WO2024090570A1 - Niめっき鋼板および電池容器 - Google Patents
Niめっき鋼板および電池容器 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024090570A1 WO2024090570A1 PCT/JP2023/038958 JP2023038958W WO2024090570A1 WO 2024090570 A1 WO2024090570 A1 WO 2024090570A1 JP 2023038958 W JP2023038958 W JP 2023038958W WO 2024090570 A1 WO2024090570 A1 WO 2024090570A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/12—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of nickel or cobalt
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/60—Electroplating characterised by the structure or texture of the layers
- C25D5/615—Microstructure of the layers, e.g. mixed structure
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D21/00—Processes for servicing or operating cells for electrolytic coating
- C25D21/12—Process control or regulation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/34—Pretreatment of metallic surfaces to be electroplated
- C25D5/36—Pretreatment of metallic surfaces to be electroplated of iron or steel
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/48—After-treatment of electroplated surfaces
- C25D5/50—After-treatment of electroplated surfaces by heat-treatment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/60—Electroplating characterised by the structure or texture of the layers
- C25D5/615—Microstructure of the layers, e.g. mixed structure
- C25D5/617—Crystalline layers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
- C25D7/06—Wires; Strips; Foils
- C25D7/0614—Strips or foils
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/116—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material
- H01M50/117—Inorganic material
- H01M50/119—Metals
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/116—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material
- H01M50/124—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material having a layered structure
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/116—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material
- H01M50/124—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material having a layered structure
- H01M50/1245—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material having a layered structure characterised by the external coating on the casing
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/131—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by physical properties, e.g. gas permeability, size or heat resistance
- H01M50/133—Thickness
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/14—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings for protecting against damage caused by external factors
- H01M50/145—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings for protecting against damage caused by external factors for protecting against corrosion
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to Ni-plated steel sheets and battery containers.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a Ni-plated steel sheet for battery containers that has an iron-nickel diffusion layer formed by forming a nickel plating layer on the steel sheet and then carrying out a thermal diffusion process to prevent pitting corrosion and leakage, and in which the ratio of Ni to Fe in the outermost layer is controlled.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a Ni-plated steel sheet with excellent electrolyte resistance during over-discharge.
- the above-mentioned objective can be achieved by appropriately controlling the average crystal grain size obtained from EBSD measurement and the proportion of the area that can be indexed by Fe in a Ni-plated steel sheet having an Fe-Ni diffusion layer formed on at least one surface of the steel sheet, and thus completed the present invention.
- a Ni-plated steel sheet comprising a steel sheet and an Fe-Ni diffusion layer formed on at least one surface of the steel sheet, in which the average crystal grain size obtained by EBSD measurement on the outermost surface of the Ni-plated steel sheet is 0.32 ⁇ m or more, and the proportion of the area that can be indexed by Fe is 0.0% or more and 6.0% or less.
- the Ni-plated steel sheet according to the first aspect wherein the Ni-plated steel sheet has a Ni coating weight of 0.8 to 8.9 g/ m2 per one side.
- a Ni-plated steel sheet according to the first or second aspect which has a Ni layer formed on the Fe-Ni diffusion layer, and in which the proportion of the area that can be indexed with Fe obtained by EBSD measurement on the outermost surface of the Ni-plated steel sheet is 0.0% or more and 1.0% or less.
- a Ni-plated steel sheet according to any one of the first to third aspects, in which the thickness of the steel sheet is 0.03 to 1.5 mm.
- a Ni-plated steel sheet according to any one of the first to fourth aspects, in which the steel sheet is a low carbon steel or an ultra-low carbon steel.
- a battery container that uses the Ni-plated steel sheet described in any one of the first to fifth aspects.
- the present invention makes it possible to suppress the dissolution of iron (Fe) into the electrolyte during overdischarge, and to provide a Ni-plated steel sheet with excellent electrolyte resistance.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the configuration of a Ni-plated steel sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Figure 2 shows a phase map obtained by EBSD measurement of the Ni-plated steel sheet obtained in Example 7.
- FIG. 3 is an example of a chart obtained by high-frequency glow discharge optical emission spectrometry of a standard sample.
- FIG. 4 is another example of a chart obtained by high-frequency glow discharge optical emission spectrometry of a standard sample.
- FIG. 5 is an example of a temperature profile of a plated steel sheet, illustrating a method of calculating the thermal history Y in a thermal diffusion treatment.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the configuration of a modified Ni-plated steel sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a measuring jig used for evaluating the electrolyte resistance of Ni-plated steel sheets by the LSV method.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the configuration of a Ni-plated steel sheet in this embodiment.
- the Ni-plated steel sheet in this embodiment comprises a steel sheet and an Fe-Ni diffusion layer formed on at least one surface of the steel sheet.
- the steel sheet is not particularly limited as long as it has excellent formability, but for example, low carbon steel such as low carbon aluminum killed steel (carbon content 0.01 to 0.15% by weight), ultra-low carbon steel with a carbon content of less than 0.01% by weight, or non-aging ultra-low carbon steel obtained by adding Ti, Nb, or the like to ultra-low carbon steel can be used.
- low carbon steel such as low carbon aluminum killed steel (carbon content 0.01 to 0.15% by weight), ultra-low carbon steel with a carbon content of less than 0.01% by weight, or non-aging ultra-low carbon steel obtained by adding Ti, Nb, or the like to ultra-low carbon steel
- hot rolled sheets of these steels are pickled to remove surface scale (oxide film), then cold rolled, and then electrolytically cleaned by alkaline electrolytic degreasing or the like, and then annealed and/or temper rolled, or sheets that are cold rolled, electrolytically cleaned, and then not annealed or temper rolled, etc. can also be used. From
- the thickness of the steel sheet may be appropriately selected depending on the application of the Ni-plated steel sheet, and is not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of reducing manufacturing costs, however, the thickness is preferably 1.5 mm or less, more preferably 1.25 mm or less, and even more preferably 0.9 mm or less. Furthermore, from the viewpoint of improving the mechanical properties of the Ni-plated steel sheet, the thickness of the steel sheet is preferably 0.03 mm or more, more preferably 0.1 mm or more, even more preferably 0.15 mm or more, and particularly preferably 0.2 mm or more.
- the Ni-plated steel sheet of this embodiment has an Fe-Ni diffusion layer on the steel sheet.
- the Fe-Ni diffusion layer is formed by forming a Ni-plated layer on the steel sheet, and then performing a thermal diffusion process on the steel sheet with the Ni-plated layer, thereby thermally diffusing the iron (Fe) that constitutes the steel sheet and the nickel (Ni) that constitutes the Ni-plated layer.
- the Fe-Ni diffusion layer needs to be formed on at least one surface of the steel sheet, and may be formed on both surfaces of the steel sheet.
- the Ni-plated steel sheet has an average crystal grain size of 0.32 ⁇ m or more obtained by EBSD (Electron Backscatter Diffraction Pattern) measurement of the outermost surface of the Ni-plated steel sheet, and the ratio of the area that can be indexed with Fe is 0.0% or more and 6.0% or less.
- EBSD Electro Backscatter Diffraction Pattern
- an Fe-Ni diffusion layer is formed on the outermost surface, so the average crystal grain size of the surface of the Fe-Ni diffusion layer obtained by EBSD measurement and the ratio of the area that can be indexed with Fe are controlled to the above range.
- the Ni-plated steel sheet in the present embodiment has the above characteristics, it is possible to suppress the dissolution of iron into the electrolyte during overdischarge, and has excellent electrolyte resistance.
