WO2024070660A1 - 固体電解質、固体電解質層及び固体電解質電池 - Google Patents
固体電解質、固体電解質層及び固体電解質電池 Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- C01B25/16—Oxyacids of phosphorus; Salts thereof
- C01B25/26—Phosphates
- C01B25/45—Phosphates containing plural metal, or metal and ammonium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G25/00—Compounds of zirconium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G27/00—Compounds of hafnium
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a solid electrolyte, a solid electrolyte layer, and a solid electrolyte battery.
- solid electrolytes include oxide-based solid electrolytes, sulfide-based solid electrolytes, complex hydride-based solid electrolytes, and halide-based solid electrolytes.
- Non-Patent Document 1 describes that the ionic conductivity of Li 3 ScCl 6 , which is a halide-based solid electrolyte, is 3 mS/cm and that the potential window on the reduction side is 0.91 V (V vs. Li/Li + ).
- halide-based solid electrolytes have higher ionic conductivity than oxide-based solid electrolytes, sulfide-based solid electrolytes, complex hydride-based solid electrolytes, etc.
- the ionic conductivity (3 mS/cm) of Li 3 ScCl 6 described in Non-Patent Document 1 is high, there are various limitations, and there are cases where the characteristics described in Non-Patent Document 1 are not expressed as they are, or other substances have to be selected. Therefore, there is a demand for materials that can relatively improve the ionic conductivity among solid electrolytes of similar structure.
- Li 2 ZrCl 6 and Li 2 Zr(SO 4 )Cl 4 (see, for example, Patent Document 1), which are known as halide-based solid electrolytes, use Zr, which has a high abundance ratio in the earth's crust, as the central metal, and are solid electrolyte materials that are advantageous in terms of resources and cost.
- Zr which has a high abundance ratio in the earth's crust, as the central metal
- solid electrolyte materials that are advantageous in terms of resources and cost.
- their ionic conductivity is 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 S/cm, and the charge/discharge rate characteristics of batteries using these solid electrolytes are insufficient.
- the present invention was made in consideration of the above problems, and aims to provide a solid electrolyte, a solid electrolyte layer, and a solid electrolyte battery that have high ionic conductivity.
- the present inventors through extensive research, have succeeded in improving the ionic conductivity of a halide-based solid electrolyte without changing its composition, and have thus completed the present invention.
- the present invention provides the following solutions.
- a solid electrolyte according to a first aspect of the present invention includes a compound represented by the following formula (1), and in a Raman spectrum detected by Raman spectroscopy, has one peak each in a range of 200 to 450 cm ⁇ 1 and a range of 80 to 200 cm ⁇ 1 , where the peak in the range of 200 to 450 cm ⁇ 1 is designated as peak A, a straight line connecting starting point 1A and starting point 2A of peak A is designated as baseline A, the peak in the range of 80 to 200 cm ⁇ 1 is designated as peak B, and a straight line connecting starting point 1B and starting point 2B of peak B is designated as baseline B, the peak width at half the intensity of the strongest peak P A from baseline A of peak A is 55 cm ⁇ 1 or more, and the peak width at half the intensity of the strongest peak P B from baseline B is 55 cm ⁇ 1 or more; Li a A b E c J e X f H h ...
- A is at least one element selected from alkali metals other than Li and alkaline earth metals
- E is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, In, Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, and lanthanoids
- J is at least one group selected from the group consisting of anions
- X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I, and 0.5 ⁇ a ⁇ 6, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 6, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ e ⁇ 6, 0 ⁇ f ⁇ 6.1, and 0 ⁇ h ⁇ 0.2.
- the solid electrolyte layer according to aspect 2 of the present invention includes the solid electrolyte of aspect 1.
- the solid electrolyte battery according to aspect 3 of the present invention comprises a solid electrolyte layer, a positive electrode, and a negative electrode, and at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode contains the solid electrolyte according to aspect 1.
- the solid electrolyte battery according to aspect 4 of the present invention comprises the solid electrolyte layer of aspect 2, a positive electrode, and a negative electrode.
- a solid electrolyte with high ionic conductivity can be provided.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing a Raman spectrum of Li 2 ZrSO 4 Cl 4 having high ion conductivity, which is an example of a solid electrolyte according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram for explaining a method 1 for evaluating Raman spectroscopic characteristics, based on a graph in which a portion surrounded by a dotted line and indicated by P1 in the Raman spectrum shown in FIG. 1 is enlarged.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram for explaining evaluation method 2 of Raman spectroscopic characteristics.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram for explaining evaluation method 2 of Raman spectroscopic characteristics.
- 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a solid electrolyte battery according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the Raman spectrum of Example 4, in which the Raman spectroscopic characteristics were evaluated by Evaluation Method 1.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the Raman spectrum of Example 4, in which the Raman spectroscopic characteristics were evaluated by evaluation method 2.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the Raman spectrum of Example 25, in which the Raman spectroscopic characteristics were evaluated by evaluation method 1.
- FIG. 23 is a diagram showing the Raman spectrum of Example 25, in which the Raman spectroscopic characteristics were evaluated by evaluation method 2.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the Raman spectrum of Comparative Example 1, in which the Raman spectroscopic characteristics were evaluated by Evaluation Method 1.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the Raman spectrum of Comparative Example 2, in which the Raman spectroscopic characteristics were evaluated by Evaluation Method 1.
- Solid electrolyte A solid electrolyte is a material that can move ions when an external electric field is applied. If the ionic conductivity of a solid electrolyte is high, the exchange of ions in the solid electrolyte battery becomes smoother, and the internal resistance becomes smaller.
- the solid electrolyte includes a halide-based solid electrolyte represented by Li a Ab E c J e X f H h ... (1).
- the solid electrolyte may include a material derived from the raw material powder in addition to the compound represented by the above formula (1).
- the material derived from the raw material powder is, for example, Li 2 SO 4 .
- the solid electrolyte may be in the form of a powder (particles) or a sintered body obtained by sintering the powder.
- the solid electrolyte may also be a compact formed by compressing the powder, a compact formed by molding a mixture of the powder and a binder, or a coating formed by applying a paint containing the powder, a binder, and a solvent and then heating to remove the solvent.
- the main structure of the solid electrolyte may be amorphous or crystalline.
- Li is a lithium ion. a satisfies 0.5 ⁇ a ⁇ 6, preferably 2.0 ⁇ a ⁇ 4.0, and more preferably 2.5 ⁇ a ⁇ 3.5. When E is Zr or Hf, a is preferably 1.0 ⁇ a ⁇ 3.0, and more preferably 1.5 ⁇ a ⁇ 2.5. In the compound represented by formula (1), if a is 0.5 ⁇ a ⁇ 6, the content of Li contained in the compound is appropriate, and the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte layer 10 is high.
- A is at least one element selected from alkali metals other than Li and alkaline earth metals. A is substituted for a portion of the Li ions.
- A is, for example, Na or Ca.
- b satisfies 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 6. Furthermore, a+b satisfies 0.5 ⁇ a+b ⁇ 6.
