WO2024003362A1 - Dispositif de protection antibalistique - Google Patents
Dispositif de protection antibalistique Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2024003362A1 WO2024003362A1 PCT/EP2023/068030 EP2023068030W WO2024003362A1 WO 2024003362 A1 WO2024003362 A1 WO 2024003362A1 EP 2023068030 W EP2023068030 W EP 2023068030W WO 2024003362 A1 WO2024003362 A1 WO 2024003362A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- conductors
- shield
- updated
- separator
- shielding part
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
- F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
- F41H5/02—Plate construction
- F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
- F41H5/0414—Layered armour containing ceramic material
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M5/00—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings
- G01M5/0033—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings by determining damage, crack or wear
Definitions
- the invention relates to an anti-ballistic protection device, in particular a bullet-proof vest or a protection device for a vehicle or any other military equipment.
- An anti-ballistic protective shield is a device capable of resisting the impact of a bullet in order to protect a target, for example a person, a police or law enforcement vehicle, defense vehicle or other military equipment. It is preferably in the form of a plate, flat or not, which, in the service position, extends in front of the target in order to protect it.
- the shield can in particular be a bulletproof vest conventionally comprising, as illustrated in Figure 1:
- a protective plate 10 consisting of a superposition of an armor piece 12 in the form of a plate, preferably an intermediate layer 14, and a damping plate 16, called "backing", And
- outer part 18e of the outer envelope which extends on the outer side and is exposed to projectiles
- inner part 18i of the outer envelope which extends on the opposite side.
- Each of these parts has an external face oriented towards the environment and an opposite internal face, oriented towards the shielding part.
- the bulletproof vest is intended to protect a target C against the projection of a ball B thrown against an impact face 20.
- the good condition of the shield is conventionally checked visually.
- signs of possible damage to a piece of armor made of a fragile material are often very difficult to detect.
- Brittle fracture, or “catastrophic rupture” can in fact result from the multiplication of microcracks that are difficult to detect.
- the shielding part can also be covered with a coating or be placed in an environment making visual inspection difficult, or requiring the acquisition of x-ray images.
- WO2021/116349A1 a device for checking the physical state of shielding. It includes a plastic sensor fixed to the shielding part and capable of locally detecting the appearance of an internal defect, for example a crack.
- US20120191373A1 describes an anti-ballistic protection device comprising an armor piece and a sensor adapted in particular to electrical reflectometry.
- the sensor conductors are placed on the same side of the shielding part. Furthermore, the sensor does not have sufficient sensitivity to reliably detect significant damage to the shielding part.
- An aim of the invention is to respond, at least partially, to this need.
- the invention proposes an anti-ballistic protection device, comprising:
- a shield comprising a piece of armor capable of protecting a target from a projectile fired by a firearm
- an interrogator electrically connected to said conductors and configured to measure an electrical property depending on the arrangement of said conductors and/or the shape of said conductors and/or the structure of the separator and/or the shape of the separator, or a connector capable of electrically connecting said conductors to said interrogator.
- At least part of the shield preferably at least part of the shielding piece, constitutes, totally or in part, preferably completely, said separator.
- the electrical property can be modified in the event of a change in the physical state of the separator, which makes it possible to detect damage to the shield, for example resulting from the appearance of cracks, in particular in the shielding part.
- the electrical property can also be modified in the event of separation or disassembly of the different parts constituting the shield, and in particular the shielding piece with another piece of the shield.
- the sensor can for example detect micro-cracking of the armor piece, but also a loss of cohesion between the armor piece, the damping plate, the intermediate layer and the layers of the armor. external envelope, which a simple visual observation of the shield does not generally allow.
- the shield therefore has a dual function. It ensures the protection of the target and participates in the constitution of the sensor. The manufacturing of the device is facilitated. In addition, reducing the number of parts reduces the weight of the device, increases its compactness and improves its reliability and precision.
- the shield preferably the shielding piece, extends between the conductors, that is to say in an optimal location so that its deformation or its change of state affects the measurements made with the sensor. Finally, the measurement and analysis by the interrogator is rapid and can be automated.
- the shield may in particular be a bulletproof vest comprising an external envelope enveloping a protective plate consisting of a superposition of said armor piece in the form of a plate, optionally an intermediate layer, and a plate damping, a conductor being:
- an environmental protection layer based on resin for example a layer based on polyurethane, in particular of Line-X®, or
- the device comprises several conductors, for example more than two or more than 3 conductors, arranged at different depths, for example a conductor integrated in the outer part of the outer casing, a conductor arranged on the outer face of the shielding part, a conductor placed on the interior face of the shielding part, a conductor placed between the shielding part and the damping plate and a conductor arranged in the damping plate.
- conductors for example more than two or more than 3 conductors, arranged at different depths, for example a conductor integrated in the outer part of the outer casing, a conductor arranged on the outer face of the shielding part, a conductor placed on the interior face of the shielding part, a conductor placed between the shielding part and the damping plate and a conductor arranged in the damping plate.
- the damping plate comprises a fabric, preferably a fibrous composite, and a conductor is integrated into the fabric, for example as a warp or weft yarn.
- the separator is constituted by the shielding piece or by an assembly consisting of the shielding piece and a damping plate, preferably made of a fibrous or metallic material intended to be placed between the target and the armor plate in the shield service position.
- the separator is preferably in the form of a plate. It may be a piece of shielding in the form of a plate, and/or one or more other pieces integral with the piece of shielding. It may be in particular, in particular for a bulletproof vest, a cushioning plate and/or an intermediate layer and/or one or more layers of the external envelope. Preferably, the separator consists exclusively of the shielding part.
- a separator in the form of a plate has exterior and interior faces.
- the electrical conductors referred to as “exterior” and “interior” conductors, preferably extend on the side of the exterior and interior faces, respectively, preferably in contact with the exterior and interior faces, respectively.