- the area that can be indexed with Fe in the present invention refers to the area that can be indexed using the material data of Fe ( ⁇ ) in the EBSD pattern obtained by EBSD measurement.
- the average crystal grain size on the outermost surface of Ni-plated steel sheet can be obtained as follows. That is, by performing EBSD measurement on the outermost surface of Ni-plated steel sheet, the EBSD pattern is indexed using two material data of Fe( ⁇ ) and Ni, and mapping data containing information on each phase and orientation is obtained for each measurement field.
- the average crystal grain size can be obtained by the Number method using analysis software on the obtained mapping data. Note that the analysis software that can be used is, for example, OIM Analysis Version 7.3.
- the average crystal grain size of the outermost surface of the Ni-plated steel sheet is 0.32 ⁇ m or more, preferably 0.36 ⁇ m or more, and more preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more. If the average crystal grain size of the outermost surface of the Ni-plated steel sheet is too small, the number of paths through which the electrolyte penetrates from the outermost surface into the inside of the Ni-plated steel sheet increases, and the electrolyte resistance of the Ni-plated steel sheet may decrease. There is no particular upper limit to the average crystal grain size of the outermost surface of the Fe-Ni diffusion layer, but it is usually 4.0 ⁇ m or less, and preferably 1.0 ⁇ m or less.
- the area that can be indexed with Fe obtained by EBSD measurement is an area that can be indexed using the material data of Fe( ⁇ ) as described above, and is an area that is determined to have a structure close to the crystal structure of Fe( ⁇ ).
- Figure 2 is a phase map obtained by EBSD measurement of the Ni-plated steel sheet obtained in Example 7. The area that can be indexed with Fe is the area displayed in white in Figure 2.
- the area displayed in gray in Figure 2 is an area that can be indexed using the material data of Ni (hereinafter referred to as the area that can be indexed with Ni), that is, an area that is determined to have a structure close to the crystal structure of Ni, and the area displayed in black is an area that has been deleted by the cleanup process and the lower limit setting of the CI value (described later) performed when analyzing the results obtained by EBSD.
- the ratio of the area that can be indexed with Fe obtained by EBSD measurement (hereinafter also referred to as Fe indexing ratio) is obtained as follows. First, EBSD measurement is performed on Ni-plated steel sheet in the same manner as in the calculation of the average crystal grain size described above to obtain mapping data, and then a Phase Map in which Fe and Ni are color-coded (indexed) is created using analysis software. The ratio of the area of the area that can be indexed with Fe to the total area of the area that can be indexed with Fe or Ni in the Phase Map (excluding areas deleted by cleanup processing or lower limit setting of CI value, etc.) can be obtained as the Fe indexing ratio of this embodiment.
- the Fe indexing ratio can be obtained as the numerical value of the Partition Fraction of Fe by analysis software.
- the proportion of the area that can be indexed with Ni (hereinafter also referred to as the Ni indexing proportion) is expressed in the same way as the Fe indexing proportion, and can be obtained as a numerical value for the Ni partition fraction using analysis software.
- the Fe indexing ratio of the outermost surface of the Ni-plated steel sheet is 6.0% or less, preferably 5.0% or less, more preferably 3.0% or less, and particularly preferably 1.0% or less. If the Fe indexing ratio is too large, the amount of Fe eluted from the outermost surface increases, and the electrolyte resistance of the Ni-plated steel sheet may decrease.
- the lower limit of the Fe indexing ratio of the outermost surface of the Ni-plated steel sheet is not particularly limited, and since an area that can be indexed with Fe does not have to be formed on the outermost surface, it is usually 0.0% or more.
- the Ni indexing ratio of the outermost surface of the Ni-plated steel sheet is not particularly limited, but is preferably 94% or more, more preferably 95% or more, even more preferably 97% or more, and particularly preferably 99% or more.
- the penetration depth into the sample in EBSD measurement is very shallow, at only a few tens of nm, so it is possible to measure the crystalline state of the portion closer to the surface of the sample (the outermost surface).
- the proportion of the area that can be indexed with Fe obtained by EBSD measurement is 0.0% or more and 6.0% or less, so that the state of the Fe-Ni alloy on the outermost surface is appropriately controlled, the electrolyte resistance during overdischarge is high, and the occurrence of corrosion due to the dissolution of iron can be suppressed.
- CI value is an index that indicates the reliability of the results of indexing and orientation calculation by the EBSD method
- a measurement point with a CI value of more than 0.1 indicates that correct indexing and orientation calculation were performed with an accuracy of more than 95%.
- the calculation of the average grain size by the Number method is not particularly limited, but can be performed under the conditions of Grain Tolerance: 5, Minimum Grain: 2 for all data of Fe and Ni that have been cleaned up as described above.
- analysis can be performed by adopting default conditions without making special settings and regarding them as separate grains.
- the average CI value of the mapping data obtained under the above measurement conditions is not too low; specifically, it is preferable that the average CI value is 0.04 or more.
- the Fe ratio at the outermost surface of the Fe-Ni diffusion layer and the thickness of the Fe-Ni diffusion layer measured using a high-frequency glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDS) device are within a predetermined range.
- the Fe ratio at the outermost surface of the Fe-Ni diffusion layer and the thickness of the Fe-Ni diffusion layer can be determined by continuously measuring the changes in Fe intensity and Ni intensity in the depth direction from the outermost surface to the steel sheet using a high-frequency glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy analyzer.
- the Fe ratio (mass%) at the outermost surface of the Fe-Ni diffusion layer measured by GDS is preferably more than 10% from the viewpoint of improving weldability, more preferably 20% or more, even more preferably 25% or more, and particularly preferably 30% or more. Furthermore, the Fe ratio at the outermost surface of the Fe-Ni diffusion layer is preferably 75% or less, more preferably 72% or less, even more preferably 70% or less, and particularly preferably 65% or less from the viewpoint of rust suppression during storage before assembling the battery using the Ni-plated steel sheet.
- the Fe indexing ratio by EBSD measurement and the Fe ratio by GDS are completely different parameters. Specifically, the Fe indexing ratio by EBSD measurement focuses on the crystal structure of the outermost surface of the Ni-plated steel sheet and indicates the extent to which a structure similar to the Fe crystal structure exists relative to Ni or a structure similar to the Ni crystal structure. In contrast, the Fe ratio by GDS only indicates the extent to which the Fe element exists on the surface in mass ratio, and does not reflect information on the state in which Fe and Ni exist when both exist on the surface.
- the inventors noticed that the electrolyte resistance during overdischarge changes even when the Fe element existence ratio by GDS is about the same, and found that it can be controlled by the Fe indexing ratio obtained by EBSD measurement.
- the inventors discovered that it is important to control the alloy state of Fe and Ni at the outermost surface, rather than simply the proportion of Fe element present, and that even when Fe element is present at the surface, it is possible to improve electrolyte resistance during overdischarge by suppressing the formation of a crystal structure close to Fe at the outermost surface and setting the Fe indexing proportion by EBSD measurement to 0.0% or more and 6.0% or less.
- the thickness of the Fe-Ni diffusion layer is preferably 4.0 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 3.0 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 2.5 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 2.0 ⁇ m or less. Furthermore, from the viewpoint of improving the electrolyte resistance of the Ni-plated steel sheet during overdischarge, the thickness of the Fe-Ni diffusion layer is preferably 0.36 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.45 ⁇ m or more, even more preferably 0.6 ⁇ m or more, and particularly preferably 0.7 ⁇ m or more.
