WO2024095796A1 - 電解液、リチウム硫黄二次電池及びモジュール - Google Patents
電解液、リチウム硫黄二次電池及びモジュール Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
- H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
- H01M2300/0034—Fluorinated solvents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
- H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
- H01M2300/0037—Mixture of solvents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
- H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
- H01M2300/0037—Mixture of solvents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/581—Chalcogenides or intercalation compounds thereof
- H01M4/5815—Sulfides
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- This disclosure relates to an electrolyte, a lithium-sulfur secondary battery, and a module.
- Lithium ion secondary batteries are widely used as high-capacity secondary batteries, and lithium-sulfur secondary batteries are being considered as even higher-capacity secondary batteries. In these types of batteries, the performance of the electrolyte has a significant impact on the performance of the battery.
- Patent Document 1 describes a lithium-sulfur secondary battery that uses a solvent containing vinylene carbonate.
- the purpose of this disclosure is to provide an electrolyte that can produce a lithium-sulfur secondary battery that has excellent cycle characteristics and is less likely to generate gas.
- the present disclosure (1) provides an electrolyte solution for use in a lithium-sulfur secondary battery having a positive electrode containing a sulfur-based electrode active material containing at least one selected from the group consisting of elemental sulfur, lithium polysulfide (Li 2 S n : 1 ⁇ n ⁇ 8), an organic sulfur compound, and an inorganic sulfur compound, and a negative electrode containing a material that absorbs and releases lithium ions,
- the electrolytic solution contains a non-aqueous electrolyte and a solvent
- the solvent is an electrolyte solution containing a chain diether having a ⁇ P( ⁇ ) ⁇ value in the range of ⁇ 0.01 (e/ ⁇ 2 ) within the range represented by the following general formula (1).
- the present disclosure (2) is the electrolyte solution described in the present disclosure (1), in which the chain diether is a fluorinated chain diether.
- the present disclosure (3) is the electrolyte solution according to the present disclosure (1) or (2), wherein the chain diether is at least one selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by the following general formula (A) and a compound represented by the following general formula (B):
- General formula (A): (In the formula, R 1a to R 10a are independently a halogen atom, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 2 or less carbon atoms, or a fluorinated alkyl group having 2 or less carbon atoms, provided that at least one of R 1a to R 10a is a halogen atom or a fluorinated alkyl group having 2 or less carbon atoms.)
- General formula (B): In the formula, R 1b to R 8b are independently a halogen atom, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 2 or less carbon atoms, or a fluorinated alkyl group having 2 or less carbon atoms.)
- the present disclosure (4) is an electrolyte solution in any combination with any of the present disclosures (1) to (3), in which the chain diether is at least one selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by the following formulas:
- the present disclosure (5) is an electrolyte solution that is an arbitrary combination of any of the present disclosures (1) to (4) in which the content of the chain diether is 3 to 90 mass% relative to the total amount of the electrolyte solution.
- the present disclosure (6) is a lithium-sulfur secondary battery having a positive electrode containing a sulfur-based electrode active material including at least one selected from the group consisting of elemental sulfur, lithium polysulfide (Li 2 S n : 1 ⁇ n ⁇ 8), an organic sulfur compound, and an inorganic sulfur compound, and a negative electrode containing a material that absorbs and releases lithium ions, and using an electrolyte solution in any combination with any of the present disclosures (1) to (5).
- a sulfur-based electrode active material including at least one selected from the group consisting of elemental sulfur, lithium polysulfide (Li 2 S n : 1 ⁇ n ⁇ 8), an organic sulfur compound, and an inorganic sulfur compound, and a negative electrode containing a material that absorbs and releases lithium ions, and using an electrolyte solution in any combination with any of the present disclosures (1) to (5).
- the present disclosure (7) is a module equipped with the lithium-sulfur secondary battery described in the present disclosure (6).
- This disclosure makes it possible to provide an electrolyte solution that can produce a lithium-sulfur secondary battery that has excellent cycle characteristics and is less likely to generate gas.
- the present disclosure provides an electrolyte solution for use in a lithium-sulfur secondary battery having a positive electrode containing a sulfur-based electrode active material including at least one selected from the group consisting of elemental sulfur, lithium polysulfide (Li 2 S n : 1 ⁇ n ⁇ 8), an organic sulfur compound, and an inorganic sulfur compound, and a negative electrode containing a material that absorbs and releases lithium ions, the electrolyte solution containing a nonaqueous electrolyte and a solvent, the solvent containing a chain diether having a ⁇ P( ⁇ ) ⁇ value in the range of ⁇ 0.01 (e/ ⁇ 2 ) within the range represented by the following general formula (1): General formula (1): 0 ⁇ P( ⁇ ) ⁇ 0.24 (where ⁇ represents the screening charge density and P( ⁇ ) represents the ⁇ -profile.)
- the electrolyte solution of the present disclosure uses a solvent containing a chain diether (hereinafter also referred to as chain diether (1)) whose ⁇ P( ⁇ ) ⁇ value in the range of ⁇ 0.01 (e/ ⁇ 2 ) is within the above-mentioned range, and therefore a lithium-sulfur secondary battery with excellent cycle characteristics and little gas generation can be obtained.
- chain diether (1) a chain diether whose ⁇ P( ⁇ ) ⁇ value in the range of ⁇ 0.01 (e/ ⁇ 2 ) is within the above-mentioned range, and therefore a lithium-sulfur secondary battery with excellent cycle characteristics and little gas generation can be obtained.
- the chain diether (1) does not coordinate with sulfur but can coordinate with lithium.
- a chain diether having such a unique property it is possible to more effectively suppress the dissolution and diffusion of lithium polysulfide (Li 2 S n ) generated by the electrode reaction during charging and discharging of a lithium-sulfur secondary battery than when using conventional solvents such as fluorinated monoethers and vinylene carbonate.
- fluorinated monoethers do not coordinate with lithium or sulfur, they cannot suppress the diffusion of lithium polysulfide.
- vinylene carbonate can suppress the dissolution of lithium polysulfide to some extent by forming a coating derived from vinylene carbonate on the sulfur positive electrode, but the suppression effect is insufficient.
- the ⁇ P( ⁇ ) ⁇ value of the chain diether (1) is greater than 0, but may be 0.00001 or greater. In order to further improve the cycle characteristics, it is preferably 0.01 or greater, more preferably 0.10 or greater, even more preferably 0.12 or greater, even more preferably 0.14 or greater, particularly preferably 0.16 or greater, and most preferably 0.17 or greater.
- the ⁇ P( ⁇ ) ⁇ value of the chain diether (1) is less than 0.24, but in order to further suppress gas generation, it is preferably 0.23 or less, more preferably 0.22 or less, even more preferably 0.21 or less, and even more preferably 0.20 or less.
- ⁇ represents the screening charge density
- P( ⁇ ) represents the ⁇ -profile.
- the screening charge density ⁇ is the charge density on the molecular surface calculated by the COSMO-RS (Conductor like Screening Model for Real Solvents) method.
- the ⁇ -profile P( ⁇ ) is calculated by dividing the molecular surface into segments of constant area and indicates the frequency of the segments of screening charge density.
- ⁇ P( ⁇ ) is the product of the charge density and the number of the above segments, and indicates the charge density distribution on the molecular surface.
- ⁇ P( ⁇ ) ⁇ represents the sum of ⁇ P( ⁇ ) in the range of ⁇ 0.01 (e/ ⁇ 2 ).