- the surfaces of said exterior and interior faces are preferably greater than or equal to 100 cm 2 .
- the device comprises several said sensors, the separator being common to the plurality of sensors.
- the device thus comprises several pairs of conductors, each pair comprising an outer conductor and an inner conductor, extending respectively on the outer and inner faces of a separator in the form of a plate, flat or not, parallel to one another. other, the distance between the outer conductor and the conductor interior being preferably substantially equal to the thickness of the plate.
- the device may in particular comprise 2, more than 2, more than 3, more than 5, more than 10 and/or less than 1000 couples.
- the surfaces of said exterior and interior faces are then preferably each greater than 300 cm 2 , in particular greater than 500 cm 2 , and more particularly greater than 1000 cm 2 .
- each pair of conductors is connected to a respective connector, suitable for connecting the sensor to the interrogator.
- Several pairs of conductors can also be connected to the same connector.
- the device can also include a multiplexer to manage the incident signals injected into the different pairs of conductors, as well as the signals reflected accordingly.
- the shielding part is preferably made of a material with a Vickers hardness greater than 3 GPa.
- At least one of the conductors is made up of a deposit of material, preferably produced by laser engraving, screen printing or pad printing, or by application of a conductive paint, which improves compactness and ensures good transmission, at conductor, deformation and/or modification of the possible physical state(s) of the separator.
- the electrical property is preferably a difference in electrical potential between the two conductors.
- the conductors and the separator together form an electromagnetic waveguide.
- the interrogator is configured to inject into the waveguide an incident signal, preferably an electrical signal, preferably a pulse, representing a potential difference between the two conductors, receive a reflected signal accordingly, and analyze said reflected signal or an evolution of the reflected signal.
- the analysis comprises, preferably is a time or frequency reflectometry analysis.
- the interrogator is programmed to perform an analysis of an electrical potential difference or an impedance difference measured between the electrical conductors.
- the senor constitutes a waveguide and the interrogator is configured to carry out a so-called time or frequency reflectometry analysis from a reflected signal returned by the waveguide, preferably so as to implement of the following steps: a) at a “reference” instant, in a reference situation, injection, into the waveguide, of an incident signal, preferably an electrical signal; b) reception of a signal reflected by the waveguide in response to said injection, or “reflected reference signal”; c) at an “updated” instant, injection, into the waveguide, of an incident signal identical to that injected in step a); d) reception of a signal reflected by the waveguide in response to said injection, or “updated reflected signal”; comparison of the reflected reference and updated signals so as to determine a difference between said signals, and deduce information on the physical state of the shield, in particular of the shielding part, in the updated situation; e) optionally, preferably, transmission of a message containing said information.
- step d) Preferably, in step d),
- a score is determined by integrating over time a function providing, as a function of time, the difference between said reference and updated reflected signals, then
- the invention also proposes a method for monitoring the physical state of a protective shield against shocks, preferably anti-ballistic, in particular the physical state of an armor part of said shield, said method comprising the following steps :
- Step 2) can be repeated, two successive updated instants being for example separated by more than 1 minute, 1 hour, a day, or a week, and/or less than 6 months or less than 1 month.
- brittle is meant a material whose range of plastic deformation under load before rupture represents less than 1% of the range of elastic deformation, preferably is substantially zero. In other words, the width of the stress range leading to plastic deformation without failure represents less than 1% of the width of the stress range leading to elastic deformation.
- a “Ceramic Matrix Composite”, or “CMC”, is a product composed of fibers, preferably ceramic, bonded together by a ceramic matrix.
- Ceramic material means any non-metallic and non-organic material. Diamond, graphite, graphene, carbide and cermet are considered here as ceramic materials.
- An “Organic Matrix Composite”, or “CMO”, is a product composed of fibers, preferably ceramic, bonded together by an organic matrix, preferably consisting of resins comprising more than 50% by volume of thermoplastic polymers and/or elastomers and/or thermosettings.
- the nature of the projectile is not limiting.
- it could be a bullet or a rocket.
- a firearm can be in particular a rifle, a handgun, or even a cannon.
- a shield comprises an armor piece, typically made of a hard material, and optionally a damping plate which extends between the target and the armor piece in the service position.
- the damping plate is preferably made of a ductile material, typically:
- - made of a metal, for example steel or an aluminum alloy.
- the Vickers hardness H v of a material can be measured by applying a force F, in Newton, perpendicular to the surface of a sample of said material, with a pyramid tip standardized as a diamond with a square base and a vertex angle between faces equal to 136°.
- the imprint made on this surface therefore has the shape of a square.
- We measure the two diagonals ch and cfe of this square, in mm, using an optical device. If cf designates the arithmetic mean of c and cfe, the hardness is calculated according to the following formula: Hv 0.189* F/cF.
- the equivalent diameter of the grains of the material is determined from the observation of the microstructure of the material, conventionally using images taken in SEM (scanning electron microscopy) on a section of a sample of the material comprising a sufficient number of grains , in particular at least 500 grains, or even at least 600 grains, preferably after a chemical attack aimed at revealing the grains and their joints.
- the grain diameter thus measured corresponds to the diameter of a disk with a surface area equivalent to said grain, as observed in two dimensions on the SEM image.
- the percentiles or “percentiles” 10 (P10), 50 (D50), and 90 (D90) for the equivalent grain diameters are the equivalent diameters corresponding to the percentages, in number, of 10%, 50% and 90%, respectively, on the cumulative distribution curve of equivalent grain diameters classified in ascending order.
- the median equivalent diameter (or percentile D50) is the diameter for which 50% by number of grains have an equivalent diameter less than or equal to this said diameter.