- E is an essential component and is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga, In, Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, and lanthanides (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu).
- E preferably contains Al, Sc, Y, Zr, Hf, and La, and more preferably contains Zr and Y.
- E improves the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte.
- c is 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 2. Since the effect of including E can be obtained more effectively, c is preferably 0.6 ⁇ c.
- E is an element that forms the skeleton of the solid electrolyte. c is more preferably c ⁇ 1.
- J is at least one group selected from the group consisting of anions.
- the anions are OH, BO2 , BO3 , BO4, B3O6 , B4O7 , CO3 , NO3 , AlO2 , SiO3 , SiO4, Si2O7, Si3O9, Si4O11 , Si6O18 , PO3 , PO4 , P2O7 , P3O10 , SO3 , SO4 , SO5 , S2O3 , S2O4 , S2O5, S2O6, S2O7 , S2O8 , BF4 , PF6 , BOB , ( COO ) 2 , N , AlCl4 , CF3SO3 At least one group selected from the group consisting of CH 3 COO, CF 3 COO, OOC—(CH 2 ) 2 —COO, OOC—CH 2 —COO, OOC—CH(OH)—CH(OH)—C
- OOC-CH 2 -COO is the anion of succinic acid
- OOC-CH 2 -COO is the anion of malonic acid
- OOC-CH(OH)-CH(OH)-COO is the anion of tartaric acid
- OOC-CH(OH)-CH 2 -COO is the anion of malic acid
- C 6 H 5 SO 3 is the anion of benzenesulfonic acid
- C(OH)(CH 2 COOH) 2 COO is the anion of citric acid.
- e satisfies 0 ⁇ e ⁇ 6.
- e is preferably 0.5 ⁇ e because the effect of widening the potential window on the reduction side due to the inclusion of J is more pronounced.
- e is preferably e ⁇ 3 so that the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte does not decrease due to an excessively high J content.
- X is at least one selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I.
- X is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I, and preferably contains either one or both of Br and I, and particularly preferably contains I.
- X contains F
- X becomes a solid electrolyte with high ionic conductivity, so it is preferable that X contains F and two or more selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br, and I.
- the resulting solid electrolyte has sufficiently high ionic conductivity and excellent oxidation resistance.
- X is Cl
- the resulting solid electrolyte has high ionic conductivity and a good balance of oxidation resistance and reduction resistance.
- X is Br
- the resulting solid electrolyte has sufficiently high ionic conductivity and a good balance of oxidation resistance and reduction resistance.
- X is I
- the resulting solid electrolyte has high ionic conductivity.
- f satisfies 0 ⁇ f ⁇ 6.1. It is preferable that f is 1 ⁇ f. If f is 1 ⁇ f, the strength of the pellets will be high when the solid electrolyte is pressure-molded into pellets. If f is 1 ⁇ f, the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte will be high. It is preferable that f is ⁇ 5 so that the potential window of the solid electrolyte is not narrowed due to a shortage of sulfate caused by an excessively high content of X.
- H is hydrogen. h satisfies 0 ⁇ h ⁇ 0.2.
- solid electrolytes examples include Li2ZrSO4Cl4 , Li3YSO4Cl4 , Li3ScSO4Cl4 , and Li3InSO4Cl4 .
- the solid electrolyte according to this embodiment has one peak in each of the range of 200 to 450 cm ⁇ 1 and the range of 80 to 200 cm ⁇ 1 in a Raman spectrum detected by Raman spectroscopy, and when the peak in the range of 200 to 450 cm ⁇ 1 is defined as peak A, the baseline A connecting the starting point 1A and the starting point 2A of the peak A is defined as peak B, and the baseline B connecting the starting point 1B and the starting point 2B of the peak B is defined as peak B, the peak width at half the intensity of the strongest peak from the baseline A of the peak A is 55 cm ⁇ 1 or more, and the peak width at half the intensity of the strongest peak from the baseline B of the peak B is 55 cm ⁇ 1 or more.
- the Raman spectroscopic characteristics by the evaluation method 1 will be described in detail below.
- Raman spectroscopy light is incident on a substance, and the substance is evaluated from the Raman scattered light having a different wavelength from the incident light, and since the difference in wavelength between the Raman scattered light and the incident light corresponds to the vibration energy of the substance, various physical properties of the substance can be investigated from the Raman spectrum.
- the present inventor has found that it is possible to improve ionic conductivity without changing the composition, and that the improvement in ionic conductivity correlates with the characteristics of the Raman spectrum.
- the peaks corresponding to each vibration energy are sharp, but broad peaks reflect disorder in crystallinity (promotion of amorphous structure).
- the inventors discovered that by synthesizing a solid electrolyte with the same composition so that the crystallinity is low (promotion of amorphous structure), the ionic conductivity is increased, and the peaks in the Raman spectrum are broadened, reflecting the promotion of the amorphous structure, and thus arrived at the present invention.
- a “peak portion” is an overlap of multiple peaks, and in the solid electrolyte that is the subject of this embodiment, there are two overlapping bundles of multiple peaks, one in the range of 200 to 450 cm -1 and one in the range of 80 to 200 cm -1 .
- the "peak portion” varies in strength reflecting the overlap of peaks, but does not touch baseline A or baseline B except at two points of contact with the spectrum that is the starting point of the baseline (when it does not touch, it is evaluated as being the same "peak portion”).
- Fig. 1 is a graph showing the Raman spectrum of Li 2 ZrSO 4 Cl 4 having high ion conductivity, which is an example of the solid electrolyte according to the present embodiment (20 to 1000 cm -1 ).
- Fig. 2 is a graph showing an enlargement of the portion surrounded by the dotted line indicated by P1 in the Raman spectrum shown in Fig. 1 (50 to 500 cm -1 ).
- a method 1 for evaluating the Raman spectroscopic characteristics of a solid electrolyte according to this embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2.
- the spectrum in the area surrounded by the dotted line indicated by P1 is a spectrum derived from the vibrational energy of the metal (M)-halogen (X) bond.
- M metal
- X halogen
- Fig. 8 in Non-Patent Document 2 shows that the peak shifts to the lower wavenumber side when X is changed from Cl to Br to I.
- the number of peaks depends on the compound, but these peaks overlap to form two peaks, one of which is in the range of 200 to 450 cm -1 and the other is in the range of 80 to 200 cm -1 .
- Non-Patent Document 1 Although Sc is lighter than Zr, compared with the above-mentioned example of the Li-Zr-Cl based compound, the peak at 200 to 450 cm is on the low wavenumber side, but the peak below 200 cm is on the high wavenumber side, and the peak is included in the range of this embodiment. Even if M or X in a Li-M(metal)-X(halogen) compound is changed, the peak derived from the M--X bond is considered to be included in the range of this embodiment.
- the "peaks” are determined as follows.
- a straight line that is parallel to the horizontal axis and longer than the range of wave numbers from 50 to 500 cm -1 is moved toward higher relative intensity while remaining parallel to the horizontal axis, and the point where the straight line first hits the Raman spectrum is called "origin 1A" (indicated by the symbol F1 in Figure 2).