- a chain diether having a low ⁇ P( ⁇ ) ⁇ value in this range has a low coordination power for lithium polysulfide, and can suppress the elution of lithium polysulfide into the electrolyte.
- the screening charge density ⁇ and ⁇ -profile P( ⁇ ) can be calculated using the software "COSMotherm” (manufactured by MOLSIS).
- the chain diether (1) may be at least one selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by the following general formula (A) (hereinafter also referred to as compound (A)) and a compound represented by the following general formula (B) (hereinafter also referred to as compound (B)):
- General formula (A): (In the formula, R 1a to R 10a are independently a halogen atom, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 2 or less carbon atoms, or a fluorinated alkyl group having 2 or less carbon atoms, provided that at least one of R 1a to R 10a is a halogen atom or a fluorinated alkyl group having 2 or less carbon atoms.)
- General formula (B): In the formula, R 1b to R 8b are independently a halogen atom, a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 2 or less carbon atoms, or a fluorinated alkyl group having 2 or less carbon atoms.)
- Examples of the halogen atom represented by R 1a to R 10a in formula (A) include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom and an iodine atom, with a fluorine atom and a chlorine atom being preferred, and a fluorine atom being more preferred.
- the alkyl group represented by R 1a to R 10a in the general formula (A) may be an alkyl group having no fluorine atom or an alkyl group having no halogen atom.
- Examples of the alkyl group include -CH 3 and -CH 2 CH 3 , and -CH 3 is preferred.
- Examples of the fluorinated alkyl group as R 1a to R 10a in general formula (A) include -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2 F, -CH 2 CF 3 , -CF 2 CF 3 , -CH 2 CHF 2 , and -CH 2 CH 2 F.
- the above fluorinated alkyl group is preferably a fluorinated alkyl group having one carbon atom, that is, --CF.sub.3 , --CHF.sub.2 , or --CH.sub.2F , and more preferably --CF.sub.3 .
- At least one of R 1a to R 10a is a halogen atom or a fluorinated alkyl group having 2 or less carbon atoms, and is preferably a fluorine atom or a fluorinated alkyl group having 2 or less carbon atoms.
- R 1a to R 3a and R 8a to R 10a are independently a halogen atom, a hydrogen atom or a fluorinated alkyl group having 2 or less carbon atoms
- R 4a to R 7a are independently a halogen atom or a hydrogen atom
- R 1a to R 3a and R 8a to R 10a are independently a fluorine atom, a hydrogen atom or a fluorinated alkyl group having 2 or less carbon atoms
- R 4a to R 7a are independently a fluorine atom or a hydrogen atom.
- Examples of the compound (A) include compounds represented by the following formula:
- Examples of the halogen atom represented by R 1b to R 8b in formula (B) include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom and an iodine atom, with a fluorine atom and a chlorine atom being preferred, and a fluorine atom being more preferred.
- the alkyl group as R 1b to R 8b in the general formula (B) may be an alkyl group having no fluorine atom or an alkyl group having no halogen atom.
- Examples of the alkyl group include -CH 3 and -CH 2 CH 3 , and -CH 3 is preferred.
- Examples of the fluorinated alkyl group as R 1b to R 8b in general formula (B) include -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2 F, -CH 2 CF 3 , -CF 2 CF 3 , -CH 2 CHF 2 , and -CH 2 CH 2 F.
- the above fluorinated alkyl group is preferably a fluorinated alkyl group having one carbon atom, that is, --CF.sub.3 , --CHF.sub.2 , or --CH.sub.2F , and more preferably --CF.sub.3 .
- Examples of the compound (B) include compounds represented by the following formula:
- the chain diether (1) is preferably a fluorinated chain diether.
- the compound (A) is preferable, and at least one selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by the following formula is more preferable.
- the chain diether (1) is more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by the following formula:
- chain diether (1) at least one selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by the following formula is particularly preferred.
- the content of the chain diether (1) is preferably 3 to 90% by mass relative to the total amount of the electrolyte, in that it can further improve the cycle characteristics and further suppress the generation of gas.
- the content is more preferably 5% by mass or more, even more preferably 10% by mass or more, even more preferably 25% by mass or more, even more preferably 30% by mass or more, even more preferably 35% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 40% by mass or more, and more preferably 80% by mass or less, even more preferably 70% by mass or less, even more preferably 65% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 60% by mass or less.
- the electrolyte solution of the present disclosure contains a solvent containing the above-mentioned chain diether (1).
- the term "solvent” refers to a volatile compound among the liquid components contained in the electrolyte.
- the electrolyte of a lithium-sulfur battery contains a non-aqueous electrolyte. Such a non-aqueous electrolyte is a component that does not have volatility.
- the term "solvent” in the present disclosure refers to a volatile liquid compound such as various carbonate compounds, ether compounds, and ester compounds that is used in combination with these non-aqueous electrolytes in the electrolyte. In addition, two or more of these may be used in combination.
- the solvent is preferably a non-aqueous solvent, and the electrolyte solution of the present disclosure is preferably a non-aqueous electrolyte solution.
- the electrolyte solution of the present disclosure may contain a solvent other than the chain diether (1) (hereinafter, referred to as "other solvent”).
- the other solvent is not particularly limited, and various solvents that can be used as a solvent in an electrolyte in the battery field can be used.
- Specific examples of the other solvent include vinylene carbonate, fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate, fluorinated chain carbonate, ether compound (excluding chain diether (1)), fluorinated ether (excluding chain diether (1)), fluorinated ester, etc. These other solvents are described in more detail below.
- Vinylene carbonate is a compound represented by the following formula (3).
- the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate may be a fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate represented by the formula (4):
- R 21 to R 24 are the same or different and each represents -H, -CH 3 , -F, a fluorinated alkyl group which may have an ether bond, or a fluorinated alkoxy group which may have an ether bond; provided that at least one of R 21 to R 24 is -F, a fluorinated alkyl group which may have an ether bond, or a fluorinated alkoxy group which may have an ether bond.) is preferred.
- the above fluorinated alkyl group preferably has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably has 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and even more preferably has 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- the fluorinated alkyl group may be linear or branched.
- the above fluorinated alkoxy group preferably has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably has 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and even more preferably has 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- the fluorinated alkoxy group may be linear or branched.
- R 21 to R 24 are the same or different and preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of -H, -CH 3 , -F, -CF 3 , -C 4 F 9 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2 F, -CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , -CH 2 -CF(CF 3 ) 2 , -CH 2 -O-CH 2 CHF 2 CF 2 H, -CH 2 CF 3 , and -CF 2 CF 3 .
- At least one of R 21 to R 24 is at least one selected from the group consisting of -F, -CF 3 , -C 4 F 9 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2 F, -CH 2 CF 2 CF 3 , -CH 2 -CF(CF 3 ) 2 , -CH 2 -O-CH 2 CHF 2 F 2 H, -CH 2 CF 3 , and -CF 2 CF 3 .
- the fluorinated saturated cyclic carbonate is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of the following compounds:
- the other solvents are cyclic saturated carbonates
- R 1 is a fluorine group or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms that contains a fluorine group and may have an ether bond and/or an unsaturated bond.
- the compound represented by the general formula: is more preferable.
- the above compound is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of improving the output of the battery.
- fluoroethylene carbonate represented by the general formula:
- the fluorinated chain carbonate may be a fluorinated chain carbonate represented by the following general formula:
- R 31 and R 32 are the same or different and represent an alkyl group which may have an ether bond and may have a fluorine atom, provided that either R 31 or R 32 has a fluorine atom) is preferred.