- the Fe content in the outermost surface of the Fe-Ni diffusion layer and the thickness of the Fe-Ni diffusion layer can be determined by the following steps.
- Measurement step 1 A high-frequency glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy is performed on the standard sample to obtain intensity data for each etching time, and the saturation value of the Fe intensity, the maximum value of the Ni intensity, and the etching rate of Ni are confirmed. If the saturation value of the Fe intensity and the maximum value of the Ni intensity are not the same value in the measurement data of the standard sample obtained in this manner, correction coefficients are obtained for Fe and Ni such that the saturation value of the Fe intensity and the maximum value of the Ni intensity become the same value (for example, 10), and all the intensity data are corrected.
- Measurement step 2 Analyze the target test piece of Ni-plated steel sheet under the same analytical conditions as in measurement step 1 to obtain strength data for each etching time. If a correction coefficient was applied in measurement step 1, the target test piece data is also similarly multiplied by the correction coefficient, and the strength data obtained is used to proceed to the subsequent steps.
- Ni ratio Ni strength / (Fe strength + Ni strength)
- Measurement step 4 In a chart obtained from the data obtained in measurement step 3, the point where the Fe ratio first reaches a minimum value is determined as the outermost surface.
- Measurement step 5 The outermost surface determined in measurement step 4 is taken as the starting point, and the point where the Ni intensity in the data is 10% of the maximum Ni intensity of the standard sample is taken as the interface point, and the difference in etching time between the starting point and the interface point is calculated, and the etching depth calculated by multiplying the difference in etching time by the etching rate is the thickness of the Fe-Ni diffusion layer.
- the interface point refers to the interface between the Fe-Ni diffusion layer and the steel sheet.
- Measurement step 6 The Fe ratio at the outermost surface determined in measurement step 4 is the Fe ratio at the surface of the Fe--Ni diffusion layer.
- the measurement step 1 will be explained.
- high-frequency glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy is performed on the standard sample to obtain intensity data for each etching time, and the saturation value of the Fe intensity, the maximum value of the Ni intensity, and the etching rate of Ni are confirmed.
- a standard sample is prepared from a steel sheet that has been subjected to no heat treatment and has a known plating layer thickness (or deposition amount).
- a standard Ni-plated steel sheet is prepared by applying a non-glossy Ni plating of 1.1 ⁇ m to a low-carbon steel sheet of 0.3 mm thickness.
- the Fe intensity and Ni intensity in the standard Ni-plated steel sheet are measured using a high-frequency glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy analyzer until the Fe intensity is saturated.
- a chart like that shown in Figure 3 can be obtained.
- Figure 3 is an example of a chart obtained by high-frequency glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy of a standard sample.
- the vertical axis indicates the Fe intensity and Ni intensity
- the horizontal axis indicates the measurement time when the measurement is performed in the depth direction from the surface of the standard Ni-plated steel sheet (the surface on which the Ni plating is formed) using a high-frequency glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy analyzer.
- the saturation value of Fe strength is determined from the resulting chart.
- the saturation value of Fe strength can be determined from the change in Fe strength per second, that is, the time rate of change of Fe strength (Fe strength change/second).
- the time rate of change of Fe strength increases rapidly when Fe is detected after measurement begins, and decreases after passing the maximum value, stabilizing at approximately zero.
- the value of Fe strength when the time rate of change of Fe strength stabilizes at approximately zero is the saturation value of Fe strength. Specifically, the Fe strength when the time rate of change of Fe strength becomes 0.02 or less is taken as the saturation value of Fe strength.
- the maximum Ni intensity is found.
- the Ni intensity of 10 at a measurement time of 9.9 seconds is the maximum Ni intensity.
- the saturation value of Fe intensity and the maximum Ni intensity may not be the same value as in Figure 4, depending on the GDS measurement conditions.
- a correction coefficient is found to be multiplied by the Fe intensity or Ni intensity so that the saturation value of Fe intensity and the maximum Ni intensity are the same value, and the subsequent steps are carried out.
- the saturation value of Fe intensity of 10 is used as the standard, and a correction coefficient is found to be multiplied by the Ni intensity so that the maximum Ni intensity after correction is 10.
- Figure 4 is another example of a chart obtained by radio frequency glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy analysis of a standard sample.
- the etching rate of Ni is calculated.
- the etching rate can be calculated based on the thickness of the Ni plating and the etching time.
- the etching time since in GDS analysis Ni is considered to be present up to the point where the Ni intensity is 10% of the maximum Ni intensity, the etching time is set to the time from the start of measurement to the point where the Ni intensity is 10% of the maximum Ni intensity in the standard sample.
- the etching rate can be calculated by dividing the Ni plating thickness of 1.1 ⁇ m by the time from the start of measurement to the time where the Ni intensity is 10% of the maximum Ni intensity.
- the etching rates of Ni and Fe are approximately the same, so in the present invention, the thickness of the Fe-Ni diffusion layer is determined using the Ni etching rate calculated as described above.
- Measurement step 2 a GDS analysis is performed on the Ni-plated steel sheet of this embodiment.
- the Ni-plated steel sheet of this embodiment is used as the target test piece, and measurement is performed using GDS under the same conditions as in step 1 above to obtain the Fe intensity and Ni intensity in the Ni-plated steel sheet. If a correction coefficient is applied in measurement step 1, the subsequent steps are carried out using strength data obtained by correcting the data for the target test piece with the same correction coefficient value as that used for the standard sample. In this embodiment, since Fe is diffused to the surface, strength data is obtained in which the Fe intensity at the surface does not become 0.
- whether the surface of the Ni-plated steel sheet is an Fe-Ni diffusion layer can be determined by whether the Fe intensity of the surface in the Ni-plated steel sheet exceeds 10% of the saturation value of the Fe intensity. If the Fe intensity of the outermost surface exceeds 10%, the surface can be determined to be an Fe-Ni diffusion layer, and conversely, if it does not exceed 10%, it is determined that a Ni layer exists on the Fe-Ni diffusion layer.
- Measurement step 3 the Fe ratio and Ni ratio at each depth position of the Fe-Ni diffusion layer are obtained.
- the Fe ratio at each time i.e., at each depth position, can be obtained by calculating the percentage of the Fe and Ni intensity values (corrected intensity values when a correction factor is used) at each time. That is, the Fe ratio and Ni ratio can be obtained by the following formula.
- Fe ratio Fe strength / (Fe strength + Ni strength) x 100
- Ni ratio Ni strength / (Fe strength + Ni strength) x 100
- Measurement step 4 the depth position of the outermost surface of the Fe-Ni diffusion layer is defined.
- the point (depth position) where the Fe ratio is at its minimum is defined as the outermost surface of the Fe-Ni diffusion layer. Under normal measurement conditions, this minimum value of the Fe ratio appears between 0 and 5 seconds into the measurement time.
- Measurement step 5 the thickness of the Fe-Ni diffusion layer is found by determining the etching depth from the outermost surface to the boundary between the Fe-Ni diffusion layer and the steel plate.
- the position of the outermost surface is the position defined in measurement step 4.
- the boundary between the Fe-Ni diffusion layer and the steel plate is the point (depth position) where the Ni intensity of the target sample is 10% of the maximum Ni intensity of the standard sample. In other words, if the maximum Ni intensity of the standard sample in step 1 is 10, the point where the Ni intensity of the target sample found in step 2 is 1 is the boundary between the Fe-Ni diffusion layer and the steel plate.
