cm 2 and dried. Thereafter, roll pressing was performed to obtain a negative electrode in which negative electrode active material layers were laminated on both sides of the negative electrode base material.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte LiPF 6 was dissolved at a concentration of 1.2 mol/dm 3 in a solvent in which ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 30:70 to obtain a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- a wound electrode body was obtained using the above positive electrode, negative electrode, and separator.
- the electrode body was housed in a container, a non-aqueous electrolyte was poured into the container, and the container was sealed to obtain a non-aqueous electrolyte storage element of Example 1.
- Example 2 to Example 4 and Comparative Example 1 to Comparative Example 9 Examples 2 to 4 were carried out in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the types of positive electrode active material and negative electrode active material and the amount of coating of carbonaceous material (amorphous carbon) were as shown in Table 1. And each non-aqueous electrolyte storage element of Comparative Example 1 to Comparative Example 9 was obtained.
- Comparative Examples 6 to 11 LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 containing no tungsten element was used as the positive electrode active material.
- the "non-solid" graphite hollow natural graphite with a porosity of 3% and an average particle size of 9.1 ⁇ m was used.
- each non-aqueous electrolyte storage element was charged at a constant current in a thermostat at 25°C with a charging current of 1.0C and a charge end voltage of 4.10V. After that, constant voltage charging was performed at 4.10V. The charging termination condition was until the total charging time reached 3 hours. After such constant current and constant voltage charging, each nonaqueous electrolyte storage element was stored in a constant temperature bath at 70° C. for 20 days. Thereafter, the battery was stored in a constant temperature bath at 25° C. for 3 hours or more, and constant current discharge was performed at a discharge current of 1.0 C and a discharge end voltage of 3.0 V.
- the measured values of the discharge capacity of each non-aqueous electrolyte storage element are shown in Table 1 as "capacity after storage in a high temperature environment".
- the capacity of each example after storage in a high temperature environment is shown as a relative value when Comparative Example 10 is set as 100.
