WO2024090169A1 - 熱サイクル用作動媒体、熱サイクル用作動媒体の貯蔵方法、熱サイクル用作動媒体の製造方法、熱サイクルシステム用組成物、及び熱サイクル用作動媒体の貯蔵容器 - Google Patents
熱サイクル用作動媒体、熱サイクル用作動媒体の貯蔵方法、熱サイクル用作動媒体の製造方法、熱サイクルシステム用組成物、及び熱サイクル用作動媒体の貯蔵容器 Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
- C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
- C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
- C09K5/045—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds containing only fluorine as halogen
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B25/00—Machines, plants or systems, using a combination of modes of operation covered by two or more of the groups F25B1/00 - F25B23/00
- F25B25/005—Machines, plants or systems, using a combination of modes of operation covered by two or more of the groups F25B1/00 - F25B23/00 using primary and secondary systems
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
- C09K2205/10—Components
- C09K2205/106—Carbon dioxide
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
- C09K2205/10—Components
- C09K2205/11—Ethers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
- C09K2205/10—Components
- C09K2205/12—Hydrocarbons
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
- C09K2205/10—Components
- C09K2205/12—Hydrocarbons
- C09K2205/128—Perfluorinated hydrocarbons
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
- C09K2205/10—Components
- C09K2205/132—Components containing nitrogen
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2339/00—Details of evaporators; Details of condensers
- F25B2339/04—Details of condensers
- F25B2339/047—Water-cooled condensers
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a working medium for heat cycles, a method for storing a working medium for heat cycles, a method for producing a working medium for heat cycles, a composition for a heat cycle system, and a storage container for a working medium for heat cycles.
- HFOs hydrofluoroolefins
- HFCs saturated hydrofluorocarbons
- Patent Document 1 describes a working medium for a heat cycle that contains trifluoroethylene and a first component consisting of at least one substance selected from carbon dioxide, fluoromethane, trifluoroiodomethane, methane, ethane, propane, helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, nitrogen, and ammonia.
- An object of one embodiment of the present disclosure is to provide a working fluid for heat cycle that has a low global warming potential, excellent cycle performance, and is capable of suppressing the concentration of trifluoroethylene in the gas phase, a method for storing the working fluid for heat cycle, and a method for producing the working fluid for heat cycle.
- Another object of the present disclosure is to provide a composition for a heat cycle system containing the working fluid for heat cycle, and a storage container in which the working fluid for heat cycle is stored.
- Trifluoroethylene A low-boiling compound having a boiling point lower than that of trifluoroethylene;
- the high-boiling point compound is at least two compounds selected from the group consisting of difluoromethane, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, (E)-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, 3,3,3-trifluoropropene, tetrafluoromethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,1,1-trifluoroethane, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane, cyclopropane, isobutene, isobutane, dimethyl
- the content of trifluoroethylene is 30.0% by mass to 80.0% by mass based on the total content of trifluoroethylene, the low-boiling point compound, and the high-boiling point compound;
- the content of the low-boiling point compound is 2.7% by mass to 60.0% by mass relative to the total content
- the content of the high boiling point compound is 10.0% by mass to 67.3% by mass based on the total content
- the low boiling point compound includes carbon dioxide.
- High boiling compounds include difluoromethane and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene;
- the content of trifluoroethylene relative to the total content of trifluoroethylene, carbon dioxide, difluoromethane, and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene is A% by mass
- the content of carbon dioxide relative to the total content is B% by mass
- the content of difluoromethane relative to the total content is C% by mass
- the content of 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene relative to the total content is D% by mass
- A is 30.0 to 80.0
- B is 2.7 to 60.0
- C is 5.0 to 45.0
- D satisfies the following formula (1): 5.0 ⁇ D ⁇ ( 0.000003B2 ⁇ 0.00053B +0.00616) ⁇ A2 + ( ⁇ 0.00013B2 +0.07589B ⁇ 1.09581) ⁇ A+(0.05608 ⁇ B2 ⁇ 5.19457B +79.27652)
- the low boiling point compound includes carbon dioxide.
- High boiling point compounds include difluoromethane and (E)-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene;
- E mass % the content of trifluoroethylene relative to the total content of trifluoroethylene, carbon dioxide, difluoromethane, and (E)-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene is E mass %
- the content of carbon dioxide relative to the total content is F mass %
- the content of difluoromethane relative to the total content is G mass %
- the content of (E)-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene relative to the total content H mass %
- E is 30.0 to 80.0
- F 3.0 to 60.0
- G is 5.0 to 45.0
- the working fluid for heat cycle according to ⁇ 1> wherein H is 5.0 to 62.0.
- E is 30.0 to 80.0; F is 3.0 to 15.0; G is 5.0 to 45.0;
- H satisfies the following formula (2): 5.0 ⁇ H ⁇ ( 0.000005F2 ⁇ 0.00037F +0.00301 ) ⁇ E2 +( ⁇ 0.00087F2 +0.05802F ⁇ 0.54609)E+(0.05969F2 ⁇ 3.39263F+41.55565) ⁇ 7>
- a composition for a heat cycle system comprising the working fluid for a heat cycle according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 6> and a refrigerating machine oil.
- composition for a heat cycle system according to ⁇ 7>, wherein the refrigeration oil is at least one selected from the group consisting of polyalkylene glycol oil, polyol ester oil, polyvinyl ether oil, fluorine-containing oil, mineral oil, and hydrocarbon-based synthetic oil.
- the method includes a step of storing a working fluid for a heat cycle, the working fluid including trifluoroethylene, a low-boiling point compound having a boiling point lower than that of trifluoroethylene, and a high-boiling point compound having a boiling point higher than that of trifluoroethylene, the low-boiling point compound is at least one selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, hexafluoroethane, and fluoromethane;
- the method for storing a working fluid for a heat cycle wherein the high-boiling point compound is at least two compounds selected from the group consisting of difluoromethane, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, (E)-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, 3,3,3-trifluoropropene, tetrafluoromethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,1,1-trifluoroethane, 1,1,1,1,
- the method includes a step of mixing trifluoroethylene, a low-boiling point compound having a boiling point lower than that of trifluoroethylene, and a high-boiling point compound having a boiling point higher than that of trifluoroethylene, the low-boiling point compound is at least one selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, hexafluoroethane, and fluoromethane;
- the high-boiling point compound is at least two compounds selected from the group consisting of difluoromethane, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, (E)-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, 3,3,3-trifluoropropene, tetrafluoromethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,1,1-trifluoroethane, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane, cyclopropane, isobutene, isobutan
- a working fluid for heat cycles which has a low global warming potential, excellent cycle performance, and is capable of suppressing the concentration of trifluoroethylene in the gas phase, a method for storing the working fluid for heat cycles, and a method for producing the working fluid for heat cycles.
- a composition for a heat cycle system containing the working fluid for heat cycle, and a storage container in which the working fluid for heat cycle is stored.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a refrigeration cycle system, which is an example of a heat cycle system.
- FIG. 2 is a cycle diagram in which the state change of the working medium in the refrigeration cycle system is plotted on a pressure-enthalpy diagram.
- a numerical range indicated using “to” means a range that includes the numerical values before and after “to” as the minimum and maximum values, respectively.
- the upper or lower limit value described in a certain numerical range may be replaced with the upper or lower limit value of another numerical range described in the present disclosure.
- the upper or lower limit value described in a certain numerical range may be replaced with a value shown in the examples.
- combinations of two or more preferred aspects are more preferred aspects.
- the amount of each component means the total amount of multiple substances, unless otherwise specified.
- boiling point means the boiling point at atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa).
- the working fluid for heat cycle of the present disclosure contains trifluoroethylene (HFO-1123), a low-boiling point compound having a boiling point lower than that of HFO-1123, and a high-boiling point compound having a boiling point higher than that of HFO-1123, wherein the low-boiling point compound is at least one selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, hexafluoroethane (R116), and fluoromethane (R41), and the high-boiling point compound is difluoromethane (HFC-32), 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf), (E)- At least two selected from the group consisting of 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234ze(E)), 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFO-1243zf), tetrafluoromethane (PFC
- a compound with a boiling point lower than that of trifluoroethylene is also referred to simply as a "low boiling point compound.”
- a compound with a boiling point higher than that of trifluoroethylene is also referred to simply as a “high boiling point compound.” Note that, if the compound does not exist as a liquid due to its nature, the boiling point is interpreted as the sublimation point.
- the working medium means a medium that carries heat, and is a concept that includes a refrigerant composition and a heat transfer medium composition.
- the refrigerant composition is a medium that mainly serves to cool the heat source, but may also be used as a medium that simultaneously serves to heat the heat source.
- the heat transfer medium composition is a medium that mainly serves to heat the heat source, but may also be used as a medium that simultaneously serves to cool the heat source.
- the working fluid of the present disclosure is for use in a heat cycle. Specifically, the working fluid of the present disclosure is preferably used in a heat cycle system in which a series of changes occur, such as a change in state caused by heat absorption and heat release, and a return to an initial state.
- the working fluid disclosed herein has excellent cycle performance and can suppress the concentration of HFO-1123 in the gas phase. The reason for this is unclear, but is presumed to be as follows.
- HFO-1123 undergoes a disproportionation reaction in the gas phase when the temperature, pressure, and ignition source reach certain thresholds.
- a disproportionation reaction is a self-decomposition reaction that usually generates heat.
- HFOs such as HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze(E) are known as compounds that do not exhibit disproportionation reactions and have high environmental performance.
- a method of suppressing the disproportionation reaction of HFO-1123 was proposed in which HFO-1123 was mixed with a compound that does not exhibit a disproportionation reaction.
- HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze(E) have higher boiling points than HFO-1123.
- HFO-1123 moves from the liquid phase to the gas phase due to gas-liquid equilibrium, and the concentration of HFO-1123 in the gas phase tends to be higher than the concentration of HFO-1123 in the liquid phase. Therefore, even if a working fluid is prepared with a composition that does not cause a disproportionation reaction of HFO-1123, the concentration of HFO-1123 in the gas phase may increase due to gas-liquid equilibrium, resulting in a composition in which a disproportionation reaction of HFO-1123 may occur.
- the present inventors focused on the increase in the concentration of HFO-1123 in the gas phase (concentration of HFO-1123) and investigated a method of suppressing the concentration of HFO-1123 in the gas phase in order to suppress the disproportionation reaction of HFO-1123.
- Patent Document 1 only describe working fluids that contain HFO-1123, a first component such as carbon dioxide, and a second component such as HFC-32, and do not substantially describe working fluids that contain at least two types of high boiling point compounds. Furthermore, Patent Document 1 does not focus on the concentration of HFO-1123 in the gas phase.
- the working medium disclosed herein contains HFO-1123, a low boiling point compound, and a high boiling point compound.
- the total content of HFO-1123, low boiling compounds, and high boiling compounds is preferably 90.0 mass% or more, more preferably 95.0 mass% or more, and even more preferably 99.0 mass% or more, based on the total amount of the working fluid.
- the upper limit of the total content of HFO-1123, low boiling compounds, and high boiling compounds is not particularly limited, and may be 100 mass%.
- HFO-1123 The working fluid of the present disclosure contains HFO-1123.
- HFO-1123 is characterized by high refrigeration cycle performance, low global warming potential (GWP), and low flammability.
- the boiling point of HFO-1123 is ⁇ 61.239° C. at atmospheric pressure.
- the content of HFO-1123 is preferably 80.0 mass% or less, more preferably 70.0 mass% or less, and even more preferably 60.0 mass% or less, based on the total content of HFO-1123, the low-boiling point compound, and the high-boiling point compound. Furthermore, from the viewpoint of lowering the GWP and improving the capacity per unit volume, the content of HFO-1123 is preferably 30.0 mass% or more, more preferably 35.0 mass% or more, and even more preferably 40.0 mass% or more, based on the total content of HFO-1123, the low-boiling point compound, and the high-boiling point compound.
- the working fluid of the present disclosure contains a low-boiling point compound having a boiling point lower than that of HFO-1123.
- the low-boiling point compound is at least one type selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, R116, and R41.
- the number of types of low-boiling point compound may be one or more.
- Carbon dioxide, R116, and R41 are all compounds that do not exhibit disproportionation reactions.
- the above low boiling point compounds have a lower boiling point than HFO-1123, and therefore are more likely to migrate to the gas phase than HFO-1123. Therefore, by including the above low boiling point compounds in the working fluid of the present disclosure, the concentration of HFO-1123 in the gas phase is suppressed.
- the content of the low-boiling point compound is preferably 60.0 mass% or less, more preferably 15.0 mass% or less, still more preferably 12.0 mass% or less, and particularly preferably 10.0 mass% or less, based on the total content of HFO-1123, the low-boiling point compound, and the high-boiling point compound.
- the content of the low-boiling point compound is preferably 2.7% by mass or more, more preferably 3.0% by mass or more, and even more preferably 3.5% by mass or more, based on the total content of HFO-1123, the low-boiling point compound, and the high-boiling point compound.
