WO2024020353A1

WO2024020353A1 - Endophyte compositions and methods for improved plant health

Info

Publication number: WO2024020353A1
Application number: PCT/US2023/070356
Authority: WO
Inventors: Nicole Marie PETERSEN; Tao CONG; Kevin Calzia; Mary Ashley HUDSON; Jason M. SARVER; Hiba M. TAZI
Original assignee: Indigo Ag Inc
Current assignee: Indigo Ag Inc
Priority date: 2022-07-16
Filing date: 2023-07-17
Publication date: 2024-01-25
Anticipated expiration: 2025-01-16
Also published as: MX2025000570A

Abstract

Disclosed herein include methods for improving plant health by heterologously disposing one or more endophytes to a plant element in an effective amount to improve a trait of agronomic importance in a plant derived from the treated plant element relative to a reference plant derived from a reference plant element. For example, the one or more endophytes comprise at least one polynucleotide sequence that is at least 97% identical to one or more of SEQ ID NOs. 5 and 6.

Description

ENDOPHYTE COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR IMPROVED PLANT

HEALTH

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/368,647, filed July 16, 2022, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

[0002] According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, the world’s population will exceed 9.6 billion people by the year 2050, which will require significant improvements in agriculture to meet growing food demands. There is a need for improved methods and agricultural plants that will enable a near doubling of food production with fewer resources and more environmentally sustainable inputs, and for plants with improved responses to various stresses. Advances in agricultural technologies such as improved plant varieties, precision machinery, improved irrigation infrastructure, and use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, have contribute to increases in agricultural productivity. However, these advances in some cases are associated with detrimental effects on the environment leading to increased focus on regenerative agricultural practices and use of nature-based technologies such as plant beneficial bacteria and fungi. Use of beneficial bacteria and fungi can complement or replace use of synthetic inputs, but face a number of challenges in commercial applicability when integrated into existing supply streams. For example, it would be beneficial to co-package synthetic inputs along with living beneficial bacteria and fungi to offer farmers more efficient application methods. However, many beneficial bacteria and fungi have limited viability and or efficacy after long-term storage in the presence of several environmental perturbations, including pH, osmotic, and chemical stresses of co-packing with concentrated fertilizer compositions, as well as the temperature and humidity fluctuations encountered during storage and transportation through the agricultural input supply chain. Methods and equipment for efficient application of synthetic inputs are dependent on particular physical characteristics of the composition such as flowability and particle size, shape, and uniformity. Additionally the bacteria and or fungi must not introduce chemicalplant interactions that prevent the fertilizer from being efficacious. Traditional methods for selecting microbes for seed treatment, focus on organisms that maintain physical and metabolic dormancy in the presence of various environmental perturbations. Having the microbe exist directly in the fertilizer presents a different set of challenges, as opposed to being concerned about primary stressors such as moisture ingress, desiccation, and oxidative stress, the concern within fertilizer compositions becomes osmotic stress, pH stress, and chemical compatibility. Co-packing of a bacterial and or fungal composition with a synthetic fertilizer also presents challenges relative to dosing - a microbe must be present at a concentration that is great enough to reach plants through indirect application to the plants, but also at such a proportion as to maintain the physical stability and flowability of both microbe and fertilizer. Compositions described herein represent improved fertilizer compositions comprising efficacious and stable microbes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0003] Fig. 1A shows exemplary results showing stability of MIC-93265 as Flowable Powder on FC1 Fertilizer at 22°C, 20-60% RH.

[0004] Fig. IB shows exemplary results showing stability of MIC-93265 as Flowable Powder on FC1 Fertilizer at 30°C, 80% RH.

[0005] Fig. 1C shows exemplary results showing stability of MIC-93265 as Flowable Powder on FC2 Fertilizer at 22°C, 20-60% RH.

[0006] Fig. ID shows exemplary results showing stability of MIC-93265 as Flowable Powder on FC2 Fertilizer at 30°C, 80% RH.

[0007] Fig. 2A shows exemplary results showing stability of MIC-93265 as Water Dispersal on FC1 Fertilizer at 22°C, 20-60% RH.

[0008] Fig. 2B shows exemplary results showing stability of MIC-93265 as Water Dispersal on FC1 Fertilizer at 30°C, 80% RH.

[0009] Fig. 2C shows exemplary results showing stability of MIC-93265 as Water Dispersal on FC2 Fertilizer at 22°C, 20-60% RH.

[0010] Fig. 2D shows exemplary results showing stability of MIC-93265 as Water Dispersal on FC2 Fertilizer at 30°C, 80% RH.

[0011] Fig. 3A shows exemplary results showing stability of MIC-67569 as Flowable Powder on FC1 Fertilizer at 22°C, 20-60% RH.

[0012] Fig. 3B shows exemplary results showing stability of MIC-67569 as Flowable Powder on FC1 Fertilizer at 30°C, 80% RH.

[0013] Fig. 3C shows exemplary results showing stability of MIC-67569 as Flowable Powder on FC2 Fertilizer at 22°C, 20-60% RH. [0014] Fig. 3D shows exemplary results showing stability of MIC-67569 as Flowable Powder on FC2 Fertilizer at 30°C, 80% RH.

[0015] Fig. 4A shows exemplary results showing stability of MIC-93265 as Flowable Powder on FC3 Fertilizer at 22°C, 40-60% RH.

[0016] Fig. 4B shows exemplary results showing stability of MIC-93265 as Flowable Powder on FC3 Fertilizer at 30°C, 80% RH.

[0017] Fig. 4C shows exemplary results showing stability of MIC-93265 as Flowable Powder on FC4 Fertilizer at 22°C, 40-60% RH.

[0018] Fig. 4D shows exemplary results showing stability of MIC-93265 as Flowable Powder on FC4 Fertilizer at 30°C, 80% RH.

[0019] Fig. 5A shows exemplary results showing stability of MIC-67569 as Flowable Powder on FC3 Fertilizer at 22°C, 40-60% RH.

[0020] Fig. 5B shows exemplary results showing stability of MIC-67569 as Flowable Powder on FC3 Fertilizer at 30°C, 80% RH.

[0021] Fig. 5C shows exemplary results showing stability of MIC-67569 as Flowable Powder on FC4 Fertilizer at 22°C, 40-60% RH.

[0022] Fig. 5D shows exemplary results showing stability of MIC-67569 as Flowable Powder on FC4 Fertilizer at 30°C, 80% RH.

[0023] Fig. 6 shows exemplary results showing the average yield of corn plants from field trials conducted across 11 locations, where corn was treated with a fertilizer composition comprising MIC-93265 heterologously disposed to a fertilizer composition (“MIC- 93265+Fertilizer”), compared to a reference biological biotic product combined with fertilizer (“Biological Control”), and Fertilizer alone. Fertilizer treatments were applied 5 cm below and 5 cm beside the seed furrow at the time of planting at a rate of 500 kg/hectare. MIC-93265+Fertilizer comprised MIC-93265 heterologously disposed to a fertilizer composition at a rate of 44.5 g/1000 kg fertilizer. A first and second nitrogen fertilizer broadcast were applied to all trials. Treatment with the combination MIC-93265+Fertilizer resulted in a 4% increase in yield relative to test plots only treated with fertilizer, and had a win rate of 67%.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

[0024] Disclosed herein are methods of improving plant health, comprising heterologously disposing one or more endophytes to a plant element in an effective amount to improve a trait of agronomic importance in a plant derived from the treated plant element relative to a reference plant derived from a reference plant element, wherein the one or more endophytes comprise at least one polynucleotide sequence that is at least 97% identical to one or more of SEQ ID NOs. 5 and 6.

[0025] In some embodiments, the method additionally comprises the step of placing the plant element in or on a growth medium. In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes are heterologously disposed to a plant element prior to placing the treated plant element in or on a growth medium. In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes are heterologously disposed to a plant element after placing the plant elements in or on a growth medium. In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes are heterologously disposed to a plant element concurrently with placing the plant elements in or on a growth medium.

[0026] In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes are heterologously disposed to a plant element at least two times. In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes are heterologously disposed to a plant element via a seed treatment or soil pre-treatment and one or more foliar applications. In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes are heterologously disposed to a plant element via a seed treatment or soil pre-treatment and one or more floral applications. In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes are heterologously disposed to a plant element via one or more seed treatments or soil pretreatments, one or more foliar applications, and one or more floral applications. In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes are heterologously disposed to a plant element via seed treatment, root wash, seedling soak, foliar application, floral application, soil inoculum, in-furrow application, sidedress application, soil pre-treatment, wound inoculation, drip tape irrigation, vector-mediation inoculation, injection, osmopriming, hydroponics, aquaponics, aeroponics, or combinations thereof.

[0027] In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes are heterologously disposed to a plant element of a different plant variety from the variety of the plant element from which the one or more endophytes were obtained. In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes are heterologously disposed to a plant element of the same plant variety as the variety of the plant element from which the one or more endophytes were obtained. In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes are heterologously disposed to a plant element of a different plant species from the species of the plant element from which the one or more endophytes were obtained. In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes are heterologously disposed to a plant element of the same plant species as the species of the plant element from which the one or more endophytes were obtained. [0028] In some embodiments, the plant elements are allowed to germinate. In some embodiments, the plant elements are grown to yield.

[0029] In another aspect, disclosed herein are synthetic compositions, comprising one or more endophytes heterologously disposed to a treatment formulation, wherein the one or more endophytes comprise at least one polynucleotide sequence that is at least 97% identical to one or more of SEQ ID NOs. 5 and 6. In some embodiments, the composition additionally comprises a plant element. In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes are capable of improving a trait of agronomic importance in a plant derived from the plant element (for example, when grown from a treated seed) relative to a plant derived from a reference plant element.

[0030] In some embodiments, the synthetic composition additionally comprises one or more of a surfactant, a buffer, a tackifier, a microbial stabilizer, a fungicide, an anticomplex agent, an herbicide, a nematicide, an insecticide, a plant growth regulator, a rodenticide, a desiccant, a nutrient, an excipient, a wetting agent, a salt, and a polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer is a biodegradable polymer selected from the group consisting of alginate, agarose, agar, gelatin, polyacrylamide, chitosan, polyvinyl alcohol, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the biodegradable polymer is alginate and the alginate is sodium alginate. [0031] In some embodiments, the synthetic composition comprises one or more endophytes of the present invention and one or chemical or biological agent capable of capable of killing, impeding the feeding and or growth and or reproduction of, repelling, and or reducing the severity or extent of infection to a plant host of, a pest of a plant, including without limitation chemical or biological agents that are acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, GABA-gated chloride channel blockers, sodium channel modulators, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulators, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric modulators - Site I, Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulators, Chordotonal organ TRPV channel modulators, Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) channel blockers, Octopamine receptor agonists, Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers, multi-site inhibitors, Ryanodine receptor modulators, chordotonal organ modulators (wherein the chordotonal organ modulator does not bind to the Nan-lav TRPV channel complex), GABA-gated chloride channel allosteric modulators, GABA-gated chloride channel allosteric modulators - Site II, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) Allosteric Modulators - Site II, Juvenile hormone mimics, Mite growth inhibitors affecting CHS1, Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis affecting CHS1, Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis - type 1, Moulting disruptors - Dipteran, Ecdysone receptor agonists, Inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase, Inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthase, Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of the proton gradient, Mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors, Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors, Mitochondrial complex IV electron transport inhibitors, Mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitors, Microbial disruptors of insect midgut membranes, Host-specific occluded pathogenic viruses, other active compounds (such as Azadirachtin, Benzoximate, Bromopropylate, Chinomethionat, Dicofol, Lime sulfur, Mancozeb, Pyridalyl, Sulfur, Chlorantraniliprole, Clothianidin, Tioxazafen, Fluopyram), other active bacterial agents (such as certain Burkholderia strains including without limitation Burkholderia rinojenses. Wolbachia pipientis), other active fungal agents (such as Beauveria bassiana strains, Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Apopka strain 97), biological essence including synthetics or extracts or refined or unrefined oils (such as Dysphania ambrosioides near ambrosioides extract, fatty acid monoesters with glycerol or propanediol, neem oil), non-specific mechanical disruptors (such as Diatomaceous earth), or combinations thereof. Examples of AChE inhibitors include without limitation Carbamates (such as Alanycarb, Aldicarb, Bendiocarb, Benfuracarb, Butocarboxim, Butoxy carboxim, Carbaryl, Carbofuran, Carbosulfan, Ethiofencarb, Fenobucarb, Formetanate, Furathiocarb, Isoprocarb, Methiocarb, Methomyl, Metolcarb, Oxamyl, Pirimicarb, Propoxur, Thiodicarb, Thiofanox, Triazamate, Trimethacarb, XMC, Xylylcarb) and Organophosphates (such as Acephate, Azamethiphos, Azinphos-ethyl, Azinphosmethyl, Cadusafos, Chlorethoxyfos, Chlorfenvinphos, Chlormephos, Chlorpyrifos, Chlorpyrifos-methyl, Coumaphos, Cyanophos, Demeton-S-methyl, Diazinon, Dichlorvos/ DDVP, Dicrotophos, Dimethoate, Dimethylvinphos, Disulfoton, EPN, Ethion, Ethoprophos, Famphur, Fenamiphos, Fenitrothion, Fenthion, Fosthiazate, Heptenophos, Imicyafos, Isofenphos, Isopropyl O- (methoxyaminothio-phosphoryl) salicylate, Isoxathion, Malathion, Mecarbam, Methamidophos, Methidathion, Mevinphos, Monocrotophos, Naled, Omethoate, Oxydemeton-methyl, Parathion, Parathion-methyl, Phenthoate, Phorate, Phosalone, Phosmet, Phosphamidon, Phoxim, Pirimiphos- methyl, Profenofos, Propetamphos, Prothiofos, Pyraclofos, Pyridaphenthion, Quinalphos, Sulfotep, Tebupirimfos, Temephos, Terbufos, Tetrachlorvinphos, Thiometon, Triazophos, Trichlorfon, Vamidothion). Examples of GABAgated chloride channel blockers include without limitation Cyclodiene Organochlorines (such as Chlordane, Endosulfan) and Phenylpyrazoles (Fiproles) (such as Ethiprole, Fipronil). Examples of sodium channel modulators include without limitation pyrethroids and pyrethrins (such as Acrinathrin, Allethrin, d-cis-trans Allethrin, d-trans Allethrin, Bifenthrin, Bioallethrin, Bioallethrin Scyclopentenyl isomer , Bioresmethrin, Cycloprothrin, Cyfluthrin, beta-Cyfluthrin, Cyhalothrin, lambda-Cyhalothrin, gamma-Cyhalothrin, Cypermethrin, alpha-Cypermethrin, beta-Cypermethrin, thetacypermethrin, zeta-Cypermethrin, Cyphenothrin, (lR)-trans- isomers], Del tarn ethrin, Empenthrin (EZ)-(IR)- isomers], Esfenvalerate, Etofenprox, Fenpropathrin, Fenvalerate, Flucythrinate, Flumethrin, tau- Fluvalinate, Halfenprox, Imiprothrin, Kadethrin, Permethrin, Phenothrin [(lR)-trans- isomer], Prallethrin, Pyrethrins (pyrethrum), Resmethrin, Silafluofen, Tefluthrin, Tetram ethrin, Tetramethrin [(lR)-isomers], Tralomethrin, Transfluthrin) and Methoxychlor. Examples of nAChR competitive modulators include without limitation Neonicotinoids (such as Acetamiprid, Clothianidin, Dinotefuran, Imidacloprid, Nitenpyram, Thiacloprid, Thiamethoxam), nicotine, sulfoximines (such as Sulfoxaflor), Butenolides (such as Flupyradifurone), and Mesoionics (such as Triflumezopyrim). Examples of nAChR allosteric modulators - Site I include without limitation Spinosyns (such as Spinetoram, Spinosad). Examples of GluCl allosteric modulators include without limitation Avermectins and Milbemycins (such as Abamectin, Emamectin benzoate, Lepimectin, Milbemectin). Examples of mult-site inhibitors include without limitation Alkyl halides (such as Methyl bromide and other alkyl halides), Chloropicrin, Fluorides (such as Cryolite (Sodium aluminum fluoride), Sulfuryl fluoride), Borates (such as Borax, Boric acid, Disodium octaborate, Sodium borate, Sodium metaborate), Tartar emetic, Methyl isothiocyanate generators (such as Dazomet, Metam). Examples of chordotonal organ TRPV channel modulators include without limitation Pyridine azomethine derivatives (such as Pymetrozine, Pyrifluquinazon), and Pyropenes (such as Afidopyropen). Examples of juvenile hormone mimics include without limitation juvenile hormone analogues (such as Hydroprene, Kinoprene, Methoprene), fenoxycarb, and pyriproxyfen. Examples of mite growth inhibitors affecting CHS1 include without limitation Clofentezine, Diflovidazin, Hexythiazox, and Etoxazole. Examples of microbial disruptors of insect midgut membranes include without limitation Bacillus thuringiensis (such as Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizaw ai. Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurslaki. Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. lenebrionis. Bacillus thuringiensis strain EX297512) and the insecticidal proteins they produce (such as Cry 1 Ab, Cry 1 Ac, CrylFa, Cry 1 A.105, Cry2Ab, Vip3A, mCry3A, Cry3Ab, Cry3Bb, Cry34Abl/Cry35Abl) and Bacillus sphaericus. Examples of inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthase include without limitation Diafenthiuron, Organotin miticides (such as Azocyclotin, Cyhexatin, Fenbutatin oxide), Propargite, and Tetradifon. Examples of uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of the proton gradient include without limitation Pyrroles (such as Chlorfenapyr), Dinitrophenols, and Sulfluramid. Examples of nAChR channel blockers include without limitation Nereistoxin analogues (such as Bensultap, Cartap hydrochloride, Thiocyclam, Thiosultap-sodium). Examples of inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis affecting CHS1 include without limitation Benzoylureas (such as Bistrifluron, Chlorfluazuron, Diflubenzuron, Flucycloxuron, Flufenoxuron, Hexaflumuron, Lufenuron, Novaluron, Noviflumuron, Teflubenzuron, Triflumuron). Examples of inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis - type 1 include without limitation Buprofezin. Examples of moulting disruptors (Dipteran) include without limitation Cyromazine. Examples of ecdysone receptor agonists include without limitation Diacylhydrazines (such as Chromafenozide, Halofenozide, Methoxy fenozi de, Tebufenozide). Examples of octopamine receptor agonists include without limitation Amitraz. Examples of mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors include without limitation Hydramethylnon, Acequinocyl, Fluacrypyrim, and Bifenazate. Examples of mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors include without limitation METI acaricides and insecticides such as Fenazaquin, Fenpyroximate, Pyridaben, Pyrimidifen, Tebufenpyrad, Tolfenpyrad) and Rotenone. Examples of voltagedependent sodium channel blockers include without limitation Oxadiazines (such as Indoxacarb) and Semicarbazones (such as Metaflumizone). Examples of inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase include without limitation Tetronic and Tetramic acid derivatives (such as Spirodiclofen, Spiromesifen, Spiropidion, Spirotetramat). Examples of mitochondrial complex IV electron transport inhibitors include without limitation Phosphides (Aluminium phosphide, Calcium phosphide, Phosphine, Zinc phosphide), Cyanides (such as Calcium cyanide, Potassium cyanide, Sodium cyanide). Examples of mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitors include without limitation Beta-ketonitrile derivatives (such as Cyenopyrafen, Cyflumetofen) and Carboxanilides (such as Pyflubumide). Examples of ryanodine receptor modulators include without limitation such as Diamides (such as Chlorantraniliprole, Cyantraniliprole, Cyclaniliprole Flubendiamide, Tetraniliprole).

Examples of chordotonal organ modulators include without limitation Flonicamid. Examples of GABA-gated chloride channel allosteric modulators include without limitation Metadiamides (Broflanilide) and Isoxazolines (such as Fluxametamide). Examples of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) Allosteric Modulators - Site II include without limitation GS-omega/kappa HXTX-Hvla peptide.

