WO2024095643A1 - 分離膜エレメント - Google Patents
分離膜エレメント Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024095643A1 WO2024095643A1 PCT/JP2023/035035 JP2023035035W WO2024095643A1 WO 2024095643 A1 WO2024095643 A1 WO 2024095643A1 JP 2023035035 W JP2023035035 W JP 2023035035W WO 2024095643 A1 WO2024095643 A1 WO 2024095643A1
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- Prior art keywords
- separation membrane
- side flow
- supply
- water
- feed
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D63/10—Spiral-wound membrane modules
- B01D63/107—Specific properties of the central tube or the permeate channel
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
- C02F1/441—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by reverse osmosis
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
- B01D61/025—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D63/10—Spiral-wound membrane modules
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D63/10—Spiral-wound membrane modules
- B01D63/103—Details relating to membrane envelopes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D65/00—Accessories or auxiliary operations, in general, for separation processes or apparatus using semi-permeable membranes
- B01D65/08—Prevention of membrane fouling or of concentration polarisation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/02—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2313/00—Details relating to membrane modules or apparatus
- B01D2313/10—Specific supply elements
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2313/00—Details relating to membrane modules or apparatus
- B01D2313/14—Specific spacers
- B01D2313/143—Specific spacers on the feed side
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/08—Seawater, e.g. for desalination
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/124—Water desalination
- Y02A20/131—Reverse-osmosis
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a separation membrane element for separating impurities from various liquids containing impurities, particularly for use in desalinating seawater, desalinating brackish water, producing ultrapure water, or treating wastewater.
- separation membrane elements As a technology for removing ionic substances contained in seawater and brine has been expanding as a process for saving energy and resources.
- the separation membranes used in separation membrane elements are classified into microfiltration membranes, ultrafiltration membranes, nanofiltration membranes, reverse osmosis membranes, and forward osmosis membranes based on their pore size and separation function. These membranes are used, for example, to produce drinking water from seawater, brine, and water containing harmful substances, to produce ultrapure water for industrial use, as well as for wastewater treatment and recovery of valuable materials, and are used according to the target components to be separated and their separation performance.
- Separation membrane elements come in a variety of shapes, but they all have in common that raw water is supplied to one side of the separation membrane and permeated fluid is obtained from the other side. Separation membrane elements are made up of many bundled separation membranes, which increases the membrane area per separation membrane element, meaning that a large amount of permeated fluid is obtained per separation membrane element.
- Various shapes of separation membrane elements have been proposed depending on the application and purpose, including spiral types, hollow fiber types, plate-and-frame types, rotating flat membrane types, and flat membrane integrated types.
- spiral-type separation membrane elements are widely used for reverse osmosis filtration.
- Spiral-type separation membrane elements include a water collection pipe and a separation membrane unit wrapped around the water collection pipe.
- the separation membrane unit is formed by stacking a supply-side flow passage material that supplies raw water (i.e., water to be treated) as feed water to the separation membrane surface, a separation membrane that separates components contained in the raw water, and a permeation-side flow passage material that guides the permeated fluid that has permeated the separation membrane and been separated from the supply-side fluid to the water collection pipe.
- Spiral-type separation membrane elements are preferably used because they can apply pressure to the raw water, allowing a large amount of permeated fluid to be extracted.
- Patent Document 1 proposes a net that reduces pressure loss by having thin fibers between the intersections of the fibrous material in the supply-side flow path material, and by having a cross-sectional portion in which the thread diameter in the parallel direction is larger than the thread diameter in the perpendicular direction to the flow plane of the supply water.
- the objective of the present invention is to provide a separation membrane element that can suppress the loss of applied pressure by suppressing pressure loss and concentration polarization in the feed-side flow path.
- a separation membrane element comprising a water collection pipe, a separation membrane having a supply-side surface and a permeation-side surface, a supply-side flow passage material disposed on the supply-side surface, and a permeation-side flow passage material disposed on the permeation-side surface, the separation membrane, the supply-side flow passage material, and the permeation-side flow passage material being wound around the water collection pipe, the supply-side flow passage material being in a net shape in which a plurality of fibrous rows X composed of fibrous materials A arranged in one direction and a plurality of fibrous rows Y composed of fibrous materials B arranged in a direction different from the fibrous rows X cross each other in a three-dimensional manner to form intersections, the fiber diameter of the fibrous materials other than the intersections of the supply-side flow passage material being smaller than the fiber diameter of the intersections, in a plane parallel to the flow direction of the supply water and perpendicular to the planar direction of the supply-side flow passage material, a point on
- the present invention creates a vortex in the supply water on the separation membrane surface, suppressing membrane surface concentration polarization while suppressing pressure loss in the supply water flow path, resulting in a separation membrane element with excellent water production and salt rejection rates.
- FIG. 1 is a partially developed perspective view showing an example of a separation membrane element.
- FIG. 2 is a plan view showing an example of a flow channel material on the supply side of the embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a flow channel material on the supply side of the embodiment.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of the flow passage material on the supply side.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a flow channel material on the supply side of the embodiment.
- 6(a) to 6(e) are plan cross-sectional views showing examples of a flow path material on the supply side of an embodiment, which are parallel to the flow direction of the supply water and perpendicular to the planar direction of the flow path material on the supply side.
- 7(f) to (k) are plan cross-sectional views showing examples of a flow channel material on the supply side other than the embodiment, which are parallel to the flow direction of the supply water and perpendicular to the planar direction of the flow channel material on the supply side.
- 8(l) to 8(o) are plan sectional views parallel to the flow direction of the feed water and perpendicular to the planar direction of the feed-side channel material, showing examples of the feed-side channel material other than the embodiment.
- the separation membrane element of this embodiment includes at least a water collection pipe, a separation membrane, a feed-side channel material, and a permeate-side channel material.
- a polymer net is used as the supply-side flow passage material 2 that forms the flow passage on the supply side.
- a tricot with finer spacing than the supply-side flow passage material 2 is used as the permeation-side flow passage material 4 in order to prevent the separation membrane 3 from falling and to form the flow passage on the permeation side.