- the alkyl group preferably has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably has 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and even more preferably has 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- the alkyl group may be straight or branched.
- R 31 and R 32 may be the same or different and are preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of -CH 3 , -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2 F, -C 2 H 5 , -CH 2 CF 3 , -CH 2 CHF 2 and -CH 2 CF 2 CF 2 H.
- at least one of R 31 and R 32 is at least one selected from the group consisting of -CF 3 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2 F, -CH 2 CHF 2 , -CH 2 CF 3 and -CH 2 CF 2 CF 2 H.
- the fluorinated chain carbonate is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of the following compounds:
- the fluorinated ester may be represented by the following general formula:
- R 41 and R 42 are the same or different, and represent an alkyl group which may have an ether bond or a fluorine atom, and may be bonded to each other to form a ring, provided that either one of R 41 and R 42 has a fluorine atom).
- the alkyl group preferably has 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably has 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and even more preferably has 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- the alkyl group may be straight or branched.
- R 41 and R 42 may be the same or different and are preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -CHF 2 , -CH 2 F, -CH(CF 3 ) 2 , -CHFCF 3 , -CF 3 , and -CH 2 CF 3 .
- at least one of R 41 and R 42 is at least one selected from the group consisting of -CHF 2 , -CH(CF 3 ) 2 , -CHFCF 3 , -CF 3 , and -CH 2 CF 3 .
- R 41 and R 42 bonding to each other to form a ring means that R 41 and R 42 form a ring together with the carbon atom and oxygen atom to which R 41 and R 42 are bonded, and R 41 and R 42 constitute a part of the ring as a fluorinated alkylene group.
- R 41 and R 42 are preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of -CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 2 CF 3 )-, -CH(CF 3 )CH 2 CH 2 -, -CHFCH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CHF-, and -CH 2 CH 2 CH(CF 3 )-.
- the fluorinated ester is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of the following compounds:
- R 2 -(OCHR 3 CH 2 ) x -OR 3 (2) (In the formula, R2 and R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms which may be substituted with a fluorine atom, a phenyl group which may be substituted with a halogen atom, and a cyclohexyl group which may be substituted with a halogen atom, provided that these groups may together form a ring; each R3 independently represents H or CH3 ; and x represents 0 to 10.)
- the compounds represented by the above general formula (2) can be classified into non-fluorinated ether compounds and fluorinated ether compounds.
- the above ether compounds are described in detail for each of the non-fluorinated ether compounds and the fluorinated ether compounds.
- non-fluorinated ether compounds a compound represented by the following general formula (excluding the chain diether (1)) can be suitably used.
- R 54 -(OCHR 53 CH 2 ) x -OR 55 (In the formula, R 54 and R 55 are each independently selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms that does not contain fluorine, a phenyl group which may be substituted with a halogen atom, and a cyclohexyl group which may be substituted with a halogen atom, provided that these groups may together form a ring; each R 53 independently represents H or CH 3 ; and x represents 0 to 10.)
- alkyl group in the above formula examples include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, isopentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, and nonyl. If the alkyl group has more than 9 carbon atoms, the polarity of the ether compound weakens, and the solubility of the alkali metal salt tends to decrease. Therefore, it is preferable that the alkyl group has fewer carbon atoms, and preferably the methyl group or the ethyl group, and most preferably the methyl group.
- the phenyl group which may be substituted with a halogen atom is not particularly limited, but examples include a 2-chlorophenyl group, a 3-chlorophenyl group, a 4-chlorophenyl group, a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group, a 2-bromophenyl group, a 3-bromophenyl group, a 4-bromophenyl group, a 2,4-dibromophenyl group, a 2-iodophenyl group, a 3-iodophenyl group, a 4-iodophenyl group, and a 2,4-iodophenyl group.
- Cyclohexyl groups that may be substituted with halogen atoms are not particularly limited, but include 2-chlorocyclohexyl, 3-chlorocyclohexyl, 4-chlorocyclohexyl, 2,4-dichlorocyclohexyl, 2-bromocyclohexyl, 3-bromocyclohexyl, 4-bromocyclohexyl, 2,4-dibromocyclohexyl, 2-iodocyclohexyl, 3-iodocyclohexyl, 4-iodocyclohexyl, and 2,4-diiodocyclohexyl groups.
- R53 represents H or CH3 , and when x is 2 or more, they are independent of each other.
- x represents 0 to 10 and represents the number of repeating ethylene oxide units.
- x is preferably 1 to 6, more preferably 2 to 5, and most preferably 3 or 4.
- Examples of the ether compound include tetrahydrofuran (THF), 1,3-dioxolane, 1,4-dioxane, glyme, or derivatives thereof.
- the ether compounds represented by the above general formula may form a ring together.
- Examples of the cyclic compound include tetrahydrofuran (THF) and its derivative 2-methyltetrahydrofuran when x is 0, and 1,3-dioxolane and 1,4-dioxane when x is 1.
- monoglyme (G1) include methyl monoglyme, ethyl monoglyme, and the like
- examples of diglyme (G2) include ethyl diglyme, butyl diglyme, and the like.
- the thermal stability, ionic conductivity, and electrochemical stability of the electrolyte can be further improved, resulting in an electrolyte that can withstand high voltages.
- the ether compounds that may be used in the electrolyte may be used alone or in the form of a mixture of two or more types.
- Rf is an alkyl group having a fluorine atom, which may be branched or cyclic and has 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
- R51 is an alkyl group which may have a fluorine atom
- R52 is an alkyl group not having fluorine, which has 1 to 9 carbon atoms and may be branched or cyclic
- n1 is 0 or 2.
- the compound may be a fluorinated ether compound represented by the formula:
- the compound represented by the above formula ( 5 ) is not particularly limited , and examples thereof include HCF2CF2OCH2CH2CH3 , HCF2CF2OCH2CH2CH2CH3 , HCF2CF2CH2OCH2CH3 , HCF2CF2CH2OCH2CH2CH2CH3 , HCF2CF2CH2OCH2CH2CH2CH3 , CF3CHFCF2OCH2CH3 , CF3CHFCF2OCH2CH2CH3 , and HCF2CF2OCH2CH3 . Two or more of these compounds may be mixed and used .
- the fluorinated ether compound is represented by the following general formula (5-1): Rf1-(OR 51 ) n1 -O-Rf2 (5-1) (In the formula, Rf1 and Rf2 are the same or different and are alkyl groups having a fluorine atom. R51 is an alkyl group which may have a fluorine atom, and n1 is 0 or 2.
- the number of carbon atoms in one molecule is 5 or more.
- Examples of the fluorinated ether represented by the formula (5-1) include HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CHFCF 3 , HCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CF 2 H, CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CHFCF 3 , and CF 3 CF 2 CH 2 OCF 2 CF 2 H.
- the fluorinated ether compound is preferably a fluorinated monoether.
- the solvent contains a fluorinated monoether together with the chain diether (1), a lithium-sulfur secondary battery having more excellent cycle characteristics and less gas generation can be obtained.
- the above “other solvent” may be a combination of two or more kinds.
- the content is preferably 20 to 90 mass% based on the total amount of the electrolyte solution. Keeping the content within the above range is preferable in terms of improving the output of the battery.
- the “other solvent” it is particularly preferable to use at least one selected from the group consisting of vinylene carbonate and fluorinated monoether.