- the “physical state” of the shield in particular of the shielding part, can be for example “damaged state” or “integrity state”. It can also be more precise. For example, it could be “minorly damaged condition”, “medium damaged condition” or “heavily damaged condition”. “Damage” is an irreversible consequence of the application of a constraint during, before or after use of the shield. The damage can in particular result in microcracks.
- the equivalent diameter of a conductor in wire form is the diameter of a disc having the same area as the cross section of a conductor.
- An electromagnetic waveguide is a waveguide preferably having the general shape of a transmission line, suitable for measurement by electrical time or frequency reflectometry. It conventionally comprises two electrical conductors electrically insulated from one another and which extend in the direction of the length of the waveguide.
- the incident signal is conventionally a variation in the difference in electrical potential between said electrical conductors.
- the incident signal is injected at the input end of the guide waves, then propagates in the form of an electromagnetic wave.
- a variation in electrical impedance causes a partial reflection of this wave.
- the reflected signal is also a temporal variation of potential difference between the electrical conductors.
- echo the part of a reflected signal which is returned, in response to the incident signal, by a discontinuity (discontinuity echo), by the input end of the waveguide, at the connector (echo). transmission), or by the output end of the waveguide (background echo).
- a discontinuity is a local modification of a waveguide, in particular of a conductor or of the separator, in particular when the conductors are in contact with the separator and preferably conform to the shape of the separator, capable of partially reflecting a signal circulating in the waveguide.
- a region of a waveguide “corresponds” to a portion of a reflected signal when it is the origin of the portion of the reflected signal, that is, it has reflected the incident signal to generate the portion of the reflected signal.
- the adjectives “baseline” or “updated” are used for clarity purposes only.
- the adjective “outer” refers to the side of a shield likely to be exposed to bullets in the service position, that is, the position in which the shield is used to protect the target.
- the adjective “inner” refers to the side opposite the outer side.
- FIG 1 schematically represents, in cross section, a bulletproof vest of the prior art
- FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a device according to a first embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a device according to a second embodiment of the invention
- FIG 4 schematically represents, in cross section, a bulletproof vest according to different embodiments of the invention
- - Figure 5 schematically illustrates a device according to a third embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 6 represents an example of reflected signals received by the interrogator in one embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 7 represents an enlargement of part of Figure 6;
- FIG 8 schematically illustrates a device according to a fourth embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 9 schematically illustrates the bending test used for the second series of examples
- a device 21 comprises a protective shield 22, a sensor 24 and preferably an interrogator 26, as illustrated in Figure 2.
- the shield 22 is a device for protection against military projectiles, and in particular against bullets, preferably intended for the protection of a vehicle, in particular a military vehicle, or a person. It may in particular be a bulletproof vest or a helmet.
- the shield preferably has the shape of a plate, preferably flat, possibly made up of a superposition of plates made of different materials.
- a shield includes a shielding piece 12, or is even made up of a shielding piece, as in Figure 2.
- the shielding part is preferably shaped to provide NIJ-IIIA, NIJ-III or NIJ-IV protection, preferably at least NIJ-III protection. For vehicles, it is preferably designed to ensure STANAG 4569 level 1, or 2, or 3, or even 4 protection.
- the shielding part 12 may have a mass greater than 200g, preferably greater than 500g, preferably greater than 1kg and/or less than 100kg, less than 50kg, less than 10kg, or even less than 5kg.
- the shielding part 12 can have any shape, determined according to the intended application.
- the shielding part 12 preferably has the shape of a plate, preferably planar, for example the shape of a plate having:
- an overall thickness greater than 3 mm, preferably greater than 5 mm, preferably greater than 10 mm, and/or less than 2 cm.
- the shielding piece preferably has an average thickness greater than 3 mm, preferably greater than 5 mm, greater than 7 mm, preferably greater than 10 mm, preferably greater than 15 mm, preferably greater than 20 mm, and/or less than 100 mm, preferably less than 2 cm.
- the length and/or width and/or thickness are preferably constant.
- the shielding piece preferably has a length and width greater than 5, 10, 30 or 50 times the thickness of the plate.
- a piece of shielding 12 in the form of a plate conventionally has an exterior face 12e, or "impact face”, an interior face 12i opposite the exterior face, and a peripheral edge 12p defining the thickness of the plate and connecting the one to the other the interior and exterior faces.
- the thickness of the shielding piece is preferably substantially constant, that is to say that said interior and exterior faces are substantially parallel to each other.
- the surface of the interior face and/or the exterior face is preferably greater than 150 cm 2 , greater than 200 cm 2 , greater than 250 cm 2 , preferably greater than 400 cm 2 , preferably greater than 500 cm 2 , or even greater than 1000 cm 2 , and/or less than 10,000 cm 2 .
- the shape of the interior face and/or exterior face is not limiting. It can be smooth or rough, have through holes or be continuous, optionally have cavities or bosses, be developable or not, be flat or not. Preferably, this shape is flat.
- the shielding part is preferably made of a metallic and/or ceramic material and/or of a glass and/or of a glass ceramic and/or of an organic matrix composite (CMO) or ceramic (CMC), preferably made of a ceramic material, preferably made of alumina, SiC or B4C.
- CMO organic matrix composite
- CMC ceramic
- the shielding part material can conventionally be a fragile material.
- the shielding part material preferably ceramic, preferably has:
- the shielding part material is preferably a grain agglomerate, preferably a sintered material.
- the grain material is preferably metallic and/or ceramic and/or cermet.
- Said grains are preferably made of a metal carbide or a metal boride. More preferably, the grains are grains of silicon carbide or boron carbide or grains of a mixture of these two carbides.
- the grains are exclusively silicon carbide grains, possibly with a metallic phase, preferably comprising the silicon element.