- Table 1 it contains a positive electrode active material containing tungsten element and carbon-coated solid graphite coated with a carbonaceous material, and the coating amount of the carbonaceous material is 12.0% by mass or more.
- Certain Examples 1 and 2 had larger capacities after storage in a high-temperature environment than Comparative Examples 1 to 11. From this result, it was found that by using a combination of the positive electrode active material containing the tungsten element and the carbon-coated solid graphite having a coating amount of 12.0% by mass or more of the carbonaceous material, storage under high-temperature environments is possible. It was confirmed that the subsequent capacity could be increased.
- the present invention can be applied to non-aqueous electrolyte storage elements used as power sources for electronic devices such as personal computers and communication terminals, and automobiles.
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Abstract
Description
これに対し、上記[1]に記載の非水電解質蓄電素子によれば、負極活物質として黒鉛粒子の内部空隙が少ない中実黒鉛を用いることで、正極活物質から溶出したタングステン元素が黒鉛の粒子内部空隙の表面にまで析出することが抑制される。さらに、中実黒鉛の表面の少なくとも一部を黒鉛以外の炭素質材料で被覆し、かつ、該炭素質材料の被覆量を12.0質量%以上とすることで、該中実黒鉛における黒鉛結晶のエッジ面を上記炭素質材料で適切に覆うことができ、タングステン元素が上記黒鉛結晶のエッジ面に析出することを抑制できる。これらの結果、中実黒鉛における黒鉛結晶のエッジ面及び黒鉛の粒子内部空隙での非水電解質の分解反応が発生しにくくなる。このことが、上記[1]に記載の非水電解質蓄電素子の高温環境下での保管後における容量を大きくすることに寄与するものと推測される。
ここで、黒鉛等の炭素材料の「放電された状態」とは、負極活物質である炭素材料から、充放電に伴い吸蔵放出可能なリチウムイオン等の電荷輸送イオンが十分に放出されるように放電された状態を意味する。例えば、負極活物質として炭素材料を含む負極を作用極として、金属リチウム(Li)を対極として用いた半電池において、開回路電圧が0.6V以上である状態が、炭素材料の「放電された状態」の典型例である。
黒鉛粒子における「粒子全体の面積に対する粒子内の空隙の面積率(空隙率)」は、以下の手順で決定することができる。
(1)測定用試料の準備
測定対象とする負極を熱硬化性の樹脂で固定する。樹脂で固定された負極について、イオンミリング法で、断面を露出させ、測定用試料を作製する。なお、測定対象とする負極は、下記の手順により準備する。非水電解質蓄電素子を、0.1Cの電流で、通常使用時の放電終止電圧まで定電流放電し、放電された状態とする。この放電された状態の非水電解質蓄電素子を解体し、負極を取り出す。取り出した負極を作用極とし、金属Liを対極として用いた半電池を組み立てる。この半電池における開回路電圧が0.6V未満の場合は、開回路電圧が0.6V以上となるよう半電池を放電する。なお、上記半電池における放電とは、負極活物質である黒鉛から電荷輸送イオンが放出される酸化反応をいう。半電池を解体し、負極を取り出し、ジメチルカーボネートにより充分に洗浄した後、室温にて24時間減圧乾燥を行う。非水電解質蓄電素子の解体から測定対象とする負極の準備までの作業は、露点-40℃以下の乾燥空気雰囲気中で行う。ここで、通常使用時とは、当該非水電解質蓄電素子について推奨され、又は指定される充放電条件を採用して当該非水電解質蓄電素子を使用する場合である。
(2)SEM像の取得
SEM像の取得には、走査型電子顕微鏡としてJSM-7001F(日本電子株式会社製)を用いる。SEM像は、二次電子像を観察するものとする。加速電圧は、15kVとする。観察倍率は、一視野に現れる黒鉛粒子が3個以上15個以内となる倍率に設定する。得られたSEM像は、画像ファイルとして保存する。その他、スポット径、ワーキングディスタンス、照射電流、輝度、フォーカス等の諸条件は、黒鉛粒子の輪郭が明瞭になるように適宜設定する。
(3)黒鉛粒子の輪郭の切り抜き
画像編集ソフトAdobe Photoshop Elements 11の画像切り抜き機能を用いて、取得したSEM像から黒鉛粒子の輪郭を切り抜く。この輪郭の切り抜きは、クイック選択ツールを用いて黒鉛粒子の輪郭より外側を選択し、黒鉛粒子以外を黒背景へと編集して行う。このとき、輪郭を切り抜くことができた黒鉛粒子が3個未満であった場合は、再度、SEM像を取得し、輪郭を切り抜くことができた黒鉛粒子が3個以上になるまで行う。