- the content of the “other solvent” is preferably 5 to 80 mass% of the total amount of the electrolyte, more preferably 10 mass% or more, even more preferably 20 mass% or more, and more preferably 70 mass% or less, even more preferably 60 mass% or less.
- the electrolyte solution of the present disclosure may contain a non-fluorinated ether compound such as dimethoxyethane or 1,3-dioxolane as the "other solvent", but the content is preferably small.
- the content of the non-fluorinated ether compound is preferably 70 mass% or less, more preferably 65 mass% or less, and even more preferably 60 mass% or less, based on the total amount of the electrolyte solution.
- the electrolyte solution of the present disclosure is also preferably free of non-fluorinated ether compounds.
- the electrolyte solution of the present disclosure contains a non-aqueous electrolyte containing lithium ions.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte containing lithium ions is preferably a lithium salt.
- the lithium salt can be represented by LiX, where X is a substance that is a counter anion.
- the lithium salt may be used alone or in the form of a mixture of two or more kinds.
- N(FSO 2 ) 2 N(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , N(CF 3 CF 2 SO 2 ) 2 , PF 6 and ClO 4.
- PF 6 and N(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 are preferred.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte is preferably contained in the electrolyte solution at a ratio of 3.0 to 30% by mass. Within this range, the electrolyte solution can be used as a good electrolyte solution.
- the lower limit is more preferably 5.0% by mass, and even more preferably 8.0% by mass.
- the upper limit is more preferably 20% by mass, and even more preferably 15% by mass.
- the mixing ratio of the solvent and non-aqueous electrolyte (solvent)/(non-aqueous electrolyte) is preferably 0.1 at the lower end and 5.0 at the upper end (molar conversion). This range is preferable because it ensures good coordination of the fluorinated ether to the alkali metal ions. It is more preferable that the mixing ratio is 0.5 at the lower end and 4.0 at the upper end.
- a lithium salt compound represented by the following general formula (hereinafter, this will be referred to as a "second lithium salt compound”) may be used in combination. Two or more of the above-mentioned second lithium salt compounds may be used in combination.
- the second lithium salt compound is preferably contained in an amount of 0.001 to 10% by mass based on the total amount of the electrolyte.
- the lower limit of the content of the second lithium salt is more preferably 0.01% by mass, and even more preferably 0.1% by mass.
- the upper limit of the content of the second lithium salt is more preferably 5% by mass, and even more preferably 3% by mass.
- the electrolyte solution of the present disclosure may further contain a cyclic borate ester.
- a cyclic borate ester By containing the cyclic borate ester, it is possible to have a better capacity retention rate.
- the cyclic borate ester is not particularly limited, and is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of the following compounds.
- the electrolyte preferably contains 0.01% by mass or more of the cyclic borate ester, and more preferably 0.5% by mass or more. There is no particular upper limit, but it is preferably 1.0% by mass.
- the electrolyte solution of the present disclosure may contain a phosphate ester, which is preferable in terms of extending the life of the battery and improving the output of the battery.
- the content of the phosphate ester is preferably 0.001 to 10% by mass based on the total amount of the electrolyte.
- the lower limit of the phosphate content is more preferably 0.01% by mass, and even more preferably 0.1% by mass.
- the upper limit of the phosphate content is more preferably 5% by mass, and even more preferably 3% by mass.
- phosphate esters such as (methyl)(2-propenyl)(2-propynyl) phosphate, (ethyl)(2-propenyl)(2-propynyl) phosphate, (2-butenyl)(methyl)(2-propynyl) phosphate, (2-butenyl)(ethyl)(2-propynyl) phosphate, (1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)(methyl)(2-propenyl) phosphate, (1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)(ethyl)(2-propenyl) phosphate, (2-butenyl)(1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)(methyl) phosphate, and (2-butenyl)(ethyl)(1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl) phosphate; Trimethyl phosphite, triethyl, triethyl
- the electrolyte of the present disclosure may be a gel electrolyte in a gel state.
- the gel electrolyte has a structure in which an electrolyte is injected into a matrix polymer made of an ion-conductive polymer.
- the electrolyte of the present disclosure is used as this electrolyte.
- ion-conductive polymers used as the matrix polymer include polyethylene oxide (PEO), polypropylene oxide (PPO), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), copolymers of vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (VDF-HEP), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and copolymers thereof.
- Electrolyte salts such as lithium salts can be well dissolved in polyalkylene oxide-based polymers.
- the electrolyte of the present disclosure is used in a lithium-sulfur secondary battery having a positive electrode containing a sulfur-based electrode active material containing at least one selected from the group consisting of elemental sulfur, lithium polysulfide (Li 2 S n : 1 ⁇ n ⁇ 8), an organic sulfur compound, and an inorganic sulfur compound, and a negative electrode containing a material that absorbs and releases lithium ions.
- a positive electrode containing a sulfur-based electrode active material containing at least one selected from the group consisting of elemental sulfur, lithium polysulfide (Li 2 S n : 1 ⁇ n ⁇ 8), an organic sulfur compound, and an inorganic sulfur compound, and a negative electrode containing a material that absorbs and releases lithium ions.
- the lithium-sulfur secondary battery according to the present disclosure may have a structure in which, for example, the above-mentioned positive electrode or negative electrode and a counter electrode are arranged at a distance from each other via a separator, an electrolyte is impregnated in the separator to form a cell, and a plurality of such cells are stacked or wound and housed in a case.
- the current collectors of the positive electrode or negative electrode and the counter electrode are each drawn out to the outside of the case and electrically connected to a tab (terminal).
- the electrolyte may be a gel electrolyte.
- the positive electrode contains at least one sulfur-based electrode active material selected from the group consisting of elemental sulfur, lithium polysulfide (Li 2 S n : 1 ⁇ n ⁇ 8), organic sulfur compounds, and inorganic sulfur compounds.
- organic sulfur compounds include organic disulfide compounds and carbon sulfide compounds.
- the use of the above composite material is advantageous in that the above sulfur-based electrode active material is present in the pores, which can reduce resistance.
- the content of the sulfur-based electrode active material contained in the positive electrode active material in the composite material is preferably 40 to 99% by mass, more preferably 50% by mass or more, even more preferably 60% by mass or more, more preferably 90% by mass or less, and even more preferably 85% by mass or less, relative to the composite material, because this provides better cycle performance and further reduces overvoltage.
- the positive electrode active material is the sulfur element
- the content of sulfur contained in the positive electrode active material is equal to the content of the sulfur element.
- the sulfur content is obtained by measuring the weight change when heated from room temperature to 600°C at a heating rate of 10°C/m in a helium atmosphere.
- the content of the carbon material in the composite material is preferably 1 to 60% by mass, more preferably 10% by mass or more, even more preferably 15% by mass or more, more preferably 45% by mass or less, and even more preferably 40% by mass or less, relative to the positive electrode active material, since this provides better cycle performance and further reduces overvoltage.
- the carbon material used in the composite material of sulfur and carbon material preferably has pores.
- the "pores" include micropores, mesopores, and macropores.
- the micropores refer to pores having a diameter of 0.1 nm or more and 2 nm or less.
- the mesopores refer to pores having a diameter of more than 2 nm and not more than 50 nm.
- the macropores refer to pores having a diameter of more than 50 nm.
- a carbon material having a pore volume ratio (micropores/mesopores), which is the ratio of the pore volume of micropores to the pore volume of mesopores, of 1.5 or more as the carbon material.