- Origin 1A is the point where the relative intensity is the lowest in the range of wave numbers from 50 to 500 cm -1 .
- the straight line is tilted based (fixed) on this origin 1A.
- origin 1A when origin 1A is at a wavenumber position of 350 cm -1 or more in the Raman spectrum, origin 1A is used as a reference (fixed), and the line is rotated left and the next point where it hits the Raman spectrum is called "origin 2A" (indicated by symbol F2 in FIG. 2).
- the line connecting origin 1A and origin 2A is called baseline A (indicated by symbol BL A in FIG. 2), and the part between baseline A and the Raman spectrum is peak part A.
- origin 2A when determining origin 2A, if the line hits the Raman spectrum at a wavenumber position within a small range of about 30 cm -1 from the wavenumber of origin 1A, that point is not determined as origin 2A, and origin 2A is determined at the position beyond which the rise in intensity reaches its peak.
- origin 1A when origin 1A is at a position of a wave number less than 350 cm ⁇ 1 , the next point on the Raman spectrum that is reached by rotating the straight line clockwise from origin 1A is called origin 2A.
- a straight line parallel to the horizontal axis and longer than the range of wavenumbers 50 to 500 cm ⁇ 1 is moved from high to low relative intensity while remaining parallel to the horizontal axis, and from the point where the straight line first hits the Raman spectrum on the low wavenumber side of peak A, it is moved further toward lower relative intensity, and the point just before the straight line first deviates from the Raman spectrum is taken as "origin 1B" (indicated by symbol F4 in FIG. 2).
- origin 1B In the Raman spectrum, if origin 1B is at a wavenumber position of less than 150 cm ⁇ 1 , the straight line is rotated left based on (fixed to) this origin 1B, and the point just before it deviates from the Raman spectrum is taken as "origin 2B" (indicated by symbol F3 in FIG. 2).
- the straight line between origin 1B and origin 2B is called baseline B (indicated by symbol BL B in FIG. 2), and the part between baseline B and the Raman spectrum is peak B.
- starting point 2B When determining starting point 2B, if the straight line deviates from the Raman spectrum at a wavenumber position within a small range of about 30 cm ⁇ 1 from the wavenumber of starting point 1B, that point is not determined as starting point 2B, and starting point 2B is determined at the position after the rising intensity reaches its peak.
- origin 1B when origin 1B is at a position of a wave number of 150 cm -1 or more in the Raman spectrum, origin 1B is used as the reference and the point immediately before the line rotated right and next deviating from the Raman spectrum is called origin 2B.
- the peak A and peak B thus determined are present in the range of 200 to 450 cm ⁇ 1 and the range of 80 to 200 cm ⁇ 1 , respectively, in the Raman spectrum of the solid electrolyte according to this embodiment.
- the method for determining peak A and peak B based on the Raman spectrum of FIG. 2 has been described above, but peak A and peak B can also be determined for other Raman spectra in a similar manner.
- peak portion A and peak portion B the peaks at the wavenumbers at which the relative intensity is maximum are referred to as the "strongest peaks.”
- the apexes of the peaks indicated by symbols P A and P B are the strongest peaks in peak portion A and peak portion B, respectively.
- peak portion A has a peak width w A at half the intensity h A1 of the strongest peak P A from baseline A (h A1 +h A2 ), and peak portion B has a peak width w B at half the intensity h B1 of the strongest peak P B from baseline B (h B1 + h B2 ).
- peak width w A was 121.7 cm -1 and the peak width w B was 85.7 cm -1 .
- the peak width w A was 53.6 cm -1 and the peak width w B was 64.9 cm -1 .
- the peak width w A is preferably 55 cm ⁇ 1 or more and the peak width w B is preferably 66 cm ⁇ 1 or more, and more preferably 80 cm ⁇ 1 or more.
- the wave number of the strongest peak P 2 B in the peak portion B is 140 cm ⁇ 1 or less.
- the Raman spectrum in the range of 80 to 200 cm ⁇ 1 is a peak due to bending of the metal-halogen bond. While having a wide half-width, the position of this peak shifts to the lower wavenumber side, resulting in a metal-halogen bond with a wide energy distribution. This makes it easier for a conduction path for Li + ions to be formed, resulting in high ionic conductivity.
- FIG. 3 a line passing through point X of the minimum relative intensity in the region of 400 to 1000 cm ⁇ 1 and point Y of the next minimum relative intensity is defined as a baseline C.
- FIG. 4 when the intensities from a baseline C of the strongest peak P A of the peak portion A and the strongest peak P B of the peak portion B are respectively designated as IA and IB, and the intensity at which the intensity from the baseline C between the peak portion A and the peak portion B is the smallest is designated as IC, 0 ⁇ IC.
- the intensity IA of the strongest peak PA in the peak portion A and the minimum intensity IC satisfy 0.2 ⁇ IC/IA ⁇ 0.6.
- the intensity IB of the strongest peak P B in the peak portion B and the minimum intensity IC preferably satisfy 0.1 ⁇ IC/IB ⁇ 0.6.
- the intensity IA of the strongest peak PA in the peak portion A and the intensity IB of the strongest peak PB in the peak portion B satisfy IA ⁇ IB.
- the solid electrolyte according to this embodiment preferably has peaks at 170 ⁇ 0.5 eV (where the chemical state of sulfur corresponds to SO4 ) and 532 ⁇ 0.5 eV (where the chemical state of oxygen corresponds to SO4 ) in a photoelectron spectrum measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- the solid electrolyte according to this embodiment preferably has peaks at 132.5 ⁇ 0.5 eV (where the chemical state of phosphorus corresponds to PO4 ) and 531.5 ⁇ 0.5 eV (where the chemical state of oxygen corresponds to PO4 ) in a photoelectron spectrum measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- Solid electrolyte battery Fig. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a solid electrolyte battery 100 according to this embodiment.
- the solid electrolyte battery 100 shown in Fig. 5 includes a power generating element 40 and an exterior body 50.
- the exterior body 50 covers the periphery of the power generating element 40.
- the power generating element 40 is connected to the outside through a pair of terminals 60, 62 that are connected to each other.
- a stacked type battery is shown in Fig. 1, a wound type battery may also be used.
- the solid electrolyte battery 100 is used, for example, in laminate batteries, square batteries, cylindrical batteries, coin batteries, button batteries, etc.
- the power generating element 40 includes a solid electrolyte layer 10, a positive electrode 20, and a negative electrode 30.
- the power generating element 40 is charged or discharged by the exchange of ions between the positive electrode 20 and the negative electrode 30 via the solid electrolyte layer 10 and the exchange of electrons via an external circuit.
- the solid electrolyte layer 10 is a layer containing the solid electrolyte according to the present embodiment.
- the solid electrolyte layer 10 may be the solid electrolyte according to the present embodiment alone, or may be used together with a support such as a binder or a nonwoven fabric.