- the permeation-side flow passage material 4 and the separation membrane 3 that is overlapped and adhered to both sides of the permeation-side flow passage material 4 in an envelope-like shape form an envelope-like membrane 5.
- the inside of the envelope-like membrane 5 forms the permeation-side flow passage.
- the x-axis direction shown in FIG. 1 is the longitudinal direction of the water collection tube 6.
- the y-axis direction is perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the water collection tube 6.
- the feed water 7 is supplied from one side, and as it flows parallel to the water collection pipe 6, it is gradually separated into permeate water 8 and concentrated water 9.
- the permeate water 8 exits the spiral separation membrane element 1 from the side opposite to the side to which the feed water 7 is supplied.
- the feed water 7 flows from one side of the spiral-type separation membrane element 1 to the other side, so there is necessarily a sufficient distance where it is in contact with the membrane, which allows the feed water 7 to be sufficiently separated into permeate 8 and concentrate 9.
- Separation membrane elements come in a variety of shapes, but they all have in common that feed water is supplied to one side of the separation membrane and permeate is obtained from the other side.
- the separation membrane element of this embodiment can be used in various shapes that use flat membranes, such as plate-and-frame types and flat membrane integrated types, in addition to spiral types, depending on the application and purpose.
- ⁇ Supply side flow path> (Supply side flow path material)
- a separation membrane element in order to suppress the concentration polarization on the membrane surface, it is important to generate a vortex (flow) of the feed water on the membrane surface behind the fibrous material. This is because reducing the number of retention points suppresses an increase in salt concentration.
- the supply-side flow passage material of this embodiment has a net shape in which a plurality of fibrous rows X made of fibrous material 21 (fibrous material A) arranged in one direction and a plurality of fibrous rows Y made of fibrous material 22 (fibrous material B) arranged in a direction different from that of the fibrous rows X cross each other in a three-dimensional manner to form intersections, and is characterized in that the thread diameter of the fibrous material other than the intersections of the supply-side flow passage material is smaller than the thread diameter of the intersections.
- the expansion loss coefficient of a fluid flowing through a circular pipe whose diameter changes gradually from D1 to D2 at the expansion angle ⁇ is proportional to ⁇ 1.22 (1- D1 / D2 ) 2 in the range of 7.5° ⁇ 35°.
- the range of ⁇ is not particularly limited empirically, but is approximated as being proportional to ⁇ (1- D1 / D2 ) 2 .
- the value of Lp / Lq determines whether the above relationship is satisfied as a rate-limiting factor.
- the value of ⁇ is preferably 20° or more, and more preferably 45° or more.
- the cross-sectional surface of the fibrous material near the center line of the supply side flow path is free of chips. Therefore, when the ratio of the area of the cut surface to the area of the figure formed by the line segment lq ' that convexly encapsulates the outer periphery lp on the side close to the separation membrane surface and the outer periphery lq on the side far from the separation membrane surface among the peripheries connecting points P and Q on the cut surface is ⁇ , ⁇ is 70% or more. More preferably, ⁇ is 90% or more.
- the "convex encapsulation line segment” refers to the periphery of a figure that covers a given shape without any recesses. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 4, for any point R at which a circumscribing line can be drawn on the periphery lq , if the circumscribing line intersects with the periphery at a point S other than point R, when the figure formed by the line segment RS and the periphery is A, the periphery of the union of A obtained by performing this operation on all points R can be obtained as the line segment lq ', which does not overlap with the periphery lp .
- the fibrous materials 21 and 22 constituting the feed-side flow passage material are not parallel to the water collection pipe (are oblique).
- the fibrous materials oblique to the water collection pipe an increase in the membrane surface salt concentration on the separation membrane surface near the fibrous materials can be suppressed, and concentration polarization can be suppressed, which is preferable.
- the thickness D C of the flow channel material on the feed side is a value obtained by observing a longitudinal section parallel to the fibrous rows and measuring the thickness of the thickest part.
- the thickness of the flow channel material on the feed side is synonymous with the thickness of the intersection parts.
- the average thickness of the supply-side channel material is preferably 0.30 mm or more and 4.0 mm or less, more preferably 0.45 mm or more and 2.0 mm or less. If the average thickness of the supply-side channel material is within this range, the pressure loss will not become too large, and a sufficient supply-side channel that is not easily clogged with substances such as foulants that may accumulate on the membrane surface or the supply-side channel material can be secured, and blockage of the supply-side channel by impurities in the supply water or foulants such as microorganisms can be suppressed, and the separation membrane element can be operated stably for a long period of time without increasing the required power of the pump.
- the supply-side channel material is thinner than this range, it can cause a large pressure loss or cause fouling to progress easily. If the supply-side channel material is thicker than this range, the area of the separation membrane that can be mounted on a separation membrane element of a fixed outer diameter is drastically reduced, and the separation membrane element will not exhibit sufficient water permeability.
- the thickness of the supply-side flow path material can be measured using a commercially available microscope or X-ray CT measuring device by observing a longitudinal section parallel to the fiber rows and measuring the distance. Using the measurement mode, the thickness of the intersection or supply-side flow path material can be measured at any 30 points and the average value can be calculated.
- the thickness variation of the supply side flow passage material is 0.85 to 1.15 times the average thickness of the supply side flow passage material. If the thickness variation of the supply side flow passage material is within this range, the feed water can be uniformly supplied to the separation membrane element, allowing the separation membrane to perform uniformly.
- the distance LP between the feed-side flow passage material and the separation membrane refers to the gap between the fibrous material and the separation membrane when the feed-side flow passage material is cut at an arbitrary plane 10 that does not pass through the intersection among planes that are parallel to the flow direction of the feed water and perpendicular to the planar direction of the feed-side flow passage material, as shown in Fig. 2.
- the distance LP is characterized by being 15% or less of the thickness of the feed-side flow passage.
- the distance L P is preferably 10% or less of the thickness of the supply side flow path, more preferably 2% to 8%, and even more preferably 5% to 7%. If the distance L P is in this range, a vortex flow can be efficiently formed on the membrane surface, and the membrane surface salt concentration polarization can be suppressed.