[0032] In some embodiments, the synthetic composition comprises one or more enodphytes of the present invention and one or chemical or biological agent capable of killing, impeding the feeding and or growth and or reproduction of, repelling, and or reducing the severity or extent of infection to a plant host of, an pathogen of a plant, including without limitation chemical or biological agents that are PhenylAmides fungicides (acylalanines, oxazolidinones, butyrolactones), hydroxy-(2-amino-) pyrimidines, heteroaromatics (such as isoxazoles, isothiazolones), carboxylic acids, Methyl-Benzimidazole-Carbamates (MBC) fungicides (such as thiophanates, benzimidazoles), N-phenyl carbamates, benzamides (such as toluamides, pyridinylmethyl-benzamides), thiazole carboxamide (such as ethylamino- thiazole-carboxamide), phenylureas, cyanoacrylates (such as aminocyanoacrylates), aryl- phenyl-ketones (such as benzophenone, benzoylpyridine), pyrimidinamines, pyrazole-METl (such as pyrazole-5-carboxamides), quinazoline, succinate-dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI) (such as phenyl-benzamides, phenyl-oxo-ethyl thiophene amide, pyridinyl-ethyl-benzamides, phenyl-cyclobutyl-pyridineamide, furan- carboxamides, oxathiin- carboxamides, thiazolecarboxamides, pyrazole-4- carboxamides, N-cyclopropyl-N-benzyl-pyrazole-carboxamides, N-methoxy-(phenyl-ethyl)-pyrazole-carboxamides, pyridine- carboxamides, pyrazinecarboxamides, pydiflumetofen, fluxapyroxad), quinone outside inhibitors (such as methoxyacrylates, methoxy-acetamide, methoxy-carbamates, oximino-acetates, oximino-acetamides, oxazolidine-diones, dihydro-dioxazines, imidazolinones, benzyl-carbamates, tetrazolinones), quinone inside inhibitors (such as cyano-imidazole, sulfamoyl-triazole, picolinamides), uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation (such as dinitrophenyl- crotonates, 2,6-dinitro- anilines), organo tin compounds (tri-phenyl tin compounds), thiophene-carboxamides, Quinone outside Inhibitor - stigmatellin binding type (such as triazolo-pyrimidylamine), anilino-pyrimidines, enopyranuronic acid antibiotic, hexopyranosyl antibiotic, glucopyranosyl antibiotic, tetracycline antibiotic, aza-naphthalenes (such as aryloxyquinoline, quinazolinone), phenylpyrroles, dicarboximides, phosphoro-thiolates, dithiolanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorophenyls, nitroanilines, heteroaromatics (such as 1,2,4-thiadiazoles), carbamates, demethylation inhibitors (such as piperazines, pyridines, pyrimidines, imidazoles, triazoles, triazolinthiones), amines (such as morpholines, piperidines, spiroketal-amines), ketoreductase inhibitors (such as hydroxyanilides, amino- pyrazolinone), thiocarbamates, allylamines, polyoxins (such as peptidyl pyrimidine nucleoside), Carboxylic Acid Amides (such as cinnamic acid amides, valinamide carbamates, mandelic acid amides), melanin biosynthesis inhibitors - reductase (such as isobenzofuranone, pyrrolo-quinolinone, triazolobenzo-thiazole), melanin biosynthesis inhibitors - dehydratase (such as cyclopropane-carboxamide, carboxamide, propionamide), melanin biosynthesis inhibitors - polyketide synthase (such as trifluoroethyl-carbamate), benzothiadiazole, benzisothi azole, thiadiazole-carboxamide, polysaccharides (such as laminarin), plant ethanol extracts (such as anthraquinones, resveratrol, extract from Reynoutria sachalinensis), phosphonates (such as ethyl phosphonates, fosetyl-Al, phosphorous acid and salts), isothiazole (such as isothiazolylmethyl ether), cyanoacetamide-oxime, phthalamic acids, benzotriazines, benzene-sulphonamides, pyridazinones, phenyl-acetamide, guanidines, thiazolidine (such as cyano-methylene-thiazolidines), pyrimidinone-hydrazones, 4-quinolyl- acetates, tetrazolyloximes, glucopyranosyl antibiotics, copper salts, sulphur, dithiocarbamates and relatives (such as amobam, ferbam, mancozeb, maneb, metiram, propineb, thiram, zinc thiazole, zineb, ziram), phthalimides, chloronitriles (phthalonitriles), sulfamides (such as dichlofluanid, tolylfluanid), bis-guanidines (such as guazatine, iminoctadine), triazines (such as anilazine), quinones (anthraquinones) (such as dithianon), quinoxalines (such as chinomethionat, quinomethionate), maleimide (such as fluoroimide), thiocarbamate (such as methasulfocarb), polypeptide (lectin) plant extracts (such as extract from the cotyledons of lupine plantlets), phenol and sesquiterpene and triterpenoid and coumarin plant exctracts (such as extract from Swinglea ghitiriosay terpene hydrocarbon and terpene alcohol and terpene phenol extracts plant extracts (such as extract from Melaleuca alternifolia, plant oils such as eugenol, geraniol, thymol mixtures thereof), Polyene (such as amphoteric macrolide antifungal antibiotic from Streptomyces natalensis or Streptomyces chaUanoogensis). oxysterol binding protein homologue inhibition (piperidinyl-thiazole- isoxazolines), other active compounds (such as Fludioxonil, Mefenoxam, Sedaxane, Azoxystrobin, Thiabendazole, Ethaboxam, metalaxyl, Trifloxystrobin, Myclobutanil, Acibenzolar-S-methyl, Metconazole, tolclofos-methyl, Fluopyram, Ipconazole, Oxathiapiprolin, Difenoconazole, Prothyoconazol, Tebuconazole, Pyraclostrobin, Fluxapyroxad), and combinations thereof.

[0033] In some embodiments, the synthetic composition comprises one or more endophytes of the present invention and one or more biological agents (for example bacterial or fungal agents) including, but not limited to, those agents capable of killing, impeding the feeding and or growth and or reproduction of, repelling, and or reducing the severity or extent of infection to a plant host of, an pathogen or pest of a plant. The one or more bacterial or fungal agents may be living or dead (including without limitation by heat inactivation) bacteria or fungi, extracts and or metabolites of bacteria or fungi (including without limitation extracts and or metabolites in spent growth media), or combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of biological agents include Trichoderma species including without limitation Trichoderma atroviride strain 1-1237, Trichoderma atroviride strain LUI 32, Trichoderma atroviride strain SCI, Trichoderma atroviride strain SKT-1, Trichoderma atroviride strain 77B, Trichoderma asperellum strain T34, Trichoderma asperellum strain kd, Trichoderma harzianum strain T- 22, Trichoderma virens strain G-41; Clonostachys species including without limitation Gliocladium catenulatum strain J 1446, Clonostachys rosea strain CR-7; Coniothyrium species includign without limitation Coniothyrium minitans strain CON/M/91-08,' Talaromyces species including without limitation Talaromyces flavus strain SAY-Y-94-0T, Saccharomyces species including without limitation Saccharomyces cerevisae strain I.AS02 Bacillus species including without limitation Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain QST713, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain FZB24, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain MBI600, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain F727, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain AT-332, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain MBI 600 Bacillus mycoides isolate J, Bacillus subtilis strain AFS032321, Bacillus subtilis strain Y1336, Bacillus subtilis strain HAI-0404); Pseudomonas species including without limitation Pseudomonas chlororaphis strain AFS009,' Streptomyces species including without limitation Streptomyces griseovirides strain K61, Streptomyces lydicus strain WYEC108,' Penicillium species such as Penicillium bdaiae. Penicillium bdaiae: Pasteuria species including without limitation Pasteuria nishizawae PnPy

[0034] In some embodiments, one or more endophytes of the present invention and one or chemical or biological agents described herein are present in a synthetic composition at a weight ratio of between 1000: 1 and 1 : 1000, 100: 1 and 1 : 100, or 10: 1 and 1 : 10. In some embodiments, one or more endophytes of the present invention and one endophytes described herein are present in a synthetic composition at a concentration of endophyte on fertilizer (as percent by weight) of at least 0.01%, between 0.01% and 0.04%, at least 0.04%, between 0.04% and 0.1%, at least 0.1%, between 0.1% and 0.4%, or at least 0.4%.

[0035] In some embodiments, the synthetic composition may be stored at between 0 degrees Celsius and 4 degrees Celsius for 1 week with less than 1 log loss of CFU of the one or more endophytes. In some embodiments, the synthetic composition may be stored at between 4.1 degrees Celsius and 20 degrees Celsius for 1 week with less than 1 log loss of CFU of the one or more endophytes. In some embodiments, the synthetic composition may be stored at between 20.1 degrees Celsius and 33 degrees Celsius for 1 week with less than 1 log loss of CFU of the one or more endophytes. In some embodiments, the synthetic composition may be stored at between 20 degrees Celsius and 33 degrees Celsius for 28 days, with less than 2 log loss of CFU of the one or more endophytes. In some embodiments, the synthetic composition may be stored at between 20 degrees Celsius and 33 degrees Celsius for between 28 and 100 days, with less than 2 log loss of CFU of the one or more endophytes. In some embodiments, the synthetic composition may be stored at between 20 degrees Celsius and 33 degrees Celsius for more than 100 days, with less than 2 log loss of CFU of the one or more endophytes. In some embodiments, the synthetic composition is stored between 20% relative humidity and 80% or between 40% relative humidity and 80% relative humidity.

[0036] In some embodiments, a plurality of nucleic acid probes are used to determine the presence or abundance of one or more endophytes in a synthetic composition, wherein the plurality comprises complementary or reverse complementary sequences to a region of at least 10 contiguous nucleotides within one or more polynucleotide sequences having SEQ ID NOs. 5 or 6. In some embodiments, the complementary or reverse complementary region comprises at least 20 contiguous nucleotides. In some embodiments, the complementary or reverse complementary region comprises at least 30 contiguous nucleotides. In some embodiments, the complementary or reverse complementary region comprises at least 40 contiguous nucleotides. In some embodiments, the plurality of nucleic acid probes are singlestranded DNA. In some embodiments, the plurality of nucleic acid probes are attached to one or more solid supports. In some embodiments, the plurality of nucleic acid probes are attached to a plurality of beads. In some embodiments, the plurality of nucleic acid probes are attached to a contiguous solid support.

[0037] In some embodiments, the plant element is a monocot. In some embodiments, the monocot is a cereal. In some embodiments, the cereal is selected from the group consisting of wheat, rice, barley, buckwheat, rye, millet, oats, corn, sorghum, triticale and spelt. In some embodiments, the cereal is wheat.

[0038] In some embodiments, the plant element is a dicot. In some embodiments, the dicot is selected from the group consisting of cotton, tomato, lettuce, peppers, cucumber, endive, melon, potato, and squash. In some embodiments, the dicot is a legume. In some embodiments, the legume is soy, peas or beans.

[0039] In some embodiments, the plant element is a whole plant, seedling, meristematic tissue, ground tissue, vascular tissue, dermal tissue, seed, leaf, root, shoot, stem, flower, fruit, stolon, bulb, tuber, corm, keikis, shoot, or bud. In some embodiments, the plant element is a seed.

[0040] In some embodiments, the trait of agronomic importance is improved nutrient use efficiency. In some embodiments, the trait of agronomic importance is drought tolerance. [0041] In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes is a member of the Class Bacilli. In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes is a member of the Order Bacillales. In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes is a member of the Family Bacillaceae . In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes is a member of the Genus Bacillus.

[0042] In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes comprises at least 2 endophytes. In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes comprises at least 3 endophytes. In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes comprises at least 4 endophytes. In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes comprises at least 5 endophytes. In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes comprises at least 10 endophytes.

[0043] In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes are encapsulated in polymeric beads. In some embodiments, the polymeric beads are less than 500 m in diameter at their widest point. In some embodiments, the polymeric beads are less than 200 gm in diameter at their widest point. In some embodiments, the polymeric beads are less than 100 gm in diameter at their widest point. In some embodiments, the polymeric beads are less than 50 gm in diameter at their widest point. In some embodiments, the polymeric beads’ average diameter at their widest point is between 500 gm and 250 gm. In some embodiments, the polymeric beads’ average diameter at their widest point is between 249 gm and 100 gm. In some embodiments, the polymeric beads’ average diameter at their widest point is between 100 gm and 50 gm.

[0044] Additionally disclosed herein is a synthetic composition comprising at least one endophyte of the genus Bacillus, Peribacillus, Cytobacillus, Mseobacillus, Neobacillus, Metabacillus, Alkalihalobacillus, or Brevibacterium and a fertilizer comprising a nitrogen component, wherein: the nitrogen component is selected from one or more of ammonia, nitrate, and urea, nitrogen component comprises at least 5% by weight of the composition, and the endophyte is present in the synthetic composition at a concentration of at least 0.01 g per kg of synthetic composition. In various embodiments, the at least one endophyte comprises at least one polynucleotide sequence that is at least 97% identical to one or more of SEQ ID NOs. 5 or 6, and combinations thereof. In various embodiments, the one or more endophytes comprise one or more a polynucleotide sequences that are 100% identical to a subregion within SEQ ID NOs. 5 or 6, wherein the subregion is a 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, or 1000 nucleotides in length.

[0045] In various embodiments, the at least one endophyte is present in the synthetic composition at a concentration of at least 0.05 g per kg of synthetic composition. In various embodiments, the at least one endophyte is present in the synthetic composition at a concentration of at least 0.1 g per kg of synthetic composition. In various embodiments, the at least one endophyte is present in the synthetic at a concentration of at least 10^A4 CFU per kg of synthetic composition. In various embodiments, the at least one endophyte is present in the synthetic at a concentration of between 10^A3 CFU-10^A10 CFU per kg of synthetic composition. In various embodiments, the at least one endophyte is present in the synthetic at a concentration of between 10^A4 CFU-10^A7 CFU per kg of synthetic composition.

[0046] In various embodiments, the at least one endophyte is present in the synthetic composition as a dried powder. In various embodiments, endophyte is capable of improving of one or more other traits of agronomic importance in plant grown in a growth media to which the synthetic composition is applied relative to a reference environment lacking the synthetic composition. In various embodiments, the trait of agronomic importance is selected from the group consisting of yield, percent emergence, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, biotic stress tolerance, drought tolerance, and combinations thereof.

[0047] In various embodiments, the synthetic composition further comprises at least of a surfactant, a buffer, a tackifier, a microbial stabilizer, a fungicide, an anticomplex agent, an herbicide, a nematicide, an insecticide, a plant growth regulator, a rodenticide, a desiccant, a nutrient, an excipient, a wetting agent, a salt, and a polymer. In various embodiments, the polymer comprises a biodegradable polymer selected from the alginate, agarose, agar, gelatin, polyacrylamide, chitosan, and polyvinyl alcohol. In various embodiments, the synthetic composition further comprises one or more solid carriers. In various embodiments, the solid carrier is one or more of talc, Fuller’s earth, bentonite, kaolin clay, pyrophyllite, bentonite, montmorillonite, diatomaceous earth, acid white soil, vermiculite, and pearlite. In various embodiments, the synthetic composition further comprises one or more of ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, and calcium carbonate. In various embodiments, the synthetic composition further comprises at talc and mineral oil.

[0048] In various embodiments, the at least one endophyte is dead. In various embodiments, the nitrogen component is ammonium and the ammonium is at least 3% of the synthetic composition by weight. In various embodiments, the nitrogen component is urea and the urea is at least 5% of the synthetic composition by weight. In various embodiments, the nitrogen component comprises ammonium and the ammonium is at least 3% of the synthetic composition by weight, and the nitrogen additionally comprises urea and the urea is at least 5% of the synthetic composition by weight.

[0049] In various embodiments, the nitrogen component comprises between 10 and 40% of the composition by weight. In various embodiments, the synthetic composition additionally comprises at least 5% by weight of a phosphorous component. In various embodiments, the phosphorus component is in the form of superphosphate, concentrated super phosphate, monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, ammonium polyphosphate, or rock phosphate. In various embodiments, the phosphorous component a phosphate and the phosphate comprises between 10 and 40% of the composition by weight. In various embodiments, the synthetic composition additionally comprises at least 5% by weight of a potassium component. In various embodiments, the potassium component is one or more of potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, potassium-magnesium sulfate, potassium thiosulfate, or potassium nitrate. In various embodiments, the potassium component comprises between 10 and 40% of the composition by weight.

[0050] In various embodiments, the synthetic composition additionally comprises a sulfur component in the form of sulfate. In various embodiments, sulfate comprises at least 5% of the synthetic composition by weight. In various embodiments, the synthetic composition additionally comprises one or more of magnesium, silica, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, boron, and fulvic acid. In various embodiments, the synthetic composition additionally comprises monoammonium phosphate. In various embodiments, the synthetic composition additionally comprises monoammonium phosphate and Ammonium sulphate. In various embodiments, the synthetic composition additionally comprises one or more of superphosphates, calcium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate, and calcium bi s(dihy drogenorthophosphate) .

[0051] In various embodiments, the synthetic composition does not comprise a plant element. In various embodiments, the synthetic composition is packaged within container comprising one or more of polyethylene, polypropylene, paper, foil, plastic film, synthetic or nature fiber. In various embodiments, the container comprises a woven polypropylene tape. In various embodiments, the at least one endophyte loses less than 2 log loss of CFU when stored at between 20 degrees Celsius and 33 degrees Celsius for 28 days. In various embodiments, the synthetic composition is a powder or granular solid. In various embodiments, the synthetic composition is a liquid.

[0052] Additionally disclosed herein is a method of improving a plant growth medium, comprising disposing synthetic composition to the plant growth medium, where the synthetic composition comprises at least one endophyte of the genus Bacillus, Peribacillus, Cytobacillus, Mseobacillus, Neobacillus, Metabacillus, Alkalihalobacillus, or Brevibacterium and a fertilizer comprising a nitrogen component, wherein: a. the nitrogen component is selected from one or more of ammonia, nitrate, and urea, b. nitrogen component comprises at least 5% by weight of the composition, and c. the endophyte is present in the synthetic composition at a concentration of at least 0.01 g per kg of synthetic composition.

[0053] In various embodiments, the at least one endophyte comprises at least one polynucleotide sequence that is at least 97% identical to one or more of SEQ ID NOs. 5 or 6, and combinations thereof. In various embodiments, the one or more endophytes comprise one or more a polynucleotide sequences that are 100% identical to a subregion within SEQ ID NOs. 5 or 6, wherein the subregion is a 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, or 1000 nucleotides in length. In various embodiments, the at least one endophyte is present in the synthetic composition at a concentration of at least 0.05 g per kg of synthetic composition. In various embodiments, the at least one endophyte is present in the synthetic composition at a concentration of at least 0.1 g per kg of synthetic composition. In various embodiments, the at least one endophyte is present in the synthetic at a concentration of at least 10^A4 CFU per kg of synthetic composition. In various embodiments, the at least one endophyte is present in the synthetic at a concentration of between 10^A3 CFU-10^A10 CFU per kg of synthetic composition. In various embodiments, the at least one endophyte is present in the synthetic at a concentration of between 10^A4 CFU-10^A7 CFU per kg of synthetic composition. In various embodiments, the at least one endophyte is present in the synthetic composition as a dried powder. In various embodiments, the endophyte is capable of improving of one or more other traits of agronomic importance in plant grown in a growth media to which the synthetic composition is applied relative to a reference environment lacking the synthetic composition. In various embodiments, the trait of agronomic importance is selected from the group consisting of yield, percent emergence, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, biotic stress tolerance, drought tolerance, and combinations thereof.

[0054] In various embodiments, the synthetic composition comprises at least of a surfactant, a buffer, a tackifier, a microbial stabilizer, a fungicide, an anticomplex agent, an herbicide, a nematicide, an insecticide, a plant growth regulator, a rodenticide, a desiccant, a nutrient, an excipient, a wetting agent, a salt, and a polymer. In various embodiments, the polymer comprises a biodegradable polymer selected from the alginate, agarose, agar, gelatin, polyacrylamide, chitosan, and polyvinyl alcohol. In various embodiments, the synthetic composition further comprises one or more solid carriers. In various embodiments, the solid carrier is one or more of talc, Fuller’s earth, bentonite, kaolin clay, pyrophyllite, bentonite, montmorillonite, diatomaceous earth, acid white soil, vermiculite, and perlite. In various embodiments, the synthetic composition further comprises one or more of ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, and calcium carbonate. In various embodiments, the synthetic composition further comprises at talc and mineral oil. [0055] In various embodiments, the at least one endophyte is dead. In various embodiments, the nitrogen component is ammonium and the ammonium is at least 3% of the synthetic composition by weight. In various embodiments, the nitrogen component is urea and the urea is at least 5% of the synthetic composition by weight. In various embodiments, the nitrogen component comprises ammonium and the ammonium is at least 3% of the synthetic composition by weight, and the nitrogen additionally comprises urea and the urea is at least 5% of the synthetic composition by weight. In various embodiments, the nitrogen component comprises between 10 and 40% of the composition by weight. In various embodiments, the synthetic composition additionally comprises at least 5% by weight of a phosphorous component. In various embodiments, the phosphorus component is in the form of superphosphate, concentrated super phosphate, monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, ammonium polyphosphate, or rock phosphate. In various embodiments, the phosphorous component a phosphate and the phosphate comprises between 10 and 40% of the composition by weight. In various embodiments, the synthetic composition additionally comprises at least 5% by weight of a potassium component. In various embodiments, the potassium component is one or more of potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, potassiummagnesium sulfate, potassium thiosulfate, or potassium nitrate. In various embodiments, the potassium component comprises between 10 and 40% of the composition by weight. In various embodiments, the synthetic composition additionally comprises a sulfur component in the form of sulfate. In various embodiments, sulfate comprises at least 5% of the synthetic composition by weight. In various embodiments, the synthetic composition additionally comprises one or more of magnesium, silica, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, boron, and fulvic acid. In various embodiments, the synthetic composition additionally comprises monoammonium phosphate. In various embodiments, the synthetic composition additionally comprises monoammonium phosphate and Ammonium sulphate. In various embodiments, the synthetic composition additionally comprises one or more of superphosphates, calcium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate, and calcium bis(dihydrogenorthophosphate).

[0056] In various embodiments, the at least one endophyte loses less than 2 log loss of CFU when stored at between 20 degrees Celsius and 33 degrees Celsius for 28 days. In various embodiments, the synthetic composition is a powder or granular solid. In various embodiments, the synthetic composition is a liquid. In various embodiments, the plant growth media further comprises a plant element. In various embodiments, methods disclosed herein further comprise distributing one or more plant element in the plant growth environment. [0057] In various embodiments, the plant element is a monocot. In various embodiments, the monocot is a cereal. In various embodiments, the cereal is selected from the group consisting of wheat, rice, barley, buckwheat, rye, millet, oats, corn, sorghum, triticale and spelt. In various embodiments, the cereal is corn. In various embodiments, the plant element is a dicot. In various embodiments, the dicot is selected from the group consisting of cotton, tomato, lettuce, peppers, cucumber, endive, melon, potato, and squash. In various embodiments, the dicot is a legume. In various embodiments, the legume is soy, peas or beans. In various embodiments, the one or more endophytes comprises at least 2 endophytes. In various embodiments, the plant element is a whole plant, seedling, meristematic tissue, ground tissue, vascular tissue, dermal tissue, seed, leaf, root, shoot, stem, flower, fruit, stolon, bulb, tuber, corm, keikis, shoot, or bud. In various embodiments, the plant element is a seed.