- the pore volume ratio is more preferably 2.0 or more.
- the upper limit of the pore volume ratio is not particularly limited, but may be 3.0 or less. It is presumed that if the carbon material has pores, the elution of the positive electrode active material can be significantly suppressed. Note that the pore volume does not take into account the macropore volume.
- the BET specific surface area, average pore diameter, and pore volume in this disclosure can be determined using a nitrogen adsorption isotherm obtained by adsorbing nitrogen gas to a sample (carbon material, composite material) at liquid nitrogen temperature.
- the BET specific surface area of the sample can be determined by the Brenauer-Emmet-Telle (BET) method using the nitrogen adsorption isotherm, and the average pore diameter and pore volume of the sample can be determined by the QSDFT method (quenched solidified density functional theory) using the nitrogen adsorption isotherm.
- BET Brenauer-Emmet-Telle
- QSDFT quenched solidified density functional theory
- the positive electrode active material is contained within the pores of the carbon material, since this leads to better cycle performance and a further reduction in overvoltage. It is presumed that when the positive electrode active material is contained within the pores, the elution of the positive electrode active material can be significantly suppressed.
- the presence of the positive electrode active material in the pores can be confirmed by measuring the BET specific surface area of the composite material.
- the BET specific surface area of the composite material is smaller than the BET specific surface area of the carbon material alone.
- the carbon material is preferably porous carbon having macropores and mesopores.
- the carbon material preferably has a BET specific surface area of 500 to 2500 m 2 /g, since this leads to better cycle performance and a further reduction in overvoltage.
- the BET specific surface area is more preferably 700 m 2 /g or more and more preferably 2000 m 2 /g or less.
- the carbon material preferably has an average particle size of 1 to 50 nm, since this leads to better cycle performance and further reduction in overvoltage.
- the average particle size is more preferably 2 nm or more, and more preferably 30 nm or less.
- the method for producing the carbon material is not particularly limited, but includes, for example, a method of forming a complex of an easily degradable polymer and a less degradable (thermosetting) organic component, and then removing the easily degradable polymer from the complex.
- the carbon material can be produced by preparing an ordered nanostructured polymer using the organic-organic interaction between a phenolic resin and a thermally degradable polymer, and then carbonizing the polymer.
- the method for producing the composite material is not particularly limited, but includes a method in which the positive electrode active material is vaporized and precipitated on the carbon material. After precipitation, excess positive electrode active material may be removed by heating at about 150°C.
- the positive electrode may contain a thickener, a binder, and a conductive agent in addition to the sulfur-based electrode active material.
- a slurry (paste) of these electrode materials is applied to a conductive carrier (current collector) and dried to support the electrode materials on the carrier, thereby producing a positive electrode.
- the current collector include conductive metals such as aluminum, nickel, copper, and stainless steel formed into foils, meshes, expanded grids (expanded metals), punched metals, and the like.
- a resin having electrical conductivity or a resin containing a conductive filler may be used as the current collector.
- the thickness of the current collector is, for example, 5 to 30 ⁇ m, but is not limited to this range.
- the content of the sulfur-based electrode active material is preferably 50 to 98 mass%, more preferably 65 to 75 mass%. If the content of the active material is in the above range, it is preferable because the energy density can be increased.
- the thickness of the electrode material is preferably 10 to 500 ⁇ m, more preferably 20 to 300 ⁇ m, and further preferably 20 to 150 ⁇ m.
- the binder may be a polyalkylene oxide such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethernitrile (PEN), polyimide (PI), polyamide (PA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polymethyl acrylate (PMA), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyacrylic acid (PAA), lithium polyacrylate (PAALi), ring-opening polymerization of ethylene oxide or monosubstituted epoxide, or a mixture thereof.
- PE polyethylene
- PP polypropylene
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- PEN polyethernitrile
- PA polyamide
- PA polytetrafluoroethylene
- SBR styrene butadiene
- the thickeners include carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, oxidized starch, phosphorylated starch, casein, and salts thereof.
- One type may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in any combination and ratio.
- the conductive agent is an additive that is blended to improve electrical conductivity, and can be carbon powder such as graphite, ketjen black, inverse opal carbon, acetylene black, or various carbon fibers such as vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF) and carbon nanotubes (CNT).
- the electrode material may also contain a supporting salt (a component contained in the electrolyte solution described below).
- the negative electrode in the lithium-sulfur secondary battery of the present disclosure contains a material that absorbs and releases lithium ions.
- the negative electrode active material contained in the negative electrode acts to absorb and release alkali metal ions.
- As the negative electrode active material at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, carbon, silicon, aluminum, tin, antimony, and magnesium is preferable.
- conventionally known negative electrode materials such as metal materials such as lithium titanate, lithium metal, sodium metal, lithium aluminum alloy, sodium aluminum alloy, lithium tin alloy, sodium tin alloy, lithium silicon alloy, sodium silicon alloy, lithium antimony alloy, and sodium antimony alloy, natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, graphite, activated carbon, carbon fiber, coke, soft carbon, hard carbon, and other crystalline carbon materials and non-crystalline carbon materials can be used.
- metal materials such as lithium titanate, lithium metal, sodium metal, lithium aluminum alloy, sodium aluminum alloy, lithium tin alloy, sodium tin alloy, lithium silicon alloy, sodium silicon alloy, lithium antimony alloy, and sodium antimony alloy
- natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, graphite, activated carbon, carbon fiber, coke, soft carbon, hard carbon, and other crystalline carbon materials and non-crystalline carbon materials can be used.
- it is desirable to use carbon materials, lithium, and lithium transition metal composite oxides because they can form a
- the negative electrode may also contain the above-mentioned active material, binder, and conductive agent. These electrode materials can then be supported on a conductive carrier (current collector) to produce the negative electrode.
- a conductive carrier current collector
- the same current collector as above can be used.
- a separator is usually placed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the separator include a glass fiber separator that absorbs and retains the electrolyte solution described below, a porous sheet made of a polymer, and a nonwoven fabric.
- the porous sheet is made of, for example, a microporous polymer.
- the polymer that constitutes such a porous sheet include polyolefins such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP); a laminate with a three-layer structure of PP/PE/PP, polyimide, and aramid.
- polyolefin-based microporous separators and glass fiber separators are preferable because they have the property of being chemically stable against organic solvents and can suppress reactivity with the electrolyte solution to a low level.
- the thickness of the separator made of a porous sheet is not limited, but in the application of a secondary battery for driving a motor of a vehicle, it is preferable that the total thickness is 4 to 60 ⁇ m in a single layer or multilayer.
- the micropore diameter of the separator made of a porous sheet is a maximum of 10 ⁇ m or less (usually about 10 to 100 nm), and the porosity is 20 to 80%.
- nonwoven fabric conventionally known materials such as cotton, rayon, acetate, nylon (registered trademark), polyester, polyolefins such as PP and PE, polyimide, aramid, etc. are used alone or in combination.
- the porosity of the nonwoven fabric separator is preferably 50 to 90%.
- the thickness of the nonwoven fabric separator is preferably 5 to 200 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably 10 to 100 ⁇ m. If the thickness is less than 5 ⁇ m, the retention of the electrolyte solution may deteriorate, and if it exceeds 200 ⁇ m, the resistance may increase.
- the present disclosure also provides a module including the above-described lithium-sulfur secondary battery.