- the distance L P was measured by directly observing the separation membrane element using X-ray CT. At least 10 arbitrary planes parallel to the flow direction of the feed water and not passing through the intersection point P were cut out, and the distance L P was measured on each plane, and the average value was calculated.
- (Distance between the feed side channel material and the feed side channel center line) 5 is a view of the cross section of the fibrous material 21 cut at the plane 10 in FIG. 2, and the distance between the feed-side flow channel material and the feed-side flow channel center line is expressed as W 2 -W 1 /2, which is obtained by subtracting half the length of W 1 from the distance W 2 between the feed-side flow channel center line 11 and a straight line that bisects W 1 and is parallel to the flow direction of the feed water.
- the feed-side flow channel center line is a straight line that bisects the separation membrane distance and is parallel to the flow direction of the feed water. It is preferable that W 2 -W 1 /2 ⁇ 0, that is, that there is no fibrous material on the feed-side flow channel center line 11, because this can suppress the pressure loss of the feed water. More preferably, W 2 -W 1 /2 > 0.
- the intersection interval (intersection period) c in the direction perpendicular to the feed water flow direction (raw water flow direction) of the feed side flow path material 2 shown in Fig. 2 is preferably in the range of 3 mm to 5 mm, more preferably in the range of 3.5 mm to 4.5 mm. If the intersection interval c in the direction perpendicular to the feed water flow direction of the feed side flow path material is in this range, the phenomenon in which the separation membrane falls into the voids of the feed side flow path material during production of the separation membrane element can be suppressed, and the flow path can be stably formed, particularly at the feed water inlet end face portion.
- intersection interval d in the direction parallel to the feed water flow direction of the feed side flow path material is preferably in the range of 5 to 10 times the thickness D C of the feed side flow path material, more preferably in the range of 5 to 7 times, or 8 to 10 times. If the intersection interval d in the direction parallel to the feed water flow direction of the feed side flow path material is in this range, the balance between the turbulence intensity of the feed water and the pressure loss can be achieved, so that the salt rejection rate and water production of the separation membrane element can be improved. If d is 5 to 7 times D C , the turbulence intensity of the feed water is particularly increased, and if it is 8 to 10 times, the pressure loss can be particularly reduced.
- the intersection interval d can be appropriately selected according to the characteristics required for the application.
- the distance between intersections can be measured by observing the supply side flow path material from above in the thickness direction (i.e., the plane of the supply side flow path material) and measuring the distance using, for example, a microscope.
- the angle is preferably 10° to 50°, and more preferably 20° to 45°.
- (Cross-sectional shape of fiber) 6(a) to (e) are planar cross-sectional views parallel to the feed water flow direction and perpendicular to the planar direction of the feed side flow material showing an example of the feed side flow material of this embodiment.
- the feed water flow direction is from left to right, but for the symmetrical shapes (FIGS. 6(a) to (c)), the feed water flow direction may be from right to left.
- the cross-sectional shape in the cross section perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the fibers of the feed side flow material must be ⁇ >15°, and examples of the cross-sectional shape include shapes based on a perfect circle, a vertical ellipse, and a spindle shape as shown in FIG. 6. In addition, as shown in FIG.
- the separation of the flow from the membrane surface is further promoted, and a vortex is easily formed on the membrane surface behind the fibrous material.
- the inclination of the tangent at all points on the outer periphery l p is always -20° or more with respect to the separation membrane.
- FIGS. 7(f)-(k) and 8(l)-(o) are plan sectional views parallel to the feed water flow direction and perpendicular to the planar direction of the feed water flow material, showing examples of the feed side flow material other than this embodiment.
- the feed water flow direction is from left to right, but for the bilaterally symmetrical shapes (FIGS. 7(f), (g), and 8(l)), there is no problem if the feed water flow direction is from right to left.
- FIGS. 7(f)-(h), (i), and (k) are the same cross-sectional shapes as those in FIGS. 6(a)-(e), but since L p /L q is large, they are cases where ⁇ (1-L p /L q ) 2 ⁇ 15.
- the material of the feed-side channel material is not particularly limited, but a thermoplastic resin is preferable from the viewpoint of moldability, and polyethylene and polypropylene are particularly preferable because they are unlikely to damage the surface of the separation membrane and are inexpensive.
- the feed-side channel material may be formed of the same material for the fibrous material 21 and the fibrous material 22, or may be formed of different materials.
- the dimensions and shape of the die holes determine the thickness of the supply-side flow passage material and the shape of the fibrous material, and the balance between the interval of the die holes and the line speed and conveying speed of the die determines the intersection interval and the angle between the supply water flow direction and the fibrous material.
- the ratio of the yarn diameter between the intersections and the change in yarn diameter within a single fibrous material can be controlled by adjusting the material, heating temperature, stretching direction, and stretching ratio.
- a method in order to manufacture a supply-side flow passage material in which the fibrous material 21 or 22 has a thick portion and a thin portion, and the thin portion of the fibrous material 21 or 22 forms an intersection with the other fibrous material, a method can be adopted in which two nozzles, an inner one and an outer one, each having a large number of holes arranged therein, are rotated in opposite directions while supplying resin at a predetermined resin discharge pressure to form a cylindrical net having a mesh-like structure, which is then cooled and solidified, and then stretched vertically and then horizontally in a heating furnace.
- the method for manufacturing the net of this embodiment is not limited to these, and may be a method of compressing and deforming the fibrous material between the intersections by embossing, imprinting, pressing, etc., a method of casting molten resin into a mold and removing it, or a method of using a 3D printer.
- ⁇ Permeation side flow path> (Permeation Side Flow Channel Material)
- the separation membranes 3 are stacked with their permeate side surfaces facing each other, and a permeate-side flow path material 4 is disposed between the separation membranes 3, forming a permeate-side flow path by the permeate-side flow path material 4.
- a permeate-side flow path material 4 is disposed between the separation membranes 3, forming a permeate-side flow path by the permeate-side flow path material 4.