- D50 a median equivalent diameter D50, less than 500 micrometers, preferably less than 200 micrometers, preferably less than 100 micrometers, preferably less than 50 micrometers, and/or
- an equivalent diameter D 90 less than or equal to 1000 micrometers, preferably less than or equal to 700 micrometers or even less than or equal to 500 micrometers, and/or greater than 1 micrometer, preferably greater than 5 micrometers or even greater than 20 micrometers .
- the grains are linked by a matrix.
- the matrix comprises or consists of a silicon nitride phase and/or a silicon oxynitride phase. It preferably represents between 5 and 40% by mass, preferably between 15 and 35% by mass, of the mass of the shielding part.
- the shield may include other parts.
- a bulletproof vest as described in the preamble is an example of an antiballistic protection shield.
- the shielding piece is glued to the intermediate layer, which is itself glued to the damping plate.
- the outer envelope can also be glued to the protection plate.
- the glue may for example be based on polyurethane, epoxy polymers or thermoplastic polymers or elastomers.
- the armor part of a bulletproof vest is preferably made of metal or a ceramic material, typically alumina, SiC and/or B 4 C.
- the damping plate is made of a material of lower hardness than that of the material constituting the shielding part.
- the damping plate is made of a material chosen from PE polyethylenes, in particular ultra high density polyethylenes (UHMPE), glass or carbon fibers, aramids, metals such as aluminum, titanium or their alloys or steel.
- the middle layer is optional. It is preferably a textile, preferably made of a material chosen from PE polyethylenes, in particular ultra high density polyethylenes (UHMWPE), glass or carbon fibers, aramids, and metals such as aluminum, titanium. or their alloys and steel.
- PE polyethylenes in particular ultra high density polyethylenes (UHMWPE)
- UHMWPE ultra high density polyethylenes
- aramids glass or carbon fibers
- metals such as aluminum, titanium. or their alloys and steel.
- the external envelope is preferably made of a fabric, for example glass or carbon fibers. It may in particular be made of a material chosen from PE polyethylenes, in particular ultra high density polyethylenes (UHMPE), aramids, in particular Kevlar®, metals such as aluminum or even steel, in particular in the cases of non-personal protections.
- PE polyethylenes in particular ultra high density polyethylenes (UHMPE)
- aramids in particular Kevlar®
- metals such as aluminum or even steel, in particular in the cases of non-personal protections.
- the cushioning plate In the service position, i.e. when the body armor is worn, the cushioning plate extends towards the wearer's side of the body armor. The shock caused by a projectile therefore first hits the armor part, then the damping plate.
- the sensor 24 includes
- the interrogator 26 electrically connected to said conductors so as to measure said electrical property, and/or a connector 30 capable of electrically connecting the conductors to the interrogator, for example via a connection cord 32, preferably a coaxial cable.
- a connection cord 32 preferably a coaxial cable.
- the structure of the two electrical conductors may or may not be the same.
- each conductor may have the shape of a plate or a ribbon or a wire or a cable, preferably the shape of a ribbon or a wire or a cable made up of one or more wires.
- each conductor presents:
- - a length less than 1000 mm, preferably less than 500 millimeters, and/or greater than 10 mm, preferably greater than 100 mm; and or
- - a width or, when the conductor is in the form of wire or cable, an equivalent diameter of less than 10 millimeters, less than 5 mm, and/or preferably greater than 1 mm;
- a thickness preferably less than 10 millimeters, less than 5 mm, and/or preferably greater than 10 micrometers, preferably greater than 50 micrometers, or even greater than 1 mm.
- the conductor is deposited on the shielding piece 12, preferably in the form of a ribbon having a width of between 3 mm and 10 mm and a thickness of preferably between 10 pm and 100 pm, of preferably less than 50 pm.
- the conductor can be produced by a local modification of the microstructure of the shielding part 12, in particular when the shielding part comprises more than 50% by mass of ceramic, preferably consisting of ceramic.
- the local modification can for example result from local doping or from a decomposition or a phase transformation locally, preferably by means of a beam of high surface power, preferably greater than 50 W/mm 2 .
- SiC silicon carbide
- a laser in particular YAG or CO2
- YAG or CO2 YAG or CO2
- the two conductors have the same shape and preferably extend facing each other, ignoring the separator, and preferably still parallel to each other, as on Figures 2 and 3.
- each conductor can have the same shape of a spiral ribbon fixed on a respective face of a plate-shaped separator, preferably the shielding piece, the two ribbons being superimposed in register, that is to say in such a way that when they are observed perpendicular to said faces, they overlap substantially exactly.
- the predetermined distance between the two electrical conductors is preferably substantially constant.
- the two conductors are preferably parallel except, possibly, in the areas of discontinuities. Local parallelism defects can be made to create discontinuities, as described below.
- the material of a conductor is preferably an electrically conductive metal, such as aluminum, copper, steel or a metal alloy. It can also be a ceramic or a cermet. In particular, in applications in which the shield is subjected to temperatures above 500°C, said conductor material is preferably chosen from:
- alloys 625 and 690 usable up to 1100°C;
- a Kanthal of the FeCr type for example the KANTHAL APM, usable up to 1425°C;
- each conductor may be made of a metal coated with an electrically conductive refractory oxide, preferably SnO2 or C ⁇ Os-MgO spinel or perovskite or metalloid or metal carbide.
- an electrically conductive refractory oxide preferably SnO2 or C ⁇ Os-MgO spinel or perovskite or metalloid or metal carbide.
- the difference between the thermal expansion coefficient of at least one, preferably of each conductor and the thermal expansion coefficient of the shielding part is, in absolute value, less than 20%, preferably less than 10% of the thermal expansion coefficient of the shielding part.
- each conductor is preferably a material having an electrical resistivity:
- an electrically insulating layer for example made of a polymer (for example PET or PE), or of a ceramic can be deposited on the separator, preferably the shielding piece.