- the binder may be the same as that used for the electrodes.
- the ratio of the binder to the solid electrolyte is preferably 10% or less by volume.
- the support such as a nonwoven fabric may be insulating like the resin, ceramics, or glass used in the binder, and preferably has an aperture ratio of 85% or more.
- the solid electrolyte layer 10 is sandwiched between the positive electrode 20 and the negative electrode 30.
- the solid electrolyte layer 10 includes a solid electrolyte that can move ions by an externally applied voltage. For example, the solid electrolyte conducts lithium ions and inhibits the movement of electrons.
- the solid electrolyte layer 10 is, for example, a halide-based solid electrolyte.
- the solid electrolyte layer 10 includes, for example, the above-mentioned solid electrolyte. If the positive electrode 20 or the negative electrode 30 includes the above-mentioned solid electrolyte, the solid electrolyte included in the solid electrolyte layer 10 does not have to be one of the above.
- the positive electrode 20 has a plate-shaped (foil-shaped) positive electrode current collector 22 and a positive electrode mixture layer 24.
- the positive electrode mixture layer 24 is in contact with at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector 22.
- the positive electrode collector 22 may be made of any electronically conductive material that is resistant to oxidation during charging and is not easily corroded.
- the positive electrode collector 22 may be made of, for example, a metal such as aluminum, stainless steel, nickel, or titanium, or a conductive resin.
- the positive electrode collector 22 may be in the form of a powder, foil, punching, or expanded material.
- the positive electrode mixture layer 24 contains a positive electrode active material, and optionally a solid electrolyte, a binder, and a conductive additive.
- the positive electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as it is capable of reversibly absorbing and releasing lithium ions and inserting and removing them (intercalation and deintercalation), and any positive electrode active material used in known solid electrolyte batteries can be used.
- positive electrode active materials include lithium-containing metal oxides and lithium-containing metal phosphates.
- LiCoO2 lithium cobalt oxide
- LiNiO2 lithium nickel oxide
- LiMn2O4 lithium manganese spinel
- composite metal oxides represented by the general formula LiNixCoyMnzO2 (x + y + z 1 ), lithium vanadium compounds ( LiVOPO4 , Li3V2 ( PO4 ) 3 ), olivine-type LiMPO4 (wherein M represents at least
- the positive electrode active material may not contain lithium.
- positive electrode active materials include non-lithium-containing metal oxides (MnO 2 , V 2 O 5 , etc.), non-lithium-containing metal sulfides (MoS 2 , etc.), and non-lithium-containing fluorides (FeF 3 , VF 3 , etc.).
- the negative electrode is doped with lithium ions in advance, or a negative electrode containing lithium ions is used.
- the solid electrolyte contained in the positive electrode 20 is, for example, the solid electrolyte described above.
- the solid electrolyte contained in the positive electrode 20 may be a halide-based solid electrolyte other than the solid electrolyte described above.
- the content of the solid electrolyte in the positive electrode mixture layer 24 is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1% by mass to 50% by mass, and more preferably 5% by mass to 30% by mass, based on the total mass of the positive electrode active material, solid electrolyte, conductive additive, and binder.
- the binder bonds the positive electrode active material, solid electrolyte, and conductive additive to each other in the positive electrode mixture layer 24, and also firmly bonds the positive electrode mixture layer 24 and the positive electrode current collector 22.
- the positive electrode mixture layer 24 preferably contains a binder.
- the binder preferably has oxidation resistance and good adhesiveness.
- Binders used in the positive electrode mixture layer 24 include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) or copolymers thereof, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyamide (PA), polyimide (PI), polyamideimide (PAI), polybenzimidazole (PBI), polyethersulfone (PES), polyacrylic acid (PA) and copolymers thereof, metal ion crosslinked polyacrylic acid (PA) and copolymers thereof, polypropylene (PP) grafted with maleic anhydride, polyethylene (PE) grafted with maleic anhydride, or mixtures thereof.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- PA polyamide
- PI polyimide
- PAI polyamideimide
- PBI polybenzimidazole
- PES polyethersulfone
- PA polyacrylic acid
- PA metal ion crosslinked polyacrylic acid
- PP polypropylene
- PE polyethylene
- the binder content in the positive electrode mixture layer 24 is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1% by mass to 15% by mass, and more preferably 3% by mass to 5% by mass, based on the total mass of the positive electrode active material, solid electrolyte, conductive additive, and binder. If the amount of binder is too small, it tends not to be possible to form a positive electrode 20 with sufficient adhesive strength. Conversely, if the amount of binder is too large, it tends to be difficult to obtain sufficient volume or mass energy density, as typical binders are electrochemically inactive and do not contribute to the discharge capacity.
- the conductive additive improves the electronic conductivity of the positive electrode mixture layer 24.
- Known conductive additives can be used.
- the conductive additive include carbon materials such as carbon black, graphite, carbon nanotubes, and graphene; metals such as aluminum, copper, nickel, stainless steel, iron, and amorphous metals; conductive oxides such as ITO; and mixtures of these.
- the conductive additive may be in the form of a powder or fiber.
- the content of the conductive additive in the positive electrode mixture layer 24 is not particularly limited.
- the mass ratio of the conductive additive is preferably 0.5% by mass to 20% by mass, and more preferably 1% by mass to 5% by mass, based on the total mass of the positive electrode active material, solid electrolyte, conductive additive, and binder.
- the negative electrode 30 has a negative electrode current collector 32 and a negative electrode mixture layer 34.
- the negative electrode mixture layer 34 is in contact with the negative electrode current collector 32.
- the negative electrode current collector 32 may have electronic conductivity.
- the negative electrode current collector 32 may be, for example, a metal such as copper, aluminum, nickel, stainless steel, or iron, or a conductive resin.
- the negative electrode current collector 32 may be in the form of a powder, foil, punching, or expanded.
- the negative electrode mixture layer 34 contains a negative electrode active material, and if necessary, a solid electrolyte, a binder, and a conductive additive.
- the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as it can reversibly absorb and release lithium ions, and insert and remove lithium ions.
- the negative electrode active material may be any negative electrode active material used in known solid electrolyte batteries.
- the negative electrode active material examples include carbon materials such as natural graphite, artificial graphite, mesocarbon microbeads, mesocarbon fiber (MCF), cokes, glassy carbon, and organic compound sintered bodies, metals that can be combined with lithium such as Si, SiO x , Sn, and aluminum, alloys of these, composite materials of these metals and carbon materials, oxides such as lithium titanate (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ) and SnO 2 , and metallic lithium. Natural graphite is preferable as the negative electrode active material.
- the solid electrolyte contained in the negative electrode 30 is, for example, the solid electrolyte described above.
- the solid electrolyte contained in the negative electrode 30 may be a halide-based solid electrolyte other than the solid electrolyte described above.
- the binder and conductive additive contained in the negative electrode 30 are the same as the binder and conductive additive contained in the positive electrode 20.
- the exterior body 50 houses the power generating element 40 therein.