- a composite material containing a predetermined amount of sulfur as a carbon material and a positive electrode active material (sulfur content is 70% by mass), carbon black as a conductive material, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) dispersed in pure water, and styrene-butadiene rubber were mixed in a solid content ratio of 92/3/2.5/2.5 (mass %) to prepare a positive electrode mixture slurry.
- the obtained positive electrode mixture slurry was uniformly applied to an aluminum foil collector having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m, dried, and then compressed and formed by a press to form a positive electrode.
- the positive electrode laminate was punched out to a diameter of 1.6 cm by a punching machine to prepare a circular positive electrode.
- a separate circular piece of lithium foil punched out to a diameter of 1.6 cm was used as the negative electrode.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode were placed opposite each other with a 25 ⁇ m-thick microporous polypropylene film (separator) interposed therebetween, and the nonaqueous electrolyte obtained above was poured into the battery. After the electrolyte had sufficiently permeated the separator and the like, the battery was sealed and pre-discharged, pre-charged, and aged to prepare a coin-type lithium-sulfur secondary battery. The obtained coin-type lithium-sulfur secondary batteries were evaluated based on the following criteria.
- the secondary battery manufactured above was subjected to a cycle test at 45° C.
- the cycle test consisted of charging at a constant current of 0.2 C to 2.9 V, followed by discharging at a constant current of 0.1 C to 1.0 V, for 100 cycles.
- 1 C represents the current value at which the battery's reference capacity is discharged in 1 hour
- 0.2 C represents 1/5 of that current value, for example.
- the discharge capacity values after 100 cycles are shown in Table 4.
- Lithium-sulfur secondary batteries using the electrolyte of the present disclosure can be used as various power sources such as portable power sources and automotive power sources.
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Abstract
Description
上記電解液は、非水電解質及び溶媒を含有するものであり、
上記溶媒は、σ≧0.01(e/Å2)の範囲におけるΣ{σ×P(σ)}値が下記一般式(1)で示される範囲内にある鎖状ジエーテルを含有する電解液である。
一般式(1):0<Σ{σ×P(σ)}<0.24
(式中、σはスクリーニング電荷密度を表し、P(σ)はσ-プロファイルを表す。)
一般式(A):
一般式(B):
一般式(1):0<Σ{σ×P(σ)}<0.24
(式中、σはスクリーニング電荷密度を表し、P(σ)はσ-プロファイルを表す。)
スクリーニング電荷密度σは、COSMO-RS(Conductor like Screening Model for Real Solvents)法により計算される分子表面の電荷密度である。
σ-プロファイルP(σ)は、分子表面を一定面積のセグメントに分割することで算出され、スクリーニング電荷密度のセグメントの度数を示す。
σ×P(σ)は、上記セグメントの電荷密度と数の積であり、分子表面の電荷密度分布を示す。
Σ{σ×P(σ)}は、σ≧0.01(e/Å2)の範囲におけるσ×P(σ)の総和を示す。
σ≧0.01(e/Å2)の範囲は分子表面においてルイス塩基性が高く、配位結合や水素結合等の分子間相互作用の形成が有利になると考えられる。したがって、当該範囲におけるΣ{σ×P(σ)}値が低い(上述の範囲内にある)鎖状ジエーテルは多硫化リチウムへの配位力が低く、電解液への多硫化リチウムの溶出を抑制することができる。
一般式(A):
一般式(B):
上記フッ素化アルキル基としては、炭素数1のフッ素化アルキル基、すなわち-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2Fが好ましく、-CF3がより好ましい。
上記フッ素化アルキル基としては、炭素数1のフッ素化アルキル基、すなわち、-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2Fが好ましく、-CF3がより好ましい。
ここで、「溶媒」とは、電解液に含まれる液体成分のうち、揮発性を有する化合物を意味する。リチウム硫黄電池の電解液においては、非水電解質が含まれる。このような非水電解質は、揮発性を有さない成分である。本開示における「溶媒」とは、電解液において、これらの非水電解質と併用して使用されるものであり、各種カーボネート化合物、エーテル化合物、エステル化合物等の、揮発性の液体化合物を意味するものである。また、これらのうち2種以上を併用して使用するものであってもよい。
上記溶媒は、非水溶媒であることが好ましく、本開示の電解液は、非水電解液であることが好ましい。
上記その他の溶媒としては、特に限定されるものではなく、電池分野において、電解液中の溶媒として使用することができる各種溶媒を使用することができる。具体的には、ビニレンカーボネート、フッ素化飽和環状カーボネート、フッ素化鎖状カーボネート、エーテル化合物(鎖状ジエーテル(1)を除く。)、フッ素化エーテル(鎖状ジエーテル(1)を除く。)、フッ素化エステル等を挙げることができる。
以下、これらのその他の溶媒について詳述する。
ビニレンカーボネートは、下記式(3)で表される化合物である。
なお、ビニレンカーボネートによるサイクル特性の向上は、硫黄正極上へビニレンカーボネート由来の被膜が形成されることによるものと考えられる。
上記フッ素化飽和環状カーボネートとしては、式(4):
上記フッ素化アルキル基は、直鎖状又は分岐鎖状であってよい。
上記フッ素化アルコキシ基としては、炭素数が1~10のものが好ましく、炭素数が1~6のものがより好ましく、炭素数が1~4のものが更に好ましい。
上記フッ素化アルコキシ基は、直鎖状又は分岐鎖状であってよい。
この場合、R21~R24の少なくとも1つは、-F、-CF3、-C4F9、-CHF2、-CH2F、-CH2CF2CF3、-CH2-CF(CF3)2、-CH2-O-CH2CHF2F2H、-CH2CF3、及び、-CF2CF3からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である。
の一般式で表される化合物がより好ましい。上記化合物は、電池の出力向上という点で特に好ましいものである。更には、
上記フッ素化鎖状カーボネートとしては、下記一般式:
上記アルキル基は、直鎖状又は分岐鎖状であってよい。
この場合、R31及びR32の少なくとも一方は、-CF3、-CHF2、-CH2F、-CH2CHF2、-CH2CF3、及び、-CH2CF2CF2Hからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である。