(4)二値化処理
切り抜いた黒鉛粒子のうち1つ目の黒鉛粒子の画像について、画像解析ソフトPopImaging 6.00を用い、強度が最大となる濃度から20%分小さい濃度を閾値に設定して二値化処理を行う。二値化処理により、濃度の高い側の面積を算出することで「粒子内の空隙の面積S1」とする。
ついで、先ほどと同じ1つ目の黒鉛粒子の画像について、濃度10%を閾値として二値化処理を行う。二値化処理により、黒鉛粒子の外縁を決定し、当該外縁の内側の面積を算出することで、「粒子全体の面積S0」とする。
上記算出したS1及びS0を用いて、S0に対するS1の比(S1/S0)を算出することにより、1つ目の黒鉛粒子における「粒子全体の面積に対する粒子内の空隙の面積率R1」を算出する。
切り抜いた黒鉛粒子のうち2つ目以降の黒鉛粒子の画像についても、それぞれ、上記の二値化処理を行い、面積S1、面積S0を算出する。この算出した面積S1、面積S0に基づいて、それぞれの黒鉛粒子の空隙の面積率R2、R3、・・・を算出する。
(5)空隙の面積率の決定
二値化処理により算出した全ての空隙の面積率R1、R2、R3、・・・の平均値を算出することにより、「粒子全体の面積に対する粒子内の空隙の面積率(空隙率)」を決定する。
なお、上記「SEM像の取得」に用いる走査型電子顕微鏡、「黒鉛粒子の輪郭の切り抜き」に用いる画像編集ソフト、及び「二値化処理」に用いる画像解析ソフトに代えて、これらと同等の測定、画像編集及び画像解析が可能な装置及びソフトウェア等を用いてもよい。
本発明の一実施形態に係る非水電解質蓄電素子(以下、単に「蓄電素子」ともいう。)は、正極、負極及びセパレータを有する電極体と、非水電解質と、上記電極体及び非水電解質を収容する容器と、を備える。電極体は、通常、複数の正極及び複数の負極がセパレータを介して重ねられた積層型、又は、正極及び負極がセパレータを介して重ねられた状態で巻回された巻回型である。非水電解質は、正極、負極及びセパレータに含浸された状態で存在する。非水電解質蓄電素子の一例として、非水電解質二次電池(以下、単に「二次電池」ともいう。)について説明する。
正極は、正極基材と、当該正極基材に直接又は中間層を介して配される正極活物質層とを有する。
負極は、負極基材と、当該負極基材に直接又は中間層を介して配される負極活物質層とを有する。中間層の構成は特に限定されず、例えば上記正極で例示した構成から選択することができる。
セパレータは、公知のセパレータの中から適宜選択できる。セパレータとして、例えば、基材層のみからなるセパレータ、基材層の一方の面又は双方の面に耐熱粒子とバインダとを含む耐熱層が形成されたセパレータ等を使用することができる。セパレータの基材層の形状としては、例えば、織布、不織布、多孔質樹脂フィルム等が挙げられる。これらの形状の中でも、強度の観点から多孔質樹脂フィルムが好ましく、非水電解質の保液性の観点から不織布が好ましい。セパレータの基材層の材料としては、シャットダウン機能の観点から例えばポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン等のポリオレフィンが好ましく、耐酸化分解性の観点から例えばポリイミドやアラミド等が好ましい。セパレータの基材層として、これらの樹脂を複合した材料を用いてもよい。
非水電解質としては、公知の非水電解質の中から適宜選択できる。非水電解質には、非水電解液を用いてもよい。非水電解液は、非水溶媒と、この非水溶媒に溶解されている電解質塩とを含む。
本実施形態の非水電解質蓄電素子は、電気自動車(EV)、ハイブリッド自動車(HEV)、プラグインハイブリッド自動車(PHEV)等の自動車用電源、パーソナルコンピュータ、通信端末等の電子機器用電源、又は電力貯蔵用電源等に、複数の非水電解質蓄電素子を集合して構成した蓄電ユニット(バッテリーモジュール)を備える蓄電装置として搭載することができる。この場合、蓄電装置に含まれる少なくとも一つの非水電解質蓄電素子に対して、本発明の技術が適用されていればよい。
図2に、電気的に接続された二以上の非水電解質蓄電素子1が集合した蓄電ユニット20をさらに集合した蓄電装置30の一例を示す。蓄電装置30は、二以上の非水電解質蓄電素子1を電気的に接続するバスバ(図示せず)、二以上の蓄電ユニット20を電気的に接続するバスバ(図示せず)等を備えていてもよい。蓄電ユニット20又は蓄電装置30は、一以上の非水電解質蓄電素子1の状態を監視する状態監視装置(図示せず)を備えていてもよい。
本実施形態の非水電解質蓄電素子の製造方法は、公知の方法から適宜選択できる。当該製造方法は、例えば、電極体を準備することと、非水電解質を準備することと、電極体及び非水電解質を容器に収容することと、を備える。電極体を準備することは、正極及び負極を準備することと、セパレータを介して正極及び負極を重ねる又は巻回することにより電極体を形成することとを備える。
尚、本発明の非水電解質蓄電素子は、上記実施形態に限定されるものではなく、本発明の要旨を逸脱しない範囲内において種々変更を加えてもよい。例えば、ある実施形態の構成に他の実施形態の構成を追加することができ、また、ある実施形態の構成の一部を他の実施形態の構成又は周知技術に置き換えることができる。さらに、ある実施形態の構成の一部を削除することができる。また、ある実施形態の構成に対して周知技術を付加することができる。
(正極の作製)
LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2の粒子表面に酸化タングステンを付着させた正極活物質を準備した。この正極活物質におけるリチウム元素及びタングステン元素以外の金属元素に対するタングステン元素の含有量は1モル%であった。正極活物質におけるリチウム元素及びタングステン元素以外の金属元素に対するタングステン元素の含有量は、上記測定方法により測定した。