- the material of the permeate-side flow path material and tricot, nonwoven fabric, a porous sheet with protrusions attached, a film with a concave-convex shape and perforations, and a concave-convex nonwoven fabric can be used.
- protrusions that function as the permeate-side flow path material may be attached to the permeate side of the separation membrane.
- the separation membrane leaf may be formed by folding a separation membrane so that the supply side faces inward, or by stacking two separate separation membranes with their supply side faces facing each other and sealing the periphery of the separation membrane.
- Methods for "sealing” include adhesion using adhesives or hot melts, fusion using heat or lasers, and sandwiching a rubber sheet. Sealing using adhesives is particularly preferred as it is the simplest and most effective method.
- the separation membrane elements may be connected in series or parallel and housed in a pressure vessel to be used as a separation membrane module.
- the above separation membrane elements and separation membrane modules can be combined with pumps that supply fluids to them and devices that pretreat the fluids to form a fluid separation device.
- this separation device it is possible to separate, for example, feed water into permeated water, such as drinking water, and concentrated water that did not permeate the membrane, thereby obtaining water that meets the purpose.
- the operating pressure when permeating the supply water to the separation membrane module is preferably 0.2 MPa or more and 6 MPa or less.
- the salt rejection rate decreases, but as the temperature decreases, the membrane permeation flux also decreases, so a temperature between 5°C and 45°C is preferable.
- the pH of the raw water is in the neutral range, even if the raw water is a liquid with a high salt concentration such as seawater, the formation of scale such as magnesium is suppressed, and deterioration of the membrane is also suppressed.
- the water supplied to the separation membrane element of this embodiment is not particularly limited, and may be tap water that has been treated in advance, or may be water with a large amount of impurities in the solution, such as seawater, brine, or sewage.
- the raw water (supply water) may be a liquid mixture containing 500 mg/L to 100 g/L of TDS (Total Dissolved Solids), such as seawater, brine, or wastewater.
- TDS Total Dissolved Solids
- the feed-side flow path material was cut along an arbitrary plane 10 that was parallel to the flow direction of the feed water and did not pass through the intersection, and observed from a direction perpendicular to the cut surface using a shape measuring system (for example, Keyence Corporation's high-precision shape measuring system "KS-1100") to measure W1 .
- a shape measuring system for example, Keyence Corporation's high-precision shape measuring system "KS-1100"
- At least 10 arbitrary planes 10 were cut out, and W1 was measured for each plane, and the average value was calculated.
- the separation membrane element was cut in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the water collection pipe, from the position 6 inches to the position 12 inches from the end, and a cylindrical sample with a length of 6 inches was cut out.
- adhesive was applied to the entire surface from both sides of the cut surface of the element, and the adhesive was slightly impregnated from the end of the element.
- the cylindrical sample was cut into a column having a sector shape with a central angle of 60 degrees on the bottom to obtain an observation sample. Then, the sector sample was dried in a vacuum oven set at 40 ° C. until there was no change in weight.
- a GE X-ray CT measuring device Phoenix v
- the separation membrane element was cut in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the water collection pipe, from the position 6 inches to the position 12 inches from the end, and a cylindrical sample with a length of 6 inches was cut out.
- adhesive was applied to the entire surface from both sides of the cut surface of the element, and the adhesive was slightly impregnated from the end of the element.
- the cylindrical sample was cut into a column having a sector shape with a central angle of 60 degrees at the bottom to obtain an observation sample. Then, the sample was dried in a vacuum oven set at 40 ° C. until the weight of the sector sample did not change.
- a GE X-ray CT measuring device Phoenix v
- Example> Preparation of supply side passage material S
- two die sets one inside and one outside, each having a large number of small holes, were rotated in opposite directions while molten resin was fed from an extruder at a predetermined discharge pressure to form a tubular net having a network structure.
- the feed-side channel material shown in Table 1 was produced by a method in which the resin was cooled and solidified, and then longitudinally stretched and then transversely stretched in a heating furnace.
- the surface of the polysulfone layer of the porous support membrane was immersed in an aqueous solution containing 1.5% by mass of m-PDA and 1.0% by mass of ⁇ -caprolactam for 2 minutes, and then slowly pulled up vertically.
- excess aqueous solution was removed from the surface of the support membrane by spraying nitrogen from an air nozzle.
- n-decane solution containing 0.08% by mass of trimesoyl chloride was applied so that the surface of the membrane was completely wetted, and then the membrane was left to stand for 1 minute. After that, excess solution was removed from the membrane with an air blower, and the membrane was washed with hot water at 80°C for 1 minute to obtain a composite separation membrane roll of separation membrane U.
- the surface of the polysulfone layer of the porous support membrane was immersed in an aqueous solution containing 3.0% by mass of m-PDA and 2.0% by mass of ⁇ -caprolactam for 2 minutes, and then slowly pulled up vertically.
- excess aqueous solution was removed from the surface of the support membrane by spraying nitrogen from an air nozzle.
- Separation membrane U or V was folded and cut so that the effective area of the separation membrane element was 8 m2 , and a polypropylene net (thickness: 0.8 mm) shown in Table 1 was sandwiched therebetween as a feed water side flow path material to prepare a separation membrane leaf.
- the tricot (thickness: 0.26 mm) shown in Table 1 was laminated as the permeate side flow passage material on the permeate side of the obtained separation membrane leaf, leaf adhesive was applied, and the membrane was spirally wound around a PVC (polyvinyl chloride) water collection pipe (width: 1016 mm, diameter: 19 mm, number of holes: 23 x 1 linear row).
- the outer periphery of the wound body was fixed with tape, and then the edges were cut on both ends and end plates were attached, producing a separation membrane element with a diameter of 4 inches, from which feed water was supplied from one side and concentrated water was discharged.
- TDS removal rate Removal rate (TDS removal rate)
- TDS removal rate (%) 100 ⁇ 1-(TDS concentration in permeate water/TDS concentration in feed water) ⁇ (Element differential pressure)
- the upstream side (feed water side) and downstream side (concentrate water side) of the cylindrical pressure vessel in which the separation membrane element was loaded were connected by piping via a Nagano Keiki differential pressure gauge (type DG16), and the element differential pressure during operation was measured.