- the exterior body 50 prevents moisture and the like from entering from the outside to the inside.
- the exterior body 50 has a metal foil 52 and a resin layer 54 laminated on each side of the metal foil 52.
- the exterior body 50 is a metal laminate film in which the metal foil 52 is coated with the resin layer 54 from both sides.
- the metal foil 52 is, for example, an aluminum foil or a stainless steel foil.
- the resin layer 54 can be, for example, a resin film such as polypropylene.
- the materials constituting the resin layer 54 may be different on the inside and outside.
- the outside material can be a polymer with a high melting point, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polyamide (PA), and the inside material can be polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP).
- the terminals 60 and 62 are connected to the positive electrode 20 and the negative electrode 30, respectively.
- the terminal 60 connected to the positive electrode 20 is a positive electrode terminal
- the terminal 62 connected to the negative electrode 30 is a negative electrode terminal.
- the terminals 60 and 62 are responsible for electrical connection to the outside.
- the terminals 60 and 62 are made of a conductive material such as aluminum, nickel, or copper.
- the connection method may be welding or screwing.
- the terminals 60 and 62 are preferably protected with insulating tape to prevent short circuits.
- a solid electrolyte is prepared.
- the solid electrolyte can be manufactured, for example, by mixing raw material powders containing predetermined elements at a predetermined molar ratio and causing a mechanochemical reaction.
- the unreacted raw materials are adjusted so as to remain in the solid electrolyte.
- the unreacted components of the raw materials can be left by changing the rotation speed, revolution speed, synthesis time, and state of the raw material powder at the time of input of the planetary ball mill.
- the solid electrolyte is synthesized so that the crystallinity is low (promoting an amorphous structure).
- the synthesis of the raw material powder proceeds while suppressing excessive crystallinity. If such synthesis is possible, there are no limitations on the adjustment method, but it has been found that it is particularly important to cool immediately after the start of synthesis, shorten the synthesis time (the synthesis time that has been conventionally performed differs depending on the solid electrolyte, but the synthesis time is shorter than the conventional synthesis time for each solid electrolyte type), and adjust the dew point when the raw material powder is added and when the container is sealed.
- the raw material powder contains a halide raw material
- the halide raw material is likely to evaporate when the temperature is raised. For this reason, halogen gas may be present in the atmosphere during sintering to compensate for the halogen.
- the raw material powder may be sintered by hot pressing using a highly airtight mold. In this case, the highly airtight mold can suppress the evaporation of the halide raw material due to sintering. By sintering in this way, a solid electrolyte in the form of a sintered body made of a compound having a specified composition is obtained.
- the positive electrode 20 is prepared.
- the positive electrode 20 is manufactured by applying a paste containing a positive electrode active material onto a positive electrode current collector 22 and drying it to form a positive electrode mixture layer 24.
- the above-mentioned solid electrolyte may be added to the paste containing the positive electrode active material.
- the negative electrode 30 is prepared.
- the negative electrode 30 is manufactured by applying a paste containing a negative electrode active material onto the negative electrode current collector 32 and drying it to form a negative electrode mixture layer 34.
- the above-mentioned solid electrolyte may be added to the paste containing the negative electrode active material.
- the power generating element 40 can be produced, for example, by using a powder molding method.
- a guide with a hole is placed on top of the positive electrode 20, and the guide is filled with a solid electrolyte.
- the surface of the solid electrolyte is then smoothed, and the negative electrode 30 is placed on top of the solid electrolyte. This results in the solid electrolyte being sandwiched between the positive electrode 20 and the negative electrode 30.
- Pressure is then applied to the positive electrode 20 and the negative electrode 30 to pressure mold the solid electrolyte.
- pressure molding a laminate is obtained in which the positive electrode 20, solid electrolyte layer 10, and negative electrode 30 are stacked in this order.
- the solid electrolyte battery 100 contains the above-mentioned solid electrolyte, so Li ions are smoothly conducted and the internal resistance is low.
- Example 1 Preparation of solid electrolyte
- zirconium chloride ( ZrCl4 ) and lithium sulfate ( Li2SO4 ) were weighed out to a molar ratio of 1:8, and then placed in a zirconia sealed container for a planetary ball mill that had zirconia balls in it.
- the sealed container was covered with a lid, the lid was screwed onto the container body, and the gap between the lid and the container was sealed with polyimide tape.
- the polyimide tape has the effect of blocking moisture.
- the zirconia sealed container was set in the planetary ball mill.
- the rotation speed was set to 300 rpm
- the revolution speed was set to 300 rpm
- the rotation direction and the revolution direction were set in the opposite directions.
- a mechanochemical reaction was carried out for 2.5 hours to synthesize a solid electrolyte ( Li4Zr0.25 ( SO4 ) 2Cl ).
- the synthesis was carried out while cooling the zirconia closed vessel so that the temperature change of the lid was 10° C. or less one hour after the start of the synthesis.
- the planetary ball mill is installed in a normal atmosphere (air).
- the zirconia sealed container for the planetary ball mill is screwed in place and further sealed with polyimide tape.
- polyimide tape When the zirconia sealed container is set in the planetary ball mill, it is firmly pressed into place. This means that even in a normal atmosphere, there is little chance of moisture entering the zirconia sealed container from the air.
- the Raman spectrum of the solid electrolyte of Example 1 was measured by Raman spectroscopy.
- the measurement conditions for the Raman spectrum were laser wavelength: 532 nm, slit width: 100 ⁇ 1000 ⁇ m, aperture: 40 ⁇ m, exposure time: 60 sec, and accumulation: 2 times.
- peak A in the range of 200 to 450 cm ⁇ 1 and peak B in the range of 80 to 200 cm ⁇ 1 were determined, and the strongest peak and half width of each peak were measured.
- a baseline C was determined, and the intensities IA and IB of the strongest peak P A in peak portion A and the strongest peak P B in peak portion B from the baseline C, as well as the intensity IC at which the intensity from the baseline C between peak portion A and peak portion B is the smallest, were measured.
- the photoelectron spectrum of the solid electrolyte of Example 1 was measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Sampling was performed in a glove box with a dew point of about -70°C in which argon gas was circulating, and the sample was transported to an XPS measurement device in a state not exposed to the atmosphere. The photoelectron spectrum was measured using a Quantera 2 manufactured by PHI Corporation. As a result, peaks were confirmed at 170 ⁇ 0.5 eV and 532 ⁇ 0.5 eV in the prepared solid electrolyte.
- the pressure molding die consisted of a 10 mm diameter cylinder made of PEEK (polyether ether ketone), and upper and lower punches made of SKD11 material with a diameter of 9.99 mm.
- a stainless steel disk and a Teflon (registered trademark) disk both 50 mm in diameter and 5 mm thick and with four screw holes, were prepared, and the pressure molding die was set up as follows: Stainless steel disk / Teflon (registered trademark) disk / pressure molding die / Teflon (registered trademark) disk / stainless steel disk.