[0058] In various embodiments, wherein: the synthetic composition is disposed to a plant growth medium prior to placing a plant element in or on the plant growth medium, the synthetic composition is disposed to a plant growth medium after placing a plant element in or on the plant growth medium, the synthetic composition is disposed to a plant growth medium concurrently with placing a plant element in or on the plant growth medium, or the synthetic composition is disposed to a plant growth medium at least two times.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0059] Terms used in the claims and specification are defined as set forth below unless otherwise specified.

[0060] It must be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0061] This invention relates to methods and compositions for improving plant health. The present invention includes methods for improving plant health, as well as synthetic compositions comprising endophytes capable of improving plant health, and nucleic acid probes and nucleic acid detection kits that may be used to identify endophytes of the present invention.

[0062] “Plant health” is demonstrated by the improvement of a trait of agronomic importance in a plant or plant element as compared to a reference plant or plant element. A trait of agronomic importance includes, but is not limited to, drought tolerance, heat tolerance, cold tolerance, salinity tolerance, metal tolerance, herbicide tolerance, improved water use efficiency, improved nitrogen utilization, improved nitrogen fixation, improved nutrient use efficiency, improved nutrient utilization, biotic stress tolerance, yield improvement, health enhancement, vigor improvement, decreased necrosis, decreased chlorosis, decreased area of necrotic tissue, decreased area of chlorotic tissue, decreased pathogen load of tissues, growth improvement, photosynthetic capability improvement, nutrition enhancement, altered protein content, altered oil content, increased biomass, increased shoot height, increased root length, increased shoot biomass, increased root biomass, increased leaf area, increased shoot area, increased root area, improved root architecture, increased seed germination percentage, increased seed germination rate, increased seedling survival, increased survival, photosynthetic efficiency, transpiration rate, seed/fruit number or mass, plant grain or fruit yield, leaf chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, wilt recovery, turgor pressure, modulation of a metabolite, production of a volatile organic compound (VOC), modulation of the proteome, increased seed weight, altered seed carbohydrate composition, altered seed oil composition, altered seed protein composition, altered seed nutrient composition, and combinations thereof. The phrase “biotic stress” refers to a growth environment comprising one or more pests or pathogens. Pests can be nematodes and/or insects. In some embodiments, a pest is of an order Lepidoptera, Hemiplera. Tylenchida/Rhabditida, Dorylaimida, Trichinellida, or Triplonchida. In some embodiments, a pest is of a genera Chrysodeixis, Trichoplusia, Nezara, Lygus, Aphis, Belonolaimus, Xiphenema, Trichodorus, Pratylenchus, Aphelenchoides, Meloidogyne, or Rotylenchulus . Pathogens can be fungal, viral, protist, or bacterial pathogens, for example of vertebrates or plants. In some embodiments, a pathogen is of a genera Pythium, Rhizoclonia, Phytophthora, Fusarium, Alternaria, Stagonospora, Aspergillus, Magnaporthe, Botrytis, Puccinia, Blumeria, Erysiphe, Leveillula, Mycosphaerella, or Colletotrichum.

[0063] “Biomass” means the total mass or weight (fresh or dry), at a given time (for example, age or stage of development), of a plant tissue, plant tissues, an entire plant, or population of plants. The term may also refer to all the plants or species in the community (“community biomass”).

[0064] A “growth media”, interchangeably, a “plant growth media” is any medium suitable for the propagation of plants including without limitation, soil (for example, potting soil, agricultural soil within a field), a hydroponic system, etc. [0065] An “increased yield” can refer to any increase in seed or fruit biomass; or seed, seed pod or ear, or fruit number per plant; or seed or fruit weight; or seed or fruit size per plant or unit of production area, e.g. acre or hectare. For example, increased yield of seed or fruit biomass may be measured in units of bushels per acre, pounds per acre, tons per acre, or kilos per hectare. An increased yield can also refer to an increase production of a component of, or product derived from, a plant or plant element or of a unit of measure thereof. For example, increased carbohydrate yield of a grain or increased oil yield of a seed. Typically, where yield indicates an increase in a particular component or product derived from a plant, the particular characteristic is designated when referring to increased yield, e.g., increased oil or grain yield or increased protein yield or seed size.

[0066] “Nutrition enhancement” refers to modulation of the presence, abundance or form of one or more substances in a plant element, wherein the modulation of the one or more substances provides a benefit to other organisms that consume or utilize said plant element. [0067] Synthetic compositions and methods of use described herein may improve plant health by providing an improved benefit or tolerance to a plant that is of at least 0.1%, at least 0.5%, at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, between 3% and 5%, at least 5%, between 5% and 10%, at least 10%, between 10% and 15%, for example at least 15%, between 15% and 20%, at least 20%, between 20% and 30%, at least 30%, between 30% and 40%, at least 40%, between 40% and 50%, at least 50%, between 50% and 60%, at least 60%, between 60% and 75%, at least 75%, between 75% and 100%, at least 100%, between 100% and 150%, at least 150%, between 150% and 200%, at least 200%, between 200% and 300%, at least 300% or more, when compared with a reference plant. A “reference plant”, “reference plant element”, “reference agricultural plant” or “reference seed” means a similarly situated plant or seed of the same species, strain, or cultivar to which a treatment, formulation, composition or endophyte preparation as described herein is not administered/contacted. A reference plant, therefore, is identical to the treated plant except for the presence of the active ingredient to be tested and can serve as a control for detecting the effects of the treatment conferred to the plant. A plurality of reference plants may be referred to as a “reference population”.

[0068] In some embodiments, one or more endophytes and or one or more compounds produced by one or more endophytes are heterologously disposed on a plant element in an effective amount to improve plant health. In some embodiments, an improvement of plant health is measured by an increase in a trait of agronomic importance, for example root length or yield. In some embodiments, an improvement of subject health is measured by a decrease in a trait of importance, for example necrosis or chlorosis. In some embodiments, improved plant health is demonstrated by an improvement of a trait of agronomic importance or tolerance in a treated plant by at least 0.1%, at least 0.5%, at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, between 3% and 5%, at least 5%, between 5% and 10%, at least 10%, between 10% and 15%, for example at least 15%, between 15% and 20%, at least 20%, between 20% and 30%, at least 30%, between 30% and 40%, at least 40%, between 40% and 50%, at least 50%, between 50% and 60%, at least 60%, between 60% and 75%, at least 75%, between 75% and 100%, at least 100%, between 100% and 150%, at least 150%, between 150% and 200%, at least 200%, between 200% and 300%, at least 300% or more, as compared to a reference plant element not further comprising said endophyte. An “effective amount” of one or more endophytes is the amount capable of improving trait of agronomic importance or tolerance by at least 0.1%, at least 0.5%, at least 1%, at least 2%, at least 3%, between 3% and 5%, at least 5%, between 5% and 10%, at least 10%, between 10% and 15%, for example at least 15%, between 15% and 20%, at least 20%, between 20% and 30%, at least 30%, between 30% and 40%, at least 40%, between 40% and 50%, at least 50%, between 50% and 60%, at least 60%, between 60% and 75%, at least 75%, between 75% and 100%, at least 100%, between 100% and 150%, at least 150%, between 150% and 200%, at least 200%, between 200% and 300%, at least 300% or more, as compared to a reference plant element not further comprising said endophyte. In some embodiments, an effective amount of treatment comprising an endophyte is at least 10 CFU per unit of plant element, at least 10^A2 CFU per unit of plant element, between 10^A2 and 10^A3 CFU per unit of plant element, at least about 10^A3 CFU per unit of plant element, between 10^A3 and 10^A4 CFU per unit of plant element, at least about 10^A4 CFU per unit of plant element, between 10^A4 and 10^A5 CFU per unit of plant element, at least about 10^A5 CFU, between 10^A5 and 10^A6 CFU per unit of plant element, at least about 10^A6 CFU per unit of plant element, between 10^A6 and 10^A7 CFU per unit of plant element, at least about 10^A7 CFU per unit of plant element, between 10^A7 and 10^A8 CFU per unit of plant element, or even greater than 10^A8 CFU per unit of plant element. A unit of a plant element may be a individual plant element, e.g. an individual seed, or a unit of area surface area of a plant element, e.g. a square inch of leaf tissue, or unit of surface area of a plant element, e.g. a cubic centimeter of root.

[0069] The methods and compositions of the present invention are broadly applicable to cultivated plants, particularly plants that are cultivated by humans for food, feed, fiber, fuel, and/or industrial purposes. In some embodiments, plants (including seeds and other plant elements) are monocots or dicots. In some embodiments, plants used in the methods and compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to: agricultural row, agricultural grass plants or other field crops: wheat, rice, barley, buckwheat, beans (for example: soybean, snap, dry), corn (for example: grain, seed, sweet corn, silage, popcorn, high oil), canola, peas (for example: dry, succulent), peanuts, safflower, sunflower, alfalfa hay, forage and cover crops (for example: alfalfa, clover, vetch, and trefoil), berries and small fruits (for example: blackberries, blueberries, currants, elderberries, gooseberries, huckleberries, loganberries, raspberries, strawberries, bananas and grapes), bulb crops (for example: garlic, leeks, onions, shallots, and ornamental bulbs), citrus fruits (for example: citrus hybrids, grapefruit, kumquat, lines, oranges, and pummelos), cucurbit vegetables (for example: cucumbers, melons, gourds, pumpkins, and squash), flowers (for example: ornamental, horticultural flowers including roses, daisies, tulips, freesias, carnations, heather, lilies, irises, orchids, snapdragons, and ornamental sunflowers), bedding plants, ornamentals, fruiting vegetables (for example: eggplant, sweet and hot peppers, tomatillos, and tomatoes), herbs, spices, mints, hydroponic crops (for example: cucumbers, tomatoes, lettuce, herbs, and spices), leafy vegetables and cole crops (for example: arugula, celery, chervil, endive, fennel, lettuce including head and leaf, parsley, radicchio, rhubarb, spinach, Swiss chard, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, collards, kale, kohlrabi, and mustard greens), asparagus, legume vegetable and field crops (for example: snap and dry beans, lentils, succulent and dry peas, and peanuts), pome fruit (for example: pears and quince), root crops (for example: beets, sugarbeets, red beets, carrots, celeriac, chicory, horseradish, parsnip, radish, rutabaga, salsify, and turnips), deciduous trees (for example: maple and oak), evergreen trees (for example: pine, cedar, hemlock and spruce), small grains (for example: rye, wheat including spring and winter wheat, millet, oats, barley including spring and winter barley, and spelt), stone fruits (for example: apricots, cherries, nectarines, peaches, plums, and prunes), tree nuts (for example: almonds, beech nuts, Brazil nuts, butternuts, cashews, chestnuts, filberts, hickory nuts, macadamia nuts, pecans, pistachios, and walnuts), and tuber crops (for example: potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams, artichoke, cassava, and ginger). In a particular embodiment, the agricultural plant is selected from the group consisting of rice (Oryza sativa and related varieties), soy (Glycine max and related varieties), wheat (Triticum aestivum and related varieties), oats (Avena sativa and related varieties), barley (Hordeum vulgare and related varieties), corn (Zea mays and related varieties), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea and related varieties), canola (Brassica napus. Brassica rapa and related varieties), coffee (Coffea spp.), cocoa (Theobroma cacao), melons, and tomatoes (Solanum lycopsersicum and related varieties). [0070] Plant health may be improved by treatment of a plant or plant element. A “plant element” is intended to generically reference either a whole plant or a plant component, including but not limited to plant tissues, parts, and cell types. A plant element is preferably one of the following: whole plant, seedling, meristematic tissue, ground tissue, vascular tissue, dermal tissue, seed, leaf, root, shoot, stem, flower, fruit, stolon, bulb, tuber, corm, keikis, shoot, or bud.

[0071] Plant health may be improved by treatment with a composition of the present invention, in particular compositions of the present invention comprising one or more endophytes. An “endophyte” is an organism capable of living on a plant element (e.g., rhizoplane or phyllosphere) or within a plant element, or on a surface in close physical proximity with a plant element, e.g., the phyllosphere and rhizosphere including soil surrounding roots. A “beneficial” endophytes does not cause disease or harm the host plant otherwise. Endophytes can occupy the intracellular or extracellular spaces of plant tissue, including the leaves, stems, flowers, fruits, seeds, or roots. An endophyte can be, for example, a bacterial or fungal organism, and can confer a beneficial property to the host plant such as an increase in yield, biomass, resistance, or fitness. An endophyte can be a fungus or a bacterium. As used herein, the term “microbe” is sometimes used to describe an endophyte. As used herein, the term “microbe” or “microorganism” refers to any species or taxon of microorganism, including, but not limited to, archaea, bacteria, microalgae, fungi (including mold and yeast species), mycoplasmas, microspores, nanobacteria, oomycetes, and protozoa. In some embodiments, a microbe or microorganism is an endophyte, for example a bacterial or fungal endophyte, which is capable of living within a plant.

[0072] The term “isolated” is intended to specifically reference an organism, cell, tissue, polynucleotide, or polypeptide that is removed from its original source and purified from additional components with which it was originally associated. For example, an endophyte may be considered isolated from a seed if it is removed from that seed source and purified so that it is isolated from one or more additional components with which it was originally associated. Similarly, an endophyte may be removed and purified from a plant or plant element so that it is isolated and no longer associated with its source plant or plant element. [0073] As used herein, an isolated strain of a microbe is a strain that has been removed from its natural milieu. “Pure cultures” or “isolated cultures” are cultures in which the organisms present are only of one strain of a particular genus and species. This is in contrast to “mixed cultures,” which are cultures in which more than one genus and/or species of microorganism are present. As such, the term “isolated” does not necessarily reflect the extent to which the microbe has been purified. A “substantially pure culture” of the strain of microbe refers to a culture which contains substantially no other microbes than the desired strain or strains of microbe. In other words, a substantially pure culture of a strain of microbe is substantially free of other contaminants, which can include microbial contaminants. Further, as used herein, a “biologically pure” strain is intended to mean the strain was separated from materials with which it is normally associated in nature. A strain associated with other strains, or with compounds or materials that it is not normally found with in nature, is still defined as “biologically pure.” A monoculture of a particular strain is, of course, “biologically pure.” As used herein, the term “enriched culture” of an isolated microbial strain refers to a microbial culture that contains more that 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of the isolated strain.

[0074] A “population” of endophytes, or an “endophyte population”, refers to one or more endophytes that share a common genetic derivation, e.g., one or more propagules of a single endophyte, i.e., endophytes grown from a single picked colony. In some embodiments, a population refers to endophytes of identical taxonomy. In some cases, a population of endophytes refers to one or more endophytes of the same genus. In some cases, a population of endophytes refers to one or more endophytes of the same species or strain.

[0075] A “plurality of endophytes” means two or more types of endophyte entities, e.g., of bacteria or fungi, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the two or more types of endophyte entities are two or more individual endophytic organisms, regardless of genetic derivation or taxonomic relationship. In some embodiments, the two or more types of endophyte entities are two or more populations of endophytes. In other embodiments, the two or more types of endophyte entities are two or more species of endophytes. In yet other embodiments, the two or more types of endophyte entities are two or more genera of endophytes. In yet other embodiments, the two or more types of endophyte entities are two or more families of endophytes. In yet other embodiments, the two or more types of endophyte entities are two or more orders of endophytes. In yet other embodiments, the two or more types of endophyte entities are two or more classes of endophytes. In yet other embodiments, the two or more types of endophyte entities are two or more phyla of endophytes. In some embodiments, a plurality refers to three or more endophytes, either distinct individual organisms or distinct members of different genetic derivation or taxa. In some embodiments, a plurality refers to four or more either distinct individual endophytic organisms or distinct members of different genetic derivation or taxa. In some embodiments, a plurality refers to five or more, ten or more, or an even greater number of either distinct individual endophytic organisms or distinct members of different genetic derivation or taxa. In some embodiments, the term “consortium” or “consortia” may be used as a collective noun synonymous with “plurality”, when describing more than one population, species, genus, family, order, class, or phylum of endophytes.

[0076] In some embodiments, a treatment may comprise a modified microbe or plant or plant element. A microbe or plant or plant element is “modified” when it comprises an artificially introduced genetic or epigenetic modification. In some embodiments, the modification is introduced by a genome engineering or genome editing technology. In some embodiments, genome engineering or editing utilizes non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), homology directed repair (HDR), or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, genome engineering or genome editing is carried out with a Class I or Class II clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system. In some embodiments, the CRISPR system is CRISPR/Cas9. In some embodiments, the CRISPR system is CRISPR/Cpfl. In some embodiments, the modification is introduced by a targeted nuclease. In some embodiments, targeted nucleases include, but are not limited to, transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN), zinc finger nuclease (ZNF), Cas9, Cas9 variants, Cas9 homologs, Cpfl, Cpfl variants, Cpfl homologs, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the modification is an epigenetic modification. In some embodiments, the modification is introduced by treatment with a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor such as 5-azacytidine, or a histone deacetylase inhibitor such as 2-amino-7-methoxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one. In some embodiments, the modification is introduced via tissue culture. In some embodiments, a modified microbe or plant or plant element comprises a transgene.

[0077] As used herein, the term “bacterium” or “bacteria” refers in general to any prokaryotic organism and may reference an organism from either Kingdom Eubacteria (Bacteria), Kingdom Archaebacteria (Archaea), or both. In some cases, bacterial genera have been reassigned due to various reasons (such as, but not limited to, the evolving field of whole genome sequencing), and it is understood that such nomenclature reassignments are within the scope of any claimed genus.

[0078] As used herein, the term “fungus” or “fungi” refers in general to any organism from Kingdom Fungi. Historical taxonomic classification of fungi has been according to morphological presentation. Beginning in the mid- 1800’ s, it was recognized that some fungi have a pleomorphic life cycle, and that different nomenclature designations were being used for different forms of the same fungus. With the development of genomic sequencing, it became evident that taxonomic classification based on molecular phylogenetics did not align with morphological -based nomenclature (Shenoy BD, Jeewon R, Hyde KD. Impact of DNA sequence-data on the taxonomy of anamorphic fungi. Fungal Diversity 26(10) 1-54. 2007). Systematics experts have not aligned on common nomenclature for all fungi, nor are all existing databases and information resources inclusive of updated taxonomies. As such, many fungi provided herein may be described by their anamorph form, but it is understood that based on identical genomic sequencing, any pleomorphic state of that fungus may be considered to be the same organism. In some cases, fungal genera have been reassigned due to various reasons, and it is understood that such nomenclature reassignments are within the scope of any claimed genus.

[0079] The degree of relatedness between microbes may be inferred from the sequence similarity of one or more homologous polynucleotide sequences of the microbes. In some embodiments, the one or more homologous polynucleotide sequences are marker genes. As used herein, the term “marker gene” refers to a conserved genomic region comprising sequence variation among related organisms. Examples of marker genes that may be used for the present invention, include but are not limited to: 16S ribosomal RNA gene (“16S”), internal transcribed spacer (“ITS”); fusA gene; largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (“RPB1”); second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (“RPB2”); beta-tubulin or tubulin (“BTUB2” or “TUB2”); phosphoglycerate kinase (“PGK”); actin (“ACT”); long subunit rRNA gene (“LSU”); small subunit rRNA gene (“SSU”), 60S ribosomal protein L 10 (“60S L10 L1”), atpD, Calmodulin (“CMD”), GDP gene (“GPD1 2”), etc.

[0080] The terms “sequence similarity”, “identity”, “percent identity”, “percent sequence identity” or “identical” in the context of polynucleotide sequences refer to the nucleotides in the two sequences that are the same when aligned for maximum correspondence. There are different algorithms known in the art that can be used to measure nucleotide sequence identity. Nucleotide sequence identity can be measured by a local or global alignment, preferably implementing an optimal local or optimal global alignment algorithm. For example, a global alignment may be generated using an implementation of the Needleman- Wunsch algorithm (Needleman, S.B. & Wunsch, C.D. (1970) Journal of Molecular Biology. 48(3):443-53). For example, a local alignment may be generated using an implementation of the Smith-Waterman algorithm (Smith T.F & Waterman, M.S. (1981) Journal of Molecular Biology. 147(1): 195-197). Optimal global alignments using the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm and optimal local alignments using the Smith -Waterman algorithm are implemented in USEARCH, for example USEARCH version v8.1.1756_i86osx32. [0081] A gap is a region of an alignment wherein a sequence does not align to a position in the other sequence of the alignment. A terminal gap is a region beginning at the end of a sequence in an alignment wherein the nucleotide in the terminal position of that sequence does not correspond to a nucleotide position in the other sequence of the alignment and extending for all contiguous positions in that sequence wherein the nucleotides of that sequence do not correspond to a nucleotide position in the other sequence of the alignment. An internal gap is a gap in an alignment which is flanked on the 3’ and 5’ end by positions wherein the aligned sequences are identical. In global alignments, terminal gaps are discarded before identity is calculated. For both local and global alignments, internal gaps are counted as differences.

[0082] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence to be aligned is a complete gene. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence to be aligned is a gene fragment. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence to be aligned is an intergenic sequence. In a preferred embodiment, inference of homology from a sequence alignment is made where the region of alignment is at least 85% of the length of the query sequence.