- the loss angle is a quantity usually referenced in tables concerning dielectric materials for microwaves. For a good dielectric, 5 is low and tan(5) “5.
- the separator preferably has a tangent of the dielectric loss angle at 1 GHz less than 10 2 , preferably less than 5.10 -3 , preferably less than 1.10 -3 .
- a conductor preferably each conductor, can be inserted into a protective sheath in order to protect the conductor from heat and/or corrosion and/or chemical attack.
- the protective sheath may in particular be made of a polymer (for example PET or PE), or of ceramic, in particular alumina, in particular for an environment at a temperature above 400°C.
- the protective sheath is preferably made of a material having a thermal expansion coefficient substantially identical to that of the conductor material.
- a sheathing with a sheath made of an electrically insulating material is particularly advantageous if the separator, in particular the shielding part and/or the damping plate and/or the external envelope, has a resistivity less than 1000 microohm. cm, or even less than 100 microohm. cm.
- the sheath can be segmented to create discontinuities, as described below.
- the splitter establishes a minimum separation distance, or “gap,” between the two conductors.
- the minimum and/or maximum and/or average spacing between said conductors is preferably less than 100 mm, preferably less than 80 mm, or even less than 60 mm or even 50 mm, and/or greater than 3 mm, preferably greater than 5 mm, or greater than 10 mm.
- the conductors are not necessarily in contact with the separator, but such contact is preferred because it facilitates the measurement of a deformation and/or a modification of the state of the separator.
- each conductor is preferably fixed on the separator, preferably on or in the shielding piece, or, for a bulletproof vest, on or in the damping plate 16, the intermediate layer 14 arranged between the shielding piece 12 and the damping plate 16, or the external envelope 18.
- the conductor is fixed between two pieces of the shield, preferably in the form of a plate or layer, for example between the piece shield 12 and the outer casing 18 or between the damping plate 16 and the outer casing 18.
- the conductor 28e can be arranged:
- the conductor 28e can be integrated into the glue fixing the external envelope 18 to the shielding part 12.
- the 28i driver can be arranged
- the conductor 28i can be integrated in the glue fixing the intermediate layer 14 to the shielding part 12 or in the glue fixing the intermediate layer 14 to the damping plate 16 or in the glue fixing the outer envelope 18 to the plate d depreciation 16.
- the damping plate is glued directly to the shielding part and the conductor 28i is integrated into the glue fixing the damping plate to the shielding part 12.
- At least one, or even each conductor extends at least partially, preferably completely, inside the shielding part.
- the shielding part is a part sintered from a mixture of grains which is shaped then subjected to a consolidation heat treatment compatible with the mechanical and thermal resistance of the conductor.
- at least one conductor can be produced by infiltration of a metal into the open porosity of the material constituting the shielding part.
- the infiltrated metal can advantageously be silicon or an alloy of silicon.
- a metal containing more than 80%, more than 90% or 100% by mass of aluminum may be suitable.
- the outer envelope is made up of several superimposed layers and, preferably, a conductor, or even each conductor, is inserted between two said layers.
- a conductor or even each conductor, is inserted between two said layers.
- at least one said layer of the external envelope protects it.
- the fixing of a conductor can be obtained in particular:
- a recess preferably a groove, in particular in a groove, previously made, preferably on the surface of the shielding part, and/or
- incorporation within a constituent part of the shield or between two constituent parts of the shield, in particular between two superimposed layers of the external envelope.
- the conductor can be in particular fixed, in particular glued at several separate fixing points, each fixing point having a length, along the conductor preferably less than 5 cm, 3 cm, 2 cm, 1 cm, or at 0.5 cm.
- the driver is not straight between two fixing points, at room temperature.
- the length of the conductor between two successive fixing points is greater than 1.05 times, preferably greater than 1.1 times and/or preferably less than 1.5 times, preferably less than 1.4 times, preferably less than 1.3 times the distance between said fixing points.
- the conductor can thus adapt to dimensional variations of the substrate on which it is fixed.
- a conductor preferably each conductor, is preferably non-intrusive, that is to say does not penetrate the shielding part.
- the conductor results from a deposit of material, preferably on the shielding part. Screen printing or pad printing advantageously makes it possible to reduce the excess thickness resulting from the fixing of the conductors, without machining the substrate.
- the conductor can also be fixed on a support, for example a plate, itself fixed on the separator, the support being preferably arranged in contact with the shielding part, preferably so as to match the shape of the separator, preferably the shape of the shielding part.
- the support is preferably at least partly, preferably completely, made of a composite material consisting of fibers bonded together by a matrix, or “ceramic matrix composite” (CMC).
- CMC ceramic matrix composite
- the fibers and the matrix are preferably chosen according to the environment of the shield in the service position, in particular according to the conditions of temperature and/or corrosion and/or thermal cycling and/or expansion, and/or according to the nature of the shielding part.
- the arrangement of the fibers is chosen according to the desired shape of the CMC, and the ease of fixing or inserting the conductor. For example, a stack of woven fabrics or layers of fibers is well suited for simple plates, a filament winding is well suited for plates having a geometry of revolution, a filament placement is well suited for large complex shapes.
- the shielding piece is in the form of a plate, one of the conductors is on the exterior side of the shielding plate and the other is on the interior side of the shielding plate, the conductors being in contact or not with the shielding piece.
- the total surface of said conductors projected onto the total surface of said exterior and interior faces of the shielding piece preferably represents less than 50%, less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, preferably less than 5% of the total surface of said exterior and interior faces, in particular when the conductors are in the form of wires, ribbons or cables.
- the conductors are arranged so as not to be exposed to the impact of a projectile, in particular a ball, in the service position, and in particular so as not to be in front of the exterior face of the shielding part. They can in particular be arranged on the periphery of the shielding piece, preferably along parallel edges of the shielding piece, preferably in contact with the edge 12p of the shielding piece which defines said edges, as illustrated in the figure 8.