- the four screws were then tightened with a torque of approximately 3 N ⁇ m. Screws were also inserted into the screw holes on the sides of the upper and lower punches to serve as external connection terminals.
- the external connection terminal was connected to a potentiostat (VersaSTAT3 manufactured by Princeton Applied Research) equipped with a frequency response analyzer, and the ionic conductivity was measured using an impedance measurement method. Measurement was performed at a measurement frequency range of 1 MHz to 0.1 Hz, an amplitude of 10 mV, and a temperature of 25° C.
- the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte of Example 1 was 1.1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 S/cm.
- Examples 2 to 8 solid electrolytes were synthesized in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the materials and/or molar ratios of the raw material powders and the synthesis time were changed. In Examples 2 to 8, the physical properties of the solid electrolytes were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The compositions, molar ratios, and measurement results of each raw material are summarized in Tables 1, 2, and 7 below.
- 6A shows the Raman spectrum of Example 4, the Raman spectroscopic characteristics of which were evaluated by Evaluation Method 1.
- FIG. 6B shows the Raman spectrum of Example 4, the Raman spectroscopic characteristics of which were evaluated by Evaluation Method 2.
- Example 9 In a glove box with a dew point of about -75°C, zirconium sulfate ( ZrSO4 ), zirconium chloride ( ZrCl4 ), and lithium sulfate ( Li2SO4 ) were weighed out in a molar ratio of 0.5:1:1, and were then put into a zirconia sealed container for a planetary ball mill that had zirconia balls in it beforehand. Next, the sealed container was covered with a lid, the lid was screwed onto the container body, and the gap between the lid and the container was sealed with polyimide tape. The polyimide tape has the effect of blocking moisture. Next, the zirconia sealed container was set in the planetary ball mill.
- the rotation speed was set to 300 rpm
- the revolution speed was set to 300 rpm
- the rotation direction and the revolution direction were set in the opposite directions, and a mechanochemical reaction was carried out for 5 hours to synthesize a solid electrolyte ( Li2Zr1.5 ( SO4 ) 2Cl ).
- Li2SO4 was pulverized for 1 hour before mixing using the same planetary ball mill as described above at a rotation speed of 300 rpm.
- ZrCl4 was added and mixed and pulverized for another hour at a rotation speed of 200 rpm.
- the remaining raw material ZrSO4 in Example 9) was added to complete the charging.
- Example 9 the physical properties of the solid electrolyte were measured in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the compositions and molar ratios of the raw materials and the measurement results are summarized in Tables 1, 2, and 7 below.
- Example 10 In Example 10, a solid electrolyte was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 9, except that zirconium sulfate (ZrSO 4 ), zirconium chloride (ZrCl 4 ), and lithium sulfate (Li 2 SO 4 ) were weighed out in a molar ratio of 0.4:1:1.5. In Example 10, the physical properties of the solid electrolyte were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The compositions and molar ratios of the raw materials and the measurement results are summarized in Tables 1, 2, and 7 below.
- Example 11 to 21 solid electrolytes were synthesized in the same manner as in Example 9, except that the materials and molar ratios of the raw material powders were changed. In Examples 11 to 21, the physical properties of the solid electrolytes were measured in the same manner as in Example 9. The measurement results are summarized in Tables 1, 2, 7, and 8 below.
- Example 22 In a glove box with a dew point of about -75°C, lithium oxide (Li 2 O) and zirconium chloride (ZrCl 4 ) were weighed out to a molar ratio of 10:1, and then placed in a zirconia sealed container for a planetary ball mill that already contained zirconia balls. Next, the sealed container was covered with a lid, the lid was screwed onto the container body, and the gap between the lid and the container was sealed with polyimide tape. The polyimide tape has the effect of blocking moisture. Next, the zirconia sealed container was set in a planetary ball mill.
- the rotation speed was set to 300 rpm
- the revolution speed was set to 300 rpm
- the rotation direction and the revolution direction were set to opposite directions to perform a mechanochemical reaction for 4 hours to synthesize a solid electrolyte (Li 10 ZrO 5 Cl 4 ).
- Li 2 O was ground for 1 hour before mixing using the same planetary ball mill as described above at a rotation speed of 300 rpm.
- the remaining raw materials ZrCl 4 in Example 22
- the synthesis was carried out while cooling the zirconia closed vessel so that the temperature change of the lid was 10° C. or less one hour after the start of the synthesis.
- the physical properties of the solid electrolyte were measured in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 23 a solid electrolyte was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 22, except that the molar ratio of the raw material powders was changed and the synthesis time was set to 6 hours.
- Example 24 a solid electrolyte was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 22, except that the molar ratio of the raw material powders was changed and the synthesis time was set to 24 hours.
- Example 25 a solid electrolyte was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 22, except that the molar ratio of the raw material powders was changed and the synthesis time was set to 48 hours.
- Example 26 a solid electrolyte was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 22, except that the molar ratio of the raw material powders was changed and the synthesis time was set to 72 hours.
- Example 23 to 26 the physical properties of the solid electrolyte were measured in the same manner as in Example 22.
- Tables 3, 4, and 8 The compositions and molar ratios of the raw materials and the measurement results are summarized in Tables 3, 4, and 8 below.
- 7A shows the Raman spectrum of Example 25, the Raman spectroscopic characteristics of which were evaluated by Evaluation Method 1.
- FIG. 7B shows the Raman spectrum of Example 25, the Raman spectroscopic characteristics of which were evaluated by Evaluation Method 2.
- Examples 27 to 30 solid electrolytes were synthesized in the same manner as in Example 22, except that the materials and molar ratios of the raw material powders were changed. In Examples 23 to 30, the physical properties of the solid electrolytes were measured in the same manner as in Example 22. The compositions, molar ratios, and measurement results of each raw material are summarized in Tables 3, 4, and 8 below.
- Example 31 In Example 31, a solid electrolyte was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the raw material powders were charged and the container was sealed in a dry room with a dew point of -40°C. In Example 31, the physical properties of the solid electrolyte were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The composition, molar ratio, and measurement results of each raw material are summarized in Tables 3, 4, and 8 below.
- Example 32 In Example 32, a solid electrolyte was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the raw material powders were charged and the container was sealed in a dry room with a dew point of -60°C. In Example 32, the physical properties of the solid electrolyte were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The composition, molar ratio, and measurement results of each raw material are summarized in Tables 3, 4, and 8 below.
- Example 33 In Example 33, a solid electrolyte was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the molar ratio of the raw material powders was changed. In Example 33, the physical properties of the solid electrolyte were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The composition, molar ratio, and measurement results of each raw material are summarized in Tables 3, 4, and 8 below.
- Comparative Example 1 In Comparative Example 1, a solid electrolyte was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the materials and molar ratios of the raw material powders were changed, and the zirconia container was not cooled for 1 hour after the start of synthesis, and the synthesis time was 24 hours. The temperature change of the lid of the zirconia sealed container reached 20° C. or more 1 hour after the start of synthesis.