[0083] The term “substantial homology” or “substantial similarity,” when referring to a polynucleotide sequence or fragment thereof, indicates that, when optimally aligned with appropriate nucleotide insertions or deletions with another polynucleotide sequence (or its complementary strand), there is nucleotide sequence identity in at least about 76%, 80%, 85%, or at least about 90%, or at least about 95%, 96%, at least 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% of the positions of the alignment, wherein the region of alignment is at least about 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 85%, or at least about 90%, or at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% of the length of the query sequence. In a preferred embodiment, the region of alignment contains at least 100 positions inclusive of any internal gaps. In some embodiments, the region of alignment comprises at least 100 nucleotides of the query sequence. In some embodiments, the region of alignment comprises at least 200 nucleotides of the query sequence. In some embodiments, the region of alignment comprises at least 300 nucleotides of the query sequence. In some embodiments, the region of alignment comprises at least 400 nucleotides of the query sequence. In some embodiments, the region of alignment comprises at least 500 nucleotides of the query sequence. In some embodiments, the terminal nucleotides are trimmed from one or both ends of the sequence prior to alignment. In some embodiments, at least the terminal 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, between 20-30, 35, 40, 45, 50, between 25-50 nucleotides are trimmed from the sequence prior to alignment. Synthetic compositions for improving plant health

[0084] In some embodiments, a synthetic composition comprises one or more endophytes capable of improving plant health. A “synthetic composition” comprises one or more endophytes combined by human endeavor with a heterologously disposed plant element or a treatment formulation, said combination which is not found in nature. In some embodiments, a synthetic composition comprises one or more plant elements or formulation components combined by human endeavor with an isolated, purified endophyte composition. In some embodiments, synthetic composition refers to a plurality of endophytes in a treatment formulation comprising additional components with which said endophytes are not found in nature. An endophyte is “heterologously disposed” when mechanically or manually applied, artificially inoculated or disposed onto or into a plant element, seedling, plant or onto or into a plant growth medium or onto or into a treatment formulation so that the endophyte exists on or in the plant element, seedling, plant, plant growth medium, or formulation in a manner not found in nature prior to the application of the treatment, e.g., said combination which is not found in nature in that plant variety, at that time in development, in that tissue, in that abundance, or in that growth condition (for example, drought, flood, cold, nutrient deficiency, etc.).

[0085] A “treatment formulation” refers to one or more compositions that facilitate the stability, storage, and/or application of one or more endophytes. Treatment formulations may comprise any one or more agents such as: surfactant, a buffer, a tackifier, a microbial stabilizer, an antimicrobial, a fungicide, an anticomplex agent, an herbicide, a nematicide, an insecticide, a plant growth regulator, a rodenticide, a desiccant, a nutrient, an excipient, a wetting agent, a salt, a polymer. As used herein as a noun, a “treatment” may comprise one or more endophytes.

[0086] In some embodiments, a treatment formulation may comprise one or more polymeric beads comprising one or more endophytes. In some embodiments, a treatment formulation may consist of one or more polymeric beads comprising one or more endophytes. A polymeric bead may contain a biodegradable polymer such as alginate, agarose, agar, gelatin, polyacrylamide, chitosan, and polyvinyl alcohol. In some embodiments, the polymeric beads are less than 500 m in diameter at their widest point. In some embodiments, the polymeric beads’ average diameter at their widest point is between 500 gm and 250 gm, between 249 f m and 100 j m, 100 gm or less, between 100 gm and 50 j m, or 50 gm or less. [0087] In some embodiments, an “agriculturally compatible carrier” can be used to formulate an agricultural formulation or other composition that includes a purified endophyte preparation. As used herein an “agriculturally compatible carrier” refers to any material, other than water, that can be added to a plant element without causing or having an adverse effect on the plant element (e.g., reducing seed germination) or the plant that grows from the plant element, or the like.

[0088] In some embodiments, the formulation can include a tackifier or adherent. Such agents are useful for combining the bacterial population of the invention with carriers that can contain other compounds (e.g., control agents that are not biologic), to yield a coating composition. Such compositions help create coatings around the plant or seed to maintain contact between the microbe and other agents with the plant or plant part. In some embodiments, adherents are selected from the group consisting of: alginate, gums, starches, lecithins, formononetin, polyvinyl alcohol, alkali formononetinate, hesperetin, polyvinyl acetate, cephalins, Gum Arabic, Xanthan Gum, Mineral Oil, Polyethylene Glycol (PEG), Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), Arabino-galactan, Methyl Cellulose, PEG 400, Chitosan, Polyacrylamide, Polyacrylate, Polyacrylonitrile, Glycerol, Triethylene glycol, Vinyl Acetate, Gellan Gum, Polystyrene, Polyvinyl, Carboxymethyl cellulose, Gum Ghatti, and polyoxyethylene-polyoxybutylene block copolymers.

[0089] The formulation can also contain a surfactant. Non-limiting examples of surfactants include nitrogen-surfactant blends such as Prefer 28 (Cenex), Surf-N(US), Inhance (Brandt), P-28 (Wilfarm) and Patrol (Helena); esterified seed oils include Sun-It II (AmCy), MSO (UAP), Scoil (Agsco), Hasten (Wilfarm) and Mes-100 (Drexel); and organo-silicone surfactants include Silwet L77 (UAP), Silikin (Terra), Dyne- Arnie (Helena), Kinetic (Helena), Sylgard 309 (Wilbur-Ellis) and Century (Precision). In one embodiment, the surfactant is present at a concentration of between 0.01% v/v to 10% v/v. In another embodiment, the surfactant is present at a concentration of between 0.1% v/v to 1% v/v. [0090] In certain cases, the formulation includes a microbial stabilizer. Such an agent can include a desiccant. As used herein, a “desiccant” can include any compound or mixture of compounds that can be classified as a desiccant regardless of whether the compound or compounds are used in such concentrations that they in fact have a desiccating effect on the liquid inoculant. Such desiccants are ideally compatible with the bacterial population used, and should promote the ability of the microbial population to survive application on the seeds and to survive desiccation. Examples of suitable desiccants include one or more of trehalose, sucrose, glycerol, and Methylene glycol. Other suitable desiccants include, but are not limited to, non reducing sugars and sugar alcohols (e.g., mannitol or sorbitol). The amount of desiccant introduced into the formulation can range from about 5% to about 50% by weight/volume, for example, between about 10% to about 40%, between about 15% and about 35%, or between about 20% and about 30%.

[0091] In some embodiments the formulation includes, for example, solid carriers such as talc, fullers earth, bentonite, kaolin clay, pyrophyllite, bentonite, montmorillonite, diatomaceous earth, acid white soil, vermiculite, and pearlite, and inorganic salts such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, urea, ammonium chloride, and calcium carbonate. Also, organic fine powders such as wheat flour, wheat bran, and rice bran may be used. The liquid carriers include vegetable oils such as soybean oil and cottonseed oil, glycerol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, etc.

[0092] In some embodiments, the abundance of an endophyte can be estimated by methods well known in the art including, but not limited to, qPCR, community sequencing, flow cytometry, and/or counting colony-forming units. As used herein, a “colony-forming unit” (“CFU”) is used as a measure of viable microorganisms in a sample. A CFU is an individual viable cell capable of forming on a solid medium a visible colony whose individual cells are derived by cell division from one parental cell.

[0093] In some embodiments, the synthetic composition of the present invention comprises one or more of the following: antimicrobial, fungicide, nematicide, bactericide, insecticide, or herbicide.

[0094] In some embodiments, the time to 1 log loss in CFU of an endophyte in formulations is greater than or equal to 1000 days, greater than or equal to 730 days, greater than or equal to 365 days, greater than or equal to 168 days, greater than or equal to 150 days, greater than or equal to 125 days, greater than or equal to 100 days, greater than or equal to 75 days, greater than or equal to 50 days, greater than or equal to 20 days at 4 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, the time to 1 log loss in CFU of an endophyte in formulation is at least 1000 days, at least 730 days, at least 365 days, 140 days, at least 90 days, at least 60 days, at least 50 days, at least 30 days, at least 20 days, at 22 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, the time to 2 log loss in CFU of an endophyte on a seed is at least 3 days, at least 5 days, at least 10 days, at least 20 days, at least 21 days, at least 22 days, at least 23 days, at least 24 days, at least 25 days, at least 30 days, at least 60 days, at least 90 days, at least 120 days at 22 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, the time to 1 log loss in CFU of an endophyte in a fertilizer composition is at least 1000 days, at least 730 days, at least 365 days, 140 days, at least 90 days, at least 60 days, at least 50 days, at least 30 days, at least 20 days, at between 20 and 30 degrees Celsius.

[0095] In some embodiments, a treatment is applied mechanically or manually or artificially inoculated to a plant element in a seed treatment, root wash, seedling soak, foliar application, floral application, soil inoculum, in-furrow application, sidedress application, soil pretreatment, wound inoculation, drip tape irrigation, vector-mediation via a pollinator, injection, osmopriming, hydroponics, aquaponics, aeroponics, and combinations thereof. Application to the plant may be achieved, for example, as a powder for surface deposition onto plant leaves, as a spray to the whole plant or selected plant element, as part of a drip to the soil or the roots, or as a coating onto the plant element prior to or after planting. Such examples are meant to be illustrative and not limiting to the scope of the invention.

[0096] In some embodiments, the invention described herein provides a synthetic composition comprising one or more endophytes capable of improving plant health, wherein the one or more endophytes is a member of the Class Bacilli. In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes is a member of the Order Bacillales. In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes is a member of the Family Bacillaceae. In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes is a member of the Genus Bacillus, Peribacillus, Cytobacillus, Mseobacillus, Neobacillus, Metabacillus, Alkalihalobacillus, or Brevibacterium.

[0097] In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes comprise one or more a polynucleotide sequences at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to one or more polynucleotide sequences having SEQ ID NOs. 5 or 6. In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes are selected from Table 1. [0098] In some embodiments of any of the synthetic compositions described herein, the synthetic compositions comprise at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 or 20 or more endophytes. In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes comprise at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15 or 20 or more endophytes. In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes are distinct individual organisms or distinct members of different genetic derivation or taxa. In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes comprise one or more a polynucleotide sequences that are 100% identical to a subregion within one or more of SEQ ID NOs. 5 and 6, wherein the subregion is a 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 1000, 1200, or 1400 nucleotides in length. In some embodiments, the subregion is the first 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, or 800 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the subregion is the last 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, or 800 nucleotides of the polynucleotide sequence. In some embodiments, the subregion is 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, or 800 nucleotides of the polynucleotide sequence beginning from the 20^th nucleotide in the polynucleotide sequence. [0099] In some embodiments, the synthetic composition is contained within packaging. The packaging can be constructed out of a number of materials suitable for storing a solid (e.g., powder or granular) seed treatment. The packaging may be comprised of a metallized polyester and linear low density polyethylene bag. In some embodiments, the packaging comprises a moisture barrier, reduced gas exchange (for example, oxygen transmission), block (partially or fully) UV and light transmission, are impact resistant, and/or tear resistant. In some embodiments, the packaging comprises at least one exterior surface between 0.025- 10 mm in thickness. In some embodiments, the packaging comprises an exterior surface having an average thickness of between 0.025-10 mm. In some embodiments, the packaging comprises an exterior surface having a nearly uniform thickness (e.g. variation in thickness of plus or minus 5 mm or less, variation in thickness of plus or minus 1 mm or less, variation in thickness of plus or minus 0.5 mm or less, variation in thickness of plus or minus 0.05 mm or less, variation in thickness of plus or minus 0.5 mm or less, variation in thickness of plus or minus 0.05 mm or less, variation in thickness of plus or minus 0.005 mm or less, variation in thickness of plus or minus 0.001 mm or less). In some embodiments, the packaging comprises an exterior surface having a nearly uniform thickness except for one or more support regions comprising thicker or more rigid material (where the material of the support region may be the same or different from the material comprising the remainder of the walls). In some embodiments, the packaging comprises an exterior surface having a nearly uniform thickness except for one or more regions having one or more significantly thinner region, for example engineered to break when force is applied. In some embodiments, the packaging comprises one or more polyesters, polyethylene, polystyrene, polyamides (nylon), polyacrylonitrile butadiene (ABS), polylactic acid, aluminum (e.g., foils or sheet), stainless steel, silicone, polylactic acid (PLA), bio-composite (for example, bio-composites comprising polylactic acid and microcrystalline cellulose, polylactic acid and cellulose nanocrystal, gelatin, etc.), and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the packaging comprises one or more layers, for example an adhesive laminated material having high oxygen and moisture barrier properties. Examples of the packaging comprising multiple layers include metallized polyester and linear low-density polyethylene, polyester, aluminum foil, and linear low- density polyethylene. In some embodiments, the packaging acts as a moisture barrier having a moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR) of 0.2 g per 100 sq. inches per 24 hours, or lower. In some embodiments, the packaging is constructed from a material having a moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR) 0.2 g per 100 sq. inches per 24 hours, or lower. In some embodiments, the packaging acts as a moisture barrier having a moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR) of 0.02 g per 100 sq. inches per 24 hours, or lower. In some embodiments, the packaging is constructed from a material having a moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR) 0.02 g per 100 sq. inches per 24 hours, or lower. In some embodiments, the packaging has a moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR) of between 0.002 g per 100 sq. inches per 24 hours and 0.2 g per 100 sq. inches per 24 hours. In some embodiments, the packaging is constructed from a material having a moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR) of between 0.002 g per 100 sq. inches per 24 hours and 0.2 g per 100 sq. inches per 24 hours. In some embodiments, the packaging has an oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of between 0.0001-1 cubic centimeters per 100 sq. inches per 24 hours. In some embodiments, the packaging is constructed from a material having an oxygen transmission rate of between 0.0001-1 cubic centimeters per 100 sq. inches per 24 hours. In some embodiments, the packaging has an oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of between 0.0005-0.06 cubic centimeters per 100 sq. inches per 24 hours. In some embodiments, the packaging is constructed from a material having an oxygen transmission rate of between 0.0005-0.06 cubic centimeters per 100 sq. inches per 24 hours. In some embodiments, the packaging has an oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of 0.06 cubic centimeters per 100 sq. inches per 24 hours, or lower. In some embodiments, the packaging is constructed from a material having an oxygen transmission rate of 0.06 cubic centimeters per 100 sq. inches per 24 hours, or lower. In some embodiments, the packaging has an oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of less than 0.001 cubic centimeters per 100 sq. inches per 24 hours. In some embodiments, the packaging is constructed from a material having an oxygen transmission rate of less than 0.001 cubic centimeters per 100 sq. inches per 24 hours. OTR values described herein are measured at 65% relative humidity and 20 degrees Celsius.

[0100] The packaging can be constructed out of materials suitable for storing a liquid, such as high-density crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE), High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), etc.. [0101]

Methods for improving plant health

[0102] In some embodiments, the invention provides methods of improving plant health comprising heterologously disposing one or more endophytes to a plant element in an effective amount to increase a trait of agronomic importance in the plant derived from the treated plant element relative to a plant derived from a reference plant element. In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes are a component of a treatment formulation. In some embodiments, the one or more endophytes are a component of a synthetic composition. [0103] In some embodiments, the invention provides methods of improving plant health comprising creating any of the synthetic compositions described herein, wherein the synthetic composition comprises any of the plant elements of any of the plants described herein and any of the one or more endophytes described herein. In some embodiments, the synthetic composition comprises any of the treatment formulations described herein and any of the one or more endophytes described herein. In some embodiments, the synthetic composition additionally comprises a growth medium or growth environment. A growth environment is a natural or artificially constructed surrounding capable of supporting life of a plant. In some embodiments, the growth medium is soil. In some embodiments, the growth medium is a culture fluid suitable for propagation of an endophyte or plant tissue culture. In some embodiments, the method comprises a step of applying the synthetic composition to a growth medium. In some embodiments, the synthetic composition is applied before one or more plant elements are placed in or on the growth medium. In some embodiments, the synthetic composition is applied after one or more plant elements are placed in or on the growth medium. In some embodiments, the method comprises a step of germinating the plants. In some embodiments, the method comprises a step of growing the plants. For example, the plants may be grown in the plant vigor assays described in Example 3, greenhouse assessment described in Examples 5-8 or 10-11, or field trials described in Examples 12-13 or 15. In some embodiments, the method comprises a step of growing the plants to maturity. In some embodiments, where the plants are commercially produced, maturity is the stage at which the plant is normally harvested.

[0104] In some embodiments of any of the methods described herein, plant health may be improved for plants in a stress condition. In some embodiments, the stress condition is a biotic or abiotic stress, or a combination of one or more biotic or abiotic stresses. In some embodiments of any of the methods described herein, the stress condition is an abiotic stress selected from the group consisting of: drought stress, salt stress, metal stress, heat stress, cold stress, low nutrient stress (alternately referred to herein as nutrient deficiency or growth in nutrient deficient conditions), and excess water stress, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments of any of the methods described herein, the stress condition is a biotic stress selected from the group consisting of: insect infestation, nematode infestation, complex infection, fungal infection, bacterial infection, oomycete infection, protozoal infection, viral infection, herbivore grazing, and combinations thereof. Stress tolerance is exemplified by improvement of one or more other traits of agronomic importance when compared with a reference plant, reference plant element, or reference population. For example, biotic stress tolerance may be shown by decreased pathogen load of tissues, decreased area of chlorotic tissue, decreased necrosis, improved growth, increased survival, increased biomass, increased shoot height, increased root length, etc. relative to a reference.

Methods for measuring plant health

[0105] The present invention includes methods of measuring plant health, comprising determining the presence or abundance of one or more endophytes in a plant element, growth medium and or growth environment. In some embodiments, the abundance or presence of the one or more endophytes in a plant element in an effective amount to improve a trait of agronomic importance is an indicator of plant health. In some embodiments, the abundance or presence of the one or more endophytes in a growth medium and or growth environment in an effective amount to improve a trait of agronomic importance of a plant element grown in the growth environment or growth medium may be used as a measure or predictor of plant health in a plant grown in that growth environment or growth medium. In some embodiments, the presence or abundance of one or more endophytes in a plant element, growth medium or growth environment can be detected before an improvement of a trait of agronomic importance can otherwise be observed or detected. In some embodiments, the presence or abundance of one or more endophytes is determined by polymerase chain reaction, fluorescence in situ hybridization, or isothermal amplification.

Nucleic acid probes and detection kits

[0106] The present invention includes one or more nucleic acid probes that are markers of improved plant health. These probes include single and double stranded nucleic acids, engineered polymers such as peptide nucleic acids, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, there are a plurality of nucleic acid probes. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid probes are attached to one or more solid supports. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid probes are reversibly attached to one or more solid supports. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid probes are attached to a contiguous solid support. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid probes are attached to a plurality of particles, for example beads. In some embodiments, only one unique sequence is attached to each particle. In some embodiments, nucleic acid probes attached to a solid support are physically separated from non-identical probes by an indentation or raised portion of the solid support. In some embodiments, the invention described herein provides a nucleic acid detection kit comprising any of the plurality of nucleic acid probes described herein.

[0107] In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid probes of the present invention may comprise sequences complementary or reverse complementary to one or more polynucleotide sequences having SEQ ID NOs. 5 or 6. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid probes of the present invention may comprise nucleic acid sequences complementary or reverse complementary to a nucleic acid sequence that is at least 97% identical to one or more polynucleotide sequences having SEQ ID NOs. 5 or 6. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid probes of the present invention may comprise sequences complementary or reverse complementary to the entire length of one or more polynucleotide sequences having SEQ ID NOs. 5 or 6. In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid probes of the present invention may comprise sequences complementary or reverse complementary to a region within one or more polynucleotide sequences having SEQ ID NOs. 5 or 6. In some embodiments, the region to which the nucleic acid probe is complementary or reverse complementary is a contiguous region. In some embodiments, the region to which the nucleic acid probe is complementary or reverse complementary is at least 5 nucleotides (nt) in length, at least 10 nt in length, at least 15 nt, between 10 nt and 30 nt, between 10 and 20 nt, between 15 and 50 nt, at least 20 nt, between 20 and 60 nt, at least 25 nt, at least 30 nt, at least 40 nt, at least 50 nt, between 50 nt and 100 nt, at least 60 nt, at least 70 nt, at least 80 nt, at least 100 nt in length. In some embodiments, the regions to which the nucleic acid probe is complementary or reverse complementary is not a contiguous region. [0108] In some embodiments, a nucleic acid probe is capable of hybridizing to one or more polynucleotide sequences having SEQ ID NOs. 5 or 6, or a reverse complement thereof. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid probe is capable of hybridizing under moderate conditions. “Moderate conditions” are 0.165M-0.330M NaCl and 20-29 degrees Celsius below the melting temperature of the nucleic acid probe. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid probe is capable of hybridizing under stringent conditions. “Stringent conditions” are 0.0165M-0.0330M NaCl and 5-10 degrees Celsius below the melting temperature of the nucleic acid probe.

[0109] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid probes are a component of a nucleic acid detection kit. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid probes are a component of a DNA detection kit. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid detection kit comprises additional reagents. In some embodiments, the contents of the nucleic acid detection kit are utilized in performing DNA sequencing. [0110] In some embodiments, the one or more nucleic acid probes comprises at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 probes.

[0111] The invention will be further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.

EXAMPLES

Example 1. Isolation and identification of endophytes

[0112] Endophytes of the present invention were isolated as described in Table 1 and Table 2.

Table 1. Sources of microbes of the present invention

MICID T Isol 1at !ed1 F rrom I „s.olation _N S_TE_nQ. ID

Tissue NO.