- the point where the Ni intensity is 1 is naturally located deeper than the outermost surface, and so the point where the Ni intensity is 1 at the start of measurement (a depth position smaller than the depth position at the maximum Ni intensity) is excluded.
- the difference between the etching time from depth position 0 (i.e., measurement time 0) to the outermost surface and the etching time from depth position 0 to the boundary between the Fe-Ni diffusion layer and the steel plate is calculated, and the thickness of the Fe-Ni diffusion layer is calculated by multiplying this difference by the etching rate calculated in measurement step 1.
- the thickness of the Fe-Ni diffusion layer of the Ni-plated steel sheet of this embodiment can be determined by using a value indicating the relationship between the depth time (measurement time by a radio-frequency glow discharge optical emission spectrometer) and the actual thickness, which is determined by measuring a steel sheet with a Ni-plated layer formed thereon that has not been subjected to thermal diffusion treatment and whose Ni plating thickness is known, using a radio-frequency glow discharge optical emission spectrometer.
- the actual Ni plating thickness before heat treatment can be determined by measuring the thickness by observing the cross section of the steel sheet with a Ni-plated layer using a SEM, or by converting the Ni deposition amount determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis into a thickness using the specific gravity of Ni.
- the measurement step 6 will now be described.
- the Fe percentage at the outermost surface of the Fe-Ni diffusion layer is determined.
- the Fe percentage at the outermost surface of the Fe-Ni diffusion layer can be determined as the Fe percentage at the depth position of the outermost surface determined in measurement step 4.
- the lower limit of the Ni deposition amount on one side of the steel sheet is preferably 0.45 g/m 2 or more, more preferably 0.8 g/m 2 or more, even more preferably 2.5 g/m 2 or more, and particularly preferably 3.0 g/m 2 or more, from the viewpoint of controlling the average grain size and Fe indexing ratio obtained by EBSD measurement to an appropriate range.
- the upper limit of the Ni deposition amount on one side of the steel sheet is preferably 26.7 g/m 2 or less, more preferably 17.8 g/m 2 or less, even more preferably 8.9 g/m 2 or less, and particularly preferably 7.2 g/m 2 or less, from the viewpoint that diffusion of Fe to the outermost surface becomes difficult and it becomes necessary to increase the heat treatment temperature or extend the heat treatment time in order to sufficiently diffuse Fe.
- the Ni deposition amount can be determined by fluorescent X-ray measurement. In fluorescent X-ray measurement, quantification by a calibration curve method is possible. The X-ray fluorescence measurement may be performed on a Ni-plated steel sheet on which an Fe-Ni diffusion layer has been formed by thermal diffusion treatment, or on a steel sheet on which a Ni-plated layer has been formed before thermal diffusion treatment.
- the Fe-Ni diffusion layer is formed only on one side of the steel sheet, but the configuration of the Ni-plated steel sheet is not particularly limited thereto, and it is sufficient that the Fe-Ni diffusion layer is formed on at least one outermost surface of the steel sheet.
- the Fe-Ni diffusion layer may be formed on the outermost surface of both sides of the steel sheet.
- the Fe-Ni diffusion layer may be formed on both sides of the steel sheet, and a Ni layer may be formed on the Fe-Ni diffusion layer on one of the two sides.
- an Fe-Ni diffusion layer having a controlled average crystal grain size and Fe indexing ratio is formed on the outermost surface of the surface that will become the inner surface of the battery container, and further, an Fe-Ni diffusion layer is formed on the surface that will become the outer surface of the battery container, and a Ni layer is formed on the Fe-Ni diffusion layer.
- the total Ni deposition amount contained in the Fe-Ni diffusion layer and the Ni layer on the surface that will become the outer surface of the battery container is preferably 9.0 to 90 g/m 2 .
- the Ni-plated steel sheet in this embodiment can be manufactured as follows.
- a Ni plating layer is formed on a steel sheet.
- the Ni plating bath used to form the Ni plating layer may be a commonly used plating bath, i.e., a Watts bath, a sulfamic acid bath, a boron fluoride bath, a chloride bath, or the like.
- the Ni plating layer may be formed using a Watts bath having a bath composition of 200 to 350 g/L of nickel sulfate hexahydrate, 20 to 60 g/L of nickel chloride hexahydrate, and 10 to 50 g/L of boric acid, under conditions of pH 3.0 to 5.0, bath temperature 40 to 70° C., and current density 10 to 40 A/dm 2.
- the Ni plating layer may be formed on at least one side of the steel sheet.
- the amount W of Ni deposited on the steel sheet by forming a Ni plating layer is not particularly limited as long as an Fe-Ni diffusion layer can be formed as the outermost surface of the Ni-plated steel sheet and the configuration can be controlled; however, if the amount of deposition is too large, it becomes difficult to diffuse Fe to the outermost surface, and in order to sufficiently diffuse Fe, it becomes necessary to increase the heat treatment temperature or lengthen the heat treatment time, which may make it difficult to set the average crystal grain size and the proportion of the area that can be indexed by Fe to appropriate ranges.
- the amount is preferably 26.7 g/ m2 or less, more preferably 17.8 g/ m2 or less, even more preferably 8.9 g/ m2 or less, and particularly preferably 7.2 g/ m2 or less.
- the Ni deposition amount W is preferably 0.45 g/m 2 or more, more preferably 0.8 g/m 2 or more, even more preferably 2.5 g/m 2 or more, and particularly preferably 3.0 g/m 2 or more.
- the Ni deposition amount W on each surface is within the above range.
- the Ni-plated steel sheet of this embodiment is used for a battery container in the shape of a can, it is preferable to form an Fe-Ni diffusion layer on the surface that will become the outer surface of the battery container, and to form a Ni layer on the Fe-Ni diffusion layer.
- the Ni deposition amount on the surface that will become the outer surface of the battery container is preferably 9.0 to 90 g/m 2 .
- the steel sheet on which the Ni plating layer has been formed (hereinafter referred to as the plated steel sheet) is subjected to a thermal diffusion treatment to form an Fe-Ni diffusion layer.
- the thermal diffusion treatment By appropriately controlling the conditions of the thermal diffusion treatment, the average crystal grain size and Fe indexing ratio on the surface of the Ni plating steel sheet obtained by EBSD measurement can be controlled within an appropriate range.
- the thermal diffusion treatment may be either a continuous annealing method or a box annealing method, and is not particularly limited, and the heat treatment atmosphere is preferably a non-oxidizing atmosphere or a reducing protective gas atmosphere, and when a reducing protective gas atmosphere is used, it is preferable to use a mixed gas of H2 and N2 , which is called HNX gas.
- the thermal diffusion treatment includes an initial heating step, a final heating step, and a cooling step.
- the initial heating step is a step in which the plated steel sheet is heated from room temperature to the starting temperature of the final heating step (final heating starting temperature) described below.
- the heating rate in the initial heating step (hereinafter also referred to as the initial heating rate) is a rate that can be found by calculating the slope in the temperature profile of the plated steel sheet in the initial heating step. In other words, it can be calculated by dividing the temperature difference from the starting temperature of the initial heating step to the starting temperature of the final heating step by the required time. It is preferable that the initial heating rate is greater than the heating rate in the final heating step described below. Specifically, the initial heating rate is preferably greater than 4°C/sec and less than or equal to 14°C/sec.