- the physical properties of the solid electrolyte were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The composition, molar ratios, and measurement results of each raw material are summarized in Tables 5, 6, and 9 below.
- FIG. 8 shows the Raman spectrum of Comparative Example 1, in which the Raman spectroscopic characteristics were evaluated by Evaluation Method 1.
- Comparative Example 2 In Comparative Example 2, a solid electrolyte was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the molar ratio of the raw material powders was changed, and the synthesis time was 24 hours without cooling the zirconia container 1 hour after the start of synthesis. The temperature change of the lid of the zirconia sealed container was 20° C. or more 1 hour after the start of synthesis.
- the physical properties of the solid electrolyte were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The composition, molar ratio, and measurement results of each raw material are summarized in Tables 5, 6, and 9 below.
- FIG. 9 shows the Raman spectrum of Comparative Example 2, in which the Raman spectroscopic characteristics were evaluated by Evaluation Method 1.
- Comparative Example 3 In Comparative Example 3, the raw material powders were charged and the container was sealed in a dry room with a dew point of -20°C, and the solid electrolyte was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the synthesis time was 5.5 hours. In Comparative Example 3, the physical properties of the solid electrolyte were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The composition, molar ratio, and measurement results of each raw material are summarized in Tables 5, 6, and 9 below.
- Comparative Example 4 In Comparative Example 4, a solid electrolyte was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 4, except that the zirconia vessel was not cooled for 1 hour after the start of synthesis. In Comparative Example 4, the physical properties of the solid electrolyte were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The composition, molar ratio, and measurement results of each raw material are summarized in Tables 5, 6, and 9 below.
- Comparative Example 5 a solid electrolyte was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 4, except that the synthesis time was 24 hours.
- the physical properties of the solid electrolyte were measured in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the compositions, molar ratios, and measurement results of the raw materials are summarized in Tables 5, 6, and 9 below.
- Comparative Example 6 In Comparative Example 6, a solid electrolyte was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 17, except that the zirconia vessel was not cooled for 1 hour after the start of synthesis. In Comparative Example 6, the physical properties of the solid electrolyte were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The composition, molar ratio, and measurement results of each raw material are summarized in Tables 5, 6, and 9 below.
- Comparative Example 7 In Comparative Example 7, a solid electrolyte was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 18, except that the synthesis time was 24 hours. In Comparative Example 7, the physical properties of the solid electrolyte were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The compositions, molar ratios, and measurement results of the raw materials are summarized in Tables 5, 6, and 9 below.
- Comparative Example 8 In Comparative Example 8, a solid electrolyte was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 23, except that the synthesis time was 24 hours. In Comparative Example 8, the physical properties of the solid electrolyte were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The compositions, molar ratios, and measurement results of the raw materials are summarized in Tables 5, 6, and 9 below.
- Comparative Example 9 In Comparative Example 9, a solid electrolyte was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 24, except that the synthesis time was 48 hours. In Comparative Example 9, the physical properties of the solid electrolyte were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The compositions, molar ratios, and measurement results of the raw materials are summarized in Tables 5, 6, and 9 below.
- Comparative Example 10 In Comparative Example 10, a solid electrolyte was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 25, except that the zirconia container was not cooled for 1 hour after the start of synthesis. In Comparative Example 10, the physical properties of the solid electrolyte were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The composition, molar ratio, and measurement results of each raw material are summarized in Tables 5, 6, and 9 below.
- Comparative Example 11 In Comparative Example 11, a solid electrolyte was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 26, except that the zirconia container was not cooled for 1 hour after the start of synthesis. In Comparative Example 11, the physical properties of the solid electrolyte were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The compositions, molar ratios, and measurement results of the raw materials are summarized in Tables 5, 6, and 9 below.
- Comparative Example 12 In Comparative Example 12, a solid electrolyte was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 27, except that the synthesis time was 96 hours. In Comparative Example 12, the physical properties of the solid electrolyte were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The compositions, molar ratios, and measurement results of the raw materials are summarized in Tables 5, 6, and 9 below.
- Comparative Example 13 In Comparative Example 13, a solid electrolyte was synthesized in the same manner as in Example 33, except that the synthesis time was 72 hours. In Comparative Example 13, the physical properties of the solid electrolyte were measured in the same manner as in Example 1. The compositions, molar ratios, and measurement results of the raw materials are summarized in Tables 5, 6, and 9 below.
- the all-solid-state battery was fabricated in a glove box with a dew point of about -70°C.
- the all-solid-state battery was fabricated using a pellet fabrication jig.
- the pellet fabrication jig had a PEEK (polyether ether ketone) holder with an inner diameter of 10 mm, and an upper punch and a lower punch with a diameter of 9.99 mm.
- the material of the upper and lower punches was die steel (SKD11 material).
- a lower punch was inserted into the PEEK holder of the pellet making jig, and 50 mg of solid electrolyte was placed on top of the lower punch.
- the resin holder was then vibrated to smooth the surface of the solid electrolyte.
- An upper punch was then inserted on top of the solid electrolyte, and pressed with a press machine under a load of approximately 4 kN.
- the lower punch was removed, and 10 mg of the negative electrode mixture was placed on the solid electrolyte.
- the PEEK holder was vibrated to level the surface of the negative electrode mixture.
- the lower punch was inserted on the negative electrode mixture, and pressed with a press machine under a load of 3 kN.
- the negative electrode mixture was composed of a negative electrode active material and the above-mentioned solid electrolyte, and lithium titanate (LTO) with an average particle size of 6.0 ⁇ m was used as the negative electrode active material.
- LTO lithium titanate
- the upper punch was removed, and 10 mg of the positive electrode mixture was placed on the solid electrolyte layer.
- the PEEK holder was vibrated to level the surface of the positive electrode mixture.
- the positive electrode mixture was composed of a positive electrode active material, carbon as a conductive assistant, and the above-mentioned solid electrolyte, and lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) with an average particle size of 7.5 ⁇ m was used as the positive electrode active material.
- LCO lithium cobalt oxide
- two stainless steel plates with a diameter of 50 mm and a thickness of 5 mm and two Bakelite (registered trademark) plates with a diameter of 50 mm and a thickness of 2 mm were prepared.
- four holes for passing screws were made in each of the two stainless steel plates and the two Bakelite (registered trademark) plates.
- the screw holes were made in positions where the two stainless steel plates and the two Bakelite (registered trademark) plates overlap in a planar view when the electrochemical cell and the two stainless steel plates and the two Bakelite (registered trademark) plates are stacked, but do not overlap in a planar view with the electrochemical cell.
- the rate characteristics were evaluated using the fabricated all-solid-state battery. The rate characteristics were evaluated from the ratio of the discharge capacity when discharged at a discharge rate of 1C to the discharge capacity at a discharge rate of 0.1C (0.1C/1C rate characteristics).
- the all-solid-state battery was placed in an environment of 25°C and constant current charged (CC charging) at a constant current of 0.1C rate until the battery voltage reached 2.7V. After reaching 2.7V, the battery was charged until the current reached 0.05C (CV charging). After that, the battery was discharged at a constant current of 0.1C rate until the battery voltage reached 1.5V (CC discharging), and the discharge capacity at 0.1C was measured.