MIC- Peribacillus frigoritolerans (formerly known as „ „ , -

93265 Bacillus simplex) ^{ea mc}'i^{vS ee}

Bacillus subtilis Zea mays Seed g

67569 surface

Table 2. Method of isolating microbes of the present invention

MIC Isolation Method

ID

Seeds were surface sterilized placed in mesh bags placed in arid desert environment in Arizona, USA. Seed surfaces were rinsed with sterile solution and serial dilutions plated on a panel of media types for endophyte cultivation.

Seeds were obtained from agricultural fields in Moosbrunn, Lower Austria, Austria. Seeds were IC" macerated to generate homogenates and the homogenates were plated on tryptic soy agar plates. 93265 Bacteria were harvested by centrifugation.

Phylogenetic and Genomic Analysis of Endophytes

[0113] Phylogenetic and genomic analyses for bacterial strains. According to the manufacturer’s protocol, DNA was extracted from pure cultures using the Omega Mag-Bind Universal Pathogen Kit with a final elution volume of 60/zl (Omega Biotek Inc., Norcross, GA). DNA samples were quantified using a Qubit fluorometer (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) and normalized to 100 ng. DNA was prepared using the Nextera DNA Flex Library Prep Kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA). DNA libraries were quantified via qPCR using the KAPA Library Quantification kit (Roche Sequencing and Life Science, Wilmington, MA) and combined in equimolar concentrations into one 24-sample pool. Libraries were sequenced on a MiSeq using pair-end reads (2x200bp). Reads were trimmed of adapters and low-quality bases using Cutadapt (version 1.9.1) and assembled into contigs using MEGAHIT (version 1.1.2) (Li, D., Liu, C.-M., Luo, R., Sadakane, K., and Lam, T.-W. 2015. MEGAHIT: an ultra-fast single-node solution for large and complex metagenomics assembly via succinct de Bruijn graph. Bioinformatics. 31 : 1674-1676). Reads were mapped to contigs using Bowtie2 (version 2.3.4) (Langmead, B., and Salzberg, S. L. 2012. Fast gapped-read alignment with bowtie 2. Nat Methods. 9 Available at: doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.1923.), and contigs were assembled into scaffolds using BESST (2.2.8) (Sahlin, K., Vezzi, F., Nystedt, B., Lundeberg, J., and Arvestad, L. 2014. BESST-efficient scaffolding of large fragmented assemblies. BMC bioinformatics. 15:281). [0114] Genes for phylogenetic analyses were extracted from genome assemblies using barrnap (Seemann, T. 2019. barrnap 0.9: rapid ribosomal RNA prediction. Available at: github.com/tseemann/barrnap) or blast (Altschul, S. F., Madden, T. L., Schaffer, A. A., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Miller, W., et al. 1997. Gapped BLAST and PSLBLAST: A new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Research. 25:3389-3402). Homologous DNA sequences from types or other, likely correctly identified strains were retrieved from GenBank and aligned using MAFFT (Katoh, K., and Standley, D. M. 2013. MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 30:772-780), or other software. Single or multilocus phylogenetic analyses were performed using PAUP (Swofford, D. L. 2002. PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and Other Methods). Version 4. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates) or similar software.

[0115] 16S rRNA gene sequences were extracted from genome assemblies using barmap (Seemann 2019). Phylogenomic analyses were performed using GToTree (Lee, M. D. 2019. Applications and considerations of GToTree: a user-friendly workflow for phylogenomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics. 15: 1176934319862245) with default settings. Average nucleotide identity analyses were performed using the pyani ANIm algorithm (Richter, M., and Rossell6-M6ra, R. 2009. Shifting the genomic gold standard for the prokaryotic species definition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106: 19126-19131) implemented in the MUMmer package (Kurtz, S., Phillippy, A., Delcher, A. L., Smoot, M., Shumway, M., Antonescu, C., et al. 2004. Versatile and open software for comparing large genomes. Genome biology. 5:R12) retrieved from github.com/widdowquinn/pyani.

[0116] Identification of bacterial strains. A bacteria is identified at the species level, if: its average nucleotide identity (ANI) was >95% to the genome of a single species represented by its type strain downloaded from GenBank. Phylogenomic analyses were also performed if a bacteria had >1 species with >95% ANI, or the gap between the top two ANI hits was < 3%, in this case, the bacteria is identified at the genus and species if it had a single sister group with > 70% bootstrap support.

Identification of endophytes by sequencing of marker genes

[0117] The endophytes were characterized by the sequences of genomic regions. Primers that amplify genomic regions of the endophytes of the present invention are listed in Table 3.

Sanger sequencing was performed at Genewiz (South Plainfield, NJ). Raw chromatograms were converted to sequences, and corresponding quality scores were assigned using TraceTuner v3.0.6beta (US 6,681,186). These sequences were quality filtered, aligned and a consensus sequence generated using Geneious v 8.1.8 (Biomatters Limited, Auckland NZ).

Table 3. Primer sequences useful in identifying microbes of the present invention

SeqID Primer _ Description _ Sequence

1 27f 16S ribosomal RNA AGAGTTTGATYMTGGCTCAG

2 1492r 16S ribosomal RNA GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT

3 515f 16S ribosomal RNA GTGYCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA

4 806r 16S ribosomal RNA GGACTACNVGGGTWTCTAAT

[0118] MIC-93265 was deposited with as Deposit ID ; MIC-67569 was deposited with as Deposit ID .

Example 2. Production of microbial treatments

[0119] Preparation of endophyte biomass', approximately 0.5 ml cryopreserved culture was transferred via pipette into 50-100 ml media in a 125-250 ml seed culture flask with a baffled bottom and aerated lid. The seed flask was incubated at 24C or 30C for a period of 24h to 7 days (depending on the microbial strain). While seed flasks were growing, bioreactors were batched with appropriate growth medium. Following incubation, seed flasks were checked for purity via microscopic examination and used to inoculate bioreactors (at a rate of 0.1- 10%). Bioreactors were run with conditions appropriate for the organism, generally at a pH of 5-7, a temperature of 24-37°C, and an elapsed fermentation time of 24h to 7 days.

Bioreactors were then harvested, and biomass was concentrated to a concentrate (typically 8- 30X) via centrifugation or tangential flow filtration. This concentrate was used for subsequent steps in the process.

Example 3. Formulation of endophyte treatments

Method of treating fertilizer compositions with flow able powder [0120] Flowable powder endophyte compositions comprise talc, mineral oil, desiccant (optionally), and spray dried or solid state fermentation produced endophyte at a concentration of a minimum concentration of 1E7 CFU/g. The fertilizer was placed in a treatment container having at least 50% head space once the fertilizer and flowable powder endophyte composition treatment were been added, in order to allow room for mixing the flowable powder endophyte formulation into the fertilizer treatment. The appropriate mass of flowable powder based on suggested application rate (as described herein, including Table X) was added to the fertilizer composition, the lid secured and the container thoroughly agitated to ensure the endophyte formulation was applied evenly over the fertilizer. If necessary, the flowable powder endophyte composition may be added to an inert solid diluent such as talc in order to increase the mass of the sample being applied to the fertilizer (for example, for compatibility with treatment equipment). Alternately where available, the flowable powder endophyte formulations were applied by scooping the endophyte formulation into the fertilizer as fertilizer was being loaded into the central hopper of the planter/seeder or at the individual row unit. The endophyte formulation was evenly dispersed onto the fertilizer as it filled the hopper or row unit. If applied at the individual row unit, a power drill with an auger bit was used to evenly disperse the flowable powder endophyte composition onto the fertilizer. Alternately where available, the flowable powder endophyte formulations were applied using equipment designed to meter dry products onto fertilizer as they are being transferred up a conveyor or auger either on the farm or at a treatment location. Care was taken such that the product was applied evenly over the fertilizer as it entered the conveyor or auger. Equipment and treatment containers were thoroughly cleaned between each treatment. Treated fertilizer was either applied to the soil as described elsewhere herein, or stored in bags for stability assays described elsewhere herein.

Table 4. Exemplary application rates of flowable powder endophyte compositions.

Application Flowable Powder Flowable Powder Application Flowable Powder Application

Rate Application Rate Rate (g/kg fertilizer) at fertilizer Rate (g/kg fertilizer) at fertilizer (g/hectare) application rate 400 kg/ha application rate 500 kg/ha lx 8.9 0.022 0.017

2x 17.8 0.044 0.035

3x 26.7 0.067 0.053

4x 35.6 0.089 0.071

5x 44.5 0.111 0.089

Method of treating fertilizer compositions with water dispersed endophyte compositions

[0121] Water dispersed endophyte compositions comprise endophyte biomass in liquid fermentation broth that may be diluted in a buffered carrier such as phosphate buffered saline as well as a preservative and/or a pH adjusting agent at a minimum concentration of 1E6 CFU/g. The water dispersed endophyte composition was agitated to mix well before proceeding. If necessary, for example to meet a minimum volume of treatment equipment, water dispersed endophyte formulations were diluted with water in order to increase the volume (mL) of sample being applied to fertilizer, while maintaining the specified dose; water options in order of preference: distilled sterile water, non-chlorinated water or tap water conforming to drinking water standards. The minimum amount of liquid sample needed for fertilizer treatment was determined based on treatment equipment. The amount of water needed to be mixed with the water dispersed endophyte compositions to achieve the minimum amount of liquid sample was calculated. Using a container that allowed for at least 50% head space for the final volume of water dispersed endophyte composition and water, the water dispersed endophyte composition and water were thoroughly agitated to ensure the endophyte was evenly distributed. Depending on the type and availability of treatment equipment/containers the required volume of endophyte treatment (for example, see Table X) was applied directly onto the fertilizer and the treatment container agitated vigorously to the endophyte composition was applied evenly over the fertilizer, or treatment equipment used per standard operating procedures where the required volume of endophyte composition was applied onto the fertilizer using the treatment equipment.

Table 5. Exemplary application rates of water dispersed endophyte compositions.

Application Water Dispersed Water Dispersed Application Water Dispersed Application Rate

Rate Application Rate Rate (g/kg fertilizer) at fertilizer (g/kg fertilizer) at fertilizer

(g/hectare) application rate 400 kg/ha application rate 500 kg/ha lx 32.1 0.08 0.06

2x 64.2 0.16 0.13

3x 96.4 0.24 0.19

4_X 128.5 0.32 0.26

5x 160.6 0.40 0.32

Method of treating seeds with wettable powder formulations

[0122] Wetable powder endophyte formulations comprise endophyte biomass, a clay carrier, sugar, protein, dispersant, and/or surfactant. The volume of seeds was used to determine the volume of endophyte slurry needed for the target dose per seed, where the total slurry comprises 95% water and 5% wettable powder. The calculated volume of water was added to the mix tank, and the endophyte in wettable powder was added to a clean mix tank. The contents of the tank were mixed for five minutes to ensure the powder was well dispersed in the tank. Agitation was maintained in the mix tank during seed treatment to limit setling of the product. The required volume of slurry was then applied to the seeds and the seeds were gently mixed until the slurry was evenly dispersed.

Method of treating seeds with water dispersed formulations

[0123] Water dispersed endophyte formulations comprise endophyte biomass in liquid fermentation broth that may be diluted in a buffered carrier such as phosphate buffered saline as well as a preservative and/or a pH adjusting agent. The volume of seeds was used to determine the volume of endophyte in water dispersion formulation needed for the target dose per seed. The calculated volume of endophyte formulation was added to the seeds in a clean mixing vessel. The seeds and endophyte formulation were mixed for at least 30 seconds to ensure the endophyte formulation was well dispersed on the seeds.

Method of treating seeds with oil dispersed formulations

[0124] Oil dispersion formulations comprise endophyte biomass, a vegetable oil -based carrier, a dispersant, and/or a rheology modifier. The volume of seeds is used to determine the volume of endophyte in oil dispersion formulation needed for the target dose per seed. The oil dispersed endophyte formulation is thoroughly agitated to resuspend the endophyte throughout the formulation. The calculated volume of endophyte formulation is added to the seeds in a clean mixing vessel. The seeds and endophyte formulation are mixed to ensure the endophyte formulation was well dispersed on the seeds.

Method of treating seeds with flowable powder formulations

[0125] Flowable powder endophyte formulations comprise talc, mineral oil, desiccant (optionally), and spray dried or solid state fermentation produced endophyte. The volume of seeds was used to determine the volume of endophyte in a flowable powder formulation needed for the target dose per seed. The seeds to be treated were added to a clean mixing vessel. The calculated volume of endophyte formulation for the desired dose was added to the seeds in a clean mixing vessel. The seeds and endophyte formulation were mixed for at least 30 seconds to ensure the endophyte formulation was well dispersed on the seeds.

Example 4. Additional methods for creating synthetic compositions.

Osmopriming and Hydropriming

[0126] One or more endophytes are inoculated onto seeds during the osmopriming (soaking in polyethylene glycol solution to create a range of osmotic potentials) and/or hydropriming (soaking in de-chlorinated water) process. Osmoprimed seeds are soaked in a polyethylene glycol solution containing one or more endophytes for one to eight days and then air dried for one to two days. Hydroprimed seeds are soaked in water for one to eight days containing one or more endophytes and maintained under constant aeration to maintain a suitable dissolved oxygen content of the suspension until removal and air drying for one to two days. Talc and or flowability polymer are added during the drying process.

Foliar application

[0127] One or more endophytes are inoculated onto aboveground plant tissue (leaves and stems) as a liquid suspension in dechlorinated water containing adjuvants, sticker- spreaders and UV protectants. The suspension is sprayed onto crops with a boom or other appropriate sprayer.

Soil inoculation

[0128] One or more endophytes are inoculated onto soils in the form of a liquid suspension, either; pre-planting as a soil drench, during planting as an in-furrow application, or during crop growth as a side-dress. One or more endophytes are mixed directly into a fertigation system via drip tape, center pivot or other appropriate irrigation system.

Hydroponic and Aeroponic inoculation

[0129] One or more endophytes are inoculated into a hydroponic or aeroponic system either as a powder or liquid suspension applied directly to the rockwool substrate or applied to the circulating or sprayed nutrient solution.

Vector-mediated inoculation

[0130] One or more endophytes are introduced in powder form in a mixture containing talc or other bulking agent to the entrance of a beehive (in the case of bee-mediation) or near the nest of another pollinator (in the case of other insects or birds). The pollinators pick up the powder when exiting the hive and deposit the inoculum directly onto the crop’s flowers during the pollination process.

Root Wash

[0131] The method includes contacting the exterior surface of a plant’s roots with a liquid inoculant formulation containing one or more endophytes. The plant’s roots are briefly passed through standing liquid microbial formulation or liquid formulation is liberally sprayed over the roots, resulting in both physical removal of soil and microbial debris from the plant roots, as well as inoculation with microbes in the formulation.

Seedling Soak

[0132] The method includes contacting the exterior surfaces of a seedling with a liquid inoculant formulation containing one or more endophytes. The entire seedling is immersed in standing liquid microbial formulation for at least 30 seconds, resulting in both physical removal of soil and microbial debris from the plant roots, as well as inoculation of all plant surfaces with microbes in the formulation. Alternatively, the seedling can be germinated from seed in or transplanted into media soaked with the microbe(s) of interest and then allowed to grow in the media, resulting in soaking of the plantlet in microbial formulation for much greater time, for example: hours, days, or weeks. Endophytic microbes likely need time to colonize and enter the plant, as they explore the plant surface for cracks or wounds to enter, so the longer the soak, the more likely the microbes will successfully be installed in the plant.

Wound Inoculation

[0133] The method includes contacting the wounded surface of a plant with a liquid or solid inoculant formulation containing one or more endophytes. Plant surfaces are designed to block entry of microbes into the endosphere, since pathogens attempt to infect plants in this way. One way to introduce beneficial endophytic microbes into plant endospheres is to provide a passage to the plant interior by wounding. This wound can take a number of forms, including pruned roots, pruned branches, puncture wounds in the stem breaching the bark and cortex, puncture wounds in the tap root, puncture wounds in leaves, puncture wounds in the seed allowing entry past the seed coat. Wounds can be made using tools for physical penetration of plant tissue such as needles. Microwounds may also be introduced by sonication. The microbial inoculant, as liquid, as powder, inside gelatin capsules, in a pressurized capsule injection system, or in a pressurized reservoir and tubing injection system, can then be contacted into the wound, allowing entry and colonization by microbes into the endosphere. Alternatively, the entire wounded plant can be soaked or washed in the microbial inoculant for at least 30 seconds, giving more microbes a chance to enter the wound, as well as inoculating other plant surfaces with microbes in the formulation - for example pruning seedling roots and soaking them in inoculant before transplanting is a very effective way to introduce endophytes into the plant. Injection

[0134] The method includes injecting microbes into a plant to successfully install them in the endosphere. Plant surfaces are designed to block entry of microbes into the endosphere, since pathogens attempt to infect plants in this way. To introduce beneficial endophytic microbes to endospheres, we need a way to access the interior of the plant which we can do by puncturing the plant surface with a needle and injecting microbes into the inside of the plant. Different parts of the plant can be inoculated this way including the main stem or trunk, branches, tap roots, seminal roots, buttress roots, and even leaves. The injection can be made with a manual, mechanical, or biological injection system, and through the puncture wound can then be contacted the microbial inoculant as liquid, as powder, inside gelatin capsules, in a pressurized capsule injection system, or in a pressurized reservoir and tubing injection system, allowing entry and colonization by microbes into the endosphere.

Example 5. Viability over time of endophytes in synthetic fertilizer compositions.

[0135] This example describes an exemplary method by which compatibility of synthetic compositions comprising endophytes and fertilizers is evaluated.

[0136] Application rates Fertilizer compositions were granular in form. Four fertilizer compositions were evaluated, their compositions are listed in Tables 6 and 7. Flowable powder (FP) endophyte treatments, prepared as described above, at a target application rate of 3.6 grams per acre. Water dispersal (WD) endophyte treatments, prepared as described above, at a target application rate of 13 grams per acre. Synthetic compositions were prepared using 3 different concentrations of endophyte and fertilizer (% w/w), representing between 5- 50 times application rate of endophyte to seeds. The FP endophyte treatments were prepared as 0.01 % w/w (endophyte/fertilizer), which corresponds to an application rate of 0.15 fluid oz (0.28 dry oz.) of endophyte per hundred weight of fertilizer composition, and 0.10 % w/w, which corresponds to an application rate of 1.54 fluid oz (2.8 dry oz.) of endophyte per hundred weight of fertilizer composition. WD endophyte treatments were prepared as 0.04 % w/w (endophyte/fertilizer), which corresponds to an application rate of 0.62 fluid oz of endophyte per hundred weight of fertilizer composition, and 0.40 % w/w, which corresponds to an application rate of 6.15 fluid oz of endophyte per hundred weight of fertilizer composition. Synthetic compositions were blended and stored at either 22 °C with between 20-60% relative humidity or 30 °C with 80% relative humidity.

Table 6. Composition of Fertilizer Compositions 1 and 2. Component Fertilizer Composition 1 (FC1) Fertilizer Composition 2 (FC2)

Urea 15.44 % 7.84 %

Nitrogen as NH_{4 4 83 o/o 5} ,₂₈ »_/o

(Ammonium)

Phosphorus (P₂O₅) 10.00 % 18.00 %

Potassium (K₂O) 20.00 % 8.00 %

Sulfur (SO₄) 8.00 % 9.80 %

Magnesium (MgO) 2.00 % 2.62 %

Silica (SiO₂) 2.00 % 2.52 %

Iron (Fe) 0.039 ppm 0.026 ppm

Zinc (Zn) 0.40 ppm 0.51 ppm

Manganese (Mn) 0.015 ppm 0.01 ppm

Copper (Cu) 0.007 ppm 0.007 ppm

Boron (B) 0.03 ppm 0.03 ppm

Fulvic Acid 0.8 ppm 0.8 ppm

Table 7. Composition of Fertilizer Compositions 3 and 4

Fertilizer Composition 3 (FC3) Fertilizer Composition 4 (FC4)

Chemical Ammonium Superphosphates, concentrated

Name dihydrogenorthophosphate calcium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate calcium bis(dihydrogenorthophosphate)

Composition 90 -95% Ammonium 73 -77% superphosphates, concentrated dihydrogenorthophosphate calcium bis(dihydrogenorthophosphate)

5 - 10% Ammonium sulphate 1 - 5% phosphoric acid (orthophosphoric acid)

Table 8. Viability of endophytes in synthetic fertilizer compositions.