- the maximum heating rate in the initial heating step (hereinafter also referred to as the maximum heating rate) is a rate obtained by calculating the maximum slope of the temperature profile of the plated steel sheet in the initial heating step, that is, the temperature profile from room temperature to the starting temperature of the final heating step, and is preferably 4°C/sec or more. From the viewpoint of controlling the average crystal grain size and the Fe indexing ratio within an appropriate range, the maximum heating rate in the initial heating step is preferably 14°C/sec or less, more preferably 12°C/sec or less, and even more preferably 10°C/sec or less.
- the maximum heating rate in the temperature profile at 450°C or higher in the initial heating step is preferably 14°C/sec or less, more preferably 12°C/sec or less, and even more preferably 10°C/sec or less.
- the final heating step is a step of heating from the final heating start temperature to the maximum temperature in the thermal diffusion treatment (hereinafter referred to as the final temperature).
- the final heating start temperature is preferably 550°C or higher, at which the Ni in the Ni plating layer and the Fe in the steel sheet begin to diffuse actively, more preferably 600°C or higher, at which they begin to diffuse more actively, and even more preferably 650°C or higher.
- the final heating start temperature is preferably less than 900°C, and more preferably less than 850°C. From the viewpoint of controlling the average crystal grain size and the Fe indexing ratio within an appropriate range, the final heating start temperature is preferably less than 930°C, more preferably less than 900°C, and even more preferably less than 870°C.
- the final heating temperature can be set based on the final heating start temperature so that the temperature difference from the final heating start temperature is a predetermined temperature difference, as described later.
- the heating rate in the final heating step (hereinafter also referred to as the final heating rate) is preferably 4°C/sec or less, more preferably 3°C/sec or less, and even more preferably 1°C/sec or less.
- the heating rate in the final heating step is preferably 0.1°C/sec or more, and more preferably 0.2°C/sec or more.
- the temperature difference between the final heating start temperature and the final heating temperature may be 10°C or more, but is preferably 30°C or more, and more preferably 40°C or more. If the temperature difference is too small, the heating time (final heating time) in the final heating step may be insufficient, and the desired alloy state of the Fe-Ni diffusion layer may not be obtained.
- the temperature is preferably 30°C or more, more preferably 40°C or more, and even more preferably 60°C or more.
- the upper limit of the temperature difference is preferably 150°C or less, more preferably 120°C or less, and even more preferably 100°C or less.
- the final heating rate is preferably 4°C/sec or less, if the temperature difference is too large, the time in the high temperature range becomes too long, the Fe indexing ratio becomes too large, and the desired alloy state of the surface may not be obtained.
- the plated steel sheet that has been heated to the target temperature is cooled to 120°C or below.
- the cooling rate There are no particular restrictions on the cooling rate, but from the perspective of preventing defects in shape and wrinkles, a rate of 1°C/sec to 20°C/sec is preferred, and a rate of 1°C/sec to 10°C/sec is more preferred.
- Figure 5 shows an example of the temperature profile of a plated steel sheet to demonstrate how to calculate the thermal history Y during thermal diffusion treatment.
- the thermal history Y applied to the plated steel sheet through the initial heating step, final heating step, and cooling step in the thermal diffusion treatment is preferably 150,000°C ⁇ sec or less, more preferably 120,000°C ⁇ sec or less, and even more preferably 100,000°C ⁇ sec or less.
- the thermal history Y is preferably 15,000°C ⁇ sec or more, more preferably 35,000°C ⁇ sec or more, and even more preferably 45,000°C ⁇ sec or more.
- the thickness of the Fe-Ni diffusion layer is also in the preferred range, and the thermal history Y can be obtained by integrating the amount of change in the heating temperature and cooling temperature with respect to time at 450°C or more.
- the area of the shaded portion in FIG. 5 corresponds to the thermal history Y in the thermal diffusion treatment.
- the heating rate (including the maximum heating rate) at 450°C or higher in the initial heating step and the final heating step, the heating start temperature, the final temperature, and the cooling rate in the cooling step can be appropriately adjusted.
- the thermal history Y in the thermal diffusion treatment is too large, the Fe indexing ratio increases, and electrolyte resistance during overdischarge tends to decrease.
- the thermal history Y in the thermal diffusion treatment is too small, the average crystal grain size on the outermost surface of the Ni-plated steel sheet becomes fine, and electrolyte resistance during overdischarge may decrease.
- the ratio W/Y ⁇ 10 5 of the Ni coating weight W (g/m 2 ) to the thermal history Y is preferably 1.0 or more. If W/Y ⁇ 10 5 is less than 1.0, the Fe indexing ratio may become too large, and the desired surface alloy state may not be obtained, and the electrolyte resistance during overdischarge may deteriorate.
- the ratio W/Y ⁇ 10 5 of the Ni coating weight W (g/m 2 ) to the thermal history Y is preferably 20.0 or less, more preferably 10.0 or less, and even more preferably 7.0 or less. If W/Y ⁇ 10 5 exceeds 20.0, the average grain size and Fe indexing ratio at the outermost surface of the Ni-plated steel sheet obtained by EBSD measurement may not be controlled within an appropriate range.
- the inventors have discovered that by controlling the amount of Ni attached to the steel sheet W within the above range and performing thermal diffusion treatment of the Ni-plated steel sheet under the above conditions, the Ni in the Ni-plated layer and the Fe in the steel sheet can be mutually diffused to form an Fe-Ni diffusion layer in which the crystal state of the outermost surface is appropriately controlled so that the average crystal grain size is 0.32 ⁇ m or more and the Fe indexing ratio is 0.0% or more and 6.0% or less.
- the Ni-plated steel sheet manufactured by the above method has excellent electrolyte resistance during overdischarge because the average crystal grain size and Fe indexing ratio are appropriately controlled.
- the average crystal grain size of the outermost surface of an Fe-Ni plating layer or Ni plating layer was generally increased by increasing the temperature in the thermal diffusion treatment or increasing the thermal history.
- the inventors of the present invention have conducted extensive research and have newly discovered that if the heat treatment temperature is too high or the thermal history is too long, the Fe indexing ratio at the outermost surface increases, which may increase the dissolution of Fe into the electrolyte, and may actually reduce the average crystal grain size at the outermost surface.
- the plated steel sheet is heated, then soaked at the highest temperature for a predetermined time, and then cooled.
- the soaking step is the step in which Fe is most likely to diffuse due to mutual diffusion, and the amount of Fe that reaches the outermost surface is likely to increase rapidly.
- the thermal diffusion treatment method of this embodiment after initial heating, the initial heating is not allowed to reach the highest temperature, and heating is continued at a relatively slow heating rate in the final heating step, and soaking is not performed to maintain the same temperature, and then cooling is performed.
- the thermal diffusion treatment method of this embodiment can more appropriately control the alloy state of the outermost surface of the Fe-Ni diffusion layer than a thermal diffusion treatment method that performs soaking.
- the Ni-plated steel sheet of this embodiment is manufactured.
- the Ni-plated steel sheet may be subjected to temper rolling, if necessary.
- temper rolling it is possible to control the mechanical properties, correct the shape, and impart surface roughness.
- the Ni-plated steel sheet in FIG. 1 has an Fe-Ni diffusion layer formed on the outermost surface, but the configuration of the Ni-plated steel sheet is not particularly limited thereto, as long as the average crystal grain size of the outermost surface of the Ni-plated steel sheet obtained by EBSD measurement is 0.32 ⁇ m or more and the Fe indexing ratio is 0.0% or more and 6.0% or less.