- the content of the low-boiling point compound means the total content of the two or more low-boiling point compounds.
- the low boiling point compound is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide and R41, and more preferably carbon dioxide.
- carbon dioxide tends to have low compatibility with refrigeration oils (e.g., polyalkylene glycol oil, polyol ester oil, polyvinyl ether oil, etc.). Therefore, when a working medium containing HFO-1123 and carbon dioxide coexists with refrigeration oil in a sealed container, carbon dioxide is more likely to concentrate in the gas phase than HFO-1123. By concentrating carbon dioxide in the gas phase, the concentration of HFO-1123 in the gas phase is suppressed.
- refrigeration oils e.g., polyalkylene glycol oil, polyol ester oil, polyvinyl ether oil, etc.
- Carbon dioxide also has the advantages of high refrigeration cycle performance, excellent heat transfer performance, and being non-flammable.
- the content of carbon dioxide is preferably 60.0 mass% or less, more preferably 15.0 mass% or less, even more preferably 12.0 mass% or less, and particularly preferably 10.0 mass% or less, based on the total content of HFO-1123, the low-boiling point compound, and the high-boiling point compound.
- the content of carbon dioxide is preferably 2.7 mass% or more, more preferably 3.0 mass% or more, and even more preferably 3.5 mass% or more, based on the total content of HFO-1123, the low-boiling point compounds, and the high-boiling point compounds.
- the working fluid of the present disclosure contains a high-boiling compound having a boiling point higher than that of HFO-1123.
- the high-boiling compound is at least two types selected from the group consisting of HFC-32, HFO-1234yf, HFO-1234ze(E), HFO-1243zf, PFC-14, HFC-134, HFC-143a, HFC-227ea, cyclopropane, isobutene, isobutane, dimethyl ether, and ammonia.
- the number of types of high-boiling compounds may be two or more.
- the working fluid disclosed herein contains two or more high boiling point compounds, making it possible to improve cycle performance in a well-balanced manner.
- HFC-32, HFO-1234yf, HFO-1234ze(E), HFO-1243zf, PFC-14, HFC-134, HFC-143a, HFC-227ea, cyclopropane, isobutene, isobutane, dimethyl ether, and ammonia are all compounds that do not exhibit disproportionation reactions.
- the content of high boiling point compounds is preferably 67.3% by mass or less, more preferably 50.0% by mass or less, and even more preferably 40.0% by mass or less.
- the content of high boiling point compounds is preferably 10.0% by mass or more, more preferably 15.0% by mass or more, and even more preferably 20.0% by mass or more.
- the content of high boiling point compounds means the total content of two or more high boiling point compounds.
- the high-boiling point compound is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of HFC-32, HFO-1234yf, HFO-1234ze(E), and dimethyl ether, and more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of HFC-32, HFO-1234yf, and HFO-1234ze(E).
- HFC-32 has the characteristics of high refrigeration cycle performance, high azeotropic properties with HFO-1123, and low flammability.
- the content of HFC-32 is preferably 45.0 mass% or less, more preferably 40.0 mass% or less, and even more preferably 35 mass%. Furthermore, from the viewpoint of improving the capacity per unit volume and of azeotropic properties with HFO-1123, the content is preferably 5.0 mass % or more, more preferably 7.0 mass % or more, and even more preferably 10.0 mass % or more.
- HFO-1234yf has a low GWP, low flammability, and reduces pressure when mixed with HFO-1123.
- the content of HFO-1234yf is preferably 62.3 mass% or less, more preferably 50.0 mass% or less, and even more preferably 40.0 mass% or less. Furthermore, from the viewpoint of reducing the GWP, the content of HFO-1234yf is preferably 5.0 mass % or more, more preferably 7.0 mass % or more, and even more preferably 10.0 mass % or more.
- HFO-1234ze(E) has a low GWP, low flammability, and reduces pressure when mixed with HFO-1123.
- the content of HFO-1234ze(E) is preferably 62.0 mass% or less, more preferably 50.0 mass% or less, and even more preferably 40.0 mass% or less.
- the content of HFO-1234ze(E) is preferably 5.0 mass% or more, more preferably 7.0 mass% or more, and even more preferably 10.0 mass% or more.
- the content of HFO-1123 is 30.0% by mass to 80.0% by mass with respect to the total content of HFO-1123, low boiling point compounds, and high boiling point compounds
- the content of low boiling point compounds is 2.7% by mass to 60.0% by mass with respect to the above total content
- the content of high boiling point compounds is 10.0% by mass to 67.3% by mass with respect to the above total content
- the total content of HFO-1123, low boiling point compounds, and high boiling point compounds is 90.0% by mass or more with respect to the total amount of the working fluid.
- the preferable contents of HFO-1123, low boiling point compounds, and high boiling point compounds are as described above.
- the content of low-boiling point compounds is preferably 40.0% by mass or less, and more preferably 20.0% by mass or less, from the viewpoint of further increasing the critical temperature.
- the total content of HFO-1123, low boiling point compounds, and high boiling point compounds is more preferably 95.0% by mass, and even more preferably 99.0% by mass or more, based on the total amount of the working fluid. There is no particular upper limit to the total content, and it may be 100% by mass.
- the low boiling point compound comprises carbon dioxide and the high boiling point compound comprises HFC-32 and HFO-1234yf
- the content of HFO-1123 relative to the total content of HFO-1123, carbon dioxide, HFC-32, and HFO-1234yf is A mass %
- the content of carbon dioxide relative to the total content is B mass %
- the content of HFC-32 relative to the total content is C mass %
- the content of HFO-1234yf relative to the total content is D mass %
- A is 30.0 to 80.0
- B is 2.7 to 60.0
- C is 5.0 to 45.0
- D is 5.0 to 62.3.
- A is 30.0 or more, the GWP decreases and the capacity per unit volume increases. If A is 80.0 or less, the pressure decreases and the critical temperature increases.
- B When B is 2.7 or more, the effect of suppressing the concentration of HFO-1123 in the gas phase is high. When B is 60.0 or less, the critical temperature is improved. From the viewpoint of further improving the critical temperature, B is preferably 40.0 or less, and more preferably 20.0 or less.
- C is 5.0 or more, the capacity per unit volume improves and the azeotropic nature with HFO-1123 increases. If C is 45.0 or less, the GWP decreases.
- D is 5.0 or more, the GWP decreases. If D is 62.3 or less, the capacity per unit volume increases and the azeotropic nature with HFO-1123 increases.
- HFO-1123 carbon dioxide
- HFC-32 hydrogen dioxide
- HFO-1234yf The more preferred contents of HFO-1123, carbon dioxide, HFC-32, and HFO-1234yf are as described above.
- the carbon dioxide content is preferably 90.0% by mass or more, more preferably 95.0% by mass or more, and more preferably 99.0% by mass or more, based on the total amount of the low-boiling point compound.
- the upper limit of the carbon dioxide content is not particularly limited, and may be 100% by mass. That is, in the first embodiment, the low-boiling point compound may be carbon dioxide.
- the content of HFC-32 and HFO-1234yf is preferably 90.0% by mass or more, more preferably 95.0% by mass or more, and preferably 99.0% by mass or more, based on the total amount of high-boiling point compounds.
- the upper limit of the content of HFC-32 and HFO-1234yf is not particularly limited, and may be 100% by mass. That is, in the first embodiment, the high-boiling point compounds may be HFC-32 and HFO-1234yf.
- A is 30.0 to 80.0
- B is 2.7 to 15.0
- C is 5.0 to 45.0
- D satisfies the following formula (1). 5.0 ⁇ D ⁇ ( 0.000003B2 ⁇ 0.00053B +0.00616) ⁇ A2 + ( ⁇ 0.00013B2 +0.07589B ⁇ 1.09581) ⁇ A+(0.05608 ⁇ B2 ⁇ 5.19457B +79.27652)
- A is 30.0-80.0, B is 2.7-15.0, C is 5.0-45.0, and D satisfies formula (1), the temperature glide becomes small and a temperature glide of 7.0°C or less can be achieved.
- the low boiling point compound comprises carbon dioxide and the high boiling point compound comprises HFC-32 and HFO-1234ze(E), where the content of HFO-1123 relative to the total content of HFO-1123, carbon dioxide, HFC-32, and HFO-1234ze(E) is E mass %, the content of carbon dioxide relative to the total content is F mass %, the content of HFC-32 relative to the total content is G mass %, and the content of HFO-1234ze(E) relative to the total content is H mass %, preferably E is 30.0 to 80.0, F is 3.0 to 60.0, G is 5.0 to 45.0, and H is 5.0 to 62.0.
- E 30.0 or more, the GWP decreases and the capacity per unit volume increases. If E is 80.0 or less, the pressure decreases and the critical temperature increases.
- F When F is 3.0 or more, the effect of suppressing the concentration of HFO-1123 in the gas phase is high. When F is 60.0 or less, the critical temperature is improved. From the viewpoint of further improving the critical temperature, F is preferably 40.0 or less, and more preferably 20.0 or less.
- G is 5.0 or more, the capacity per unit volume improves and the azeotropic nature with HFO-1123 increases. If G is 45.0 or less, the GWP decreases.
- H is 5.0 or more, the GWP decreases. If H is 62.0 or less, the capacity per unit volume increases and the azeotropic nature with HFO-1123 increases.
- HFO-1123, carbon dioxide, HFC-32, and HFO-1234ze(E) are as described above.
- the carbon dioxide content is preferably 90.0% by mass or more, more preferably 95.0% by mass or more, and more preferably 99.0% by mass or more, based on the total amount of the low-boiling point compound.
- the upper limit of the carbon dioxide content is not particularly limited, and may be 100% by mass. That is, in the second embodiment, the low-boiling point compound may be carbon dioxide.
- the content of HFC-32 and HFO-1234ze(E) is preferably 90.0% by mass or more, more preferably 95.0% by mass or more, and preferably 99.0% by mass or more, based on the total amount of high-boiling compounds.
- the upper limit of the content of HFC-32 and HFO-1234ze(E) is not particularly limited, and may be 100% by mass. That is, in the second embodiment, the high-boiling compounds may be HFC-32 and HFO-1234ze(E).
- E is 30.0 to 80.0
- F is 3.0 to 15.0
- G is 5.0 to 45.0
- H satisfies the following formula (2). 5.0 ⁇ H ⁇ ( 0.000005F2 ⁇ 0.00037F +0.00301 ) ⁇ E2 +( ⁇ 0.00087F2 +0.05802F ⁇ 0.54609)E+(0.05969F2 ⁇ 3.39263F+41.55565)
- the working fluid of the present disclosure may contain, as an optional component, a compound that is usually used in working fluids, in addition to HFO-1123, the low boiling point compound, and the high boiling point compound.
- the optional component include HFCs, HFOs, CFOs, HCFOs, iodine- and bromine-containing halogenated compounds, and hydrocarbons other than HFO-1123, the low boiling point compound, and the high boiling point compound.
- the optional component may be a compound that is vaporized or liquefied together with HFO-1123.
- the optional component may be only one type, or two or more types.
- halogenated compound means an organic compound that contains halogen atoms.
- Optional HFCs include 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a), pentafluoropropane, hexafluoropropane, pentafluorobutane, and heptafluorocyclopentane.
- Optional HFOs include 1,1-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132a), (Z)-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(Z)), (E)-1,2-difluoroethylene (HFO-1132(E)), 2-fluoropropene (HFO-1261yf), 1,1,2-trifluoropropene (HFO-1243yc), 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene (HFO-1225ye), and 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFO-1243zf).
- Optional CFOs include 1,1-dichloro-2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (CFO-1214ya), 1,3-dichloro-1,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (CFO-1214yb), and 1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene (CFO-1112).
- Optional HCFOs include 1-chloro-2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HCFO-1224yd) and 1-chloro-1,2-difluoroethylene (HCFO-1122).
- Optional iodine- and bromine-containing halogenated compounds include monoiodomethane ( CH3I ), diiodomethane ( CH2I2 ), dibromomethane ( CH2Br2 ) , bromomethane ( CH3Br ), dichloromethane ( CH2Cl2 ), chloroiodomethane ( CH2ClI ), dibromochloromethane ( CHBr2Cl ), tetraiodomethane ( CI4 ), carbon tetrabromide ( CBr4 ), bromotrichloromethane ( CBrCl3 ), dibromodichloromethane ( CBr2Cl2 ), tribromofluoromethane ( CBr3F ), fluorodiiodomethane (CHFI2 ) , difluoroiodomethane ( CHF2I ), difluorodiiodomethane ( CF2I2
- the content of the optional components is preferably less than 10.0 mass% relative to the total amount of the working medium, more preferably 8.0 mass% or less, and even more preferably 5.0 mass% or less.
- the water content in the working medium is preferably 20 ppm by mass or less, and particularly preferably 15 ppm by mass or less, relative to the total amount of the working medium. If the water content is 20 ppm by mass or less, freezing in capillary tubes, which are an example of pressure reducing devices in thermal cycle systems, hydrolysis of the working medium and refrigeration oil, material deterioration due to acid components generated in the device, generation of contaminants, etc. are suppressed.