上記正極活物質、導電剤であるアセチレンブラック(AB)、バインダであるポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)及び分散媒であるN-メチルピロリドン(NMP)を用いて正極合剤ペーストを調製した。なお、正極活物質、導電剤及びバインダの質量比は固形分換算で93:5:2とした。正極基材としてのアルミニウム箔の両面に正極合剤ペーストを単位面積当たりの質量(固形分の質量)が6mg/cm2となるように塗布し、乾燥した。その後、ロールプレスを行い、正極基材の両面に正極活物質層が積層された正極を得た。
炭素質材料として非晶質炭素で被覆された中実天然黒鉛(炭素被覆中実天然黒鉛)を負極活物質として準備した。この炭素被覆中実黒鉛における空隙率は0.45%、平均粒径は9.9μm、炭素質材料の被覆量は10.6質量%であった。炭素被覆中実黒鉛における空隙率、平均粒径及び炭素質材料の被覆量は、上記測定方法により測定した。
上記負極活物質、バインダであるスチレン-ブタジエンゴム(SBR)、増粘剤であるカルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)及び分散媒である水を用いて負極合剤ペーストを調製した。なお、炭素被覆中実黒鉛、バインダ及び増粘剤の質量比は固形分換算で98.5:1:0.5とした。負極基材としての銅箔の両面に負極合剤ペーストを単位面積当たりの質量(固形分の質量)が4mg/cm2となるように塗布し、乾燥した。その後、ロールプレスを行い、負極基材の両面に負極活物質層が積層された負極を得た。
エチレンカーボネート及びエチルメチルカーボネートを30:70の体積比で混合した溶媒に、LiPF6を1.2mol/dm3の濃度で溶解させ、非水電解液を得た。
セパレータには、ポリオレフィン製微多孔膜を用いた。
上記正極と負極とセパレータとを用いて巻回型の電極体を得た。電極体を容器に収納し、非水電解液を注入して封口し、実施例1の非水電解質蓄電素子を得た。
正極活物質及び負極活物質の種類、並びに炭素質材料(非晶質炭素)の被覆量を表1に記載の通りとしたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、実施例2から実施例4及び比較例1から比較例9の各非水電解質蓄電素子を得た。比較例6から比較例11は、正極活物質として、タングステン元素を含まないLiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2を用いた。
「非中実」の黒鉛としては、空隙率3%、平均粒径9.1μmの中空天然黒鉛を用いた。
(1)初期充放電
得られた各非水電解質蓄電素子について、以下の条件にて初期充放電を行った。25℃の恒温槽内において、充電電流1.0C、充電終止電圧4.10Vとして定電流充電を行った後、4.10Vにて定電圧充電した。充電の終了条件は、総充電時間が3時間となるまでとした。その後、10分間の休止期間を設けた。放電電流1.0C、放電終止電圧3.0Vとして定電流放電した。
次いで、各非水電解質蓄電素子について、25℃の恒温槽内にて、充電電流1.0C、充電終止電圧4.10Vとして定電流充電を行った後、4.10Vにて定電圧充電した。充電の終了条件は、総充電時間が3時間となるまでとした。かかる定電流定電圧充電後の各非水電解質蓄電素子を70℃の恒温槽内に20日保管した。その後、25℃の恒温槽内に3時間以上保管し、放電電流1.0C、放電終止電圧3.0Vで定電流放電した。各非水電解質蓄電素子における放電容量の測定値を「高温環境下で保管後の容量」として表1に示す。なお、表1では、各例の高温環境下で保管後の容量を、比較例10を100としたときの相対値で示す。
2 電極体
3 容器
4 正極端子
41 正極リード
5 負極端子
51 負極リード
20 蓄電ユニット
30 蓄電装置
Claims (5)
- タングステン元素を含有する正極活物質を含む正極と、
中実黒鉛の表面の少なくとも一部が、黒鉛以外の炭素質材料により被覆されている炭素被覆中実黒鉛を含む負極と
を備え、
上記炭素被覆中実黒鉛における空隙率が、2%以下であり、
上記炭素被覆中実黒鉛における上記炭素質材料の被覆量が、12.0質量%以上である非水電解質蓄電素子。 - 上記炭素質材料が非黒鉛質炭素である請求項1に記載の非水電解質蓄電素子。
- 上記中実黒鉛が中実天然黒鉛である請求項1又は請求項2に記載の非水電解質蓄電素子。
- 上記中実黒鉛の平均粒径が、5μm以上である請求項1又は請求項2に記載の非水電解質蓄電素子。
- 上記正極活物質が、上記タングステン元素以外の遷移金属元素及びリチウム元素をさらに含有し、
上記正極活物質における上記タングステン元素及びリチウム元素以外の金属元素に対する上記タングステン元素の含有量が、0.2モル%以上である請求項1又は請求項2に記載の非水電解質蓄電素子。
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| JP2024538912A JPWO2024029333A1 (ja) | 2022-08-01 | 2023-07-19 | |
| CN202380057111.3A CN119631197A (zh) | 2022-08-01 | 2023-07-19 | 非水电解质蓄电元件 |
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| JP2001006676A (ja) | 1999-04-23 | 2001-01-12 | Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp | リチウム二次電池用正極材料及び正極、並びにリチウム二次電池 |