- this configuration reduces the risk of destruction when using the shield. It can be particularly advantageous for acquiring information on the state of the shield after the impact of a low energy projectile on the exposed exterior face of the armor piece.
- the conductors are preferably placed on the most vulnerable parts of the shielding part, for example corners and edges.
- the senor comprises a connector 30 to which the conductors are connected and which allows an electrical connection of the conductors to the interrogator 26.
- the interrogator preferably miniaturized, can be integrated into the shield, as in Figure 5 , so as to be permanently connected to the conductors.
- Connector 30 is then optional.
- the senor is a waveguide for reflectometry measurement.
- the two conductors of the sensor form a capacitor, the electrical property measured being the capacitance between the two conductors.
- the two conductors preferably have the shape of two parallel plates.
- the senor is an impedance sensor, preferably an acoustic and/or electrical impedance, preferably at least one electrical resistance, variable depending on the shape of the separator.
- the separator deforms, elastically or plastically, the variation in impedance resulting from this deformation, for example resulting from the appearance of cracks, can be measured by the interrogator.
- electrically conductive particles preferably carbon particles, preferably carbon nanotubes
- the separator preferably in the shielding part. They together form a conductive network whose impedance, preferably the electrical resistance, preferably exclusively the electrical resistance, is a function of an arrangement of the conductive particles constituting the conductive network.
- the arrangement of the conductive particles in the conductive network is changed when the separator deforms, such that a change in the impedance of the conductive network results.
- EP2129991 B1 and US2012144934A1 describe sensors with variable impedance intended to be attached to a bulletproof vest. They do not, however, suggest that part of the body armor could be used as a separator.
- the input ends of the conductors are electrically connected to the interrogator 26.
- the interrogator can be integrated into the shield (FIG. 5) or be selectively connected to a connector 30 itself connected to the conductors (figure 3).
- the interrogator is chosen based on the electrical property to be measured. It conventionally comprises a processor, a computer memory and software configured to evaluate, from one or more measurements made by the sensor, the physical state of the shield, preferably of the shielding part.
- the value of the property depends on the spacing between the two conductors and/or the middle of the separator.
- the spacing between the two conductors can in particular change when different elements of the shield become separated.
- the middle of the separator may in particular change in the event of deformation of the shielding part and/or the appearance of cracks.
- the communication between the interrogator and the waveguide is done wirelessly, preferably over the air, by wifi or Bluetooth®.
- Electrical time domain reflectometry (“electrical time domain reflectometry” or “electrical frequency domain reflectometry” in English respectively, or “E-TDR” or “E-FDR”, respectively) is a technique for measuring changes in state of a medium by means of a sensor forming a waveguide.
- the senor When the device is intended for measurement by reflectometry, as illustrated in Figure 3, the sensor is adapted so as to form a waveguide 34 which extends between an input end 34i and an output end 34 2 .
- the free ends of the conductors are not electrically connected to each other and define the output end of the waveguide.
- the conductors therefore do not form a closed electrical circuit, as in a resistive measuring sensor in which a direct or alternating current flows.
- the waveguide When the waveguide is damaged, it can advantageously continue to operate. Damage can lead to the appearance of a specific echo, which makes it possible to detect the damage and locate it. If the waveguide is cut, the part of the waveguide still connected to the interrogator can continue to serve as the waveguide. The use of a waveguide thus provides robustness to the device.
- the waveguide preferably has discontinuities preferably distributed, preferably randomly, along the waveguide.
- the discontinuities make it possible to generate specific echoes that can be identified in the signal reflected by the waveguide.
- the waveguide preferably satisfies the Rayleigh scattering condition.
- discontinuities are surface irregularities on the separator, preferably the shielding part, preferably provided opposite the conductors, preferably in at least one zone of the separator in contact with the conductors.
- Texturing of said zone advantageously makes it possible to generate random discontinuities.
- the texturing comprises the creation of microreliefs with a height greater than 0.05 mm, preferably greater than 0.1 mm, preferably greater than 0.2 mm, preferably greater than 0.2 mm, preferably greater than 0.5 mm, or even greater than 0.8 mm, and/or less than 3 mm, less than 2 mm or less than 1 mm.
- one or more dielectric tabs 36 are arranged on said zone or around at least one conductor of the waveguide so as to create discontinuities.
- the dielectric tabs may have identical or different shapes and/or dimensions and/or be made of identical or different materials. Even though the dielectric cleats appear identical, no cleat is completely identical to another. It is thus possible to create discontinuities randomly.
- the dielectric tabs, and in particular beads threaded onto a conductor may have a length, measured according to the length of the conductor, greater than 10 mm, 15 mm or 20 mm and/or less than 100 mm or 50 mm.
- the discontinuities are spaced from each other by a distance, measured along the waveguide, at least 20 times, preferably at least 15 times, preferably at least 10 times less than the wavelength equal to the inverse of the frequency of the highest peak in the frequency spectrum of the reflected signal.
- a distance measured along the waveguide, at least 20 times, preferably at least 15 times, preferably at least 10 times less than the wavelength equal to the inverse of the frequency of the highest peak in the frequency spectrum of the reflected signal.
- beads with a length of less than 2 cm or 1 cm are well suited.
- This distance can in particular be defined by the length of dielectric tabs, in particular of beads threaded on the conductors.
- the dielectric tabs, and in particular the beads preferably have a width, that is to say a greater dimension in a plane transverse to the direction of their length, greater than 1 mm, 2 mm or 3 mm and/ or less than 10 mm or 5 mm.
- the beads also make it easier to identify regions with discontinuities.
- the separator preferably the shielding part, preferably has an electrical resistivity greater than 10, 50, 100 or 1000 times that of the conductors.