- the air content in the working medium is preferably less than 15,000 ppm by mass, and particularly preferably 8,000 ppm by mass or less, as the air concentration measured by gas chromatography. If the air content is less than 15,000 ppm by mass, poor heat transfer in the condenser and evaporator and an increase in operating pressure are suppressed. In particular, the oxygen in the air is suppressed from reacting with the working medium or refrigeration oil and decomposing.
- the working fluid may contain unavoidable components such as impurities produced as by-products during the production of the specific components, etc., and solvents used during production.
- the total content of these unavoidable components is preferably 1.0 mass% or less, more preferably 0.5 mass% or less, and even more preferably 0.1 mass% or less, relative to the total amount of the working fluid.
- the total content of the unavoidable components may be 50.0 mass ppm or more, or may be 100.0 mass ppm or more.
- Inevitable components include hydrogen fluoride, methane, chloromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (CFC-113), chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22), chlorofluoromethane (HCFC-31), dichlorotrifluoroethane (HCFC-123), 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123a), 1-chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124), 1-chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124a), chlorotrifluoroethane (HCFC-133), 2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HCFC-133a), 1-chloro-1,2 ...
- 1,1,2-trifluoroethane (HCFC-133b), 2-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142), 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b), trifluoromethane (HFC-23), pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a), 1,1,2-trifluoroethane (HFC-143), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a), 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a), 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ca), 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane (HFC-236fa), 1,1,1,2,3,3-Hex
- the cycle performance which is a property required when applying a working fluid to a heat cycle system, can be evaluated by the coefficient of performance (also referred to as "COP” in this disclosure) and the capacity per unit volume (suction volume of the compressor) (also referred to as "CAP" in this disclosure).
- the capacity is the refrigeration capacity.
- the evaluation items when the working fluid is applied to a refrigeration cycle system further include the temperature gradient in the evaporator (also referred to as "temperature glide” in this disclosure), the condensation pressure, the evaporation pressure, and the compression ratio. Specifically, each item is calculated, for example, by the method described below using a reference refrigeration cycle with the temperature conditions shown below.
- the condensation pressure, the evaporation pressure, and the compression ratio are evaluated by converting them into differences and relative values based on the values of HFC-32, and the CAP and COP are evaluated by converting them into differences and relative values based on the values of R410A.
- Evaporation temperature 5°C (however, in the case of a non-azeotropic mixture, the average temperature between the evaporation start temperature and the evaporation end temperature)
- Condensation temperature 40°C (however, in the case of a non-azeotropic mixture, the average temperature between the condensation start temperature and the condensation end temperature)
- SC Supercooling degree
- SH Superheat degree
- Compressor efficiency 0.7
- a refrigeration cycle system is a system in which a working medium removes thermal energy from a load fluid in an evaporator, thereby cooling the load fluid to a lower temperature.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a refrigeration cycle system of the present disclosure.
- the refrigeration cycle system 10 is a system generally comprising a compressor 11 that compresses working medium vapor A to produce high-temperature, high-pressure working medium vapor B, a condenser 12 that cools and liquefies the working medium vapor B discharged from the compressor 11 to produce low-temperature, high-pressure working medium C, an expansion valve 13 that expands the working medium C discharged from the condenser 12 to produce low-temperature, low-pressure working medium D, an evaporator 14 that heats the working medium D discharged from the expansion valve 13 to produce high-temperature, low-pressure working medium vapor A, a pump 15 that supplies a load fluid E to the evaporator 14, and a pump 16 that supplies a fluid F to the condenser 12.
- the working medium vapor A discharged from the evaporator 14 is compressed by the compressor 11 to produce high-temperature, high-pressure working medium vapor B (hereinafter referred to as the "AB process").
- the working fluid vapor B discharged from the compressor 11 is cooled by the fluid F in the condenser 12 and liquefied to become the low-temperature, high-pressure working fluid C. At this time, the fluid F is heated to become the fluid F', and is discharged from the condenser 12 (hereinafter referred to as the "BC process").
- the working medium C discharged from the condenser 12 is expanded in the expansion valve 13 to become a low-temperature, low-pressure working medium D (hereinafter referred to as the "CD process").
- the working medium D discharged from the expansion valve 13 is heated by the load fluid E in the evaporator 14 to become a high-temperature, low-pressure working medium vapor A. At this time, the load fluid E is cooled to become a load fluid E', which is discharged from the evaporator 14 (hereinafter referred to as the "DA process").
- the refrigeration cycle system 10 is a cycle system consisting of an adiabatic/isentropic change, an isenthalpic change, and an isobaric change. If the state change of the working medium is plotted on the pressure-enthalpy curve shown in Figure 2, A, B, C, and D can be represented as vertices.
- the AB process is a process in which adiabatic compression is performed in the compressor 11 to convert low-temperature, low-pressure working medium vapor A into high-temperature, high-pressure working medium vapor B, and is indicated by line AB in FIG. 2.
- the working medium vapor A is introduced into the compressor 11 in a superheated state, and the resulting working medium vapor B is also superheated vapor.
- the compressor intake gas density is the density ( ⁇ s) in state A in FIG. 2.
- the compressor discharge gas temperature (discharge temperature) is the temperature (Tx) in state B in FIG. 2, which is the maximum temperature in the refrigeration cycle.
- the compressor discharge pressure (discharge pressure) is the pressure (Px) in state B in FIG. 2, which is the maximum pressure in the refrigeration cycle.
- the condensation pressure is indicated as Px in FIG. 2.
- the BC process is a process in which isobaric cooling is performed in the condenser 12 to convert high-temperature, high-pressure working medium vapor B into low-temperature, high-pressure working medium C, and is shown by line BC in Figure 2.
- the pressure at this time is the condensation pressure.
- T1 on the high-enthalpy side is the condensation temperature
- T2 on the low-enthalpy side is the condensation boiling point temperature.
- the temperature gradient in the condenser when the working medium is a non-azeotropic mixture is shown as the difference between T1 and T2.
- the CD process is a process in which isenthalpic expansion is performed in the expansion valve 13 to convert the low-temperature, high-pressure working medium C into a low-temperature, low-pressure working medium D, and is shown by the line CD in Figure 2. If the temperature of the low-temperature, high-pressure working medium C is shown as T3, then T2-T3 is the degree of supercooling (SC) of the working medium in cycles (i) to (iv).
- the DA process is a process in which isobaric heating is performed in the evaporator 14 to return the low-temperature, low-pressure working medium D to high-temperature, low-pressure working medium vapor A, and is shown by line DA in Figure 2.
- the pressure at this time is the evaporation pressure.
- the intersection point T6 on the high-enthalpy side is the evaporation temperature.
- the temperature gradient in the evaporator when the working medium is a non-azeotropic mixture is shown as the difference between T6 and T4.
- T7-T6 is the degree of superheat (SH) of the working medium in cycles (i) to (iv).
- T4 indicates the temperature of working medium D.
- the CAP and COP of the working medium can be calculated from the following formulas (11), (12), (13), and (14), respectively, using the enthalpies hA, hB, hC, and hD, and the refrigerant mass circulation amount qmr in the working medium's states A (after evaporation, low temperature and low pressure), B (after compression, high temperature and high pressure), C (after condensation, low temperature and high pressure), and D (after expansion, low temperature and low pressure). There is no pressure loss in the piping or heat exchanger.
- the working medium vapor B' after the AB step is expressed by the following equation using hA, hB, and ⁇ , using the compressor efficiency ⁇ .
- hB' hA+(hB-hA)/ ⁇
- the cycle performance of the working fluid was obtained by performing theoretical calculations of the refrigeration cycle of the working fluid under the temperature conditions of the above-mentioned reference refrigeration cycle using the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties Database (REFPROP 10.0).
- the physical property data and mixing rule of HFO-1123 were calculated using the values described in Akasaka, R., Higashi, Y., Sakoda, N., Fukuda, S., and Lemmon, EW, Thermodynamic properties of trifluoroethene (R1123): ( p, ⁇ , T ) behavior and fundamental equation of state, International Journal of Refrigeration., 2020, 119, 457-467 and Akasaka, R., and Lemmon, EW, A New Fundamental Equation of State for R1123 and its Applications to Mixture Models for Mixtures with R32 and R1234yf”, The 6th IIR Conference on Thermophysical Properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants, 2021.
- Temperature glide is a measure of the difference in composition between the liquid and gas phases of a mixture of working fluids. Temperature glide is defined as the property of a heat exchanger, such as the difference in the start and end temperatures of evaporation in an evaporator or condensation in a condenser. For azeotropic mixtures, the temperature glide is zero, and for pseudo-azeotropic mixtures such as R410A, the temperature gradient is very close to zero.
- the inlet temperature at the evaporator will drop, which increases the possibility of frost formation, which is a problem.
- the working medium flowing through the heat exchanger and the heat source fluid such as water or air
- the heat source fluid such as water or air
- non-azeotropic mixed media have the problem that their composition changes when they are filled from the pressure vessel into the refrigeration and air conditioning equipment. Furthermore, if refrigerant leaks from the refrigeration and air conditioning equipment, there is a very high possibility that the refrigerant composition inside the refrigeration and air conditioning equipment will change, making it difficult to restore the refrigerant composition to its initial state. On the other hand, if an azeotropic or pseudo-azeotropic mixed medium is used, the above problems can be avoided.
- the compression ratio is expressed as condensation pressure Pc (MPa)/evaporation pressure Pe (MPa) in the refrigeration cycle.
- the compression ratio becomes smaller as the condensing pressure in the refrigeration cycle becomes smaller and as the evaporating pressure becomes higher.
- the smaller the compression ratio the higher the volumetric efficiency of the compressor, so the amount of refrigerant circulating increases and the equipment performance improves.
- the compression ratios are shown relative to HFC-32.
- the critical point is the end point of the saturated liquid line and the saturated vapor line on the high pressure and high temperature side.
- the temperature at this point is the critical temperature.
- Above the critical point there is no evaporation or liquefaction, the liquid phase and the gas phase cannot be distinguished, and there is no phase change.
- the critical temperature of the working medium is high.
- GWP Global Warming Potential
- IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on climate Change
- the concentrated amount of HFO-1123 in the gas phase (hereinafter also referred to as "concentrated amount of HFO-1123”) is the concentration (mass %) obtained by subtracting X from Xv, where the concentration of HFO-1123 at the time when the working fluid is filled into the sealed container is X mass %, and the concentration of HFO-1123 in the gas phase is Xv mass %.
- the lower the azeotropy the greater the amount of concentrated HFO-1123 tends to be.
- the gas phase concentration in the working fluid was calculated using the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties Database (REFPROP 10.0) and the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Data Base REFLEAK Version 6.0 under the above conditions. It was obtained by performing a gas-liquid equilibrium calculation.
- NIST National Institute of Science and Technology
- REFPROP 10.0 Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties Database
- NIST National Institute of Science and Technology
- the physical property data and mixing rule of HFO-1123 were calculated using the values described in Akasaka, R., Higashi, Y., Sakoda, N., Fukuda, S., and Lemmon, EW, Thermodynamic properties of trifluoroethene (R1123): ( p, ⁇ , T ) behavior and fundamental equation of state, International Journal of Refrigeration., 2020, 119, 457-467 and Akasaka, R., and Lemmon, EW, A New Fundamental Equation of State for R1123 and its Applications to Mixture Models for Mixtures with R32 and R1234yf”, The 6th IIR Conference on Thermophysical Properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants, 2021.
- the concentrated amount of HFO-1123 (mass %) is expressed as Xv-X.
- a composition was prepared by removing carbon dioxide from the working fluid of the present disclosure. If the concentration of HFO-1123 when this composition was filled is x% by mass and the concentration of HFO-1123 in the gas phase after storage is xv% by mass, then the concentrated amount of HFO-1123 (% by mass) is expressed as xv-x.
- the working fluid of the present disclosure was compared with a composition not containing carbon dioxide to calculate the degree of reduction in the concentration of HFO-1123 (hereinafter also referred to as the "concentration reduction degree").
- the degree of concentration reduction is preferably 20% or more, more preferably 45% or more.
- composition for a heat cycle system of the present disclosure preferably contains the working fluid for a heat cycle of the present disclosure and a refrigerating machine oil.
- the refrigerating machine oil may be any known refrigerating machine oil used in a composition for a heat cycle system, specifically, oxygen-containing synthetic oil (ester-based refrigerating machine oil, ether-based refrigerating machine oil, etc.), fluorine-based refrigerating machine oil, mineral-based refrigerating machine oil, and hydrocarbon-based synthetic oil.
- oxygen-containing synthetic oil ester-based refrigerating machine oil, ether-based refrigerating machine oil, etc.
- fluorine-based refrigerating machine oil mineral-based refrigerating machine oil
- hydrocarbon-based synthetic oil hydrocarbon-based synthetic oil
- ester-based refrigeration oils include dibasic acid ester oils, polyol ester oils, complex ester oils, and polyol carbonate ester oils.