| JP2005222933A (ja) | 2004-01-05 | 2005-08-18 | Showa Denko Kk | リチウム電池用負極材及びリチウム電池 |
| JP2014011064A (ja) * | 2012-06-29 | 2014-01-20 | Toyota Motor Corp | リチウム二次電池 |
| WO2016136211A1 (ja) * | 2015-02-27 | 2016-09-01 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池 |
| WO2016157735A1 (ja) * | 2015-03-30 | 2016-10-06 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池 |
| WO2020105599A1 (ja) * | 2018-11-19 | 2020-05-28 | 昭和電工株式会社 | 複合炭素粒子、その製造方法及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
| WO2021181973A1 (ja) * | 2020-03-13 | 2021-09-16 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| ES3036890T3 (en) * | 2019-01-18 | 2025-09-25 | Lg Energy Solution Ltd | Negative electrode active material for secondary battery, method of producing the same, and negative electrode for secondary battery and lithium secondary battery including the same |
| JP7338234B2 (ja) * | 2019-05-21 | 2023-09-05 | 株式会社Gsユアサ | 非水電解質蓄電素子 |
| JPWO2021182488A1 (ja) * | 2020-03-11 | 2021-09-16 |
-
2023
- 2023-07-19 JP JP2024538912A patent/JPWO2024029333A1/ja active Pending
- 2023-07-19 CN CN202380057111.3A patent/CN119631197A/zh active Pending
- 2023-07-19 WO PCT/JP2023/026351 patent/WO2024029333A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2023-07-19 EP EP23849889.3A patent/EP4539167A4/en active Pending
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| JP2001006676A (ja) | 1999-04-23 | 2001-01-12 | Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp | リチウム二次電池用正極材料及び正極、並びにリチウム二次電池 |
| JP2005222933A (ja) | 2004-01-05 | 2005-08-18 | Showa Denko Kk | リチウム電池用負極材及びリチウム電池 |
| JP2014011064A (ja) * | 2012-06-29 | 2014-01-20 | Toyota Motor Corp | リチウム二次電池 |
| WO2016136211A1 (ja) * | 2015-02-27 | 2016-09-01 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池 |
| WO2016157735A1 (ja) * | 2015-03-30 | 2016-10-06 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池 |
| WO2020105599A1 (ja) * | 2018-11-19 | 2020-05-28 | 昭和電工株式会社 | 複合炭素粒子、その製造方法及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
| WO2021181973A1 (ja) * | 2020-03-13 | 2021-09-16 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池 |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
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| See also references of EP4539167A4 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
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| CN119631197A (zh) | 2025-03-14 |
| EP4539167A1 (en) | 2025-04-16 |
| JPWO2024029333A1 (ja) | 2024-02-08 |
| EP4539167A4 (en) | 2025-11-05 |
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