- the operating conditions were a feed water flow rate of 9 L/min, an operating pressure of 1.0 MPa, and reverse osmosis membrane treated water was used as the feed water.
- the cock of the permeate water piping was closed, and the operation was performed in a state in which membrane filtration was essentially not possible, that is, the entire amount of the feed water was discharged as concentrated water, and the element differential pressure (kPa) was measured.
- Example 1 The prepared separation membrane element was placed in a pressure vessel and evaluated under the above-mentioned conditions, with the results shown in Table 1. Note that ⁇ , Lp , Lq , W1 , W2 , ⁇ , and d were the same for fibrous materials 21 and 22. In addition, the value of Dc was equal to the thickness of the feed side flow channel.
- Example 2 to 13 A separation membrane element was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the feed-side flow channel materials were as shown in Tables 1 and 2. Note that ⁇ , Lp , Lq , W1 , W2 , ⁇ , and d were the same for fibrous materials 21 and 22. In addition, the value of Dc and the thickness of the feed-side flow channel were the same.
- the separation membrane element was placed in a pressure vessel and each performance was evaluated under the same conditions as in Example 1, with the results shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- Comparative Example (Comparative Examples 1 to 6) A separation membrane element was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the feed-side flow channel material was as shown in Table 3. Note that ⁇ , Lp , Lq , W1 , W2 , ⁇ , and d were the same for fibrous materials 21 and 22. In addition, the value of Dc and the thickness of the feed-side flow channel were the same.
- the separation membrane element was placed in a pressure vessel and each performance was evaluated under the conditions described above, with the results shown in Table 3.
- Comparative Example 1 the cross-sectional shape of the fibrous material was different from that of Example 3, and ⁇ (1 ⁇ L p /L q ) 2 ⁇ 15, and therefore the amount of water produced and the removal rate were lower than those of Example 3.
- Comparative Examples 3 and 5 the proportion of the fibrous material satisfying ⁇ (1 ⁇ L p /L q ) 2 >15, ⁇ 70%, and L p /D C ⁇ 0.15 was less than 50%, and therefore the amount of water produced and the removal rate were lower than those of Example 3.
- ⁇ was less than 70%, and therefore the pressure loss was increased and the amount of water produced and the removal rate were lower than those of Example 3.
- the distance Lp was greater than 15% of the thickness DC compared to Example 3, so that the amount of water produced and the removal rate were lower than those in Example 3.
- the membrane element of the present invention can be particularly well suited for use in desalinizing brackish water or seawater and as an RO water purifier.
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Abstract
Description
[2] θ×(1-Lp/Lq)2>20かつθ>43°の関係を満たすことを特徴とする、上記[1]に記載の分離膜エレメント。
[3] θ×(1-Lp/Lq)2>24かつθ>46°の関係を満たすことを特徴とする、上記[1]に記載の分離膜エレメント。