- Preferred dibasic acid ester oils are esters of dibasic acids having 5 to 10 carbon atoms (glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, etc.) with monohydric alcohols having 1 to 15 carbon atoms and linear or branched alkyl groups (methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol, nonanol, decanol, undecanol, dodecanol, tridecanol, tetradecanol, pentadecanol, etc.).
- Preferred dibasic acid ester oils are ditridecyl glutarate, di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, diisodecyl adipate, ditridecyl adipate, or di(3-ethylhexyl) sebacate.
- esters of diols ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, neopentyl glycol, 1,7-heptanediol, 1,12-dodecanediol, etc.
- polyols having 3 to 20 hydroxyl groups trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolbutane, pentaerythritol, glycerin, sorbitol, sorbitan, sorbitol glycerin condensates, etc.
- fatty acids having 6 to 20 carbon atoms straight-chain or branched fatty acids such as hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, undecano
- the polyol ester oil is preferably an ester of a hindered alcohol (neopentyl glycol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolbutane, pentaerythritol, etc.), and more preferably trimethylolpropane tripelargonate, pentaerythritol 2-ethylhexanoate, or pentaerythritol tetrapelargonate.
- a hindered alcohol neopentyl glycol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolbutane, pentaerythritol, etc.
- Complex ester oils are esters of fatty acids and dibasic acids with monohydric alcohols and polyols.
- the fatty acids, dibasic acids, monohydric alcohols, and polyols that can be used are the same as those described above.
- Polyol carbonate ester oil is an ester of carbonic acid and a polyol.
- polyols include the same diols and polyols as described above.
- the polyol carbonate ester oil may be a ring-opening polymer of a cyclic alkylene carbonate.
- Ether-based refrigeration oils include polyvinyl ether oil and polyoxyalkylene oil.
- Polyvinyl ether oils include polymers obtained by polymerizing vinyl ether monomers such as alkyl vinyl ethers, and copolymers obtained by copolymerizing vinyl ether monomers with hydrocarbon monomers having olefinic double bonds.
- the vinyl ether monomer may be one type or two or more types.
- Hydrocarbon monomers having an olefinic double bond include ethylene, propylene, various butenes, various pentenes, various hexenes, various heptenes, various octenes, diisobutylene, triisobutylene, styrene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, various alkyl-substituted styrenes, etc. Hydrocarbon monomers having an olefinic double bond may be of one type or two or more types.
- the polyvinyl ether copolymer may be either a block copolymer or a random copolymer.
- the polyvinyl ether oil may be one type or two or more types.
- Polyoxyalkylene oils include polyoxyalkylene monools, polyoxyalkylene polyols, alkyl ethers of polyoxyalkylene monools or polyoxyalkylene polyols, and esters of polyoxyalkylene monools or polyoxyalkylene polyols.
- Polyoxyalkylene monools and polyoxyalkylene polyols can be produced, for example, by a method of ring-opening addition polymerization of an alkylene oxide (ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, etc.) having 2 to 4 carbon atoms with an initiator such as water or a hydroxyl group-containing compound in the presence of a catalyst such as an alkali hydroxide.
- an alkylene oxide ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, etc.
- an initiator such as water or a hydroxyl group-containing compound
- a catalyst such as an alkali hydroxide
- the oxyalkylene units in the polyalkylene chain may be the same in one molecule, or two or more types of oxyalkylene units may be contained. It is preferable that at least an oxypropylene unit is contained in one molecule.
- initiators used in the reaction include water; monohydric alcohols such as methanol and butanol; and polyhydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, pentaerythritol, and glycerol.
- polyoxyalkylene oil for example, an alkyl ether or ester of a polyoxyalkylene monool or polyoxyalkylene polyol is preferable. Furthermore, as the polyoxyalkylene oil, a polyalkylene glycol oil is preferable. In particular, an alkyl ether of a polyalkylene glycol, in which the terminal hydroxyl group of the polyalkylene glycol is capped with an alkyl group such as a methyl group, called polyglycol oil, is preferable.
- fluorine-based refrigeration oils include compounds in which the hydrogen atoms of synthetic oils (such as mineral oils, poly- ⁇ -olefins, alkylbenzenes, and alkylnaphthalenes described below) are replaced with fluorine atoms, fluorine-containing oils, perfluoropolyether oils, and fluorinated silicone oils.
- synthetic oils such as mineral oils, poly- ⁇ -olefins, alkylbenzenes, and alkylnaphthalenes described below
- mineral-based refrigeration oils examples include mineral oils (e.g., paraffinic mineral oils and naphthenic mineral oils) that are produced by refining refrigeration oil fractions obtained by atmospheric or reduced pressure distillation of crude oil through an appropriate combination of refining processes (solvent deasphalting, solvent extraction, hydrocracking, solvent dewaxing, catalytic dewaxing, hydrorefining, clay treatment, etc.).
- mineral oils e.g., paraffinic mineral oils and naphthenic mineral oils
- refining refrigeration oil fractions obtained by atmospheric or reduced pressure distillation of crude oil through an appropriate combination of refining processes (solvent deasphalting, solvent extraction, hydrocracking, solvent dewaxing, catalytic dewaxing, hydrorefining, clay treatment, etc.).
- Examples of synthetic hydrocarbon oils include poly- ⁇ -olefins, alkylbenzenes, and alkylnaphthalenes.
- the refrigeration oil contained in the composition for heat cycle systems may be one type or two or more types.
- the refrigeration oil is at least one selected from the group consisting of polyalkylene glycol oil, polyol ester oil, polyvinyl ether oil, fluorine-containing oil, mineral oil, and hydrocarbon synthetic oil.
- the refrigeration oil may further contain at least one selected from the group consisting of antioxidants, extreme pressure agents, acid scavengers, oxygen scavengers, copper deactivators, rust inhibitors, oiliness agents, and antifoaming agents.
- the amount of refrigeration oil in the composition for heat cycle systems may be within a range that does not significantly reduce the effects of the present disclosure, and is preferably 10 parts by mass to 100 parts by mass, and more preferably 20 parts by mass to 50 parts by mass, per 100 parts by mass of the working fluid.
- composition for a heat cycle system may contain, in addition to the working fluid and the refrigerating machine oil, at least one known additive selected from the group consisting of a tracer, a stabilizer, a polymerization inhibitor, and a leak detection substance.
- the tracer is preferably added in a detectable concentration to allow tracking of any dilution, contamination, or other changes to the working medium of the present disclosure.
- the working medium of the present disclosure may contain only one type of tracer, or two or more types.
- the tracer is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected from among commonly used tracers. It is preferable to select as the tracer a compound that cannot become an impurity that is inevitably mixed into the working medium of the present disclosure.
- tracers examples include hydrofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorocarbons, fluorocarbons, deuterated hydrocarbons, deuterated hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, fluoroethers, brominated compounds, iodized compounds, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, nitrous oxide (N 2 O), etc.
- the tracer is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorocarbons, fluorocarbons, and fluoroethers.
- Preferred tracers include the following compounds: HC-40 (chloromethane, CH3Cl ) HFC-161 (fluoroethane , CH3CH2F ) HFC-245fa (1,1,1,3,3 - pentafluoropropane, CF3CH2CHF2 ) HFC-236fa (1,1,1,3,3,3 - hexafluoropropane, CF3CH2CF3 ) HFC-236ea (1,1,1,2,3,3 - hexafluoropropane, CF3CHFCHF2 ) HCFC-22 (chlorodifluoromethane, CHClF 2 ) HCFC-31 (Chlorofluoromethane, CH2ClF ) CFC-1113 (chlorotrifluoroethylene, CF 2 ⁇ CClF) HFE-125 (trifluoromethyl-difluoromethyl ether, CF 3 OCHF 2 ) HFE-134a (tri
- the tracer content is preferably 10 ppm to 1000 ppm, more preferably 30 ppm to 500 ppm, even more preferably 50 ppm to 300 ppm, particularly preferably 75 ppm to 250 ppm, and most preferably 100 ppm to 200 ppm, relative to the total amount of the working medium.
- the stabilizer is a component that improves the stability of the heat cycle working fluid against heat and oxidation.
- examples of the stabilizer include conventionally known stabilizers, such as oxidation resistance improvers, heat resistance improvers, and metal deactivators.
- oxidation resistance improvers and heat resistance improvers examples include N,N'-diphenylphenylenediamine, p-octyldiphenylamine, p,p'-dioctyldiphenylamine, N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine, N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine, N-(p-dodecyl)phenyl-2-naphthylamine, di-1-naphthylamine, di-2-naphthylamine, N-alkylphenothiazine, 6-(t-butyl)phenol, 2,6-di-(t-butyl)phenol, 4-methyl-2,6-di-(t-butyl)phenol, and 4,4'-methylenebis(2,6-di-t-butylphenol).
- the oxidation resistance improvers and heat resistance improvers may be one type or two or more types.
- Metal deactivators include imidazole, benzimidazole, 2-mercaptobenzthiazole, 2,5-dimethylcaptothiadiazole, salicylidin-propylenediamine, pyrazole, benzotriazole, tolutriazole, 2-methylbenzamidazole, 3,5-dimethylpyrazole, methylenebis-benzotriazole, organic acids or their esters, primary, secondary or tertiary aliphatic amines, amine salts of organic or inorganic acids, heterocyclic nitrogen-containing compounds, amine salts of alkyl acid phosphates or their derivatives, etc.
- the amount of stabilizer contained may be within a range that does not significantly reduce the effects of the present disclosure, and is typically 0.01% to 5% by mass, preferably 0.05% to 3% by mass, more preferably 0.1% to 2% by mass, even more preferably 0.25% to 1.5% by mass, and particularly preferably 0.5% to 1% by mass, relative to 100 parts by mass of the working medium.
- the polymerization inhibitor is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected from among commonly used polymerization inhibitors.
- the polymerization inhibitor contained in the working fluid of the present disclosure may be only one type, or may be two or more types.
- polymerization inhibitors examples include 4-methoxy-1-naphthol, hydroquinone, hydroquinone methyl ether, dimethyl-tert-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, and benzotriazole.
- the content of the polymerization inhibitor is not particularly limited, and is usually 0.01% by mass to 5% by mass, preferably 0.05% by mass to 3% by mass, more preferably 0.1% by mass to 2% by mass, even more preferably 0.25% by mass to 1.5% by mass, and particularly preferably 0.5% by mass to 1% by mass, based on the total amount of the working fluid.
- Leak detection materials include ultraviolet fluorescent dyes, odorous gases, and odor masking agents.
- ultraviolet fluorescent dyes include conventionally known ultraviolet fluorescent dyes such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,249,412, JP-A-10-502737, JP-A-2007-511645, JP-A-2008-500437, and JP-A-2008-531836.
- odor masking agents include conventionally known fragrances such as those described in JP-T-2008-500437 and JP-T-2008-531836.
- a solubilizer When using a leak detection substance, a solubilizer may be used to improve the solubility of the leak detection substance in the heat cycle working fluid.
- Solubilizers include those described in JP-T-2007-511645, JP-T-2008-500437, and JP-T-2008-531836.
- the amount of the leak detection substance contained may be within a range that does not significantly reduce the effect of the present disclosure, and is preferably 2 parts by mass or less, and more preferably 0.5 parts by mass or less, per 100 parts by mass of the working medium.
- the composition for a heat cycle system is used in a heat cycle system.
- the heat cycle system may be a heat pump system that uses hot heat obtained in a condenser, or a refrigeration cycle system that uses cold heat obtained in an evaporator.
- thermal cycle systems include refrigeration and freezing equipment, air conditioning equipment, power generation systems, heat transport devices, and secondary cooling machines.
- thermal cycle systems are preferably used as air conditioning equipment, which is often installed outdoors, because they can stably and safely demonstrate thermal cycle performance even in higher temperature operating environments.
- Thermal cycle systems are also preferably used as refrigeration and freezing equipment.
- air-conditioning equipment examples include household air conditioners (room air conditioners, housing air conditioners, etc.), commercial air conditioners (package air conditioners for stores, package air conditioners for buildings, package air conditioners for facilities, etc.), gas engine heat pumps, train air conditioners, and automobile air conditioners.
- the automotive air conditioner is preferably an air conditioner for a gasoline vehicle, an air conditioner for a hybrid vehicle, an air conditioner for an electric vehicle, or an air conditioner for a hydrogen vehicle, and more preferably an air conditioner for an electric vehicle.
- refrigeration and freezing equipment include showcases (refrigerated showcases, freezer showcases, etc.), refrigerators, freezers, water chillers, freezing and refrigeration units, freezers for refrigerated and freezer warehouses, turbo freezers, screw freezers, vending machines, and ice makers.
- the preferred power generation system is a Rankine cycle system.
- a specific example of a power generation system is one in which a working medium is heated in an evaporator using geothermal energy, solar heat, or waste heat in the medium to high temperature range of 50°C to 200°C, and the working medium that has become steam in a high-temperature, high-pressure state is adiabatically expanded in an expander, and the work generated by this adiabatic expansion drives a generator to generate electricity.