Value Treatment Condition

Treatment Metric Value Descriptor Formulation Concentration Condition Descriptor

MIC- time to >28 days flowable 0.01% w/w 22 C, FC1

93265 2 log powder (FP) microbe in 40%-60% loss fertilizer relative humidity

MIC- time to >28 days flowable 0.1% w/w 22 C, FC1

93265 2 log powder (FP) microbe in 40%-60% loss fertilizer relative humidity

MIC- time to 168 days flowable 0.01% w/w 30 C, 80% FC1

93265 2 log powder (FP) microbe in relative loss fertilizer humidity Value Treatment Condition

MIC- time to 28 days flowable 0.1% w/w 30 C, 80% FC1

93265 2 log powder (FP) microbe in relative loss fertilizer humidity

MIC- time to >28 days flowable 0.01% w/w 22 C, FC2

93265 2 log powder (FP) microbe in 40%-60% loss fertilizer relative humidity

MIC- time to >28 days flowable 0.1% w/w 22 C, FC2

93265 2 log powder (FP) microbe in 40%-60% loss fertilizer relative humidity

MIC- time to 168 days flowable 0.01% w/w 30 C, 80% FC2

93265 2 log powder (FP) microbe in relative loss fertilizer humidity

MIC- time to 84 days flowable 0.1% w/w 30 C, 80% FC2

93265 2 log powder (FP) microbe in relative loss fertilizer humidity

MIC- time to >28 days water 0.04% w/w 22 C, FC1

93265 2 log dispersion microbe in 40%-60% loss (WD) fertilizer relative humidity

MIC- time to >28 days water 0.4% w/w 22 C, FC1

MIC- time to 112 days water 0.04% w/w 30 C, 80% FC1

93265 2 log dispersion microbe in relative loss (WD) fertilizer humidity

MIC- time to 112 days water 0.4% w/w 30 C, 80% FC1

93265 2 log dispersion microbe in relative loss (WD) fertilizer humidity

MIC- ti^me t° >28 days water 0.04% w/w 22 C, FC2

MIC- time to >28 days water 0.4% w/w 22 C, FC2

MIC- time to 168 days water 0.04% w/w 30 C, 80% FC2

93265 2 log dispersion microbe in relative loss (WD) fertilizer humidity

MIC- time to 84 days water 0.4% w/w 30 C, 80% FC2

93265 2 log dispersion microbe in relative loss (WD) fertilizer humidity

MIC- time to >28 days flowable 0.01% w/w 22 C, FC1

67569 2 log powder (FP) microbe in 40%-60% loss fertilizer relative humidity

MIC- time to >28 days flowable 0.1% w/w 22 C, FC1

67569 2 log powder (FP) microbe in 40%-60% loss fertilizer relative humidity

MIC- time to >181 days flowable 0.01% w/w 30 C, 80% FC1

67569 2 log powder (FP) microbe in relative loss fertilizer humidity Value Treatment Condition

MIC- time to >181 days flowable 0.1% w/w 30 C, 80% FC1

67569 2 log powder (FP) microbe in relative loss fertilizer humidity

MIC- time to >28 days flowable 0.01% w/w 22 C, FC2

67569 2 log powder (FP) microbe in 40%-60% loss fertilizer relative humidity

MIC- time to >28 days flowable 0.1% w/w 22 C, FC2

67569 2 log powder (FP) microbe in 40%-60% loss fertilizer relative humidity

MIC- time to >181 days flowable 0.01% w/w 30 C, 80% FC2

67569 2 log powder (FP) microbe in relative loss fertilizer humidity

MIC- time to 84 days flowable 0.1% w/w 30 C, 80% FC2

67569 2 log powder (FP) microbe in relative loss fertilizer humidity

MIC- time to >28 days flowable 0.01% w/w 22 C, FC3

93265 2 log powder (FP) microbe in 40%-60% loss fertilizer relative humidity

MIC- time to >28 days flowable 0.1% w/w 22 C, FC3

93265 2 log powder (FP) microbe in 40%-60% loss fertilizer relative humidity

MIC- time to >365 days flowable 0.01% w/w 30 C, 80% FC3

93265 2 log powder (FP) microbe in relative loss fertilizer humidity

MIC- time to >365 days flowable 0.1% w/w 30 C, 80% FC3

93265 2 log powder (FP) microbe in relative loss fertilizer humidity

MIC- time to >28 days flowable 0.01% w/w 22 C, FC4

93265 2 log powder (FP) microbe in 40%-60% loss fertilizer relative humidity

MIC- time to >28 days flowable 0.1% w/w 22 C, FC4

93265 2 log powder (FP) microbe in 40%-60% loss fertilizer relative humidity

MIC- time to 56 days flowable 0.01% w/w 30 C, 80% FC4

93265 2 log powder (FP) microbe in relative loss fertilizer humidity

MIC- time to 56 days flowable 0.1% w/w 30 C, 80% FC4

93265 2 log powder (FP) microbe in relative loss fertilizer humidity

MIC- time to >28 days flowable 0.01% w/w 22 C, FC3

67569 2 log powder (FP) microbe in 40%-60% loss fertilizer relative humidity

MIC- time to >28 days flowable 0.1% w/w 22 C, FC3

67569 2 log powder (FP) microbe in 40%-60% loss fertilizer relative humidity

MIC- time to >365 days flowable 0.01% w/w 30 C, 80% FC3

MIC- time to >365 days flowable 0.1% w/w 30 C, 80% FC3

67569 2 log powder (FP) microbe in relative loss fertilizer humidity

MIC- time to >28 days flowable 0.01% w/w 22 C, FC4

67569 2 log powder (FP) microbe in 40%-60% loss fertilizer relative humidity

MIC- time to >28 days flowable 0.1% w/w 22 C, FC4

67569 2 log powder (FP) microbe in 40%-60% loss fertilizer relative humidity

MIC- time to 168 days flowable 0.01% w/w 30 C, 80% FC4

67569 2 log powder (FP) microbe in relative loss fertilizer humidity

MIC- time to 42 days flowable 0.1% w/w 30 C, 80% FC4

67569 2 log powder (FP) microbe in relative loss fertilizer humidity

Example 6. Assessment of improved plant characteristics: Vigor assay

Assay of soybean seedling vigor

[0137] Seed preparation'. The lot quality of soybean seeds is first assessed by testing germination of 100 seeds. Seeds are placed, 8 seeds per petri dish, on filter paper in petri dishes, 12 ml of water is added to each plate and plates are incubated for 3 days at 24°C. The process should be repeated with a fresh seed lot if fewer than 95% of the seeds have germinated. One thousand soybean seeds are then surface sterilized by co-incubation with chlorine gas in a 20 x 30 cm container placed in a chemical fume hood for 16 hours. Percent germination of 50 seeds, per sterilization batch, is tested as above and confirmed to be greater than 95%.

[0138] Preparation of endophyte treatments'. Spore solutions are made by rinsing and scraping spores from agar slants which have been growing for about 1 month. Rinsing is done with 0.05% Silwet. Solutions are passed through Miracloth to filter out mycelia. Spores per ml are counted under a microscope using a hemocytometer. The stock suspension is then diluted into 10^A6 spores/ml utilizing water. 3 pl of spore suspension is used per soy seed (~10^A3 CFUs/seed is obtained). Control treatments are prepared by adding equivalent volumes of sterile water to seeds.

[0139] Assay of seedling vigor'. Two rolled pieces of germination paper are placed in a sterile glass gar with 50 ml sterile water, then removed when completely saturated. Then the papers are separated and inoculated seeds are placed at approximately 1 cm intervals along the length of one sheet of moistened germination paper, at least 2.5 cm from the top of the paper and 3.8 cm from the edge of the paper. The second sheet of is placed on top of the soy seeds and the layered papers and seeds are loosely rolled into a tube. Each tube is secured with a rubber band around the middle and placed in a single sterile glass jar and covered loosely with a lid. For each treatment, three jars with 15 seeds per jar are prepared. The position of jars within the growth chamber is randomized. Jars are incubated at 60% relative humidity, and 22°C day, 18°C night with 12 hours light and 12 hours dark for 4 days and then the lids are removed and the jars incubated for an additional 7 days. Then the germinated soy seedlings are weighed and photographed and root length and root surface area are measured. [0140] Dirt, excess water, seed coats and other debris is removed from seedlings to allow accurate scanning of the roots. Individual seedlings are laid out on clear plastic trays and trays are arranged on an Epson Expression 11000XL scanner (Epson America, Inc., Long Beach CA). Roots are manually arranged to reduce the amount of overlap. For root measurements, shoots are removed if the shape of the shoot causes it to overlap the roots. [0141] The WinRHIZO software version Arabidopsis Pro2016a (Regents Instruments, Quebec Canada) is used with the following acquisition settings: greyscale 4000 dpi image, speed priority, overlapping (1 object), Root Morphology: Precision (standard), Crossing Detection (normal). The scanning area is set to the maximum scanner area. When the scan is completed, the root area is selected and root length and root surface area are measured. [0142] Statistical analysis is performed using R (R Core Team, 2016. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. R-project.org/) or a similar statistical software program.

Assay of corn seedling vigor

[0143] Seed preparation'. The lot quality of corn seeds is first evaluated for germination by transfer of 100 seeds with 3.5 ml of water to a filter paper lined petri dish. Seeds are incubated for 3 days at 24°C. The process should be repeated with a fresh seed lot if fewer than 95% of the seeds have germinated. One thousand corn seeds are then surface sterilized by co-incubation with chlorine gas in a 20 x 30 cm container in a chemical fume hood for 12 hours. Percent germination of 50 seeds, per sterilization batch, is tested as above and confirmed to be greater than 95%.

[0144] Optional reagent preparation: 7.5% PEG 6000 (Calbiochem, San Diego, CA) is prepared by adding 75 g of PEG to 1000 ml of water, then stirred on a warm hot plate until the PEG is fully dissolved. The solution is then autoclaved. [0145] Preparation of endophyte treatments'. Spore solutions are made by rinsing and scraping spores from agar slants which have been growing for about 1 month. Rinsing is done with 0.05% Silwet. Solutions are passed through Miracloth to filter out mycelia. Spores per ml are counted under a microscope using a hemocytometer. The stock suspension is then diluted into 10^A6 spores/ml utilizing water. 3 pl of spore suspension is used per corn seed (~10^A3 CFUs/seed is obtained). Control treatments are prepared by adding equivalent volumes of sterile water to seeds.

[0146] Assay of seedling vigor'. Either 25 ml of sterile water or, optionally, 25 ml of PEG solution as prepared above, is added to each CygTM germination pouch (Mega International, Newport, MN) and place into pouch rack (Mega International, Newport, MN). Sterile forceps are used to place corn seeds prepared as above into every other perforation in the germination pouch. Seeds are fitted snugly into each perforation to ensure they do not shift when moving the pouches. Before and in between treatments forceps are sterilized using ethanol and flame and workspace wiped down with 70% ethanol. For each treatment, three pouches with 15 seeds per pouch are prepared. The germination racks with germination pouches are placed into plastic tubs and covered with perforated plastic wrap to prevent drying. Tubs are incubated at 60% relative humidity, and 22°C day, 18°C night with 12 hours light and 12 hours dark for 6 days to allow for germination and root length growth. Placement of pouches within racks and racks/tubs within the growth chamber is randomized to minimize positional effect. At the end of 6 days the corn seeds are scored manually for germination, root and shoot length.

[0147] Statistical analysis is performed using R or a similar statistical software program.

Assay of wheat seedling vigor

[0148] Seed preparation'. The lot of wheat seeds is first evaluated for germination by transfer of 100 seeds and with 8 ml of water to a filter paper lined petri dish. Seeds are incubated for 3 days at 24°C. The process should be repeated with a fresh seed lot if fewer than 95% of the seeds have germinated. Wheat seeds are then surface sterilized by co-incubation with chlorine gas in a 20 x 30 cm container in a chemical fume hood for 12 hours. Percent germination of 50 seeds, per sterilization batch, is tested as above and confirmed to be greater than 95%.

[0149] Optional reagent preparation: 7.5% polyethylene glycol (PEG) is prepared by adding 75 g of PEG to 1000 ml of water, then stirring on a warm hot plate until the PEG is fully dissolved. The solution is then autoclaved. [0150] Preparation of endophyte treatments'. Spore solutions are made by rinsing and scraping spores from agar slants which have been growing for about 1 month. Rinsing is done with 0.05% Silwet. Solutions are passed through Miracloth to filter out mycelia. Spores per ml are counted under a microscope using a hemocytometer. The stock suspension is then diluted into 10^A6 spores/ml utilizing water. 3 pl of spore suspension is used per wheat seed (~10^A3 CFUs/seed was obtained). Seeds and spores are combined a 50 ml falcon tube and gently shaken for 5-10 seconds until thoroughly coated. Control treatments are prepared by adding equivalent volumes of sterile water to seeds.

[0151] Assay of seedling vigor'. Petri dishes are prepared by adding four sheets of sterile heavy weight seed germination paper, then adding either 50 ml of sterile water or, optionally, 50 ml of PEG solution as prepared above, to each plate then allowing the liquid to thoroughly soak into all sheets. The sheets are positioned and then creased so that the back of the plate and one side wall are covered, two sheets are then removed and placed on a sterile surface. Along the edge of the plate across from the covered side wall 15 inoculated wheat seeds are placed evenly at least one inch from the top of the plate and half an inch from the sides.

Seeds are placed smooth side up and with the pointed end of the seed pointing toward the side wall of the plate covered by germination paper. The seeds are then covered by the two reserved sheets, and the moist paper layers smoothed together to remove air bubbles and secure the seeds, and then the lid is replaced. For each treatment, at least three plates with 15 seeds per plate are prepared. The plates are then randomly distributed into stacks of 8-12 plates and a plate without seeds is placed on the top. The stacks are incubated at 60% relative humidity, and 22°C day, 18°C night with 12 hours light and 12 hours dark for 24 hours, then each plate is turned to a semi-vertical position with the side wall covered by paper at the bottom. The plates are incubated for an additional 5 days, then wheat seeds are scored manually for scored manually for germination, root and shoot length, root and shoot surface area, seedling mass, root and shoot and seedling length.

[0152] Statistical analysis is performed using R or a similar statistical software program.

Assay of rice seedling vigor

[0153] Seed preparation'. The lot of rice seeds is first evaluated for germination by transfer of 100 seeds and with 8 ml of water to a filter paper lined petri dish. Seeds are incubated for 3 days at 24°C. The process should be repeated with a fresh seed lot if fewer than 95% of the seeds have germinated. Rice seeds are then surface sterilized by co-incubation with chlorine gas in a 20 x 30 cm container in a chemical fume hood for 12 hours. Percent germination of 50 seeds, per sterilization batch, is tested as above and confirmed to be greater than 95%. [0154] Optional reagent preparation: 7.5% polyethylene glycol (PEG) is prepared by adding 75 g of PEG to 1000 ml of water, then stirring on a warm hot plate until the PEG is fully dissolved. The solution is then autoclaved.

[0155] Preparation of endophyte treatments'. Spore solutions are made by rinsing and scraping spores from agar slants which have been growing for about 1 month. Rinsing was done with 0.05% Silwet. Solutions are passed through Miracloth to filter out mycelia. Spores per ml are counted under a microscope using a hemocytometer. The stock suspension is then diluted into 10^A6 spores/ml utilizing water. 3 pl of spore suspension is used per rice seed (~10^A3 CFUs/seed was obtained). Seeds and spores are combined in a 50 ml falcon tube and gently shaken for 5-10 seconds until thoroughly coated. Control treatments are prepared by adding equivalent volumes of sterile water to seeds.

[0156] Assay of seedling vigor'. Petri dishes are prepared by adding four sheets of sterile heavy weight seed germination paper, then adding either 50 ml of sterile water or, optionally, 50 ml of PEG solution as prepared above, to each plate then allowing the liquid to thoroughly soak into all sheets. The sheets are positioned and then creased so that the back of the plate and one side wall are covered, two sheets are then removed and placed on a sterile surface. Along the edge of the plate across from the covered side wall 15 inoculated rice seeds are placed evenly at least one inch from the top of the plate and half an inch from the sides.

Seeds are placed smooth side up and with the pointed end of the seed pointing toward the side wall of the plate covered by germination paper. The seeds are then covered by the two reserved sheets, and the moist paper layers smoothed together to remove air bubbles and secure the seeds, and then the lid is replaced. For each treatment, at least three plates with 15 seeds per plate are prepared. The plates are then randomly distributed into stacks of 8-12 plates and a plate without seeds is placed on the top. The stacks are incubated at 60% relative humidity, and 22°C day, 18°C night with 12 hours light and 12 hours dark for 24 hours, then each plate is turned to a semi-vertical position with the side wall covered by paper at the bottom. The plates are incubated for an additional 5 days, then rice seeds are scored manually for germination, root and shoot length.

[0157] Statistical analysis is performed using R or a similar statistical software program.

Example 7. Greenhouse assessment of improved plant characteristics under water deficit [0158] This example describes an exemplary method by which improved plant health of endophyte treated plants may be shown in a growth environment comprising a water deficit. Greenhouse assay setup-. This greenhouse assay is conducted in individual plastic conetainers filled with soil. The soil-filled conetainers for the stress condition are not moistened. The soil-filled conetainers for the non-stress condition are thoroughly moistened by top watering with approximately 5 L of water as well as absorbing water from the bottom of the conetainers (approximately 3 L) for at least 1 hour prior to planting. Stress treatment containers are watered with IL of water immediately before planting. An additional conetainer is prepared for each conetainer to be planted. These conetainers are filled with 30 cc of pea gravel. The soil-filled conetainers are each placed into a gravel filled conetainer (also referred to as a secondary conetainer). This greenhouse assay was conducted using soybean seeds treated with a commercial Bradyrhizobiym seed treatment and Bradyrhizobiym treated seeds are either coated with an endophyte synthetic composition or left untreated as untreated controls (lacking formulation and the one or more heterologously disposed endophyte) as described herein. Seeds are placed into each pot and lightly covered with potting soil. Replicated conetainers of each treatment and stress condition are placed in conetainer racks in a Latin square design. The trays of conetainers are lightly covered and placed in a growth chamber. 48 hours after planting the covers are removed from the trays and all treatments are watered from the top with IL of water. At 48 hours after planting the conetainer tray containing all treatments is watered from the bottom with 3.5L water, such that the water level just reaches the drain holes of the secondary conetainers; and the water level is maintained at this level throughout the experiment. Plants are harvested at 13-14 days post planting. The mass of the root tissue extending from the soil container is trimmed and weighted for each plant, and plant height is observed.

Example 8. Greenhouse assessment of improved plant characteristics under nitrogen deficit

[0159] This example describes an exemplary method by which improved plant health of endophyte treated plants may be shown in a growth environment comprising a nitrogen deficit.

[0160] Greenhouse assay setup-. This greenhouse assay is conducted in individual plastic pots, filled with moistened potting soil. This greenhouse assay is conducted using seeds (optionally, chemically treated) coated with one or more endophytes described herein and formulation control (lacking the one or more heterologously disposed endophytes) and untreated controls (lacking formulation and the one or more heterologously disposed endophyte) as described in Example 4. Seeds are placed onto each pot and lightly covered with potting mix. Replicated pots of each treatment are set up and placed on a greenhouse bench using a random block design. For example, 18 replicates are planted for each treatment and control. Nitrogen deficit is introduced by reducing the Nitrogen in the Hoagland’s solution (3 mM N), which is used to water the plants. Plants are monitored daily for emergence and watered as necessary to maintain a moist but not saturated soil surface (for example, plants are watered with 125 ml Hoagland’s solution (3 mM N) per pot on every Monday, Wednesday and Friday).

[0161] The following growth and vigor metrics are collected for each treatment: percentage emergence at Day 4, 5, 7 (for soybean, winter wheat and cotton) or Day 3, 4, 5 (for corn), leaf count (the number of fully expanded leaves on the main stem) at Days 10, 17 and 24.

[0162] Additional vigor and growth metrics may be collected including shoot height, leaf area, number of chlorotic leaves, chlorophyll content, number of live leaves, etc. At harvest plants are gently removed from pots, washed with tap water to remove dirt, and photographed. Plant tissue is collected for nutrient composition analysis. Plants are put into a paper bag and dried in an oven. Optionally, the plant is separated into shoot and root tissue prior to drying. The dry weight of each individual plant, or shoot or root thereof, is recorded.

Example 9. Greenhouse assessment of improved plant characteristics under phosphorus deficit

[0163] This example describes an exemplary method by which improved plant health of endophyte treated plants may be shown in a growth environment comprising a phosphorus deficit.

[0164] This greenhouse assay is conducted in individual plastic pots, filled with moistened potting soil. This greenhouse assay is conducted using seeds (optionally, chemically treated) coated with one or more endophytes described herein and formulation control (lacking the one or more heterologously disposed endophytes) and untreated controls (lacking formulation and the one or more heterologously disposed endophyte) as described in Example 4. Seeds are placed onto each pot and lightly covered with potting mix. Replicated pots of each treatment are set up and placed on a greenhouse bench using a random block design. For example, 16 replicates are planted for each treatment and control. Phosphorus deficit is introduced by removing Phosphorus from the Hoagland’s solution (0 mM P), which is used to water the plants. Plants are monitored daily for emergence and watered as necessary to maintain a moist but not saturated soil surface (for example, plants are watered with 125 ml Hoagland’s solution (0 mM P) per pot on every Monday, Wednesday and Friday).

[0165] The following growth and vigor metrics are collected for each treatment: percentage emergence at Day 4, 5, 7 (for soybean, winter wheat and cotton) or Day 3, 4, 5 (for corn), leaf count (the number of fully expanded leaves on the main stem) at Days 10, 17 and 24.

[0166] Additional vigor and growth metrics may be collected including shoot height, leaf area, coloration of leaves, number of live leaves, etc. At harvest plants are gently removed from pots, washed with tap water to remove dirt, and photographed. Plant tissue is collected for nutrient composition analysis. Plants are put into a paper bag and dried in an oven. Optionally, the plant is separated into shoot and root tissue prior to drying. The dry weight of each individual plant, or shoot or root thereof, is recorded.

Example 10. Greenhouse assessment of improved plant health under biotic stress

[0167] This example describes an exemplary method by which improved plant health of endophyte treated plants may be shown in a growth environment comprising the crop pathogen Rhizoctonia solani and/or Pythium uhimum. one of the causal agents of seedling damping off disease. This assay may utilize dicots or monocots, including, for example, soybean or wheat.