- the Ni-plated steel sheet may have a Ni layer formed on the Fe-Ni diffusion layer, and the outermost surface of the Ni-plated steel sheet may be composed of the Ni layer.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of a modified example of the Ni-plated steel sheet in this embodiment.
- the Ni adhesion amount in the Ni-plated steel sheet that is, the total adhesion amount of Ni contained in the Fe-Ni diffusion layer and the Ni layer thereon, is preferably 0.8 to 8.9 g/m 2 , and more preferably 4.0 to 8.0 g/m 2 from the viewpoint of ease of forming the Ni layer and from the viewpoint of controlling the average crystal grain size and the Fe indexing ratio within an appropriate range.
- the outermost surface of the Ni-plated steel sheet is a Ni layer. If the Fe intensity of the surface of the Ni-plated steel sheet measured in measurement step 2 of the GDS analysis described above is 10% or less of the saturated value of the Fe intensity, it is determined that a Ni plating layer is formed on the Fe-Ni diffusion layer and that the outermost surface of the Ni-plated steel sheet is a Ni layer. If it is determined that the outermost surface of the Ni-plated steel sheet is a Ni layer, the thickness determined in measurement step 5 of the GDS analysis represents the combined thickness of the Ni layer and the Fe-Ni diffusion layer.
- the average crystal grain size and Fe indexing ratio of the surface of the Ni layer obtained by EBSD measurement may be controlled within the above range.
- the Fe indexing ratio obtained by EBSD measurement is 0.0% or more and 6.0% or less, and preferably 0.0% or more and 1.0% or less.
- the Ni-plated steel sheet of the modified example can be manufactured by appropriately adjusting the conditions of Ni plating and thermal diffusion treatment.
- the reason why the electrolyte resistance during overdischarge can be improved by controlling the average crystal grain size and Fe indexing ratio of the surface of the Ni layer in the Ni-plated steel sheet of the modified example within the above range is as follows.
- the thickness of the Ni layer at the outermost surface becomes relatively thin.
- the thickness of the Ni layer is thin, even if the Fe element is below the detection limit in a wide area measured by GDS, it is considered that Fe may partially reach the vicinity of the outermost surface (especially around the grain boundaries, etc.), which may affect the electrolyte resistance during overdischarge.
- the Ni layer is relatively thin, it is considered that the state of the Ni layer, that is, the average crystal grain size and the crystal structure are strongly influenced by the formation of the Fe-Ni diffusion layer immediately below it. Therefore, it is presumed that good electrolyte resistance during overdischarge can be obtained by controlling the average crystal grain size and Fe indexing ratio obtained by EBSD measurement in the same manner as in the embodiment in which the outermost surface is an Fe-Ni diffusion layer described above.
- an Fe-Ni diffusion layer is formed on the surface that will become the inner surface of the battery container, and a Ni layer with a controlled average crystal grain size and Fe indexing ratio is formed on the outermost surface on the Fe-Ni diffusion layer, and further, an Fe-Ni diffusion layer is formed on the surface that will become the outer surface of the battery container, and a Ni layer is formed on the Fe-Ni diffusion layer.
- the total Ni deposition amount contained in the Fe-Ni diffusion layer and Ni layer on the surface that will become the outer surface of the battery container is preferably 9.0 to 90 g/m2.
- the battery container in this embodiment is obtained by forming the Ni-plated steel sheet so that the surface on which the Fe-Ni diffusion layer is formed faces the inside of the battery container.
- the Ni-plated steel sheet is formed into the shape of the battery container by drawing, ironing, DI (Drawing and Ironing) or DTR (Draw and Thin Redraw) forming.
- the battery container obtained by molding the Ni-plated steel sheet in this embodiment has an appropriately controlled average crystal grain size on the outermost surface that comes into contact with the electrolyte and the proportion of the area that can be indexed with Fe, so it has high electrolyte resistance during overdischarge and can suppress the occurrence of corrosion due to the elution of Fe.
- Ni adhesion amount, Ni plating layer thickness ⁇ Ni adhesion amount, Ni plating layer thickness>
- the Ni coating weight per one side of the Ni-plated steel sheet was determined by measuring the Ni coating layer formed on the plated steel sheet using a fluorescent X-ray device.
- a ZSX100e manufactured by Rigaku Corporation was used as the fluorescent X-ray device, and measurements were performed using a calibration curve method.
- the Ni coating weight was converted into thickness using the density of Ni (8.9 g/cm 3 ) to determine the thickness of the Ni plating layer.
- Fe ratio The Fe ratio by GDS (hereinafter also referred to as Fe ratio) was determined using a high-frequency glow discharge optical emission spectrometer (manufactured by HORIBA, Ltd., model number: GD-PROFILER2). The Fe ratio was determined using the high-frequency glow discharge optical emission spectrometer in the procedure of measurement steps 1 to 6 described above. Similarly, for Examples 1 to 8 and Comparative Example 3, the Fe-Ni diffusion layer thickness by GDS was determined in the procedure of measurement steps 1 to 5 described above.
- the specific measurement conditions for the high-frequency glow discharge optical emission spectrometer were as follows: Measurement mode: HDD mode Excitation mode: RF (normal) Output: 35W Pressure: 600 Pa Module: 7V Fuse: 7V Anode diameter: 4 mm Gas replacement time: 30 seconds Pre-sputtering time: 30 seconds Background measurement time: 10 seconds Measurement time: 80 seconds Capture interval: 0.1 seconds
- mapping data containing information on each phase and orientation by indexing using two material data, Fe ( ⁇ ) material data and Ni material data.
- the obtained mapping data was analyzed using analysis software (OIM Analysis Version 7.3) and the above analysis conditions to obtain the percentage of the area that can be indexed with Fe in each measurement field and the average crystal grain size. Note that when analyzing, cleanup processing (Grain CI standardization) was performed using the analysis software, and evaluation was performed using data measurement points with a confidence index (Confidence Index: CI value) of more than 0.1.
- the grain size distribution was obtained using Grain Size (diameter), which provides information on grain size based on the diameter of a circle with the same area as each grain, and the average grain size was calculated using the Number method. In this way, the average value of the average crystal grain size was calculated for each measurement field.
- ⁇ Fe index ratio on outermost surface of Ni-plated steel sheet> A phase map of Fe and Ni was created from the data obtained by the above EBSD measurement and analysis. In the phase map, the total area of the area indexable with Fe or Ni (excluding the area removed as data in the above cleanup process and the lower limit setting of the CI value) was taken as 100%, and the ratio of the area indexable with Fe to this total area was calculated as the Fe indexing ratio. The average value of the Fe indexing ratio obtained for each measurement field was calculated.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a measurement jig used for evaluating the electrolyte resistance of Ni-plated steel sheet by the LSV method. As shown in FIG.
- the Ni-plated steel sheet was attached to the bottom of the measurement jig, an electrolyte (1 mol/L LiPF 6 , EC:DEC (1:1 v/v%), manufactured by Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd.) was added to the jig, and metallic lithium (manufactured by Honjo Metals Co., Ltd.) was attached to the upper electrode of the jig as a counter electrode and a reference electrode.
- the surface area of the measurement surface was 1.04 cm 2
- the surface areas of the counter electrode and the reference electrode were 1.2 cm 2 .