- a latent heat transport device As the heat transport device, a latent heat transport device is preferred.
- latent heat transport devices include heat pipes and two-phase closed thermosiphon devices that transport latent heat by utilizing phenomena such as evaporation, boiling, and condensation of the working medium enclosed within the device.
- Heat pipes are used in relatively small cooling devices, such as cooling devices for heat-generating parts of semiconductor elements and electronic devices.
- Two-phase closed thermosiphon devices do not require a wig and have a simple structure, so they are widely used in gas-gas type heat exchangers, for promoting snow melting and preventing freezing on roads, etc.
- the method for storing a working fluid of the present disclosure includes a step of storing a working fluid for heat cycle containing HFO-1123, the low boiling point compound, and the high boiling point compound, wherein the low boiling point compound is at least one type selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, R116, and R41, and the high boiling point compound is at least two types selected from the group consisting of HFC-32, HFO-1234yf, HFO-1234ze(E), HFO-1243zf, PFC-14, HFC-134, HFC-143a, HFC-227ea, cyclopropane, isobutene, isobutane, dimethyl ether, and ammonia.
- HFO-1123, low boiling point compounds, and high boiling point compounds used in the working fluid storage method disclosed herein are as described above.
- the production method of the working fluid of the present disclosure includes a step of mixing HFO-1123, the low boiling point compound, and the high boiling point compound, wherein the low boiling point compound is at least one type selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, R116, and R41, and the high boiling point compound is at least two types selected from the group consisting of HFC-32, HFO-1234yf, HFO-1234ze(E), HFO-1243zf, PFC-14, HFC-134, HFC-143a, HFC-227ea, cyclopropane, isobutene, isobutane, dimethyl ether, and ammonia.
- HFO-1123, low boiling point compounds, and high boiling point compounds used in the method for producing the working fluid disclosed herein are as described above.
- the method for mixing HFO-1123, the low boiling point compound, and the high boiling point compound is not particularly limited, and may involve adding each component to a container simultaneously, or may involve adding each component to a container individually.
- the storage container for the working fluid of the present disclosure is a sealed storage container in which a working fluid for heat cycle containing HFO-1123, the low boiling point compound, and the high boiling point compound is stored in a state in which a gas phase and a liquid phase coexist, wherein the low boiling point compound is at least one selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, R116, and R41, and the high boiling point compound is at least two selected from the group consisting of HFC-32, HFO-1234yf, HFO-1234ze(E), HFO-1243zf, PFC-14, HFC-134, HFC-143a, HFC-227ea, cyclopropane, isobutene, isobutane, dimethyl ether, and ammonia.
- the storage container is not particularly limited as long as it is a container capable of storing a working medium in a state in which gas and liquid phases coexist under internal pressure.
- the material of the surface of the storage container that comes into contact with the working medium is preferably a resin material, a metal material, or a glass material.
- the storage container may be, for example, a container whose entire container is made of resin or metal, a container having a multi-layer structure with the innermost layer made of resin or metal, or a container having a coating made of resin or metal on the surface that comes into contact with the working medium.
- the storage container may also be a glass container or a glass-lined container.
- the resins used for the containers include, for example, polyvinyl chloride resin (PVC), polyethylene resin (PE), polypropylene resin (PP), polystyrene resin (PS), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin (ABS), acrylonitrile styrene resin (AS), polymethyl methacrylic resin (PMMA), polyvinyl alcohol resin (PVA), polyvinylidene chloride resin (PVDC), polyethylene terephthalate resin (PET), polyamide (nylon) resin (PA), polyacetal resin (POM), polycarbonate resin (PC), polyphenylene ether resin (PPE), polybutylene terephthalate resin (PBT), polyvinylidene fluoride resin (PVDF), and perfluoroalcohol.
- PVC polyvinyl chloride resin
- PE polyethylene resin
- PP polypropylene resin
- PS polystyrene resin
- ABS acrylonitrile butadiene st
- PFA koxyalkane resin
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene resin
- PSU polysulfone resin
- PES polyethersulfone resin
- PPS polyphenylene sulfide resin
- PAR polyarylate resin
- PAI
- the metal used for the container is preferably a metal selected from the group of metals consisting of iron, copper, aluminum, stainless steel, titanium, nickel, zinc, tin, brass, magnesium, chromium, lead, silver, tungsten, and tantalum; an alloy containing at least one metal selected from the above group of metals; or a compound containing at least one metal selected from the above group of metals.
- alloys include nickel-chrome plating, solder, and tin plating.
- compounds containing metals include anodized aluminum sulfate, zinc phosphate, and iron phosphate.
- Examples of glass used for containers include soda lime glass, borosilicate glass, and quartz glass.
- the storage container may be constructed such that the container body and the surface that comes into contact with the working medium are made of different materials.
- Materials that may be used to construct the container body include iron (steel), stainless steel, carbon steel, manganese steel, chromium molybdenum steel, other low alloy steels, aluminum alloys, and glass.
- stainless steel include SUS316, SUS304, and JFE443CT.
- the shape and size of the storage container can be designed to suit the purpose.
- Examples of fixed storage containers include storage tanks, transportable containers, and shipping containers.
- Examples of transportable containers include 1L glass bottles, 20L pails, 200L drums, ton containers, aerosol cans, and high-pressure gas containers (non-refillable containers, welded containers, seamless containers, etc.).
- Examples of shipping containers include tank trucks, ISO containers, and self-loaders.
- Example 1-1 to 1-100 working fluids containing HFO-1123, carbon dioxide, HFC-32, and HFO-1234yf were prepared so as to have the compositions (mass %) shown in Tables 1 to 9.
- working fluids containing HFO-1123, HFC-32, and HFO-1234yf were prepared so as to have the compositions (mass %) shown in Tables 1 to 9.
- Each working fluid was filled in a sealed container at 54.4°C with a filling rate of 15%, and evaluated in a gas-liquid equilibrium state at -40°C.
- the concentration of HFO-1123 at the time of filling was X% by mass, and the concentration of HFO-1123 in the gas phase after storage was Xv% by mass.
- the concentrated amount of HFO-1123 (% by mass) is represented by Xv-X. Note that Xv and X are both based on the total content (100% by mass) of HFO-1123, carbon dioxide, HFC-32, and HFO-1234yf.
- the concentration of HFO-1123 at the time of filling was x% by mass, and the concentration of HFO-1123 in the gas phase after storage was xv% by mass.
- the concentrated amount of HFO-1123 (% by mass) is represented by xv-x.
- xv and x are both based on the total content (100% by mass) of HFO-1123, HFC-32, and HFO-1234yf.
- a working fluid containing carbon dioxide (four-component system) and a working fluid not containing carbon dioxide (three-component system) having the same composition except for carbon dioxide were compared to calculate the reduction degree of the HFO-1123 concentration (hereinafter also referred to as "concentration reduction degree").
- concentration reduction degree concentration reduction degree
- Example 2-1 to 2-100 working fluids containing HFO-1123, carbon dioxide, HFC-32, and HFO-1234ze(E) were prepared so as to have the compositions (mass%) shown in Tables 10 to 18.
- working fluids containing HFO-1123, HFC-32, and HFO-1234ze(E) were prepared so as to have the compositions (mass%) shown in Tables 10 to 18.
- Each working fluid was filled in a sealed container at 54.4°C with a filling rate of 15%, and evaluated in a gas-liquid equilibrium state at -40°C.
- the concentration of HFO-1123 at the time of filling was X% by mass, and the concentration of HFO-1123 in the gas phase after storage was Xv% by mass.
- the concentrated amount of HFO-1123 (% by mass) is represented by Xv-X. Note that Xv and X are both based on the total content (100% by mass) of HFO-1123, carbon dioxide, HFC-32, and HFO-1234ze(E).
- the concentration of HFO-1123 at the time of filling was x% by mass, and the concentration of HFO-1123 in the gas phase after storage was xv% by mass.
- the concentrated amount of HFO-1123 (% by mass) is represented by xv-x.
- xv and x are both based on the total content (100% by mass) of HFO-1123, HFC-32, and HFO-1234ze(E).
- the concentration reduction degree was calculated by comparing a working fluid containing carbon dioxide (four-component system) with a working fluid not containing carbon dioxide (three-component system) having the same composition except for carbon dioxide. For example, Examples 2-1 to 2-3 were compared with Example 2A. The method of calculating the concentration reduction degree is as described above.
- Example 3-1 to Example 3-78 for the working fluids containing HFO-1123, carbon dioxide, HFC-32, and HFO-1234yf, which have compositions (mass%) shown in Tables 19 to 21, the evaporator temperature glide (represented as “TG” in the tables, in units of "°C"), condensation pressure (represented as “Pc” in the tables), compression ratio (represented as “Pc/Pe” in the tables), CAP, and COP were determined by carrying out theoretical calculations of the refrigeration cycle under the above conditions. In Tables 19 to 21, when formula (1) is satisfied, it is indicated as A, and when it is not satisfied, it is indicated as B. The concentration reduction rate was calculated in the same manner as in Example 1-1.
- a concentration reduction rate of less than 25% was rated C, a concentration reduction rate of 25% or more and less than 45% was rated B, and a concentration reduction rate of 45% or more was rated A. Additionally, the GWP was calculated. Tables 19 to 21 show the measurement results and evaluation results.
- Examples 3-1 to 3-78 had excellent cycle performance and were capable of suppressing the concentration of HFO-1123 in the gas phase.
- Examples 3-3, 3-5, 3-8 to 3-26, 3-28 to 3-46, 3-48 to 3-60, and 3-62 to 3-77 when the content of HFO-1123 relative to the total content of HFO-1123, carbon dioxide, HFC-32, and HFO-1234yf is A mass%, the content of carbon dioxide relative to the total content is B mass%, the content of HFC-32 relative to the total content is C mass%, and the content of HFO-1234yf relative to the total content is D mass%, A is 30.0 to 80.0, B is 2.7 to 15.0, C is 5.0 to 45.0, and D satisfies formula (1), a temperature glide of 7.0° C.
- Example 3-3 has an HFO-1123 content of 80.0 mass % or less, the COP is higher than that of Example 3-4.
- the content of HFO-1234yf is 5.0 mass % or more, and therefore the condensation pressure is lower than that of Example 3-6.
- Example 3-77 the carbon dioxide content was 15.0 mass % or less, and therefore the condensation pressure was lower than that of Example 3-78.
- Example 4-1 to Example 4-48 for working fluids containing HFO-1123, carbon dioxide, HFC-32, and HFO-1234ze(E) having compositions (mass%) shown in Tables 22 and 23, the evaporator temperature glide (represented as “TG” in the tables, in units of "°C"), condensation pressure (represented as “Pc” in the tables), compression ratio (represented as “Pc/Pe” in the tables), CAP, and COP were determined by carrying out theoretical calculations of the refrigeration cycle under the above conditions. In Tables 22 to 23, cases where formula (2) was satisfied were indicated as A, and cases where formula (2) was not satisfied were indicated as B. The concentration reduction rate was calculated in the same manner as in Example 1-1.
- a concentration reduction rate of less than 25% was rated C, a concentration reduction rate of 25% or more and less than 45% was rated B, and a concentration reduction rate of 45% or more was rated A. Additionally, the GWP was calculated. Tables 22 and 23 show the measurement results and evaluation results.
- Examples 4-1 to 4-48 had excellent cycle performance and were capable of suppressing the concentration of HFO-1123 in the gas phase.
- Examples 4-3, 4-6 to 4-9, 4-11 to 4-16, 4-18 to 4-28, 4-30 to 38, and 4-40 to 4-47 when the content of HFO-1123 relative to the total content of HFO-1123, carbon dioxide, HFC-32, and HFO-1234ze(E) is E mass%, the content of carbon dioxide relative to the total content is F mass%, the content of HFC-32 relative to the total content is G mass%, and the content of HFO-1234ze(E) relative to the total content is H mass%, E is 30.0 to 80.0, F is 3.0 to 15.0, G is 5.0 to 45.0, and H satisfies formula (2), a temperature glide of 7.0° C.
- Example 4-3 the content of HFO-1123 is 80.0 mass % or less, and therefore the COP is higher than that of Example 4-4.
- Example 4-9 since the content of HFO-1234ze(E) is 5.0 mass% or more, the condensation pressure is lower than that of Example 4-10.
- Example 4-47 the carbon dioxide content was 15.0 mass % or less, and therefore the condensation pressure was lower than that of Example 4-48.