上記フッ素化エステルとしては、下記一般式:
上記アルキル基は、直鎖状又は分岐鎖状であってよい。
この場合、R41及びR42の少なくとも一方は、-CHF2、-CH(CF3)2、-CHFCF3、-CF3、及び、-CH2CF3からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である。
エーテル化合物としては、下記一般式(2)で表される化合物(鎖状ジエーテル(1)を除く。)を好適に使用することができる。
R2-(OCHR3CH2)x-OR3 (2)
(式中、R2及びR3は、それぞれ独立して、炭素数1~9のフッ素置換されていてもよいアルキル基、ハロゲン原子で置換されていてもよいフェニル基、及びハロゲン原子で置換されていてもよいシクロヘキシル基から成る群から選択され、但しこれらは共に環を形成してもよく、R3は、それぞれ独立して、H又はCH3を表し、xは0~10を表す。)
非フッ素化エーテル化合物としては下記一般式で表される化合物(鎖状ジエーテル(1)を除く。)を好適に使用することができる。
R54-(OCHR53CH2)x-OR55
(式中、R54及びR55は、それぞれ独立して、炭素数1~9のフッ素を有していないアルキル基、ハロゲン原子で置換されていてもよいフェニル基、及びハロゲン原子で置換されていてもよいシクロヘキシル基から成る群から選択され、但しこれらは共に環を形成してもよく、R53は、それぞれ独立して、H又はCH3を表し、xは0~10を表す。)
上記一般式で表されるエーテル化合物は共に環を形成してもよく、この環状化合物としては、xが0の場合には、テトラヒドロフラン(THF)やその誘導体である2-メチルテトラヒドロフランが挙げられ、xが1の場合には、1,3-ジオキソランや1,4-ジオキサンが挙げられる。
グライムは、上記一般式(2)(但し、R3はHを表し、xは1以上を表し、直鎖化合物である。)で表され、モノグライム(G1、x=1)、ジグライム(G2、x=2)、トリグライム(G3、x=3)及びテトラグライム(G4、x=4)等が挙げられる。モノグライム(G1)としては、メチルモノグライム、エチルモノグライム等が挙げられ、ジグライム(G2)としては、エチルジグライム、ブチルジグライム等が挙げられる。
上記その他の溶媒は、下記一般式(5):
Rf-(OR51)n1-O-R52 (5)
(式中、Rfは、フッ素原子を有するアルキル基であり、炭素数1~5の分岐又は環を形成していてもよい。R51は、フッ素原子を有していてもよいアルキル基、R52はフッ素を有していないアルキル基であり炭素数1~9であり、分岐又は環を形成していてもよい。n1は0又は2である。)
で示されるフッ素化エーテル化合物であってもよい。
上記式(5)で表される化合物としては特に限定されるものではないが、例えば、HCF2CF2OCH2CH2CH3,HCF2CF2OCH2CH2CH2CH3,HCF2CF2CH2OCH2CH3,HCF2CF2CH2OCH2CH2CH3,HCF2CF2CH2OCH2CH2CH2CH3,CF3CHFCF2OCH2CH3,CF3CHFCF2OCH2CH2CH3、HCF2CF2OCH2CH3を挙げることができる。これらの化合物のなかから2以上の化合物を混合して使用するものであってもよい。
Rf1-(OR51)n1-O-Rf2 (5-1)
(式中、Rf1、Rf2は、同じか又は異なり、フッ素原子を有するアルキル基である。R51は、フッ素原子を有していてもよいアルキル基、n1は0又は2である。1分子中の炭素数は、5以上である)
で示されるフッ素化エーテルを含有するものであってよい。上記式(5-1)で表されるフッ素化エーテルとしては、HCF2CF2CH2OCF2CHFCF3、HCF2CF2CH2OCF2CF2H、CF3CF2CH2OCF2CHFCF3、CF3CF2CH2OCF2CF2Hが例示できる。
上記フッ素化モノエーテルとしては、例えば、上記一般式(5)及び(5-1)において、n1=0とした化合物が挙げられる。
本開示の電解液は、非フッ素化エーテル化合物を含まないことも好ましい。
本開示の電解液は、リチウムイオンを含む非水電解質を含有するものである。
リチウムイオンを含む非水電解質は、リチウム塩であることが好ましい。リチウム塩はLiXで表すことができ、Xは対の陰イオンとなる物質である。上記リチウム塩は、一種を単独で使用してもよいし、二種以上を混合物の形態で使用してもよい。
上記第二のリチウム塩含有量の下限は、0.01質量%であることがより好ましく、0.1質量%であることが更に好ましい。上記第二のリチウム塩含有量の上限は、5質量%であることがより好ましく、3質量%であることが更に好ましい。
上記環状ホウ酸エステルとしては特に限定されず、例えば、次の化合物からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種が好ましい。
リン酸エステルの含有量は、電解液全量に対して、0.001~10質量%であることが好ましい。
上記リン酸エステル含有量の下限は、0.01質量%であることがより好ましく、0.1質量%であることが更に好ましい。上記リン酸エステル含有量の上限は、5質量%であることがより好ましく、3質量%であることが更に好ましい。
リン酸(メチル)(2-プロペニル)(2-プロピニル)、リン酸(エチル)(2-プロペニル)(2-プロピニル)、リン酸(2-ブテニル)(メチル)(2-プロピニル)、リン酸(2-ブテニル)(エチル)(2-プロピニル)、リン酸(1,1-ジメチル-2-プロピニル)(メチル)(2-プロペニル)、リン酸(1,1-ジメチル-2-プロピニル)(エチル)(2-プロペニル)、リン酸(2-ブテニル)(1,1-ジメチル-2-プロピニル)(メチル)、及びリン酸(2-ブテニル)(エチル)(1,1-ジメチル-2-プロピニル)等のリン酸エステル;
亜リン酸トリメチル、亜リン酸トリエチル、亜リン酸トリフェニル、リン酸トリメチル、リン酸トリエチル、リン酸トリフェニル、メチルホスホン酸ジメチル、エチルホスホン酸ジエチル、ビニルホスホン酸ジメチル、ビニルホスホン酸ジエチル、ジエチルホスホノ酢酸エチル、ジメチルホスフィン酸メチル、ジエチルホスフィン酸エチル、トリメチルホスフィンオキシド、トリエチルホスフィンオキシド、リン酸ビス(2,2-ジフルオロエチル)2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル、リン酸ビス(2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロプロピル)2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル、リン酸ビス(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)メチル、リン酸ビス(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)エチル、リン酸ビス(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)2,2-ジフルオロエチルリン酸ビス(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロプロピル、リン酸トリブチル、リン酸トリス(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)、リン酸トリス(1,1,1,3,3,3-ヘキサフルオロプロパン-2-イル)、リン酸トリオクチル、リン酸2-フェニルフェニルジメチル、リン酸2-フェニルフェニルジエチル、リン酸(2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル)(2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロプロピル)メチル、メチル2-(ジメトキシホスホリル)アセテート、メチル2-(ジメチルホスホリル)アセテート、メチル2-(ジエトキシホスホリル)アセテート、メチル2-(ジエチルホスホリル)アセテート、メチレンビスホスホン酸メチル、メチレンビスホスホン酸エチル、エチレンビスホスホン酸メチル、エチレンビスホスホン酸エチル、ブチレンビスホスホン酸メチル、ブチレンビスホスホン酸エチル、酢酸2-プロピニル2-(ジメトキシホスホリル)、酢酸2-プロピニル2-(ジメチルホスホリル)、酢酸2-プロピニル2-(ジエトキシホスホリル)、酢酸2-プロピニル2-(ジエチルホスホリル)、リン酸トリス(トリメチルシリル)、リン酸トリス(トリエチルシリル)、リン酸トリス(トリメトキシシリル)、亜リン酸トリス(トリメチルシリル)、亜リン酸トリス(トリエチルシリル)、亜リン酸トリス(トリメトキシシリル)、ポリリン酸トリメチルシリル等の含リン化合物。
また、本開示は、上記電解液を必須成分とするリチウム硫黄二次電池でもある。以下、本開示のリチウム硫黄二次電池についても詳述する。
本開示に係るリチウム硫黄二次電池は、例えば、上記した正極又は負極と対極とをセパレータを介して離間して配置し、セパレータ内に電解液を含ませてセルを構成し、このセルを複数個積層又は巻回してケースに収容した構造とすることができる。正極又は負極と、対極との集電体は、それぞれケース外部に引き出され、タブ(端子)に電気的に接続される。なお、電解液をゲル電解液としてもよい。