- the distance between the reference electrode and the working electrode was 2 mm
- the distance between the counter electrode and the working electrode was 2 mm
- the distance between the counter electrode and the reference electrode was 12 mm. Measurements were performed in a dry room with a dew point of -40°C or less and a room temperature of 25°C.
- the Ni-plated steel sheet was polarized from the natural potential to +4.1 V (vs Li/Li + ), which corresponds to overdischarge, at a scanning speed of 2 mV/sec, and the current density (nA/cm 2 ) at 4.1 V was measured to evaluate the electrolyte resistance of the Ni-plated steel sheet during overdischarge. The smaller the current density, the less Fe is eluted, indicating superior electrolyte resistance during overdischarge.
- the prepared steel sheet was subjected to alkaline electrolytic degreasing and pickling by immersion in sulfuric acid, and then electroplated (Ni plating) was performed under the following conditions using a Ni plating bath having the following bath composition, to form a Ni plating layer with a Ni adhesion weight W of 0.87 g/ m2 on the surface of the steel sheet.
- Ni plating conditions Bath composition: Nickel sulfate hexahydrate 250 g/L, nickel chloride hexahydrate 45 g/L, boric acid 30 g/L pH: 4.0-5.0 Bath temperature: 60°C Current density: 10 A/ dm2
- the steel sheet on which the Ni plating layer was formed was subjected to thermal diffusion treatment by continuous annealing in a reducing protective gas atmosphere to form an Fe-Ni diffusion layer, and further, after the thermal diffusion treatment, temper rolling was performed at a rolling reduction rate of 3% or less to obtain a Ni-plated steel sheet.
- the continuous annealing in the initial heating step, the plated steel sheet was heated from room temperature to the final heating start temperature.
- the final heating start temperature was set within a temperature range of 660 to 694°C.
- the maximum heating rate (maximum heating rate) in the initial heating step was 4.96°C/sec.
- the reaching temperature was set within a temperature range of 695 to 729°C so that the difference between the final heating start temperature and the final heating reaching temperature (temperature difference in the final heating step) was 40°C, and the plated steel sheet was heated at a heating rate of 0.37°C/sec.
- the cooling step the plated steel sheet was cooled to a temperature of 120°C or less by spraying a cooling gas such as HNX gas.
- the thermal history Y applied to the Ni-plated steel sheet through the initial heating process, final heating process, and cooling process was 57,920°C ⁇ sec.
- Ni-plated steel sheets were subjected to various evaluations according to the methods described above. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- Ni-plated steel sheets were obtained by changing the type of substrate, the amount of Ni plating, the thermal history Y in the thermal diffusion treatment, and the heat treatment conditions, i.e., the maximum heating rate, the final heating start temperature, the heating rate in the final heating step, the final heating temperature and the temperature difference in the final heating step, and the final heating time, to the conditions shown in Table 1, and were similarly evaluated. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- Ni-plated steel sheets with an average crystal grain size of 0.32 ⁇ m or more obtained by EBSD measurement and with a ratio of the area indexable with Fe of 0.0% to 6.0% or less had a small current density caused by the dissolution of Fe at 4.1 V, which corresponds to overdischarge, and had excellent electrolyte resistance during overdischarge (Example 1-8).
- Ni-plated steel sheets with an average crystal grain size of 0.36 ⁇ m or more obtained by EBSD measurement and with a ratio of the area indexable with Fe of 0.0% to 1.0% had a relatively small current density caused by the dissolution of Fe at 4.1 V, which corresponds to overdischarge, and had particularly excellent electrolyte resistance during overdischarge (Examples 1-6).
- the Ni-plated steel sheet of Comparative Example 1 in which the thermal history Y in the thermal diffusion treatment was small and the average crystal grain size was less than 0.32 ⁇ m, had poor electrolyte resistance during overdischarge.
- the Ni-plated steel sheets of Comparative Examples 2 and 3 in which the W/Y in the thermal diffusion treatment was small and the Fe indexing ratio was greater than 6.0%
- the Ni-plated steel sheets of Comparative Examples 4 and 5 in which the maximum heating rate was high and the soaking was performed without final heating, resulting in an Fe indexing ratio of greater than 6.0%, had poor electrolyte resistance during overdischarge.
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Abstract
Description
測定ステップ1:標準試料について高周波グロー放電発光分光分析を行い、エッチング時間ごとの強度データを得て、Fe強度の飽和値、Ni強度の最大値、およびNiのエッチング速度を確認する。このようにして得られた標準試料の測定データにおいて、Fe強度の飽和値およびNi強度の最大値が同一の数値でない場合は、Fe強度の飽和値およびNi強度の最大値が同一の数値(例えば10)となるような補正係数をFe、およびNiのそれぞれで求め、全ての強度データを補正する。
測定ステップ2:Niめっき鋼板の対象試験片を測定ステップ1と同じ分析条件で分析しエッチング時間ごとの強度データを得る。測定ステップ1で補正係数をかけた場合は、対象試験片のデータにおいても同様に補正係数をかけ得られる強度データで、以降のステップを進める。
測定ステップ3:測定ステップ2で得たデータにおいて、下記式で求められるFe割合とNi割合を測定点毎に求める。
Fe割合=Fe強度/(Fe強度+Ni強度)