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Abstract
Description
本開示の他の実施形態における課題は、上記熱サイクル用作動媒体を含む熱サイクルシステム用組成物、及び、上記熱サイクル用作動媒体が貯蔵されている貯蔵容器を提供することにある。
<1>
トリフルオロエチレンと、
トリフルオロエチレンより沸点が低い低沸点化合物と、
トリフルオロエチレンより沸点が高い高沸点化合物と、を含み、
低沸点化合物は、二酸化炭素、ヘキサフルオロエタン、及びフルオロメタンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であり、
高沸点化合物は、ジフルオロメタン、2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペン、(E)-1,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペン、3,3,3-トリフルオロプロペン、テトラフルオロメタン、1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエタン、1,1,1-トリフルオロエタン、1,1,1,2,3,3,3-ヘプタフルオロプロパン、シクロプロパン、イソブテン、イソブタン、ジメチルエーテル、及びアンモニアからなる群より選択される少なくとも2種である、熱サイクル用作動媒体。
<2>
トリフルオロエチレンの含有量は、トリフルオロエチレン、低沸点化合物、及び高沸点化合物の合計含有量に対して30.0質量%~80.0質量%であり、
低沸点化合物の含有量は、上記合計含有量に対して2.7質量%~60.0質量%であり、
高沸点化合物の含有量は、上記合計含有量に対して10.0質量%~67.3質量%であり、
トリフルオロエチレン、低沸点化合物、及び高沸点化合物の合計含有量は、熱サイクル用作動媒体の全量に対して90.0質量%以上である、<1>に記載の熱サイクル用作動媒体。
<3>
低沸点化合物は、二酸化炭素を含み、
高沸点化合物は、ジフルオロメタン及び2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペンを含み、
トリフルオロエチレン、二酸化炭素、ジフルオロメタン、及び2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペンの合計含有量に対するトリフルオロエチレンの含有量をA質量%、上記合計含有量に対する二酸化炭素の含有量をB質量%、合計含有量に対するジフルオロメタンの含有量をC質量%、合計含有量に対する2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペンの含有量をD質量%とした場合、
Aは30.0~80.0であり、
Bは2.7~60.0であり、
Cは5.0~45.0であり、
Dは5.0~62.3である、<1>に記載の熱サイクル用作動媒体。
<4>
Aは30.0~80.0であり、
Bは2.7~15.0であり、
Cは5.0~45.0であり、
Dは、下記式(1)を満たす、<3>に記載の熱サイクル用作動媒体。
5.0≦D≦(0.000003B2-0.00053B+0.00616)×A2+(-0.00013B2+0.07589B-1.09581)×A+(0.05608×B2-5.19457B+79.27652)
<5>
低沸点化合物は、二酸化炭素を含み、
高沸点化合物は、ジフルオロメタン及び(E)-1,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペンを含み、
トリフルオロエチレン、二酸化炭素、ジフルオロメタン、及び(E)-1,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペンの合計含有量に対するトリフルオロエチレンの含有量をE質量%、合計含有量に対する二酸化炭素の含有量をF質量%、合計含有量に対するジフルオロメタンの含有量をG質量%、合計含有量に対する(E)-1,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペンの含有量をH質量%とした場合、
Eは30.0~80.0であり、
Fは3.0~60.0であり、
Gは5.0~45.0であり、
Hは5.0~62.0である、<1>に記載の熱サイクル用作動媒体。
<6>
Eは30.0~80.0であり、
Fは3.0~15.0であり、
Gは5.0~45.0であり、
Hは、下記式(2)を満たす、<5>に記載の熱サイクル用作動媒体。
5.0≦H≦(0.000005F2-0.00037F+0.00301)×E2+(-0.00087F2+0.05802F-0.54609)E+(0.05969F2-3.39263F+41.55565)
<7>
<1>~<6>のいずれか1項に記載の熱サイクル用作動媒体と、冷凍機油と、を含む、熱サイクルシステム用組成物。
<8>
冷凍機油は、ポリアルキレングリコール油、ポリオールエステル油、ポリビニルエーテル油、含フッ素オイル、鉱物油、及び炭化水素系合成油からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である、<7>に記載の熱サイクルシステム用組成物。
<9>
トリフルオロエチレンと、トリフルオロエチレンより沸点が低い低沸点化合物と、トリフルオロエチレンより沸点が高い高沸点化合物と、を含む熱サイクル用作動媒体を貯蔵する工程を含み、
低沸点化合物は、二酸化炭素、ヘキサフルオロエタン、及びフルオロメタンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であり、
高沸点化合物は、ジフルオロメタン、2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペン、(E)-1,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペン、3,3,3-トリフルオロプロペン、テトラフルオロメタン、1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエタン、1,1,1-トリフルオロエタン、1,1,1,2,3,3,3-ヘプタフルオロプロパン、シクロプロパン、イソブテン、イソブタン、ジメチルエーテル、及びアンモニアからなる群より選択される少なくとも2種である、熱サイクル用作動媒体の貯蔵方法。
<10>
トリフルオロエチレンと、トリフルオロエチレンより沸点が低い低沸点化合物と、トリフルオロエチレンより沸点が高い高沸点化合物と、を混合する工程を含み、
低沸点化合物は、二酸化炭素、ヘキサフルオロエタン、及びフルオロメタンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であり、
高沸点化合物は、ジフルオロメタン、2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペン、(E)-1,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペン、3,3,3-トリフルオロプロペン、テトラフルオロメタン、1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエタン、1,1,1-トリフルオロエタン、1,1,1,2,3,3,3-ヘプタフルオロプロパン、シクロプロパン、イソブテン、イソブタン、ジメチルエーテル、及びアンモニアからなる群より選択される少なくとも2種である、熱サイクル用作動媒体の製造方法。
<11>
トリフルオロエチレンと、トリフルオロエチレンより沸点が低い低沸点化合物と、トリフルオロエチレンより沸点が高い高沸点化合物と、を含む熱サイクル用作動媒体が、気相と液相とが共存する状態で貯蔵されている、密閉された貯蔵容器であって、
低沸点化合物は、二酸化炭素、ヘキサフルオロエタン、及びフルオロメタンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であり、
高沸点化合物は、ジフルオロメタン、2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペン、(E)-1,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペン、3,3,3-トリフルオロプロペン、テトラフルオロメタン、1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエタン、1,1,1-トリフルオロエタン、1,1,1,2,3,3,3-ヘプタフルオロプロパン、シクロプロパン、イソブテン、イソブタン、ジメチルエーテル、及びアンモニアからなる群より選択される少なくとも2種である、熱サイクル用作動媒体の貯蔵容器。
本開示の他の実施形態によれば、上記熱サイクル用作動媒体を含む熱サイクルシステム用組成物、及び、上記熱サイクル用作動媒体が貯蔵されている貯蔵容器が提供される。
本開示に段階的に記載されている数値範囲において、ある数値範囲で記載された上限値又は下限値は、他の段階的な記載の数値範囲の上限値又は下限値に置き換えてもよい。また、本開示に記載されている数値範囲において、ある数値範囲で記載された上限値又は下限値は、実施例に示されている値に置き換えてもよい。
本開示において、2以上の好ましい態様の組み合わせは、より好ましい態様である。
本開示において、各成分の量は、各成分に該当する物質が複数種存在する場合には、特に断らない限り、複数種の物質の合計量を意味する。
本開示において、沸点とは、大気圧(101.325kPa)における沸点を意味する。
本開示の熱サイクル用作動媒体(以下、「作動媒体」ともいう)は、トリフルオロエチレン(HFO-1123)と、HFO-1123より沸点が低い低沸点化合物と、HFO-1123より沸点が高い高沸点化合物と、を含み、低沸点化合物は、二酸化炭素、ヘキサフルオロエタン(R116)、及びフルオロメタン(R41)からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であり、高沸点化合物は、ジフルオロメタン(HFC-32)、2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペン(HFO-1234yf)、(E)-1,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペン(HFO-1234ze(E))、3,3,3-トリフルオロプロペン(HFO-1243zf)、テトラフルオロメタン(PFC-14)、1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエタン(HFC-134)、1,1,1-トリフルオロエタン(HFC-143a)、1,1,1,2,3,3,3-ヘプタフルオロプロパン(HFC-227ea)、シクロプロパン、イソブテン、イソブタン、ジメチルエーテル、及びアンモニアからなる群より選択される少なくとも2種である。
本開示の作動媒体は、熱サイクル用である。具体的に、本開示の作動媒体は、吸熱、放熱を利用して状態変化を施し,再び初期状態に戻すような一連の変化が生じる熱サイクルシステムに用いられることが好ましい。
本開示の作動媒体は、HFO-1123を含む。HFO-1123は、冷凍サイクル性能が高く、地球温暖化係数(GWP)が低く、かつ、燃焼性が低いという特徴がある。
HFO-1123の沸点は、大気圧下で-61.239℃である。
また、GWPを低下させ、かつ、単位体積当たりの能力を向上させる観点から、HFO-1123の含有量は、HFO-1123、低沸点化合物、及び高沸点化合物の合計含有量に対して、30.0質量%以上が好ましく、35.0質量%以上がより好ましく、40.0質量%以上がさらに好ましい。
本開示の作動媒体は、HFO-1123より沸点が低い低沸点化合物を含む。低沸点化合物は、二酸化炭素、R116、及びR41からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である。低沸点化合物は、1種であってもよく、2種以上であってもよい。
また、気相におけるHFO-1123の濃縮を抑制する効果をより発揮させる観点から、低沸点化合物の含有量は、HFO-1123、低沸点化合物、及び高沸点化合物の合計含有量に対して、2.7質量%以上が好ましく、3.0質量%以上がより好ましく、3.5質量%以上がさらに好ましい。なお、2種以上の低沸点化合物を含む場合、低沸点化合物の含有量とは、2種以上の低沸点化合物の合計含有量を意味する。
また、気相におけるHFO-1123の濃縮を抑制する効果をより発揮させる観点から、二酸化炭素の含有量は、HFO-1123、低沸点化合物、及び高沸点化合物の合計含有量に対して、2.7質量%以上が好ましく、3.0質量%以上がより好ましく、3.5質量%以上がさらに好ましい。
本開示の作動媒体は、HFO-1123より沸点が高い高沸点化合物を含む。高沸点化合物は、HFC-32、HFO-1234yf、HFO-1234ze(E)、HFO-1243zf、PFC-14、HFC-134、HFC-143a、HFC-227ea、シクロプロパン、イソブテン、イソブタン、ジメチルエーテル、及びアンモニアからなる群より選択される少なくとも2種である。高沸点化合物は、2種であってもよく、3種以上であってもよい。
・HFC-32、HFO-1234yf
・HFC-32、HFO-1234ze(E)
・HFC-32、HFO-1243zf
・HFC-32、シクロプロパン
・HFO-1234yf、シクロプロパン
・HFO-1234ze(E)、シクロプロパン
・HFO-1234yf、HFO-1234ze(E)
・HFO-1234yf、HFO-1243zf
・ジメチルエーテル、HFO-1234ze(E)
また、単位体積当たりの能力を向上させ、かつ、HFO-1123との共沸性の観点から、5.0質量%以上が好ましく、7.0質量%以上がより好ましく、10.0質量%以上がさらに好ましい。
また、GWPを低下させる観点から、HFO-1234yfの含有量は、5.0質量%以上が好ましく、7.0質量%以上がより好ましく、10.0質量%以上がさらに好ましい。
また、GWPを低下させる観点から、HFO-1234ze(E)の含有量は、5.0質量%以上が好ましく、7.0質量%以上がより好ましく、10.0質量%以上がさらに好ましい。
本開示の作動媒体の第1態様は、低沸点化合物が二酸化炭素を含み、高沸点化合物がHFC-32及びHFO-1234yfを含み、HFO-1123、二酸化炭素、HFC-32、及びHFO-1234yfの合計含有量に対するHFO-1123の含有量をA質量%、上記合計含有量に対する二酸化炭素の含有量をB質量%、上記合計含有量に対するHFC-32の含有量をC質量%、上記合計含有量に対するHFO-1234yfの含有量をD質量%とした場合、Aが30.0~80.0であり、Bが2.7~60.0であり、Cが5.0~45.0であり、Dが5.0~62.3であることが好ましい。
5.0≦D≦(0.000003B2-0.00053B+0.00616)×A2+(-0.00013B2+0.07589B-1.09581)×A+(0.05608×B2-5.19457B+79.27652)