- the separator may comprise a dielectric material interposed between the conductors, preferably in the form of a layer, for example of an organic nature, for example in an uncharged polymer, for example example of polyethylene or polyamide, or of mineral nature, for example of mica or a mica derivative, or comprising more than 50% by mass of titanium, or of barium, mullite, cordierite or alumina.
- the dielectric insulation can be in one piece. It can be made up of an assembly of several dielectric tabs. Preferably, the dielectric tabs have the shape of beads threaded onto at least one of the conductors, or onto each of the conductors.
- a protective sheath covering a conductor can also contribute to the electrical insulation between the conductors, or even constitute said dielectric insulator.
- the interrogator is configured to:
- Each incident signal preferably in the form of a pulse or “Dirac”, is generated by establishing a variation in the potential difference between the two conductors of the waveguide. The latter sends back a reflected signal, which is then analyzed in order to deduce information about the medium crossed by the pulse.
- an impedance discontinuity for example a significant physicochemical variation in the medium causing a local variation in impedance
- part of the incident signal is reflected towards the interrogator, which makes it possible to identify and analyze this variation.
- the incident signal can take the form of a periodic wave of any shape.
- the incident signal can be repeated.
- the maximum amplitude of the incident signal is between 0.1 and 100 V, preferably less than 10 V, preferably less than 1 V.
- the frequency of the highest peak in a frequency spectrum of the incident signal is preferably greater than 10 KHz, preferably greater than 100 KHz, preferably greater than 1 MHz, preferably greater than 100 MHz, preferably greater than 200 MHz, preferably greater than 500 MHz, preferably greater than 1 GHz, and /or less than 50 GHz, preferably less than 30 GHz, preferably less than 20 GHz, preferably less than 10 GHz, preferably less than 6 GHz, preferably less than 4 GHz.
- the incident signals can be sent in the form of signal trains preferably comprising a series of periodic signals of variable frequencies depending on the periodic signal considered. Each incident signal propagates in the waveguide to the free end of the conductors. At each discontinuity, part of the incident signal, or “echo”, is reflected towards the interrogator. All the returned echoes together constitute the reflected signal associated with the incident signal and which the interrogator analyzes.
- Figure 6 illustrates an example of a reflected signal, the ordinate axis giving the amplitude in Volt (V) and the abscissa axis giving the time elapsed since the instant to of reception of the reflected signal, in tens of nanoseconds ( 10 -7 sec).
- V Volt
- E o emission echo
- Ef background echo
- Ef echoes of discontinuities Ei returned by discontinuities.
- the discontinuity echoes are of low amplitude, and are of various amplitudes and shapes.
- Figure 6 is described in more detail below, in the description of the examples.
- the interrogator is programmed to analyze the reflected signals, and possibly compare them, so as to determine said electrical property and/or an evolution of said property.
- the interrogator implements steps a) to e) described above.
- reflectometry is used to monitor the physical state of the shield, and in particular of a shield comprising an assembly of several parts creating a heterogeneous environment. Reflectometry is not traditionally used for heterogeneous environments and, surprisingly, has proven effective for monitoring the physical state of a shield.
- the interrogator is programmed to generate an information message on the result of said analysis.
- the message specifies:
- the message can be sent to a central computer and/or be presented to an operator, for example on a screen and/or by activating a light and/or by emitting a sound signal.
- the shielding piece thus provided with the conductors was then glued to a Dyneema HB26 organic matrix composite acting as a damping plate.
- the whole thing was wrapped in Kevlar fabric.
- An intermediate layer of Kevlar was inserted between the armor piece and the damping plate.
- a 30 coaxial connector was connected to the two conductors so that the waveguide formed by the two conductors and the shielding piece can be connected, by a 32 coaxial connection cord, to a 26 Copper Mountain S5085 interrogator.
- the device thus constituted was installed, horizontally, at the bottom of a drop well, the upper face of the shielding piece being oriented upwards.
- An incident signal in the form of a 1 GHz pulse (Dirac) was injected into the waveguide by the interrogator.
- the reflected reference signal received back by the interrogator is shown in Figure 6, in solid black line.
- the analysis of this reflected signal makes it possible to locate a set 38 of echoes of the incident signal returned by the connection cable, the echo E o returned by the connector, a set 40 of echoes Ei returned by the waveguide and the background echo Ef returned by the end of the waveguide.
- the portion of the set 40 of echoes Ei also shown in Figure 7, corresponds to the length L of the waveguide (from the connector to the free ends of the conductors) and it is possible to establish a correspondence between a peak on the reflected signal and a position along the waveguide.
- a 40 kg hemispherical impactor was then dropped above the shield, 20 cm above the shield.
- the reference and updated reflected signals were represented on the same graph, time 0 corresponding to the time of reception of the reflected signals (synchronization).
- the graph shows a slight temporal shift in the background echo.
- Post-mortem X-rays on the armor piece made it possible to locate cracks located at positions 0.1*L and 0.8*L. A reflectometry measurement is thus suitable for detecting and even locating cracks.
- the amplitude of the peaks also makes it possible to estimate the amplitude of the cracks.
- the inventors have also discovered that, when only detection of damage to the shield is sought, it is particularly advantageous to use a score calculated by integrating the differential signal.
- the score resulting from this integration can be compared to a threshold, so that it can be deduced that if the score exceeds the threshold, there is damage or that if the score is below the threshold, there is no damage. damage.
- the threshold can be conventionally determined by a statistical analysis of a set of tests.
- a device makes it possible to reliably detect damage to the shield, and even to locate it and evaluate its extent. It is simpler to manufacture, more compact and less expensive to manufacture than the devices of the prior art.
- the conductors being on either side of the shielding part, the sensor is very sensitive and makes it possible to detect deformations low amplitudes. The device thus makes it possible to detect weak signals, and therefore to anticipate catastrophic degradation of the shielding part even though the pseudo-plastic deformation zone (resulting from microcracks) of the shielding part is extremely limited.