[0168] Preparation of pathogen inoculum A stock of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 4 o Pythium ultimum var. ultimum is grown on a standard potato dextrose agar plate. Plugs of fresh mycelium are then transferred into standard potato dextrose broth. After sufficient growth is achieved, the culture is poured though cheesecloth to capture the fungal biomass, which is subsequently rinsed with water. After removing excess rinsate, a roughly equivalent volume of water is added to the fungal biomass before blending to create a slurry. The resulting slurry is further diluted to the required concentration necessary to observe desired level of symptoms.

[0169] Greenhouse assay setup The greenhouse assay is conducted in a commercial potting mix. A divot is placed in the center of a pot containing wetted soil using a standardized dibble. An appropriate volume of slurry is added to the center of each divot. An equivalent volume of water is added for control treatments.

[0170] This greenhouse assay is conducted using seeds (optionally, chemically treated) coated with one or more endophytes described herein and formulation control (lacking the one or more heterologously disposed endophytes) and untreated controls (lacking formulation and the one or more heterologously disposed endophyte). Seeds are placed onto each divot after addition of the inoculum. The seeds are then covered with uninoculated soil and again watered. High soil moisture levels are maintained throughout the course of the experiment. Enough replicates are included in a randomized design to obtain sufficient statistical power for analysis. Plants are grown in a controlled environment until approximately 4 days post emergence of control plants. Two metrics are measured on a per plant basis: emergence and shoot fresh weight. A visual rating of per plant disease symptoms may also be applied.

Example 11. Greenhouse assessment of improved plant health under biotic stress

[0171] This example describes an exemplary method by which improved plant health of endophyte treated plants may be shown in a growth environment comprising the crop pathogen Fusarium sp., one of the causal agents of seedling damping off disease. This assay may utilize dicots or monocots, including, for example, soybean or wheat.

[0172] Preparation of Fusarium sp. inoculum A stock of Fusarium sp. is grown on a standard potato dextrose agar plate. Plugs of fresh mycelium are then transferred into breathable bag containing a sterile mixture of water and grain such as sorghum or millet. After sufficient growth is achieved, the culture is removed from the bags and dried. After drying the biomass is coarsely ground.

[0173] Greenhouse assay setup The greenhouse assay is conducted in a media mixture consisting of a commercial potting mix and a minimum of 50% inert inorganic material such as calcined clay or vermiculite or pearlite. An appropriate volume of ground pathogen is added to the soil mixture to obtain desired level of symptoms.

[0174] This greenhouse assay is conducted using seeds (optionally, chemically treated) coated with one or more endophytes described herein and formulation control (lacking the one or more heterologously disposed endophytes) and untreated controls (lacking formulation and the one or more heterologously disposed endophyte). A seed is added to the surface of the infested media. The seed is then covered with media lacking pathogen and again watered. High soil moisture levels are maintained throughout the course of the experiment. Enough replicates are included in a randomized design to obtain sufficient statistical power for analysis. Plants are grown in a controlled environment until approximately 4 days post emergence of control plants. At this point, two metrics are measured on a per plant basis: emergence and shoot fresh weight. A visual rating of per plant disease symptoms may also be applied. Example 12. In vitro Assessment of Production of Antibiotic Metabolites Using Live

Endophyte Cultures

[0175] This example describes an exemplary method by which microbes may be shown to inhibit the growth of hyphal phytopathogens in vitro. Such phytopathogens can be members of the “true” fungi, phylum Eumycola. or from other taxonomic groups with a similar growth habit such as members of the phylum Oomycota. Hyphal growth can be described as organism growth along thread-like structures composed of connected cells. Such growth is found commonly among fungi and oomycetes, and even some genera of bacteria. In this assay, the hyphal growth should be in a roughly uniform, radial manner. This assay is comprised of a Petri plate containing an agar-based media and a hyphal phytopathogen grown concomitantly a live endophyte.

[0176] Testing with live endophyte cultures

[0177] Preparation of Hyphal Phytopathogen A Petri plate containing a media suitable for the growth of the target hyphal pathogen is inoculated with the target hyphal pathogen. The initial inoculum should be from an axenic culture, but non-axenic cultures containing stable endophytes may also be used. Any media can be used that supports healthy growth of the hyphal pathogen. After inoculation on the media-containing Petri plate, the culture is allowed to grow until reaching the edge of the Petri plate. A test pathogen sample will be collected from this plate.

[0178] Preparation of the test sample A microbial sample for testing, also referred to as a test sample, can be produced in multiple ways. For testing the effect of a colony forming microbe, a liquid culture is commonly created, or a small sample from an agar plate can be collected. For testing of a live, hyphal microbe, the method described in Preparation of Hyphal Phytopathogen may also be used for test sample production. Alternatively, a liquid culture of either type of microbe can be grown, and viable material is removed by various methods including, but not limited to, filtration or autoclaving. This later method of testing a non-viable test sample is best used when the test microbe displays a much faster rate of radial growth than the hyphal pathogen being tested. This later method is also more sensitive at differentiating between the passive production of antimicrobial metabolites versus an active biological process such a mycophagy.

[0179] Assay Set-Up A Petri dish containing a solid agar test media is obtained. This will be referred to as the test plate. A sterile instrument is used to remove a test pathogen plug from the hyphal pathogen plate culture described in Preparation of Hyphal Phytopathogen. This test pathogen plug is placed on a fresh solid agar plate. Next a test sample is applied to the test plate at a distance such that the test sample and test plate come into physical contact after more than one day of growth. If testing a live hyphal microbe, a similar plug is placed on the test plate. If testing a live colony-forming microbe, a drop of liquid culture or re-suspended agar plate-grown sample is applied to the test plate. For assaying a non-viable test sample, an agar plug is removed from the test plate using a sterile instrument to create a well to hold the test sample. The well is then filled with the non-viable test sample, and the sample is absorbed into the agar media.

[0180] Use of Multiple Growth Media Test microbe growth under various environmental conditions are expected to result in differential production of metabolites. Similarly, pathogens grown under various environmental conditions are expected to show differential sensitivity to those metabolites. For this reason, this assay is performed on multiple media types. Medias are chosen to vary important growth inputs such as carbon source, presence and concentration of various salts, and presence of extracts from different plant species or organs.

[0181] Assessment After setting up, hyphal pathogens are allowed to grow for sufficient time such that the hyphal front meets or just passes the test sample. In cases where anti-pathogen metabolites are produced and secreted, a restriction of growth of the hyphal front around the test sample is commonly observed. Often this will also result in an area of clearing around the test sample. In these cases, the morphology of the hyphal pathogen near the test sample will often also be dissimilar from areas away from the test sample. Alternatively, when antipathogen metabolites are not produced and secreted, the hyphal pathogen will grow over the test sample with little to no visible effect on growth.

Example 13. In vitro Assessment of Production of Antibiotic Metabolites Using Filtered or Dead Endophyte Cultures

[0182] This example describes an exemplary method by which microbes may be shown to produce metabolites that inhibit the growth of hyphal phytopathogens in vitro. Such phytopathogens can be members of the “true” fungi, phylum Eumycola. or from other taxonomic groups with a similar growth habit such as members of the phylum Oomycota. Hyphal growth can be described as organism growth along thread-like structures composed of connected cells. Such growth is found commonly among fungi and oomycetes, and even some genera of bacteria. In this assay, the hyphal growth should be in a roughly uniform, radial manner. This assay is comprised of a Petri plate containing an agar-based media and a hyphal phytopathogen grown in the presence of the spent media from a previously grown endophyte.

[0183] Preparation of Hyphal Phytopathogen A Petri plate containing a media suitable for the growth of the target hyphal pathogen is inoculated with the target hyphal pathogen. The initial inoculum should be from an axenic culture, but non-axenic cultures containing stable endophytes may also be used. Any media can be used that supports healthy growth of the hyphal pathogen. After inoculation on the media-containing Petri plate, the culture is allowed to grow until reaching the edge of the Petri plate. A test pathogen sample will be collected from this plate.

[0184] Preparation of the test sample A microbial sample for testing, also referred to as a test sample, can be produced in multiple ways. A liquid culture of hyphal or colony forming microbe is grown in liquid culture, and viable material is removed by various methods including, but not limited to, filtration. Alternately, or in addition to filtration a test sample may be autoclaved and a non-viable test sample may be used. This later method of testing a non-viable test sample is used when the test microbe displays a much faster rate of radial growth than the hyphal pathogen being tested, to identify production of antimicrobial metabolites, for example not as a part an active biological process such a mycophagy.

[0185] Assay Set-Up A Petri dish containing a solid agar test media is obtained. This will be referred to as the test plate. A sterile instrument is used to remove a test pathogen plug from the hyphal pathogen plate culture and placed on the test plate. For assaying a non-viable test sample, an agar plug is removed from the test plate using a sterile instrument to create a well to hold the test sample. The well is then filled with the non-viable test sample, and the sample is absorbed into the agar media. A chemical compound capable of impeding the growth of the pathogen is included as a control.

[0186] Use of Multiple Growth Media Pathogens grown under various environmental conditions are expected to show differential sensitivity to those metabolites. For this reason, this assay is performed on multiple media types. Medias are chosen to vary important growth inputs such as carbon source, presence and concentration of various salts, and presence of extracts from different plant species or organs.

[0187] Assessment After setting up, hyphal pathogens are allowed to grow for sufficient time such that the hyphal front meets or just passes the test sample. In cases where anti-pathogen metabolites are produced and secreted, a restriction of growth of the hyphal front around the test sample is commonly observed. Often this will also result in an area of clearing around the test sample. In these cases, the morphology of the hyphal pathogen near the test sample will often also be dissimilar from areas away from the test sample. Alternatively, when antipathogen metabolites are not produced and secreted, the hyphal pathogen will grow over the test sample with little to no visible effect on growth.

Example 14. Nematode Egg Inoculum Preparation

[0188] This example describes an exemplary method for obtaining nematode eggs for use in stock population maintenance, in planta screening assays, and for hatching for in vitro assays. The nematode species utilized are Meloidogyne incognita (Southern root-knot nematode, “RKN”), Heterodera glycines (Soybean cyst nematode, “SCN”), and Rotylenchulus reniformis (Reniform nematode, “REN”). Populations of nematodes may be obtained, for example from a stock crop of corn for RKN, cotton for REN, and soybean for SCN.

[0189] Experimental Preparation Eggs are extracted from nematode stock crops; RKN and REN are collected from plants that are -60-75 days old, and SCN is collected from plants that are -70-85 days old. The above ground biomass is removed and discarded. Take necessary precautions to prevent cross contamination of nematode species if multiple are to be extracted.

[0190] RKN and REN Egg Extraction from Roots Soil is washed from the roots of infected stock crops and the roots are placed in a prepared container. To extract the nematodes 0.625 % NaOCl solution is added to the container and the roots are agitated for 4 minutes using an orbital shaker set at approximately 100-120 rpm.

[0191] The NaOCl extraction solution is then poured through an 8” diameter 25 pm pore sieve with an 8” diameter 75 pm pore sieve stacked on top to sift out debris. The roots are manually scrubbed over the sieve stack while running water over them. Alternately the roots are placed in a blender with water and pulsed until macerated. If using a blender, the contents are poured back through the sieve stack. The 75 pm pore sieve is rinsed into the 25 pm pore sieve. Eggs are captured on the 25 pm pore sieve. The 25 pm pore sieve is held at an angle and gently rinsed with water to collect all the eggs into a small pool at the bottom. The eggs are carefully collected into a storage container using a wash bottle.

[0192] SCN Cyst Extraction from Soil. Soil is washed from the roots of infected stock crops and collected the soil and rinse water are collected in a small bucket. The roots are manually scrubbed to remove cysts that remain visibly stuck to the roots. Eight inch sieves are stacked on top of a separate small bucket. An 850 pm pore sieve is on top and a 250 pm pore sieve is underneath. The collected soil and rinse water are mixed and then allowed to settle for 3 seconds before the liquid portion of the soil mixture is poured through the sieve stack. Water is added to the retained soil, and the mixing, settling, and pouring steps are repeated. After the second wash the remaining soil is discarded.

[0193] The 850 m pore sieve is rinsed into the 250 gm pore sieve. Cysts are captured on the 250 gm pore sieve. The 250 gm pore sieve is held at an angle and gently rinsed with water to collect all the eggs into a small pool at the bottom. The cysts are carefully collected into a storage container using a wash bottle, using a minimal amount of water.

[0194] SCN Egg Extraction from Cysts Collected cysts are placed into a mortar, and thoroughly ground using a pestle. A 8” 75 gm pore sieve is stacked on top of an 8” 25 gm pore sieve and the mortar contents are washed through the sieves. The eggs are collected from the 25 gm pore sieve by rinsing the 75 gm pore sieve into the 25 gm pore sieve. Eggs are captured on the 25 gm pore sieve. The 25 gm pore sieve is held at an angle and gently rinsed with water to collect all the eggs into a small pool at the bottom. The eggs are carefully collected into a storage container using a wash bottle. The cyst mixture remaining on the 75pm pore sieve is collected again and the grinding, sieving, and rinsing steps are repeated until the cysts are extracted.

[0195] Egg Centrifugation Eggs are further separated from small debris by centrifugation with sucrose. A sucrose solution is made by adding 495 g of white cane sugar into a IL bottle and filling up to the IL measurement with DI water. The mixture is stored at 4 °C until ready to use. Approximately 25 ml of sucrose solution is added to each 50 ml conical tube. Then the egg inoculum is mixed to evenly distribute eggs and the inoculum poured into the prepared conical tubes until the total inoculum volume is distributed. The tubes are then centrifuged at 1040 rpm for 1 minute. Nematode eggs float at the top of the solution in the centrifuged tubes. A sieve stack is made using 3” diameter sieves, with a 75 gm pore sieve on top of a 25 gm pore sieve. The top half of the tube contents is poured though the sieves and rinsed with water to wash away the sugar solution. The eggs are collected from the 25 gm pore sieve by rinsing the 75 gm pore sieve into the 25 gm pore sieve. Eggs are captured on the 25 gm pore sieve. The 25 gm pore sieve is held at an angle and gently rinsed with water to collect all the eggs into a small pool at the bottom. The eggs are carefully collected into a storage container using a wash bottle. The eggs are enumerated at 40 x magnification using an inverted microscope. Eggs to be used for in planta screening are standardized to 2000 eggs/mL.

Example 15. In-vitro Nematode Supernatant Assay [0196] RKN and SCN eggs are collected as described above. A hatching environment is prepared by lining a small sterile container with a clean wood fiber based delicate task tissue and saturating the tissue with deionized water. The collected eggs are mixed with a sugar solution and centrifuged at 240 g for one minute. The supernatant containing the eggs is poured through a 25 m pore sieve. Approximately 250,000 to 500,000 eggs are added to the prepared hatching environment, and the hatching environment is incubated at 30 °C and shaken at 25 rpm in the dark. Deionized water is added to the hatching environment to ensure the water level does not fall to below the tissue, and at least every 3 days to ensure proper oxygenation. After 6 days, hatched second stage juveniles (J2) are rinsed through a stack of 45 pm and 25 gm sieves that have been previously sprayed with 70% ethanol and rinsed with deionized water. Sterilized deionized water is used to collected J2 from the 45 gm pore sieve into a sterile 100 mL glass beaker, and J2 concentration standardized to 30 ± 5 per 10 gL with sterile deionized water. A control treatment is prepared by adding 2 gL abamectin to 78 gL of sterile deionized water per replicate.

[0197] In-vitro Supernatant Screening Protocol Ten pL of the prepared J2 suspension is added to wells of a 96 well half area plate. One abamectin control is added to each plate. Additionally one negative control (media lacking endophyte) is prepared for each plate. Sterilized deionized water and then endophyte supernatant (Total volume: 80 gL) are aliquoted in each treatment well of the 96 well plate to desired supernatant percentage. In a fume hood, 80 gL of the prepared abamectin is added into active wells of Control Plate. 10 gL of propidium iodide (0.2 mM) is added to reach a final concentration of 20 pM. Total well volume should equal 100 gL. Plates are sealed with a breathable membrane and stored in the dark at room temperature for 48 hours.

[0198] Intensity of propidium iodide in each well is measured using the propidium iodide filter on a BioTek Cytation 5 Cell Imaging Multimode Reader (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The intensity of propidium iodide (which binds to dead cells) is proportional to the mortality of the incubated nematodes.

Example 16. Greenhouse assessment of improved plant health under biotic stress (soybean cyst nematode)

[0199] This example describes an exemplary method by which improved plant health of endophyte treated plants may be shown in a growth environment comprising the crop pest soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines). [0200] Greenhouse assays are conducted using soybean seeds (treated with Bradyrhizobium at half commercially applicable application rate) coated with one or more of the endophytes described herein and formulation control (lacking the one or more heterologously disposed endophytes), chemical controls (a commercially available chemical nematicide), and nostress controls (lacking the one or more heterologously disposed endophyte, plants not grown under stress conditions). All seeds are treated with a half strength Bradyrhizobium prior to endophyte treatment. Each endophyte treatment and each control was replicated fourteen times.

[0201] Bradyrhizobium treatment is prepared by adding 60 pL of Bradyrhizobium (normalized to a concentration to 10^A6 CFU per mL) to 16 pL of microbial extender comprising sugars, proteins, oil, an emulsifier, and 72 pL sterile deionized water. Seeds are treated 100 at a time by adding 18 pL of the Bradyrhizobium treatment, shaking the seeds to ensure even distribution of the Bradyrhizobium treatment. Endophyte treatments are normalized to a concentration to 10^A6 CFU per mL, and 3 pL per soybean seed endophyte solution is added to each batch of 100 seeds and well mixed.

[0202] Sand growing media is prepared for the conetainers by thoroughly combining 10.5 L sand, 100 mL garden lime, and 900 mL of water in a cement mixer. When thoroughly mixed, the sand mixture is dispensed to each conetainer to obtain the needed number of conetainers. The conetainer is placed in a deep pan and water is added until the soil in the cones is saturated. One soybean seed is planted 1.5 cm deep in each conetainer.

[0203] Eggs are extracted from nematode population stock pots and diluted to approximately 8000 eggs/mL for new screening, or 4000 eggs/mL for repeated assays. A repeater pipette is used to mix the sample. One ml containing the suspended nematode eggs is pipetted into each cone at planting. The containers are covered in plastic wrap and moved to a growth chamber. Plastic is removed after 1-2 days and automated irrigation begun. Plants are grown for approximately 28-32 days.

[0204] Phenotyping is performed as follows. A Phenospex automated phenotyping system (Phenoxpex, Heerlen, The Netherlands) is used to scan plants. 14 plants per treatment are placed the appropriate locations (to match the 2x7 layout) in a set of empty conetainers on a table under the camera unit. The plants are adjusted so that leaves do not overlap of fall outside the frame. A scan is be initiated from the computer and each scan reviewed to ensure no overlapping images, and the time of the scan, experiment number, and plant plot numbers (a unique plant identifier corresponding to a specific treatment) for the scan are recorded. [0205] After all scans are complete the image data would is exported from the Phenospex. The data included are ND VI average, PSRI average, ND VI plant, Digital Biomass, and Greenness Average. The measurements for individual plants for each treatments are averaged.

Example 17. Greenhouse assessment of improved plant health under biotic stress (soybean aphid)

[0206] This example describes an exemplary method by which improved plant health of endophyte treated plants may be shown in a growth environment comprising the crop pest soybean aphid (Aphis glycines).

[0207] Greenhouse assays are conducted using soybean seeds (optionally, chemically treated soybean seeds) coated with one or more of the endophytes described herein and formulation control (lacking the one or more heterologously disposed endophytes) and untreated controls (lacking formulation and the one or more heterologously disposed endophyte) as described in herein. Microbe treated soybean seeds are planted, infected with soybean aphids (Aphis glycines), maintained in grow rooms, and phenotyped.

[0208] In one embodiment, the following method is used. 98 cones are placed in each cone- tainer to obtain the needed number of cone-tainers. Masks are placed over cones and cones are filled with potting medium or soil. The cone-tainer is place in a deep pan and water is added until the soil in the cones is saturated. One soybean seed is planted in each cone-tainer. Each cone-tainer is placed in a growth tub and watered.

[0209] A community of soybean aphids is maintained on a stock of soybean plants. To prepare for infestation of the experimental plants, leaves are removed from infested soybean plants from the stock community. One or more leaves are examined under a stereoscope to make sure the aphids are alive and vigorous. Infested leaf cutlets are placed in square plates to maintain leaves alive until the treatment plants are infested with aphids. In some embodiments, 20 infested leaf cutlets are used per each 98 cone tray used in the experiment. The infested leaf cutlets are introduced to the growth environment of the experimental plants at planting or the desired number of days after planting, in some embodiments, 9 days after planting. The experimental cone-tainers are infested following an infestation pattern to allow for aphid choice feeding in planta. The infested experimental plants are maintained in their growth environment until phenotyping. [0210] The plants may be phenotyped at one or more times after infestation, for example 1 day, 4 days, 7 days or more after infestation. Measurement of one or more traits of agronomic importance is performed as follows. The height of each plant is measured, e.g., by placing the ruler on the lip of a cell and measuring the plant’s height to the nearest millimeter or using an automated tool such as a Phenospex PlantEye 3D laser scanner (Phenospex B.V., Heerlen, The Netherlands) . Other traits of agronomic importance may be measured either manually or using a tool such as the Phenospex PlantEye 3D laser scanner, for example the greenness of the plants and the leaf and/or above ground plant area. The mass of each plant may be measured for example via destructive sampling, e.g., by cutting the plant at the soil surface, placing the shoot in the weighing container, allowing the weight to stabilize, and autorecording the mass via the scale’s software. The experimental plants may be maintained through their reproductive stages, and traits of agronomic importance such as number of flowers, number of pods and number of seeds per pod may be measured.