本開示の作動媒体の第2態様は、低沸点化合物が二酸化炭素を含み、高沸点化合物がHFC-32及びHFO-1234ze(E)を含み、HFO-1123、二酸化炭素、HFC-32、及びHFO-1234ze(E)の合計含有量に対するHFO-1123の含有量をE質量%、上記合計含有量に対する二酸化炭素の含有量をF質量%、合計含有量に対するHFC-32の含有量をG質量%、上記合計含有量に対するHFO-1234ze(E)の含有量をH質量%とした場合、Eが30.0~80.0であり、Fが3.0~60.0であり、Gが5.0~45.0であり、Hが5.0~62.0であることが好ましい。
5.0≦H≦(0.000005F2-0.00037F+0.00301)×E2+(-0.00087F2+0.05802F-0.54609)E+(0.05969F2-3.39263F+41.55565)
本開示において、「ハロゲン化化合物」とは、ハロゲン原子を有する有機化合物を意味する。
任意成分であるHFOとしては、1,1-ジフルオロエチレン(HFO-1132a)、(Z)-1,2-ジフルオロエチレン(HFO-1132(Z))、(E)-1,2-ジフルオロエチレン(HFO-1132(E))、2-フルオロプロペン(HFO-1261yf)、1,1,2-トリフルオロプロペン(HFO-1243yc)、1,2,3,3,3-ペンタフルオロプロペン(HFO-1225ye)、及び3,3,3-トリフルオロプロペン(HFO-1243zf)が挙げられる。
任意成分であるHCFOとしては、1-クロロ-2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペン(HCFO-1224yd)、及び1-クロロ-1,2-ジフルオロエチレン(HCFO-1122)が挙げられる。
任意成分であるヨウ素及び臭素含有ハロゲン化化合物としては、モノヨードメタン(CH3I)、ジヨードメタン(CH2I2)、ジブロモメタン(CH2Br2)、ブロモメタン(CH3Br)、ジクロロメタン(CH2Cl2)、クロロヨードメタン(CH2ClI)、ジブロモクロロメタン(CHBr2Cl)、四ヨウ化メタン(CI4)、四臭化炭素(CBr4)、ブロモトリクロロメタン(CBrCl3)、ジブロモジクロロメタン(CBr2Cl2)、トリブロモフルオロメタン(CBr3F)、フルオロジヨードメタン(CHFI2)、ジフルオロヨードメタン(CHF2I)、ジフルオロジヨードメタン(CF2I2)、ジブロモジフルオロメタン(CBr2F2)、トリフルオロヨードメタン(CF3I)、及び1,1,1-トリフルオロ-2-ヨードエタン(CF3CH2I)が挙げられる。
任意成分である炭化水素としては、プロピレン、ブタン、ペンタン、及びイソペンタンが挙げられる。
作動媒体を熱サイクルシステムに適用する際に必要とされる性質であるサイクル性能は、成績係数(本開示において、「COP」ともいう。)及び単位体積(圧縮機の吸い込み容積)当たりの能力(本開示において、「CAP」ともいう。)で評価できる。熱サイクルシステムが冷凍サイクルシステムの場合、能力は冷凍能力である。作動媒体を冷凍サイクルシステムに適用した場合の評価項目として、上記サイクル性能の他に蒸発器における温度勾配(本開示において、「温度グライド」ともいう。)、凝縮圧力、蒸発圧力、及び圧縮比がさらに挙げられる。具体的には、以下に示す温度条件の基準冷凍サイクルを用いて、例えば、後述の方法で各項目について算出する。凝縮圧力、蒸発圧力、及び圧縮比についてはHFC-32の値を基準とし、CAP、及びCOPについてはR410Aの値を基準とした差分及び相対値に換算して評価する。
蒸発温度;5℃(ただし、非共沸混合物の場合は、蒸発開始温度と蒸発完了温度の平均温度)
凝縮温度;40℃(ただし、非共沸混合物の場合は、凝縮開始温度と凝縮完了温度の平均温度)
過冷却度(SC);5℃
過熱度(SH);5℃
圧縮機効率;0.7
熱サイクルシステムの一例として、冷凍サイクルシステムについて説明する。
冷凍サイクルシステムとは、蒸発器において作動媒体が負荷流体より熱エネルギーを除去することにより、負荷流体を冷却し、より低い温度に冷却するシステムである。
(i)蒸発器14から排出された作動媒体蒸気Aを圧縮機11にて圧縮して高温高圧の作動媒体蒸気Bとする(以下、「AB過程」という。)。
(ii)圧縮機11から排出された作動媒体蒸気Bを凝縮器12にて流体Fによって冷却し、液化して低温高圧の作動媒体Cとする。この際、流体Fは加熱されて流体F’となり、凝縮器12から排出される(以下、「BC過程」という。)。
(iii)凝縮器12から排出された作動媒体Cを膨張弁13にて膨張させて低温低圧の作動媒体Dとする(以下、「CD過程」という。)。
(iv)膨張弁13から排出された作動媒体Dを蒸発器14にて負荷流体Eによって加熱して高温低圧の作動媒体蒸気Aとする。この際、負荷流体Eは冷却されて負荷流体E’となり、蒸発器14から排出される(以下、「DA過程」という。)。
hB’=hA+(hB-hA)/η
なお、HFO-1123の物性データ、混合則については、Akasaka, R., Higashi, Y., Sakoda, N., Fukuda, S., and Lemmon, E.W., Thermodynamic properties of trifluoroethene (R1123): ( p, ρ, T ) behavior and fundamental equation of state, International Journal of Refrigeration., 2020, 119, 457-467、Akasaka, R., and Lemmon, E.W., A New Fundamental Equation of State for R1123 and its Applications to Mixture Models for Mixtures with R32 and R1234yf”, The 6th IIR Conference on Thermophysical Properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants, 2021、記載の値を用いて求めた。
CAP=(hA-hD)×ρs…(11)
COP=Q/P=qmr(hA-hD)/qmr(hB-hA)=(hA-hD)/(hB-hA)…(12)
Q=qmr(hA-hD)…(13)
P=qmr(hB-hA)…(14)
なお、圧縮機効率を考慮するとCOP及びPは下式となる。
COP=Q/P=(hA-hD)/(hB’-hA)…(15)
P=qmr(hB’-hA)…(16)
温度グライドは、混合物の作動媒体における液相、気相での組成の差異を測る指標である。温度グライドは、熱交換器、例えば、蒸発器における蒸発の、又は凝縮器における凝縮の、開始温度と完了温度が異なる性質、と定義される。共沸混合媒体においては、温度グライドは0であり、R410Aのような擬似共沸混合物では温度勾配は極めて0に近い。
圧縮比は冷凍サイクルにおける、凝縮圧力Pc(MPa)/蒸発圧力Pe(MPa)で表わされる。
圧縮比は、冷凍サイクルにおける凝縮圧力が小さいほど、また蒸発圧力が大きいほど、小さくなる。圧縮比が小さいほど、圧縮機の体積効率は大きくなるため、冷媒循環量が増加し、機器性能は向上する。
なお、本開示において、圧縮比はHFC-32に対する相対圧縮比にて示す。
臨界点は、飽和液体線と飽和蒸気線の高圧・高温側の終点である。この点における温度が臨界温度である。臨界点以上では蒸発現象も液化現象もなく、液相と気相の区別はつかなくなり、相変化は存在しない。
本開示の作動媒体を冷凍サイクル装置に用いた場合、凝縮器を冷却する空気の温度が比較的高い温度条件の際、熱交換後の冷媒温度が臨界温度よりも低温側で臨界温度に接近したり、臨界温度を超えたりするため、作動媒体を液化(凝縮)することができず、冷房性能が低下するという課題が生じる。そのため、作動媒体の臨界温度は高いほうがより好ましい。
本開示において、GWPは、特に断りのない限り気候変動に関する政府間パネル(IPCC)第5次評価報告書(2013年)の100年の値とする。
混合物におけるGWPは、組成質量による加重平均とする。混合物におけるGWPを考えるうえでは、GWP1以下のものは1として、計算する。
本開示において、気相におけるHFO-1123の濃縮量(以下、「HFO-1123濃縮量」ともいう)とは、密閉容器へ作動媒体を充填した時点におけるHFO-1123の濃度をX質量%、気相中のHFO-1123の濃度をXv質量%とした場合に、XvからXを差し引いた濃度(質量%)である。
密閉容器へ充填する際の作動媒体の充填率が小さいほど、HFO-1123濃縮量が大きくなる傾向がある。
密閉容器における作動媒体の保管温度が低いほど、HFO-1123濃縮量が大きくなる。
なお、HFO-1123の物性データ、混合則については、Akasaka, R., Higashi, Y., Sakoda, N., Fukuda, S., and Lemmon, E.W., Thermodynamic properties of trifluoroethene (R1123): ( p, ρ, T ) behavior and fundamental equation of state, International Journal of Refrigeration., 2020, 119, 457-467、Akasaka, R., and Lemmon, E.W., A New Fundamental Equation of State for R1123 and its Applications to Mixture Models for Mixtures with R32 and R1234yf”, The 6th IIR Conference on Thermophysical Properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants, 2021、記載の値を用いて求めた。
また、HFO-1123の気相における濃縮が抑制されたか否かを評価するために、本開示の作動媒体から二酸化炭素を除いた組成物を調製した。この組成物の充填時のHFO-1123の濃度をx質量%とし、保管後の気相中のHFO-1123の濃度をxv質量%とした場合、HFO-1123濃縮量(質量%)は、xv-xで表される。
本開示の作動媒体と、二酸化炭素を含まない組成物とを比較して、HFO-1123濃縮量の低減度(以下、「濃縮低減度」ともいう。)を算出した。
濃縮低減度は、以下の式に基づいて算出される。
濃縮低減度(%)=[{(xv-x)-(Xv-X)}/(xv-x)]×100
濃縮低減度が大きいほど、HFO-1123の気相における濃縮を抑制する効果が高いといえる。
濃縮低減度は20%以上が好ましく、45%以上がより好ましい。
本開示の熱サイクルシステム用組成物は、本開示の熱サイクル用作動媒体と、冷凍機油と、を含むことが好ましい。
冷凍機油としては、熱サイクルシステム用組成物に用いられる従来公知の冷凍機油を用いることができる。冷凍機油として、具体的には、含酸素系合成油(エステル系冷凍機油、エーテル系冷凍機油等)、フッ素系冷凍機油、鉱物系冷凍機油、及び炭化水素系合成油が挙げられる。
熱サイクルシステム用組成物は、作動媒体及び冷凍機油以外に、トレーサー、安定剤、重合禁止剤、及び漏れ検出物質からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の公知の添加剤を含んでいてもよい。
HC-40(クロロメタン、CH3Cl)
HFC-161(フルオロエタン、CH3CH2F)
HFC-245fa(1,1,1,3,3-ペンタフルオロプロパン、CF3CH2CHF2)
HFC-236fa(1,1,1,3,3,3-ヘキサフルオロプロパン、CF3CH2CF3)
HFC-236ea(1,1,1,2,3,3-ヘキサフルオロプロパン、CF3CHFCHF2)
HCFC-22(クロロジフルオロメタン、CHClF2)
HCFC-31(クロロフルオロメタン、CH2ClF)
CFC-1113(クロロトリフルオロエチレン、CF2=CClF)
HFE-125(トリフルオロメチル-ジフルオロメチルエーテル、CF3OCHF2)
HFE-134a(トリフルオロメチル-フルオロメチルエーテル、CF3OCH2F)
HFE-143a(トリフルオロメチル-メチルエーテル、CF3OCH3)
HFE-227ea(トリフルオロメチル-テトラフルオロエチルエーテル、CF3OC
HFCF3)
HFE-236fa(トリフルオロメチル-トリフルオロエチルエーテル、CF3OCH
2CF3)
自動車用空調装置は、ガソリン車用空調機器、ハイブリッド自動車用空調機器、電気自動車用空調機器又は水素自動車用空調機器が好ましく、電気自動車用空調機器がより好ましい。
本開示の作動媒体の貯蔵方法は、HFO-1123と、上記低沸点化合物と、上記高沸点化合物と、を含む熱サイクル用作動媒体を貯蔵する工程を含み、低沸点化合物は、二酸化炭素、R116、及びR41からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であり、高沸点化合物は、HFC-32、HFO-1234yf、HFO-1234ze(E)、HFO-1243zf、PFC-14、HFC-134、HFC-143a、HFC-227ea、シクロプロパン、イソブテン、イソブタン、ジメチルエーテル、及びアンモニアからなる群より選択される少なくとも2種である。
本開示の作動媒体の製造方法は、HFO-1123と、上記低沸点化合物と、上記高沸点化合物と、を混合する工程を含み、低沸点化合物は、二酸化炭素、R116、及びR41からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であり、高沸点化合物は、HFC-32、HFO-1234yf、HFO-1234ze(E)、HFO-1243zf、PFC-14、HFC-134、HFC-143a、HFC-227ea、シクロプロパン、イソブテン、イソブタン、ジメチルエーテル、及びアンモニアからなる群より選択される少なくとも2種である。
本開示の作動媒体の貯蔵容器は、HFO-1123と、上記低沸点化合物と、上記高沸点化合物と、を含む熱サイクル用作動媒体が、気相と液相とが共存する状態で貯蔵されている、密閉された貯蔵容器であって、低沸点化合物は、二酸化炭素、R116、及びR41からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であり、高沸点化合物は、HFC-32、HFO-1234yf、HFO-1234ze(E)、HFO-1243zf、PFC-14、HFC-134、HFC-143a、HFC-227ea、シクロプロパン、イソブテン、イソブタン、ジメチルエーテル、及びアンモニアからなる群より選択される少なくとも2種である。
例1-1~1-100では、表1~表9に示す組成(質量%)となるように、HFO-1123、二酸化炭素、HFC-32、及びHFO-1234yfを含む作動媒体を調製した。
例1A~例1Z、例1aでは、表1~表9に示す組成(質量%)となるように、HFO-1123、HFC-32、及びHFO-1234yfを含む作動媒体を調製した。
各作動媒体を、54.4℃、充填率15%で密閉容器に充填し、-40℃での気液平衡状態で評価した。
例1A~例1Z、例1aでは、充填時のHFO-1123の濃度をx質量%とし、保管後の気相中のHFO-1123の濃度をxv質量%とした。HFO-1123濃縮量(質量%)は、xv-xで表される。なお、xv及びxはいずれも、HFO-1123、HFC-32、及びHFO-1234yfの合計含有量(100質量%)を基準としたものである。