- Each shielding piece (reference 12 in Figure 9) was glued to a damping plate 16 of the same length and width as the shielding piece.
- the damping plate was a 10 mm thick UHMWPE Dyneema HB26 organic matrix composite.
- the thermoplastic glue was a Pentacol glue forming a 14a layer.
- the two conductors each in the form of a copper-plated tape, reference 3M 2245, composed of a copper sheet 35 ⁇ m thick and 6 mm wide and an underlayer of acrylic adhesive, were glued to the exterior face 12th (impact face).
- the conductors 28 formed two straight lines extending parallel to the sides defining the length L p of the shielding piece.
- the two electrical conductors 28e and 28i were glued, facing each other, respectively on the exterior face 12e and on the interior face 12i of the shielding part.
- the interior face 12i of each specimen was then glued to a damping plate of the same length and width as the shielding piece.
- the damping plate was a 10 mm thick UHMWPE Dyneema HB26 organic matrix composite.
- the thermoplastic glue was a Pentacol glue forming a 14a layer.
- a 2*2 twill aramid fabric at 170 g/m 2 was then glued to form an envelope around each armor piece-damping plate assembly.
- Each test piece thus obtained had a final thickness of approximately 20 mm.
- a coaxial connector was also connected to the two conductors.
- Each connector 30 was connected, by a coaxial connection cord 32, to a Copper Mountain S5085 interrogator 26.
- Figures 10 (a and b) and 11 (a and b) show the reflected signals received by the interrogator during testing of the first and second examples, respectively. Each time we represented in amplitude (Volts):
- the reflected reference signal for each of these examples presents a classic emission echo E o between 2.4 and 2.7.10 -8 seconds produced by the input end 34i of the waveguide. For example for the second example, this allows the input end 34i to be positioned at 2.55.10 -8 seconds.
- the output end 34 2 of the waveguide can also be identified by the background echo Ef at 3.3.10 -8 seconds on the enlarged diagram of FIG. 11.
- the magnification in Figure 11 b shows the presence of a particular and sharp peak p c at around 2.7. 10 -8 seconds. This particular peak corresponds to the position of the crack that appeared on the armor piece.
- the device according to the invention remains operational, which also shows its great reliability and the possibility of being able to reuse or re-install the sensor of a used device on a new one. device if necessary.
- the position of the conductors, in particular on the shielding part and the number of deformation sensors are not limiting.
- the number of deformation sensors can be adapted in particular to the extent of the surface of the shielding part to be monitored.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Shielding Devices Or Components To Electric Or Magnetic Fields (AREA)
- Insulating Bodies (AREA)
- Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP23736709.9A EP4548036A1 (fr) | 2022-06-30 | 2023-06-30 | Dispositif de protection antibalistique |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2206597A FR3137444B1 (fr) | 2022-06-30 | 2022-06-30 | Dispositif de protection antibalistique |
| FRFR2206597 | 2022-06-30 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2024003362A1 true WO2024003362A1 (fr) | 2024-01-04 |
Family
ID=84488190
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2023/068030 Ceased WO2024003362A1 (fr) | 2022-06-30 | 2023-06-30 | Dispositif de protection antibalistique |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4548036A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3137444B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2024003362A1 (fr) |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20120144934A1 (en) | 2006-12-04 | 2012-06-14 | Brian Keith Russell | Impact Detection System |
| US20120191373A1 (en) | 2011-01-21 | 2012-07-26 | Soles Alexander M | Event detection system having multiple sensor systems in cooperation with an impact detection system |
| US20120318925A1 (en) * | 2011-06-16 | 2012-12-20 | Space Administration | Multi-Dimensional Damage Detection |
| EP2129991B1 (fr) | 2007-03-22 | 2013-05-08 | Protective Products Enterprises, Inc. | Capteurs d'impact et systèmes comprenant des capteurs d'impact |
| US20190346393A1 (en) * | 2016-11-16 | 2019-11-14 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Verifying structural integrity of materials |
| WO2021116349A1 (fr) | 2019-12-11 | 2021-06-17 | Saint-Gobain Centre De Recherches Et D'etudes Europeen | Dispositif de controle d'un blindage |
-
2022
- 2022-06-30 FR FR2206597A patent/FR3137444B1/fr active Active
-
2023
- 2023-06-30 WO PCT/EP2023/068030 patent/WO2024003362A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2023-06-30 EP EP23736709.9A patent/EP4548036A1/fr active Pending
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20120144934A1 (en) | 2006-12-04 | 2012-06-14 | Brian Keith Russell | Impact Detection System |
| EP2129991B1 (fr) | 2007-03-22 | 2013-05-08 | Protective Products Enterprises, Inc. | Capteurs d'impact et systèmes comprenant des capteurs d'impact |
| US20120191373A1 (en) | 2011-01-21 | 2012-07-26 | Soles Alexander M | Event detection system having multiple sensor systems in cooperation with an impact detection system |
| US20120318925A1 (en) * | 2011-06-16 | 2012-12-20 | Space Administration | Multi-Dimensional Damage Detection |
| US20190346393A1 (en) * | 2016-11-16 | 2019-11-14 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Verifying structural integrity of materials |
| WO2021116349A1 (fr) | 2019-12-11 | 2021-06-17 | Saint-Gobain Centre De Recherches Et D'etudes Europeen | Dispositif de controle d'un blindage |
| FR3104711A1 (fr) * | 2019-12-11 | 2021-06-18 | Saint-Gobain Centre De Recherches Et D'etudes Europeen | Dispositif de controle d'un blindage |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR3137444A1 (fr) | 2024-01-05 |
| EP4548036A1 (fr) | 2025-05-07 |
| FR3137444B1 (fr) | 2024-10-18 |
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