Ni割合=Ni強度/(Fe強度+Ni強度)
測定ステップ4:測定ステップ3で得られるデータから得られるチャート図において、Fe割合が最初に極小値となる点を最表面と定める。
測定ステップ5:測定ステップ4で定めた最表面を開始地点とし、データにおけるNi強度が標準試料のNi強度の最大値の10%となる点を界面地点として、開始地点と界面地点とのエッチング時間の差を求め、エッチング時間の差とエッチング速度とをかけあわせることにより求められるエッチング深さがFe-Ni拡散層の厚みである。界面地点とは、Fe-Ni拡散層と鋼板との界面のことを指す。
測定ステップ6:測定ステップ4で定めた最表面におけるFe割合がFe-Ni拡散層表面のFe割合である。
Fe割合=Fe強度/(Fe強度+Ni強度)×100
Ni割合=Ni強度/(Fe強度+Ni強度)×100
本実施形態における電池容器は、上記のNiめっき鋼板のFe-Ni拡散層が形成された面が電池容器の内側となるように成形加工して得られる。具体的には、Niめっき鋼板を、絞り、しごき、DI(Drawing and Ironing)またはDTR(Draw and Thin Redraw)成形にて、電池容器形状に成形することにより得ることができる。
なお、各特性の評価方法は、以下のとおりである。
各実施例および比較例においてNiめっき層を形成しためっき処理鋼板において蛍光X線装置により測定することにより、Niめっき鋼板の一方の面当たりのNi付着量を求めた。蛍光X線装置としては、ZSX100e(株式会社リガク社製)を用い、検量線法によって測定した。Ni付着量をNiの密度(8.9g/cm3)で厚みに換算することにより、Niめっき層の厚みを求めた。
<GDSによるFe-Ni拡散層厚みおよびFeの割合>
高周波グロー放電発光分光分析装置(株式会社堀場製作所社製、型番:GD-PROFILER2)を用いて、GDSによるFeの割合(以下、Feの割合とも称す)を求めた。Feの割合は、高周波グロー放電発光分光分析装置を用いて、上述した測定ステップ1~6の手順で求めた。また、同様に実施例1~8および比較例3について、GDSによるFe-Ni拡散層厚みを上述した測定ステップ1~5の手順で求めた。なお、高周波グロー放電発光分光分析装置の具体的な測定条件は、次の仕様とした。
・測定モード:HDDモード
・励起モード:RF(ノーマル)
・出力:35W
・圧力:600Pa
・モジュール:7V
・フューズ:7V
・アノード経:4mm
・ガス置換時間:30秒
・予備スパッタ時間:30秒
・バックグラウンド測定時間:10秒
・測定時間:80秒
・取り込み間隔:0.1秒
走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)(型式:SU8020、日立ハイテクノロジーズ社製)を用いてNiめっき鋼板の表面に電子線を照射し、発生したEBSDパターンをEBSD検出器で取得し、OIM(Orientation Imaging Microscopy)結晶方位解析装置(TSLソリューションズ社製)および測定ソフトウェア(OIM Data Collection Version6.2.1)を用いて指数付けを行った。SEMおよびEBSDの測定条件は以下の通りとした。EBSDの測定視野数は3とした。
(SEM測定条件)
・加速電圧:20kV
・エミッション電流:20μA
・W.D.:20mm
・測定倍率:7000倍
(EBSD測定条件)
・測定面積:7μm×7μm
・ステップ:0.05μm
・マテリアルデータ:Fe(α)およびNi
(EBSD解析条件)
・Grain Tolerance:5
・Minimum Grain:2
上記のEBSD測定および解析により得られたデータから、FeとNiによるPhase Mapを作成した。Phase Mapにおいて、FeまたはNiで指数付けできる領域(上記クリーンアップ処理およびCI値の下限設定においてデータとして除去された領域は除く)の合計の面積を100%として、この合計面積に対するFeで指数付けできる領域の面積の割合をFe指数付け割合として算出した。各測定視野について求めたFe指数付け割合の平均値を算出した。
Niめっき鋼板について、マルチ電気化学計測システムHZ-Pro(型式:HAG-PROM12、北斗電工株式会社製)を用いて、LSV(Linear Sweep Voltammetry)法により過放電時における耐電解液性の評価を行った。測定に際しては、図7に示す測定治具を用いた。図7はLSV法によるNiめっき鋼板の耐電解液性評価に用いる測定治具の模式図である。図7に示すように、測定治具の底部にNiめっき鋼板を取り付け、治具内に電解液(1mol/L LiPF6、EC:DEC(1:1v/v%)、キシダ化学株式会社製)を加え、治具上部電極に対極および参照極として金属リチウム(本城金属株式会社製)を取り付けた。測定面の表面積は、1.04cm2とし、対極および参照極の表面積は、1.2cm2とした。参照極と作用極の間の距離を2mmとし、対極と作用極の間の距離を2mmとし、対極と参照極の間の距離を12mmとした。測定は、露点-40℃以下、室温25℃のドライルーム内で行った。自然電位より走査速度2mV/秒で過放電時相当の+4.1V(vsLi/Li+)へ分極させ、4.1Vにおける電流密度(nA/cm2)を測定し、Niめっき鋼板の過放電時における耐電解液性を評価した。電流密度が小さいほどFeの溶出が少なく過放電時における耐電解液性に優れることを表す。
基材として、低炭素アルミキルド鋼の厚さ0.3mmの冷間圧延鋼板を準備した。
<Niめっき条件>
浴組成:硫酸ニッケル・六水和物250g/L、塩化ニッケル・六水和物45g/L、ほう酸30g/L
pH:4.0~5.0
浴温:60℃
電流密度:10A/dm2
基材の種類、Niめっきの付着量、並びに熱拡散処理における熱履歴Y、および熱処理条件、すなわち最大昇温速度、最終加熱開始温度、最終加熱工程における昇温速度、最終加熱到達温度および最終加熱工程における温度差、最終加熱時間を表1に示す条件に変更してNiめっき鋼板を得て、同様に評価を行った。結果を表1および表2に示す。
Claims (6)
- 鋼板と、
前記鋼板の少なくとも一方の面に形成されたFe-Ni拡散層と、を備えたNiめっき鋼板であって、
前記Niめっき鋼板の最表面においてEBSD測定で得られる平均結晶粒径が0.32μm以上であり、かつ、Feで指数付けできる領域の割合が0.0%以上6.0%以下であるNiめっき鋼板。 - 前記Niめっき鋼板の一方の面当たりのNi付着量が0.8~8.9g/m2である、請求項1に記載のNiめっき鋼板。
- 前記Fe-Ni拡散層上に形成されたNi層を備え、
前記Niめっき鋼板の最表面においてEBSD測定で得られるFeで指数付けできる前記領域の割合が0.0%以上1.0%以下である請求項1または2に記載のNiめっき鋼板。 - 前記鋼板の厚みが0.03~1.5mmである請求項1~3のいずれかに記載のNiめっき鋼板。
- 前記鋼板が低炭素鋼または極低炭素鋼である請求項1~4のいずれかに記載のNiめっき鋼板。
- 請求項1~5のいずれかに記載のNiめっき鋼板を用いてなる電池容器。
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| CN202380088703.1A CN120548387A (zh) | 2022-10-28 | 2023-10-27 | 镀Ni钢板和电池容器 |
| KR1020257016165A KR20250097856A (ko) | 2022-10-28 | 2023-10-27 | Ni 도금 강판 및 전지 용기 |
| EP23882772.9A EP4610409A1 (en) | 2022-10-28 | 2023-10-27 | Ni-plated steel sheet and battery container |
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| JP2023059384A JP7614248B2 (ja) | 2023-03-31 | 2023-03-31 | Niめっき鋼板および電池容器 |
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Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2014047359A (ja) | 2012-08-29 | 2014-03-17 | Toyo Kohan Co Ltd | 電池容器用表面処理鋼板、電池容器および電池 |
| WO2017094919A1 (ja) * | 2015-12-03 | 2017-06-08 | 東洋鋼鈑株式会社 | 電池容器用表面処理鋼板 |
| WO2020137887A1 (ja) * | 2018-12-27 | 2020-07-02 | 日本製鉄株式会社 | Niめっき鋼板、及びNiめっき鋼板の製造方法 |
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2023
- 2023-10-27 EP EP23882772.9A patent/EP4610409A1/en active Pending
- 2023-10-27 WO PCT/JP2023/038958 patent/WO2024090570A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2023-10-27 KR KR1020257016165A patent/KR20250097856A/ko active Pending
- 2023-10-27 CN CN202380088703.1A patent/CN120548387A/zh active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2014047359A (ja) | 2012-08-29 | 2014-03-17 | Toyo Kohan Co Ltd | 電池容器用表面処理鋼板、電池容器および電池 |
| WO2017094919A1 (ja) * | 2015-12-03 | 2017-06-08 | 東洋鋼鈑株式会社 | 電池容器用表面処理鋼板 |
| WO2020137887A1 (ja) * | 2018-12-27 | 2020-07-02 | 日本製鉄株式会社 | Niめっき鋼板、及びNiめっき鋼板の製造方法 |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| SANATY-ZADEH, A. ; RAEISSI, K. ; SAIDI, A.: "Properties of nanocrystalline iron-nickel alloys fabricated by galvano-static electrodeposition", JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS, ELSEVIER SEQUOIA, LAUSANNE., CH, vol. 485, no. 1-2, 19 October 2009 (2009-10-19), CH , pages 402 - 407, XP026673964, ISSN: 0925-8388, DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.05.119 * |
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| KR20250097856A (ko) | 2025-06-30 |
| CN120548387A (zh) | 2025-08-26 |
| EP4610409A1 (en) | 2025-09-03 |
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