二酸化炭素を含む作動媒体(4成分系)と、二酸化炭素を含まない作動媒体(3成分系)において、二酸化炭素以外の組成が同じである作動媒体同士を比較して、HFO-1123濃縮量の低減度(以下、「濃縮低減度」ともいう。)を算出した。例えば、例1-1~1-3と、例1Aとを比較した。
濃縮低減度は、以下の式に基づいて算出した。
濃縮低減度(%)=[{(xv-x)-(Xv-X)}/(xv-x)]×100
例2-1~2-100では、表10~表18に示す組成(質量%)となるように、HFO-1123、二酸化炭素、HFC-32、及びHFO-1234ze(E)を含む作動媒体を調製した。
例2A~例2Z、例2aでは、表10~表18に示す組成(質量%)となるように、HFO-1123、HFC-32、及びHFO-1234ze(E)を含む作動媒体を調製した。
各作動媒体を、54.4℃、充填率15%で密閉容器に充填し、-40℃での気液平衡状態で評価した。
例2A~例2Z、例2aでは、充填時のHFO-1123の濃度をx質量%とし、保管後の気相中のHFO-1123の濃度をxv質量%とした。HFO-1123濃縮量(質量%)は、xv-xで表される。なお、xv及びxはいずれも、HFO-1123、HFC-32、及びHFO-1234ze(E)の合計含有量(100質量%)を基準としたものである。
二酸化炭素を含む作動媒体(4成分系)と、二酸化炭素を含まない作動媒体(3成分系)において、二酸化炭素以外の組成が同じである作動媒体同士を比較して、濃縮低減度を算出した。例えば、例2-1~2-3と、例2Aとを比較した。濃縮低減度の算出方法は、上記のとおりである。
また、GWPを算出した。
表1~表18に評価結果を示す。
例3-1~例3-78では、表19~表21に示す組成(質量%)である、HFO-1123、二酸化炭素、HFC-32、及びHFO-1234yfを含む作動媒体について、蒸発器の温度グライド(表中、「TG」と記す。単位は「℃」である。)、凝縮圧力(表中、「Pc」と記す)、圧縮比(表中、「Pc/Pe」と記す。)、CAP、及びCOPを上記条件で冷凍サイクル理論計算を実施することにより求めた。表19~表21中、式(1)を満たす場合にはA、満たさない場合にはBと記載した。
また、例1-1と同様の方法で、濃縮低減度を算出した。濃縮低減度が25%未満の場合にC、25%以上45%未満の場合にB、45%以上の場合にAと評価した。
また、GWPを算出した。
表19~表21に測定結果及び評価結果を示す。
特に、例3-3、例3-5、例3-8~例3-26、例3-28~例3-46、例3-48~例3-60、例3-62~例3-77では、HFO-1123、二酸化炭素、HFC-32、及びHFO-1234yfの合計含有量に対するHFO-1123の含有量をA質量%、上記合計含有量に対する二酸化炭素の含有量をB質量%、上記合計含有量に対するHFC-32の含有量をC質量%、上記合計含有量に対するHFO-1234yfの含有量をD質量%とした場合、Aは30.0~80.0であり、Bは2.7~15.0であり、Cは5.0~45.0であり、Dは、式(1)を満たすため、温度グライド7.0℃以下を達成し、サイクル性能に優れる。
また、例3-3は、HFO-1123の含有量が80.0質量%以下であるため、例3-4と比較して、COPが高い。
例3-5は、HFO-1234yfの含有量が5.0質量%以上であるため、例3-6と比較して、凝縮圧力が低い。
例3-77は、二酸化炭素の含有量が15.0質量%以下であるため、例3-78と比較して、凝縮圧力が低い。
例4-1~例4-48では、表22~表23に示す組成(質量%)である、HFO-1123、二酸化炭素、HFC-32、及びHFO-1234ze(E)を含む作動媒体について、蒸発器の温度グライド(表中、「TG」と記す。単位は「℃」である。)、凝縮圧力(表中、「Pc」と記す)、圧縮比(表中、「Pc/Pe」と記す。)、CAP、及びCOPを上記条件で冷凍サイクル理論計算を実施することにより求めた。表22~表23中、式(2)を満たす場合にはA、満たさない場合にはBと記載した。
また、例1-1と同様の方法で、濃縮低減度を算出した。濃縮低減度が25%未満の場合にC、25%以上45%未満の場合にB、45%以上の場合にAと評価した。
また、GWPを算出した。
表22~表23に測定結果及び評価結果を示す。
特に、例4-3、例4-6~例4-9、例4-11~例4-16、例4-18~例4-28、例4-30~例38、例4-40~例4-47では、HFO-1123、二酸化炭素、HFC-32、及びHFO-1234ze(E)の合計含有量に対するHFO-1123の含有量をE質量%、上記合計含有量に対する二酸化炭素の含有量をF質量%、合計含有量に対するHFC-32の含有量をG質量%、上記合計含有量に対するHFO-1234ze(E)の含有量をH質量%とした場合、Eは30.0~80.0であり、Fは3.0~15.0であり、Gは5.0~45.0であり、Hは、式(2)を満たすため、温度グライド7.0℃以下を達成し、サイクル性能に優れる。
例4-3では、HFO-1123の含有量が80.0質量%以下であるため、例4-4と比較して、COPが高い。
例4-9では、HFO-1234ze(E)の含有量が5.0質量%以上であるため、例4-10と比較して、凝縮圧力が低い。
例4-47は、二酸化炭素の含有量が15.0質量%以下であるため、例4-48と比較して、凝縮圧力が低い。
Claims (11)
- トリフルオロエチレンと、
前記トリフルオロエチレンより沸点が低い低沸点化合物と、
前記トリフルオロエチレンより沸点が高い高沸点化合物と、を含み、
前記低沸点化合物は、二酸化炭素、ヘキサフルオロエタン、及びフルオロメタンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であり、
前記高沸点化合物は、ジフルオロメタン、2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペン、(E)-1,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペン、3,3,3-トリフルオロプロペン、テトラフルオロメタン、1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエタン、1,1,1-トリフルオロエタン、1,1,1,2,3,3,3-ヘプタフルオロプロパン、シクロプロパン、イソブテン、イソブタン、ジメチルエーテル、及びアンモニアからなる群より選択される少なくとも2種である、熱サイクル用作動媒体。 - 前記トリフルオロエチレンの含有量は、前記トリフルオロエチレン、前記低沸点化合物、及び前記高沸点化合物の合計含有量に対して30.0質量%~80.0質量%であり、
前記低沸点化合物の含有量は、前記合計含有量に対して2.7質量%~60.0質量%であり、
前記高沸点化合物の含有量は、前記合計含有量に対して10.0質量%~67.3質量%であり、
前記トリフルオロエチレン、前記低沸点化合物、及び前記高沸点化合物の合計含有量は、前記熱サイクル用作動媒体の全量に対して90.0質量%以上である、請求項1に記載の熱サイクル用作動媒体。 - 前記低沸点化合物は、二酸化炭素を含み、
前記高沸点化合物は、ジフルオロメタン及び2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペンを含み、
前記トリフルオロエチレン、前記二酸化炭素、前記ジフルオロメタン、及び前記2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペンの合計含有量に対する前記トリフルオロエチレンの含有量をA質量%、前記合計含有量に対する前記二酸化炭素の含有量をB質量%、前記合計含有量に対する前記ジフルオロメタンの含有量をC質量%、前記合計含有量に対する前記2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペンの含有量をD質量%とした場合、
前記Aは30.0~80.0であり、
前記Bは2.7~60.0であり、
前記Cは5.0~45.0であり、
前記Dは5.0~62.3である、請求項1に記載の熱サイクル用作動媒体。 - 前記Aは30.0~80.0であり、
前記Bは2.7~15.0であり、
前記Cは5.0~45.0であり、
前記Dは、下記式(1)を満たす、請求項3に記載の熱サイクル用作動媒体。
5.0≦D≦(0.000003B2-0.00053B+0.00616)×A2+(-0.00013B2+0.07589B-1.09581)×A+(0.05608×B2-5.19457B+79.27652) - 前記低沸点化合物は、二酸化炭素を含み、
前記高沸点化合物は、ジフルオロメタン及び(E)-1,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペンを含み、
前記トリフルオロエチレン、前記二酸化炭素、前記ジフルオロメタン、及び前記(E)-1,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペンの合計含有量に対する前記トリフルオロエチレンの含有量をE質量%、前記合計含有量に対する前記二酸化炭素の含有量をF質量%、前記合計含有量に対する前記ジフルオロメタンの含有量をG質量%、前記合計含有量に対する前記(E)-1,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペンの含有量をH質量%とした場合、
前記Eは30.0~80.0であり、
前記Fは3.0~60.0であり、
前記Gは5.0~45.0であり、
前記Hは5.0~62.0である、請求項1に記載の熱サイクル用作動媒体。 - 前記Eは30.0~80.0であり、
前記Fは3.0~15.0であり、
前記Gは5.0~45.0であり、
前記Hは、下記式(2)を満たす、請求項5に記載の熱サイクル用作動媒体。
5.0≦H≦(0.000005F2-0.00037F+0.00301)×E2+(-0.00087F2+0.05802F-0.54609)E+(0.05969F2-3.39263F+41.55565) - 請求項1~請求項6のいずれか1項に記載の熱サイクル用作動媒体と、冷凍機油と、を含む、熱サイクルシステム用組成物。
- 前記冷凍機油は、ポリアルキレングリコール油、ポリオールエステル油、ポリビニルエーテル油、含フッ素オイル、鉱物油、及び炭化水素系合成油からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である、請求項7に記載の熱サイクルシステム用組成物。
- トリフルオロエチレンと、前記トリフルオロエチレンより沸点が低い低沸点化合物と、前記トリフルオロエチレンより沸点が高い高沸点化合物と、を含む熱サイクル用作動媒体を貯蔵する工程を含み、
前記低沸点化合物は、二酸化炭素、ヘキサフルオロエタン、及びフルオロメタンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であり、
前記高沸点化合物は、ジフルオロメタン、2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペン、(E)-1,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペン、3,3,3-トリフルオロプロペン、テトラフルオロメタン、1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエタン、1,1,1-トリフルオロエタン、1,1,1,2,3,3,3-ヘプタフルオロプロパン、シクロプロパン、イソブテン、イソブタン、ジメチルエーテル、及びアンモニアからなる群より選択される少なくとも2種である、熱サイクル用作動媒体の貯蔵方法。 - トリフルオロエチレンと、前記トリフルオロエチレンより沸点が低い低沸点化合物と、前記トリフルオロエチレンより沸点が高い高沸点化合物と、を混合する工程を含み、
前記低沸点化合物は、二酸化炭素、ヘキサフルオロエタン、及びフルオロメタンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であり、
前記高沸点化合物は、ジフルオロメタン、2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペン、(E)-1,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペン、3,3,3-トリフルオロプロペン、テトラフルオロメタン、1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエタン、1,1,1-トリフルオロエタン、1,1,1,2,3,3,3-ヘプタフルオロプロパン、シクロプロパン、イソブテン、イソブタン、ジメチルエーテル、及びアンモニアからなる群より選択される少なくとも2種である、熱サイクル用作動媒体の製造方法。 - トリフルオロエチレンと、前記トリフルオロエチレンより沸点が低い低沸点化合物と、前記トリフルオロエチレンより沸点が高い高沸点化合物と、を含む熱サイクル用作動媒体が、気相と液相とが共存する状態で貯蔵されている、密閉された貯蔵容器であって、
前記低沸点化合物は、二酸化炭素、ヘキサフルオロエタン、及びフルオロメタンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であり、
前記高沸点化合物は、ジフルオロメタン、2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペン、(E)-1,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペン、3,3,3-トリフルオロプロペン、テトラフルオロメタン、1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエタン、1,1,1-トリフルオロエタン、1,1,1,2,3,3,3-ヘプタフルオロプロパン、シクロプロパン、イソブテン、イソブタン、ジメチルエーテル、及びアンモニアからなる群より選択される少なくとも2種である、熱サイクル用作動媒体の貯蔵容器。
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2023
- 2023-10-05 WO PCT/JP2023/036437 patent/WO2024090169A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2023-10-05 EP EP23882378.5A patent/EP4610323A1/en active Pending
- 2023-10-05 JP JP2024552926A patent/JPWO2024090169A1/ja active Pending
- 2023-10-05 CN CN202380074807.7A patent/CN120092062A/zh active Pending
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| EP4610323A1 (en) | 2025-09-03 |
| CN120092062A (zh) | 2025-06-03 |
| JPWO2024090169A1 (ja) | 2024-05-02 |
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