[4] 前記切断面において、前記供給側流路材の厚み方向の最大幅をW1、前記切断面の厚み方向の中心を通り前記供給水の流れ方向と平行な直線と、前記供給側流路の厚み方向の中心を通り前記供給水の流れ方向と平行な直線との距離をW2としたとき、W2-W1/2≧0の関係を満たすことを特徴とする、上記[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の分離膜エレメント。
[5] 前記切断面の供給水の流れ方向後部において、突起物を持つことを特徴とする、上記[1]~[4]のいずれかに記載の分離膜エレメント。
[6] α≧90%であることを特徴とする、上記[1]~[5]のいずれかに記載の分離膜エレメント。
[7] 前記供給側流路材が斜交ネットであることを特徴とする、上記[1]~[6]のいずれかに記載の分離膜エレメント。
[8] 前記供給側流路材の供給水の流れ方向の交点間隔が前記供給側流路材の厚みの5倍以上10倍以下であることを特徴とする、上記[1]~[7]のいずれかに記載の分離膜エレメント。
[9] 前記供給側流路材の供給水の流れ方向の交点間隔が前記供給側流路材の厚みの5倍以上7倍以下であることを特徴とする、上記[1]~[7]のいずれかに記載の分離膜エレメント。
[10] 前記供給側流路材の供給水の流れ方向の交点間隔が前記供給側流路材の厚みの8倍以上10倍以下であることを特徴とする、上記[1]~[7]のいずれかに記載の分離膜エレメント。
[11] 上記[1]~[10]のいずれかに記載の分離膜エレメントを用いた液体のろ過方法。
[12] 上記[1]~[10]のいずれかに記載の分離膜エレメントを用いた液体分離装置。
本実施形態の分離膜エレメントは、少なくとも集水管と、分離膜と、供給側流路材と、透過側流路材とを備える。
(供給側流路材)
分離膜エレメントにおいて、膜面濃度分極を抑制するためには、繊維状物後方の膜面に供給水の渦(流れ)を生み出すことが重要である。滞留箇所を減らすことで塩濃度の上昇が抑制されるからである。
供給側流路材を構成する繊維状物21及び繊維状物22は集水管に対して平行ではない(斜交である)ことが好ましい。繊維状物が集水管に対して斜交であることで、繊維状物近傍の分離膜面の膜面塩濃度上昇が抑えられ、濃度分極を抑制することができ、好ましい。
供給側流路材の厚みDCは、繊維状列に平行な縦断面を観察し、最も厚い部分の厚みを測定した値である。本実施形態において、交点部は交点部以外よりも太径の繊維で構成されているため、供給側流路材の厚みは交点部の厚みと同義である。
供給側流路材と分離膜の距離LPは、図2に示したように、供給側流路材を供給水の流れ方向と平行方向かつ供給側流路材の平面方向に対して垂直方向な平面のうち、交点部を通らない任意の平面10で切断し、切断面と垂直な方向から見たときの繊維状物と分離膜の間隙を指す。このとき、距離LPは供給側流路の厚みの15%以下であることを特徴とする。
図5は、図2において平面10で切断した繊維状物21の断面方向から見た図であるが、供給側流路材と供給側流路中心線の距離とは、W1を二等分し、かつ供給水の流れ方向に平行な直線と、供給側流路中心線11との距離W2から、W1の半分の長さを引いた、W2-W1/2で表される。供給側流路中心線とは、分離膜間距離を二等分し、かつ供給水の流れ方向に平行な直線のことである。W2-W1/2≧0であること、つまり供給側流路中心線11上に繊維状物が存在しないことで、供給水の圧力損失を抑制することができ、好ましい。より好ましくは、W2-W1/2>0である。
本実施形態では、図2に示す、供給側流路材2の供給水流れ方向(原水流れ方向)に対して垂直方向の交点部間隔(交点部周期)cが3mm以上5mm以下の範囲であることが好ましく、更に好ましくは3.5mm以上4.5mm以下の範囲である。供給側流路材の供給水流れ方向に対して垂直方向の交点部間隔cがこの範囲であれば、分離膜エレメントの作製時に分離膜が供給側流路材の空隙部分に落ち込む現象を抑制でき、特に供給水流入端面部分の流路を安定に形成することが可能となる。
供給側流路材を平面から観察したとき、供給水流れ方向(すなわち集水管の長手方向)と繊維状物との角度が大きくなるにつれて乱流強度が増すものの、圧力損失が増す傾向にある。よって、前記角度は10°以上50°以下が好ましく、20°以上45°以下が更に好ましい。
図6(a)~(e)は、本実施形態の供給側流路材の例を示す供給水流れ方向に平行かつ前記供給側流路材の平面方向に対して垂直な平面断面図である。供給水流れ方向は左から右とするが、左右対称の形状(図6(a)~(c))については供給水流れ方向が右から左となっても問題ない。供給側流路材の繊維の長手方向に垂直な断面における断面形状としては、θ>15°であることが必要であり、例えば図6に示すような真円、縦楕円、紡錘形をベースとした形状が挙げられる。また、図6(d)に示すように、供給水流れ方向後部に突起物を持つことで、膜面からの流れの剥離をより促進し、繊維状物後方の膜面に渦を形成させやすくなる。また、分離膜面との間に滞留箇所を生じさせにくくするために、外周lp上の全ての点における接線の傾きが分離膜に対して常に-20°以上であることが好ましい。
供給側流路材の素材は特に限定されないが、成形性の観点から熱可塑性樹脂が好ましく、特にポリエチレンおよびポリプロピレンは分離膜の表面を傷つけにくく、また安価であるので好適である。また、供給側流路材は、繊維状物21と繊維状物22が同じ素材で形成されても構わないし、異なる素材で形成されていても構わない。
ネット状の供給側流路材の成形は、一般的に内側と外側の2つの円周上に多数の孔を配置した内側と外側の2つの口金を逆方向に回転させながら、押出機から溶融させた樹脂を供給して、樹脂が口金から出る時または出た直後に内側と外側の口金から出る糸を溶融状態で交差させて溶融し網状構造を形成する。この段階ではネットは筒状の形状を取る。その後筒状のネットは冷却固化により厚みや糸径、交点部間隔を決定後、切開されてシート状ネットとして引き取られる。口金の孔の寸法や形状が供給側流路材の厚みや繊維状物の形状を決定し、口金の孔の間隔や、口金の回線速度と搬送速度のバランスで交点部間隔や供給水流れ方向と繊維状物との角度が決定する。また、適宜シート状ネットを加熱しながら延伸することで、交点の糸径を維持させたまま、交点間の糸径のみを細くすることも可能である。素材、加熱温度、延伸方向、延伸倍率によって、交点と交点間の糸径の比率や、1本の繊維状物内での糸径変化を制御することができる。
(透過側流路材)
封筒状膜5において、分離膜3は透過側の面を対向させて重ね合わされており、分離膜3同士の間には透過側流路材4が配置され、透過側流路材4によって透過側流路が形成される。透過側流路材の材料としては限定されず、トリコットや不織布、突起物を固着させた多孔性シート、凹凸成形し、穿孔加工を施したフィルム、凹凸不織布を用いることができる。また、透過側流路材として機能する突起物を分離膜の透過側に固着させてもよい。
分離膜リーフは、供給側の面が内側を向くように分離膜を折りたたむことで形成されてもよいし、別々の2枚の分離膜を、供給側の面が向かい合うようにして重ね合わせ、分離膜の周囲を封止することで形成されてもよい。