上記正極は、単体硫黄、多硫化リチウム(Li2Sn:1<n<8)、有機硫黄化合物及び無機硫黄化合物からなる群から選択される少なくとも一つの硫黄系電極活物質を含むものである。有機硫黄化合物としては、有機ジスルフィド化合物、カーボンスルフィド化合物が挙げられる。無機硫黄化合物としては、MSx(M=Ni,Cu,Fe、0<x≦2)で表される金属多硫化物等が挙げられる。また、これらの硫黄系電極活物質と炭素材料の複合材料を使用することが好ましい。
集電体としては、アルミニウム、ニッケル、銅、ステンレス鋼等の導電性の金属を、箔、メッシュ、エキスパンドグリッド(エキスパンドメタル)、パンチドメタル等に形成したものが挙げられる。また、導電性を有する樹脂又は導電性フィラーを含有させた樹脂を集電体として使用してもよい。集電体の厚さは、例えば5~30μmであるが、この範囲に限定されない。
電極材料の厚さ(塗布層の片面の厚さ)は、好ましくは、10~500μmであり、より好ましくは20~300μmであり、更に好ましくは20~150μmである。
本開示のリチウム硫黄二次電池における負極は、リチウムイオンを吸蔵放出する材料を含むものである。負極に含まれる負極活物質は、アルカリ金属イオンを吸蔵脱離するよう作用する。負極活物質としては、リチウム、ナトリウム、炭素、ケイ素、アルミニウム、スズ、アンチモン及びマグネシウムからなる群から選択される少なくとも一種が好ましい。より具体的には、チタン酸リチウム、リチウム金属、ナトリウム金属、リチウムアルミ合金、ナトリウムアルミ合金、リチウムスズ合金、ナトリウムスズ合金、リチウムケイ素合金、ナトリウムケイ素合金、リチウムアンチモン合金、ナトリウムアンチモン合金等の金属材料、天然黒鉛、人造黒鉛、カーボンブラック、アセチレンブラック、グラファイト、活性炭、カーボンファイバー、コークス、ソフトカーボン、ハードカーボン等の結晶性炭素材や非結晶性炭素材等の炭素材料といった従来公知の負極材料を用いることができる。このうち、容量、入出力特性に優れた電池を構成できることから、炭素材料もしくはリチウム、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物を用いるのが望ましい。場合によっては、2種以上の負極活物質が併用されてもよい。
上記リチウム硫黄二次電池を備えるモジュールも本開示の一つである。
(電解液の調製)
表4に記載の組成になるように各成分を混合し、非水電解液を得た。
炭素材料及び正極活物質として所定の硫黄を含有した複合材料(硫黄の含有量は70質量%)、導電材としてカーボンブラック、純水で分散させたカルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)、及び、スチレンーブタジエンゴムを固形分比で92/3/2.5/2.5(質量%比)になるよう混合した正極合剤スラリーを準備した。厚さ25μmのアルミ箔集電体上に得られた正極合剤スラリーを均一に塗布し、乾燥した後、プレス機により圧縮形成して正極とした。正極積層体を打ち抜き機で直径1.6cmの大きさに打ち抜き、円状の正極を作製した。
厚さ25μmの微孔性ポリプロピレンフィルム(セパレータ)を介して正極と負極を対向させ、上記で得られた非水電解液を注入し、電解液がセパレータ等に充分に浸透した後、封止し予備放電、予備充電、エージングを行い、コイン型のリチウム硫黄二次電池を作製した。
得られたコイン型のリチウム硫黄二次電池について、以下の基準に基づいて評価を行った。
上記で製造した二次電池を45℃でサイクル試験を行った。サイクル試験は0.2Cに相当する電流で2.9Vまで定電流充電した後、0.1Cの定電流で1.0Vまで放電するのを100サイクル繰り返し行った。ここで1Cとは電池の基準容量を1時間で放電する電流値を表し、例えば、0.2Cとはその1/5の電流値を表す。100サイクル後の放電容量値を表4に示す。
上記で製造した二次電池の体積と、上記100サイクル後の二次電池の体積とをアルキメデス法により測定し、体積変化からガス発生量(ml)を求めた。
比較例1の値を100として算出した結果を表4に示す。
Claims (7)
- 単体硫黄、多硫化リチウム(Li2Sn:1<n<8)、有機硫黄化合物及び無機硫黄化合物からなる群から選択される少なくとも一つを含む硫黄系電極活物質を含有する正極、リチウムイオンを吸蔵放出する材料を含む負極を有するリチウム硫黄二次電池に使用する電解液であって、
前記電解液は、非水電解質及び溶媒を含有するものであり、
前記溶媒は、σ≧0.01(e/Å2)の範囲におけるΣ{σ×P(σ)}値が下記一般式(1)で示される範囲内にある鎖状ジエーテルを含有する電解液。
一般式(1):0<Σ{σ×P(σ)}<0.24
(式中、σはスクリーニング電荷密度を表し、P(σ)はσ-プロファイルを表す。) - 前記鎖状ジエーテルは、フッ素化鎖状ジエーテルである請求項1に記載の電解液。
- 前記鎖状ジエーテルの含有量が、前記電解液全量に対し、3~90質量%である請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の電解液。
- 単体硫黄、多硫化リチウム(Li2Sn:1<n<8)、有機硫黄化合物及び無機硫黄化合物からなる群から選択される少なくとも一つを含む硫黄系電極活物質を含有する正極、リチウムイオンを吸蔵放出する材料を含む負極を有するリチウム硫黄二次電池であって、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の電解液を使用するものであるリチウム硫黄二次電池。
- 請求項6に記載のリチウム硫黄二次電池を備えるモジュール。
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| EP23853728.6A EP4386925A4 (en) | 2022-11-04 | 2023-10-20 | ELECTROLYTIC SOLUTION, RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM-SULFUR BATTERY AND MODULE |
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| JP2010238510A (ja) * | 2009-03-31 | 2010-10-21 | Daikin Ind Ltd | リチウム二次電池の非水電解液用溶媒 |
| JP2011187163A (ja) * | 2010-03-04 | 2011-09-22 | Panasonic Corp | 非水電解液及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
| JP2013101766A (ja) * | 2011-11-07 | 2013-05-23 | Asahi Glass Co Ltd | 二次電池用非水電解液および二次電池 |
| US20180076485A1 (en) * | 2016-09-14 | 2018-03-15 | Uchicago Argonne, Llc | Fluoro-substituted ethers and compositions |
| WO2021090666A1 (ja) | 2019-11-05 | 2021-05-14 | 学校法人関西大学 | 電解液、リチウム硫黄二次電池及びモジュール |
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| EP4071872A1 (en) * | 2021-04-08 | 2022-10-12 | Solvay SA | Liquid electrolyte for lithium secondary batteries |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| JP2010238510A (ja) * | 2009-03-31 | 2010-10-21 | Daikin Ind Ltd | リチウム二次電池の非水電解液用溶媒 |
| JP2011187163A (ja) * | 2010-03-04 | 2011-09-22 | Panasonic Corp | 非水電解液及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
| JP2013101766A (ja) * | 2011-11-07 | 2013-05-23 | Asahi Glass Co Ltd | 二次電池用非水電解液および二次電池 |
| US20180076485A1 (en) * | 2016-09-14 | 2018-03-15 | Uchicago Argonne, Llc | Fluoro-substituted ethers and compositions |
| WO2021090666A1 (ja) | 2019-11-05 | 2021-05-14 | 学校法人関西大学 | 電解液、リチウム硫黄二次電池及びモジュール |
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| JP7492714B2 (ja) | 2024-05-30 |
| JP2024068129A (ja) | 2024-05-17 |
| KR20250073509A (ko) | 2025-05-27 |
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