Example 18. Field assessment of improved plant health of soy under biotic stress

[0211] This example describes an exemplary method by which improved plant health of endophyte treated plants may be shown in a growth environment comprising the crop pests root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita), Reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis), and, opportunistically, the fungal pathogen Fusarium virguliforme .

[0212] Field trials are conducted using seeds (e.g. cotton, soy, corn, wheat, etc. optionally chemically treated) coated with one or more of the endophytes described herein and formulation control (lacking the one or more heterologously disposed endophytes) and untreated controls (lacking formulation and the one or more heterologously disposed endophyte) as described herein. Plots for in-field assessment harbor populations of root knot nematode and Reniform nematode, respectively, at an approximately 1.0+E04 eggs per gram of fresh root weight. Opportunistically, these plots are infected with natural inoculum of Fusarium virguliforme, the causal agent of Fusarium SDS. Replicate plots, preferably at least 4 replicate plots, are planted per endophyte or control treatment in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consists of a 7.62 m (25 ft.) by 0.76 m (2.5 ft.) row. The following growth metrics are measured: percent emergence at 14 days post planting, standing count at 28 and 45 days post planting, plant vigor at 14, 28, and 45 days post planting, plant height at 45 days post planting, fresh shoot weight, fresh root weight, disease rating at a 0-3 scale (3 denotes strong disease symptoms) using the split-root scoring system at 45 days post planting, nematode count at 45 days post planting, and yield parameters. [0213] At the end of the field trial employing endophyte treatment and control treatment plants, plants (preferably at least 4 plants) are randomly dug out from each row, kept in a plastic bag, and brought back to lab for metric measurements. For each seedling, shoot and root are separated by cutting the seedling 3 cm from the first branch of the root. The heights of the separated shoot of each plant are measured, followed by fresh shoot weight, and fresh root weight. The main root is vertically split into two halves and discoloration of xylem is scored as described above. To extract and count nematode eggs on root, roots are placed in a container prefilled with 100 ml 10% sucrose and incubated on a shaker at room temperature overnight. The supernatant is then collected and nematode eggs are counted under a stereomicroscope.

[0214] Summary statistics are generated using ggplot2 package of R (R Core Team, 2016. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. R-project.org/).

Example 19. Field assessment of improved plant health

[0215] This example describes an exemplary method by which improved plant health of endophyte treated plants may be shown.

Cotton, soy, corn, wheat

[0216] Field trials are conducted using seeds (e.g. cotton, soy, wheat, etc. optionally chemically treated) coated with one or more of the endophytes described herein and formulation control (lacking the one or more heterologously disposed endophytes) and untreated controls (lacking formulation and the one or more heterologously disposed endophyte) as described herein. The following growth metrics are measured: percent emergence at 14 days post planting, standing count at 28 and 45 days post planting, plant vigor at 14, 28, and 45 days post planting, plant height at 45 days post planting, fresh shoot weight, fresh root weight, and yield parameters.

[0217] Summary statistics are generated using ggplot2 package of R (R Core Team, 2016. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. R-project.org/).

Corn - 2021

[0218] Eleven field trials were conducted across 9 locations to test the effect of fertilizer compositions with or without MIC-93265 on the yield of com plants. The fertilizer composition comprising MIC-93265 was heterologously disposed to a fertilizer composition (Table 9) at five doses: 8.9 g MIC-93265/hectare, 17.8 g MIC-93265/hectare, 26.7 g MIC- 93265/hectare, 35.6 g MIC-93265/hectare, and 44.5 g MIC-93265/kg fertilizer. Two control treatments were also prepared: a reference biological product was combined with the same fertilizer composition (“Biological Control”), and a treatment comprising only fertilizer composition. In all treatments the fertilizer was applied at a rate of 500 kg/hectare, 5 cm below and 5 cm beside the seed furrow at the time of planting. The average yield across locations of corn treated with fertilizer only was 11,599 kg/ha. Results are shown in Fig. 6 and Table 10.

Table 9. Components of the fertilizer composition.

Table 10. Average yield of com treated with endophyte + fertilizer compositions.

Corn - 2022

[0219] Replicated field trials are conducted across multiple locations to test the effect of fertilizer compositions with or without MIC-67569 on yield. Corn is treated with fertilizer compositions comprising MIC-67569 heterologously disposed to a fertilizer composition at three doses, and yield of endophyte + fertilizer treated corn plants compared to yield of corn plants receiving fertilizer alone. Fertilizer treatments are applied 5 cm below and 5 cm beside the seed furrow at the time of planting at three rates: 500 kg/hectare (100% fertilizer application rate), 425 kg/hectare (85% fertilizer application rate), and 350 kg/hectare (70% fertilizer application rate). MIC-67569+Fertilizer comprises MIC-67569 heterologously disposed to a fertilizer composition at three doses: 45 g MIC-67569/hectare, 27 g MIC- 67569/hectare, and 9 g MIC-67569/hectare. One or more nitrogen side dress applications are made, for example at V4, V6, V8, or combinations of the above. Application of endophytes within fertilizer compositions can reduce the total amount of fertilizer required to achieve yield improvements.

Example 20. Method of determining seed nutritional quality trait component: Fat

[0220] Seed samples from harvested plants are obtained as described herein. Analysis of fat is conducted on replicate samples according to the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists Reference Method AOAC 920.39, of the Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 20th Edition (2016), herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Samples are weighed onto filter paper, dried, and extracted in hot hexane for 4 hrs. using a Soxlhet system. Oil is recovered in pre-weighed glassware, and % fat is measured gravimetrically. Mean percent changes between the treatment (endophyte-treated seed) and control (seed treated with the formulation but no endophyte) are calculated.

Example 21. Method of determining seed nutritional quality trait component: Ash

[0221] Seed samples from harvested plants are obtained as described herein. Analysis of ash is conducted on replicate samples according to the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists Reference Method AOAC 920.39, of the Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 20th Edition (2016). Samples are weighed into pre-weighed crucibles, and ashed in a furnace at 600°C for 3hr. Weight loss on ashing is calculated as % ash. Mean percent changes between the treatment (one or more heterologously disposed endophytes) and control (lacking the one or more heterologously disposed endophytes) with the formulation but no endophyte are calculated

Example 22. Method of determining seed nutritional quality trait component: Fiber

[0222] Seed samples from harvested plants are obtained as described herein. Analysis of fiber is conducted on replicate samples according to the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists Reference Method AOAC 920.39, of the Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 20th Edition (2016). Samples are weighed into filter paper, defatted and dried, and hydrolyzed first in acid, then in alkali solution. The recovered portion is dried, weighed, ashed at 600°C, and weighed again. The loss on ashing is calculated as % Fiber. Mean percent changes between the treatment (one or more heterologously disposed endophytes) and control (lacking the one or more heterologously disposed endophytes) with the formulation but no endophyte are calculated.

Example 23. Method of determining seed nutritional quality trait component: Moisture

[0223] Seed samples from harvested plants are obtained as described herein. Analysis of moisture is conducted on replicate samples according to the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists Reference Method AOAC 920.39, of the Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 20th Edition (2016). Samples are weighed into pre-weighed aluminum dishes, and dried at 135°C for 2hrs. Weight loss on drying is calculated as % Moisture. Mean percent changes between the treatment (one or more heterologously disposed endophytes) and control (lacking the one or more heterologously disposed endophytes) with the formulation but no endophyte are calculated.

Example 24. Method of Determining Seed Nutritional Quality Trait Component: Protein

[0224] Seed samples from harvested plants are obtained as described herein. Analysis of protein is conducted on replicate samples according to the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists Reference Method AOAC 920.39, of the Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 20th Edition (2016). Samples are combusted and nitrogen gas is measured using a combustion nitrogen analyzer (Dumas). Nitrogen is multiplied by 6.25 to calculate % protein. Mean percent changes between the treatment (one or more heterologously disposed endophytes) and control (lacking the one or more heterologously disposed endophytes) with the formulation but no endophyte) are calculated. Example 25. Method of determining seed nutritional quality trait component: Carbohydrate

[0225] Seed samples from harvested plants are obtained as described herein. Analysis of carbohydrate is determined for replicate samples as a calculation according to the following formula: Total Carbohydrate = 100% - % (Protein + Ash + Fat + Moisture + Fiber), where % Protein is determined according to the method described herein, % Ash is determined according to the method described herein, % Fat is determined according to the method described herein, % Moisture is determined according to the method described herein, and % Fiber is determined according to the method described herein. Mean percent changes between the treatment (one or more heterologously disposed endophytes) and control (lacking the one or more heterologously disposed endophytes) are calculated.

Example 26. Method of determining seed nutritional quality trait component: Calories

[0226] Seed samples from harvested plants are obtained as described herein. Analysis of Calories is determined for replicate samples as a calculation according to the following formula: Total Calories = (Calories from protein) + (Calories from carbohydrate) + Calories from fat), where Calories from protein are calculated as 4 Calories per gram of protein (as determined according to the method described herein), Calories from carbohydrate are calculated as 4 Calories per gram of carbohydrate (as determined according to the method described herein), and Calories from fat are calculated as 9 Calories per gram of fat (as determined according to the method described herein). Mean percent changes between the treatment (one or more heterologously disposed endophytes) and control (lacking the one or more heterologously disposed endophytes) are calculated.

[0227] Having illustrated and described the principles of the present invention, it should be apparent to persons skilled in the art that the invention can be modified in arrangement and detail without departing from such principles. It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other embodiments, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A synthetic composition comprising at least one endophyte of the genus Bacillus, Peribacillus, Cytobacillus, Mseobacillus, Neobacillus, Metabacillus, Alkalihalobacillus, or Brevibacterium and a fertilizer comprising a nitrogen component, wherein: a. the nitrogen component is selected from one or more of ammonia, nitrate, and urea, b. nitrogen component comprises at least 5% by weight of the composition, and c. the endophyte is present in the synthetic composition at a concentration of at least 0.01 g per kg of synthetic composition.

2. The synthetic composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one endophyte comprises at least one polynucleotide sequence that is at least 97% identical to one or more of SEQ ID NOs. 5 or 6, and combinations thereof.

3. The synthetic composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more endophytes comprise one or more a polynucleotide sequences that are 100% identical to a subregion within SEQ ID NOs. 5 or 6, wherein the subregion is a 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, or 1000 nucleotides in length.

4. The synthetic composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one endophyte is present in the synthetic composition at a concentration of at least 0.05 g per kg of synthetic composition.

5. The synthetic composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one endophyte is present in the synthetic composition at a concentration of at least 0.1 g per kg of synthetic composition.

6. The synthetic composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one endophyte is present in the synthetic at a concentration of at least 10^A4 CFU per kg of synthetic composition. The synthetic composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one endophyte is present in the synthetic at a concentration of between 10^A3 CFU-10^A10 CFU per kg of synthetic composition. The synthetic composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one endophyte is present in the synthetic at a concentration of between 10^A4 CFU-10^A7 CFU per kg of synthetic composition. The synthetic composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one endophyte is present in the synthetic composition as a dried powder. The synthetic composition of claim 1, wherein endophyte is capable of improving of one or more other traits of agronomic importance in plant grown in a growth media to which the synthetic composition is applied relative to a reference environment lacking the synthetic composition. The synthetic composition of claim 10, where the trait of agronomic importance is selected from the group consisting of yield, percent emergence, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, biotic stress tolerance, drought tolerance, and combinations thereof. The synthetic composition of claim 1, further comprising at least of a surfactant, a buffer, a tackifier, a microbial stabilizer, a fungicide, an anticomplex agent, an herbicide, a nematicide, an insecticide, a plant growth regulator, a rodenticide, a desiccant, a nutrient, an excipient, a wetting agent, a salt, and a polymer. The synthetic composition of claim 12, wherein the polymer comprises a biodegradable polymer selected from the alginate, agarose, agar, gelatin, polyacrylamide, chitosan, and polyvinyl alcohol. The synthetic composition of claim 1, further comprising one or more solid carriers. The synthetic composition of claim 14, wherein the solid carrier is one or more of talc,

Fuller’s earth, bentonite, kaolin clay, pyrophyllite, bentonite, montmorillonite, diatomaceous earth, acid white soil, vermiculite, and pearlite. The synthetic composition of claim 1, further comprising one or more of ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, and calcium carbonate. The synthetic composition of claim 1, further comprising at talc and mineral oil. The synthetic composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one endophyte is dead. The synthetic composition of claim 1, wherein the nitrogen component is ammonium and the ammonium is at least 3% of the synthetic composition by weight. The synthetic composition of claim 1, wherein the nitrogen component is urea and the urea is at least 5% of the synthetic composition by weight. The synthetic composition of claim 1, wherein the nitrogen component comprises ammonium and the ammonium is at least 3% of the synthetic composition by weight, and the nitrogen additionally comprises urea and the urea is at least 5% of the synthetic composition by weight. The synthetic composition of claim 1, wherein the nitrogen component comprises between 10 and 40% of the composition by weight. The synthetic composition of claim 1, additionally comprising at least 5% by weight of a phosphorous component. The synthetic composition of claim 23, wherein the phosphorus component is in the form of superphosphate, concentrated super phosphate, monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, ammonium polyphosphate, or rock phosphate. The synthetic composition of claim 1, wherein the phosphorous component a phosphate and the phosphate comprises between 10 and 40% of the composition by weight. The synthetic composition of claim 1, additionally comprising at least 5% by weight of a potassium component. The synthetic composition of claim 26, wherein the potassium component is one or more of potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, potassium-magnesium sulfate, potassium thiosulfate, or potassium nitrate. The synthetic composition of claim 1, wherein the potassium component comprises between 10 and 40% of the composition by weight. The synthetic composition of claim 1, additionally comprising a sulfur component in the form of sulfate. The synthetic composition of claim 29, wherein sulfate comprises at least 5% of the synthetic composition by weight. The synthetic composition of claim 1, additionally comprising one or more of magnesium, silica, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, boron, and fulvic acid. The synthetic composition of claim 1, additionally comprising monoammonium phosphate. The synthetic composition of claim 1, additionally comprising monoammonium phosphate and Ammonium sulphate. The synthetic composition of claim 1, additionally comprising one or more of superphosphates, calcium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate, and calcium bi s(dihy drogenorthophosphate) . The synthetic composition of claim 1, not comprising a plant element. The synthetic composition of claim 1, packaged within container comprising one or more of polyethylene, polypropylene, paper, foil, plastic film, synthetic or nature fiber.

37. The synthetic composition of claim 36, wherein the container comprises a woven polypropylene tape.

38. The synthetic composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one endophyte loses less than 2 log loss of CFU when stored at between 20 degrees Celsius and 33 degrees Celsius for 28 days.

39. The synthetic composition of claim 1, wherein the synthetic composition is a powder or granular solid.

40. The synthetic composition of claim 1, wherein the synthetic composition is a liquid.

41. A method of improving a plant growth medium, comprising disposing synthetic composition to the plant growth medium, where the synthetic composition comprises at least one endophyte of the genus Bacillus, Peribacillus, Cytobacillus, Mseobacillus, Neobacillus, Metabacillus, Alkalihalobacillus, or Brevibacterium and a fertilizer comprising a nitrogen component, wherein: a. the nitrogen component is selected from one or more of ammonia, nitrate, and urea, b. nitrogen component comprises at least 5% by weight of the composition, and c. the endophyte is present in the synthetic composition at a concentration of at least 0.01 g per kg of synthetic composition.

42. The method of claim 41, wherein the at least one endophyte comprises at least one polynucleotide sequence that is at least 97% identical to one or more of SEQ ID NOs. 5 or 6, and combinations thereof.

43. The method of claim 41, wherein the one or more endophytes comprise one or more a polynucleotide sequences that are 100% identical to a subregion within SEQ ID NOs. 5 or 6, wherein the subregion is a 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, or 1000 nucleotides in length. The method of claim 41, wherein the at least one endophyte is present in the synthetic composition at a concentration of at least 0.05 g per kg of synthetic composition. The method of claim 41, wherein the at least one endophyte is present in the synthetic composition at a concentration of at least 0.1 g per kg of synthetic composition. The method of claim 41, wherein the at least one endophyte is present in the synthetic at a concentration of at least 10^A4 CFU per kg of synthetic composition. The method of claim 41, wherein the at least one endophyte is present in the synthetic at a concentration of between 10^A3 CFU-10^A10 CFU per kg of synthetic composition. The method of claim 41, wherein the at least one endophyte is present in the synthetic at a concentration of between 10^A4 CFU-10^A7 CFU per kg of synthetic composition The method of claim 41, wherein the at least one endophyte is present in the synthetic composition as a dried powder. The method of claim 41, wherein endophyte is capable of improving of one or more other traits of agronomic importance in plant grown in a growth media to which the synthetic composition is applied relative to a reference environment lacking the synthetic composition. The method of claim 50, where the trait of agronomic importance is selected from the group consisting of yield, percent emergence, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight, biotic stress tolerance, drought tolerance, and combinations thereof. The method of claim 41, further comprising at least of a surfactant, a buffer, a tackifier, a microbial stabilizer, a fungicide, an anticomplex agent, an herbicide, a nematicide, an insecticide, a plant growth regulator, a rodenticide, a desiccant, a nutrient, an excipient, a wetting agent, a salt, and a polymer. The method of claim 52, wherein the polymer comprises a biodegradable polymer selected from the alginate, agarose, agar, gelatin, polyacrylamide, chitosan, and polyvinyl alcohol. The method of claim 41, further comprising one or more solid carriers. The method of claim 54, wherein the solid carrier is one or more of talc, Fuller’s earth, bentonite, kaolin clay, pyrophyllite, bentonite, montmorillonite, diatomaceous earth, acid white soil, vermiculite, and perlite. The method of claim 41, further comprising one or more of ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium chloride, and calcium carbonate. The method of claim 41, further comprising at talc and mineral oil. The method of claim 41, wherein the at least one endophyte is dead. The method of claim 41, wherein the nitrogen component is ammonium and the ammonium is at least 3% of the synthetic composition by weight. The method of claim 41, wherein the nitrogen component is urea and the urea is at least 5% of the synthetic composition by weight. The method of claim 41, wherein the nitrogen component comprises ammonium and the ammonium is at least 3% of the synthetic composition by weight, and the nitrogen additionally comprises urea and the urea is at least 5% of the synthetic composition by weight. The method of claim 41, wherein the nitrogen component comprises between 10 and 40% of the composition by weight. The method of claim 41, additionally comprising at least 5% by weight of a phosphorous component. The method of claim 63, wherein the phosphorus component is in the form of superphosphate, concentrated super phosphate, monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, ammonium polyphosphate, or rock phosphate. The method of claim 41, wherein the phosphorous component a phosphate and the phosphate comprises between 10 and 40% of the composition by weight. The method of claim 41, additionally comprising at least 5% by weight of a potassium component. The method of claim 66, wherein the potassium component is one or more of potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, potassium-magnesium sulfate, potassium thiosulfate, or potassium nitrate. The method of claim 41, wherein the potassium component comprises between 10 and 40% of the composition by weight. The method of claim 41, additionally comprising a sulfur component in the form of sulfate. The method of claim 69, wherein sulfate comprises at least 5% of the synthetic composition by weight. The method of claim 41, additionally comprising one or more of magnesium, silica, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, boron, and fulvic acid. The method of claim 41, additionally comprising monoammonium phosphate. The method of claim 41, additionally comprising monoammonium phosphate and Ammonium sulphate. The method of claim 41, additionally comprising one or more of superphosphates, calcium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate, and calcium bi s(dihy drogenorthophosphate) . The method of claim 41, wherein the at least one endophyte loses less than 2 log loss of CFU when stored at between 20 degrees Celsius and 33 degrees Celsius for 28 days. The method of claim 41, wherein the synthetic composition is a powder or granular solid. The method of claim 41, wherein the synthetic composition is a liquid. The method of claim 41, wherein the plant growth media further comprises a plant element. The method of claim 41, further comprising distributing one or more plant element in the plant growth environment. The method as in claim 78 or 79, wherein the plant element is a monocot. The method of claim 80, wherein the monocot is a cereal. The method of claim 81, wherein the cereal is selected from the group consisting of wheat, rice, barley, buckwheat, rye, millet, oats, corn, sorghum, triticale and spelt. The method of claim 82, wherein the cereal is corn. The method as in claim 78 or 79, wherein the plant element is a dicot. The method of claim 84, wherein the dicot is selected from the group consisting of cotton, tomato, lettuce, peppers, cucumber, endive, melon, potato, and squash. The method of claim 84, wherein the dicot is a legume. The method of claim 86, wherein the legume is soy, peas or beans. The method of claim 41, wherein the one or more endophytes comprises at least 2 endophytes. The method as in claim 78 or 79, wherein the plant element is a whole plant, seedling, meristematic tissue, ground tissue, vascular tissue, dermal tissue, seed, leaf, root, shoot, stem, flower, fruit, stolon, bulb, tuber, corm, keikis, shoot, or bud. The method of claim 88, wherein the plant element is a seed.

91. The method of claim 41, wherein: the synthetic composition is disposed to a plant growth medium prior to placing a plant element in or on the plant growth medium, the synthetic composition is disposed to a plant growth medium after placing a plant element in or on the plant growth medium, the synthetic composition is disposed to a plant growth medium concurrently with placing a plant element in or on the plant growth medium, or the synthetic composition is disposed to a plant growth medium at least two times.