分離膜エレメントは、直列または並列に接続して圧力容器に収納されることで、分離膜モジュールとして使用されてもよい。
本実施形態の分離膜エレメントへの供給水は特に限定されず、予め処理された水道水でもよく、海水やかん水、下廃水のように溶液中の不純物が多いものでもよい。例えば、水処理に使用する場合、原水(供給水)としては、海水、かん水、排水等の500mg/L以上100g/L以下のTDS(Total Dissolved Solids:総溶解固形分)を含有する液状混合物が挙げられる。一般に、TDSは総溶解固形分量を指し、「質量÷体積」で表されるが、1Lを1kgと見なして「質量比」で表されることもある。定義によれば、0.45μmのフィルターで濾過した溶液を39.5~40.5℃の温度で蒸発させ残留物の重さから算出できるが、より簡便には実用塩分(S)から換算する。
形状測定システム(例えば、キーエンス社製高精度形状測定システム「KS-1100」)を用い、供給側流路材の繊維状列に平行な縦断面を倍率20倍で観察し、供給側流路材の厚みを30カ所計測し、その平均値を算出した。
供給側流路材を供給水の流れ方向と平行方向かつ交点部を通らない任意の平面10で切断し、形状測定システム(例えば、キーエンス社製高精度形状測定システム「KS-1100」)を用いて切断面と垂直な方向から観察し、W1の計測を行った。
分離膜エレメントを集水管長手方向に垂直な方向に、端部から6インチの位置から12インチの位置でカットし、6インチの長さの円筒状サンプルを切り出した。流路構造を崩さないために、エレメントのカット面の両側から接着剤を全面に塗布し、エレメントの端部から接着剤をわずかに含浸させた。円筒状サンプルを60度の中心角を持つ扇形を底面に持つ柱体にカットし、観察サンプルを得た。その後、扇状サンプルの重量変化がなくなるまで、40℃に設定した真空オーブンで乾燥させた。GE社製X線CT測定装置Phoenix v |tome| x m300を用い、管電流100μA、管電圧150kV、解像度19.8μmの条件でスキャンし、3D像を得た。その後、VOLUMEGRAPHICS社製VGSTUDIO MAXで解析を行い、W2の計測を行った。任意の平面10を少なくとも10箇所切り出し、それぞれの平面でW2を測定し、それらの平均値として求めた。
分離膜エレメントを集水管長手方向に垂直な方向に、端部から6インチの位置から12インチの位置でカットし、6インチの長さの円筒状サンプルを切り出した。流路構造を崩さないために、エレメントのカット面の両側から接着剤を全面に塗布し、エレメントの端部から接着剤をわずかに含浸させた。円筒状サンプルを60度の中心角を持つ扇形を底面に持つ柱体にカットし、観察サンプルを得た。その後、扇状サンプルの重量変化がなくなるまで、40℃に設定した真空オーブンで乾燥させた。GE社製X線CT測定装置Phoenix v |tome| x m300を用い、管電流100μA、管電圧150kV、解像度19.8μmの条件でスキャンし、3D像を得た。その後、VOLUMEGRAPHICS社製VGSTUDIO MAXで解析を行い、距離Lp、Lq及び点Pから点Qに向けた仰角θの計測を行った。任意の平面10を少なくとも10箇所切り出し、それぞれの平面で距離Lp、Lq及び仰角θ測定し、それらの平均値として求めた。また、得られた繊維状物の断面図に対し、ImageJ ver.1.45(開発元:Wayne Rasband、National Institutes of Health、NIH)を用いることでαを計測し、10箇所の平均値として求めた。
形状測定システム(例えば、キーエンス社製高精度形状測定システム「KS-1100」)を用い、ネット状サンプルを厚み方向上部から倍率20倍で観察し、供給側流路材の供給水流れ方向に対して垂直方向の交点部間隔と供給側流路材の供給水流れ方向に対して平行方向の交点部間隔について、任意の交点部間隔を30カ所測定し、その平均値を算出した。
(供給側流路材Sの作製)
ポリプロピレンを材料として、多数の小さい孔を配置した内側と外側の2つの口金を逆方向に回転させながら、押出機から溶融させた樹脂を所定の吐出圧で供給して、網状構造を有する筒状ネットを成形した。冷却固化させた後に加熱炉内で縦延伸次いで横延伸を逐次で行う方法により、表1に示す供給側流路材を作製した。なお、口金の孔の形状、寸法や、押出機からの溶融樹脂吐出圧、引き取り速度、縦延伸・横延伸倍率、加熱炉内温度を変更し、最終的に表1の供給側流路材形状となるよう構造制御を行った。
ポリプロピレンを材料として、多数の孔を配置した内側と外側の2つの口金を逆方向に回転させながら、押出機から溶融させた樹脂を供給して、網状構造を有する筒状ネットを成形し、繊維形状が寸胴であるネットを製造した。なお、口金の孔の形状、寸法や、押出機からの溶融樹脂吐出圧、引き取り速度を変更し、最終的に表3の供給側流路材形状となるよう構造制御を行った。
ポリエチレンテレフタレート繊維からなる不織布(繊度:1デシテックス、厚み:約90μm、通気度:1cc/cm2/sec、密度0.80g/cm3)上にポリスルホンの16.0質量%のDMF溶液を180μmの厚みで室温(25℃)にてキャストし、ただちに純水中に浸漬して5分間放置し、80℃の温水で1分間浸漬することによって繊維補強ポリスルホン支持膜からなる、多孔性支持層(厚さ130μm)ロールを作製した。
ポリエチレンテレフタレート繊維からなる不織布(繊度:1デシテックス、厚み:約90μm、通気度:1cc/cm2/sec、密度0.80g/cm3)上にポリスルホンの16.0質量%のDMF溶液を180μmの厚みで室温(25℃)にてキャストし、ただちに純水中に浸漬して5分間放置し、80℃の温水で1分間浸漬することによって繊維補強ポリスルホン支持膜からなる、多孔性支持層(厚さ130μm)ロールを作製した。
分離膜U又はVを、分離膜エレメントでの有効面積が8m2となるように折り畳み断裁加工し、表1に示すポリプロピレン製ネット(厚み:0.8mm)を供給水側流路材として挟み込んで分離膜リーフを作製した。
下記条件で2時間運転した後に1分間のサンプリングを行い、1日あたりの透水量(ガロン)を造水量(GPD(ガロン/日))として表した。
分離膜Uを用いて作製した分離膜エレメントを圧力容器に入れて、供給水として、温度25℃、濃度2000mg/Lの食塩水、pH7.0のNaCl水溶液を用い、運転圧力1.55MPa、回収率15%とした。
分離膜Vを用いて作製した分離膜エレメントを圧力容器に入れて、供給水として、温度25℃、濃度32000mg/Lの食塩水、pH7.0のNaCl水溶液を用い、運転圧力5.52MPa、回収率8%とした。
造水量の測定における1分間の運転で用いた供給水およびサンプリングした透過水について、TDS濃度を伝導率測定により求め、下記式からTDS除去率を算出した。
(エレメント差圧)
分離膜エレメントを装填する円筒状圧力容器の上流側(供給水側)と下流側(濃縮水側)を長野計器製差圧計(型式DG16)を介して配管で接続し、運転中のエレメント差圧を計測した。運転条件は、供給水流量は9L/分、運転圧力は1.0MPaとし、供給水には逆浸透膜処理水を用いた。また、エレメント内部の気泡が抜けた後は透過水配管のコックを閉じ、実質的に膜ろ過が行えない状態、つまり供給水が全量濃縮水として排出される状態で運転を行いエレメント差圧(kPa)の測定を行った。
作製した分離膜エレメントを圧力容器に入れて、上述の条件で評価したところ、結果は表1の通りであった。なお、θ、Lp、Lq、W1、W2、α、dは繊維状物21および22で同じ値であった。また、Dcの値と供給側流路の厚みが等しくなった。
供給側流路材を表1、2の通りにした以外は全て実施例1と同様にして、分離膜エレメントを作製した。なお、θ、Lp、Lq、W1、W2、α、dは繊維状物21および22で同じ値であった。また、Dcの値と供給側流路の厚みが等しくなった。
(比較例1~6)
供給側流路材を表3の通りにした以外は全て実施例1と同様にして、分離膜エレメントを作製した。なお、θ、Lp、Lq、W1、W2、α、dは繊維状物21および22で同じ値であった。また、Dcの値と供給側流路の厚みが等しくなった。
2 供給側流路材
21 繊維状物(繊維状物A)
22 繊維状物(繊維状物B)
3 分離膜
4 透過側流路材
5 封筒状膜
6 集水管
7 供給水
8 透過水
9 濃縮水
10 供給水の流れ方向と平行方向かつ供給側流路材の平面方向に対して垂直方向な平面のうち、交点部Pを通らない任意の平面
11 供給側流路中心線
c 供給側流路材の供給水流れ方向に対して垂直方向の交点部間隔
d 供給側流路材の供給水流れ方向に対して平行方向の交点部間隔
DC 交点部厚み
Lp 平面10において繊維状物21または22と繊維状物が近い側の分離膜との距離の最小値
Lq 平面10において繊維状物21または22と繊維状物が近い側の分離膜との距離の最大値
P 平面10において、繊維状物21または22と繊維状物が近い側の分離膜との距離が最小となる前記繊維状物の外周上の点
Q 点Pよりも供給水下流側において、繊維状物21また22と繊維状物が近い側の分離膜との距離が最大となる繊維状物の外周上の点
θ 点Pから点Qに向けた仰角
W1 供給水流れ方向に平行かつ供給側流路材の平面方向に対して垂直な平面での繊維状物21または22の切断面における、供給水流れ方向に垂直な方向の糸幅
W2 供給水流れ方向に平行かつ供給側流路材の平面方向に対して垂直な平面での繊維状物21または22の切断面において、切断面の厚み方向の中心を通る、供給水の流れ方向と平行な直線と供給側流路の厚み方向の中心を通る、供給水の流れ方向と平行な直線との距離
lp 切断面において点Pと点Qを結ぶ外周のうち、分離膜面に近い側の外周
lq 切断面において点Pと点Qを結ぶ外周のうち、分離膜面から遠い側の外周
lq’ 外周lqを凸包する線分
α 外周lpと線分lq’によって形成される図形の面積に対する切断面の面積の割合
Claims (12)
- 集水管、供給側の面と透過側の面とを有する分離膜、前記供給側の面に配置された供給側流路材、および前記透過側の面に配置された透過側流路材を備え、
前記分離膜、前記供給側流路材および前記透過側流路材が、前記集水管の周りに巻回された分離膜エレメントであって、
前記供給側流路材は、一方向に並んだ、繊維状物Aから構成される複数の繊維状列X、および前記繊維状列Xとは異なる方向に並んだ、繊維状物Bから構成される複数の繊維状列Yとが互いに立体交差して交点を形成したネット形状であり、
前記供給側流路材の交点部以外の繊維状物の糸径が交点部の糸径に比べて小さく、
供給水の流れ方向に平行かつ前記供給側流路材の平面方向に対して垂直な平面において、前記繊維状物AおよびBの少なくともいずれかの交点部以外の切断面と前記分離膜との距離が最小となる前記切断面の外周上の点をP、Pよりも供給水の流れ下流側において、前記分離膜との距離と同じ側の距離が最大となる前記切断面の外周上の点をQとし、Pと前記分離膜の距離をLp、Qと前記分離膜の距離をLq、PからQへの仰角をθ[°]としたとき、前記供給側流路材の交点部以外の繊維状物の50%以上の部分において、θ×(1-Lp/Lq)2>15の関係を満たし、かつ前記切断面においてPとQを結ぶ外周のうち、分離膜面に近い側の外周lpと、分離膜面から遠い側の外周lqを凸包する線分lq’によって形成される図形の面積に対する前記切断面の面積の割合をαとすると、α≧70%であり、かつLpが前記供給側流路の厚みDCの15%以下であることを特徴とする、分離膜エレメント。 - θ×(1-Lp/Lq)2>20かつθ>43°の関係を満たすことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の分離膜エレメント。
- θ×(1-Lp/Lq)2>24かつθ>46°の関係を満たすことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の分離膜エレメント。
- 前記切断面において、前記供給側流路材の厚み方向の最大幅をW1、前記切断面の厚み方向の中心を通り前記供給水の流れ方向と平行な直線と、前記供給側流路の厚み方向の中心を通り前記供給水の流れ方向と平行な直線との距離をW2としたとき、W2-W1/2≧0の関係を満たすことを特徴とする、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の分離膜エレメント。
- 前記切断面の供給水の流れ方向後部において、突起物を持つことを特徴とする、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の分離膜エレメント。
- α≧90%であることを特徴とする、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の分離膜エレメント。
- 前記供給側流路材が斜交ネットであることを特徴とする、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の分離膜エレメント。
- 前記供給側流路材の供給水の流れ方向の交点間隔が前記供給側流路材の厚みの5倍以上10倍以下であることを特徴とする、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の分離膜エレメント。
- 前記供給側流路材の供給水の流れ方向の交点間隔が前記供給側流路材の厚みの5倍以上7倍以下であることを特徴とする、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の分離膜エレメント。
- 前記供給側流路材の供給水の流れ方向の交点間隔が前記供給側流路材の厚みの8倍以上10倍以下であることを特徴とする、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の分離膜エレメント。
- 請求項1~10のいずれか1項に記載の分離膜エレメントを用いた液体のろ過方法。
- 請求項1~10のいずれか1項に記載の分離膜エレメントを用いた液体分離装置。
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