- the all-solid-state battery was then charged again under the above conditions and discharged at a discharge rate of 1C until the battery voltage reached 1.5V, and the discharge capacity at 1C was measured.
- the measurement results are summarized in Tables 7 to 9.
- Example 4 Comparative Example 2, Comparative Example 4, and Comparative Example 5 have the same composition, but the conditions of the synthesis step are different.
- Example 4 the zirconia container was cooled 1 hour after the start of synthesis, and the synthesis time was 5.5 hours.
- Comparative Example 2 the zirconia container was not cooled 1 hour after the start of synthesis, and the synthesis time was 24 hours, which was longer than that of Example 4.
- Comparative Example 4 like Comparative Example 2, the zirconia container was not cooled 1 hour after the start of synthesis, but the synthesis time was 5.5 hours, which was the same as that of Example 4.
- Comparative Example 5 like Example 4, the zirconia container was cooled 1 hour after the start of synthesis, but the synthesis time was 24 hours, which was longer than that of Example 4.
- the ionic conductivities of Example 4, Comparative Example 2, Comparative Example 4, and Comparative Example 5 were 2.3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 [S/cm], 4.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 [S/cm], 8.9 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 [S/cm], and 6.3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 [S/cm], respectively.
- the rate characteristics of Example 4, Comparative Example 2, Comparative Example 4, and Comparative Example 5 were 80%, 30%, 54%, and 43%, respectively.
- Example 4 cooling was performed immediately after the start of synthesis, and the length of the synthesis time was optimized.
- Comparative Example 2 cooling was not performed immediately after the start of synthesis, and the length of the synthesis time was not optimized.
- the ionic conductivity of Example 4 was 5.8 times that of Comparative Example 2.
- Comparative Example 4 the length of the synthesis time was optimized, but cooling was not performed immediately after the start of synthesis.
- the ionic conductivity of Example 4 was 2.6 times that of Comparative Example 4.
- Comparative Example 5 cooling was performed immediately after the start of synthesis, but the length of the synthesis time was not optimized.
- the ionic conductivity of Example 4 was 3.7 times that of Comparative Example 5.
- Example 17 and Comparative Example 6 have the same composition, but different synthesis step conditions.
- Example 17 the zirconia vessel was cooled for 1 hour after the start of synthesis.
- Comparative Example 6 the zirconia vessel was not cooled for 1 hour after the start of synthesis.
- the ionic conductivities of Example 17 and Comparative Example 6 were 2.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 [S/cm] and 9.2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 [S/cm], respectively.
- the rate characteristics of Example 17 and Comparative Example 6 were 82% and 58%, respectively.
- the ionic conductivity could be improved by adjusting the conditions of the synthesis process, and as a result, the rate characteristics could also be improved.
- the ionic conductivity of Example 17, in which cooling was performed immediately after the start of synthesis, was 2.7 times that of Comparative Example 6, in which cooling was not performed immediately after the start of synthesis.
- Example 18 and Comparative Example 7 have the same composition, but the conditions of the synthesis process are different.
- the synthesis time in Example 18 was 5 hours, whereas the synthesis time in Comparative Example 7 was 24 hours.
- the ionic conductivities of Example 18 and Comparative Example 7 were 2.7 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 [S/cm] and 9.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 [S/cm], respectively.
- the rate characteristics of Example 18 and Comparative Example 7 were 84% and 62%, respectively.
- the ionic conductivity of Example 18, in which the synthesis time length was optimized was 2.8 times that of Comparative Example 7, in which the synthesis time length was not optimized.
- Example 23 and Comparative Example 8 have the same composition, but the conditions of the synthesis process are different.
- the synthesis time in Example 23 was 4 hours, whereas the synthesis time in Comparative Example 8 was 24 hours.
- the ionic conductivities of Example 23 and Comparative Example 8 were 9.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 [S/cm] and 5.6 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 [S/cm], respectively.
- the rate characteristics of Example 23 and Comparative Example 8 were 69% and 39%, respectively.
- the ionic conductivity of Example 23, in which the length of the synthesis time was optimized was 3.6 times that of Comparative Example 8, in which the length of the synthesis time was not optimized.
- Example 24 and Comparative Example 9 have the same composition, but the conditions of the synthesis process are different.
- the synthesis time in Example 24 was 4 hours, whereas the synthesis time in Comparative Example 9 was 24 hours.
- the ionic conductivities of Example 24 and Comparative Example 9 were 2.6 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 [S/cm] and 7.7 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 [S/cm], respectively.
- the rate characteristics of Example 24 and Comparative Example 9 were 83% and 47%, respectively.
- the ionic conductivity of Example 24, in which the synthesis time length was optimized was 3.4 times that of Comparative Example 9, in which the synthesis time length was not optimized.
- Example 25 and Comparative Example 10 have the same composition, but different synthesis step conditions.
- Example 25 the zirconia vessel was cooled for 1 hour after the start of synthesis.
- Comparative Example 10 the zirconia vessel was not cooled for 1 hour after the start of synthesis.
- the ionic conductivities of Example 25 and Comparative Example 10 were 3.2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 [S/cm] and 9.8 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 [S/cm], respectively.
- the rate characteristics of Example 25 and Comparative Example 10 were 86% and 67%, respectively.
- the ionic conductivity could be improved by adjusting the conditions of the synthesis process, and as a result, the rate characteristics could also be improved.
- the ionic conductivity of Example 25, in which cooling was performed immediately after the start of synthesis, was 3.3 times that of Comparative Example 10, in which cooling was not performed immediately after the start of synthesis.
- Example 26 and Comparative Example 11 have the same composition, but different synthesis step conditions.
- Example 26 the zirconia vessel was cooled for 1 hour after the start of synthesis.
- Comparative Example 11 the zirconia vessel was not cooled for 1 hour after the start of synthesis.
- the ionic conductivities of Example 26 and Comparative Example 11 were 2.3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 [S/cm] and 8.2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 [S/cm], respectively.
- the rate characteristics of Example 26 and Comparative Example 11 were 80% and 55%, respectively.
- the ionic conductivity could be improved by adjusting the conditions of the synthesis process, and as a result, the rate characteristics could also be improved.
- the ionic conductivity of Example 26, in which cooling was performed immediately after the start of synthesis, was 2.8 times that of Comparative Example 11, in which cooling was not performed immediately after the start of synthesis.
- Example 27 and Comparative Example 12 have the same composition, but the conditions of the synthesis process are different.
- the synthesis time in Example 27 was 48 hours, whereas the synthesis time in Comparative Example 12 was 96 hours.
- the ionic conductivities of Example 27 and Comparative Example 12 were 2.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 [S/cm] and 5.8 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 [S/cm], respectively.
- the rate characteristics of Example 27 and Comparative Example 12 were 82% and 49%, respectively.
- the ionic conductivity of Example 27, in which the length of the synthesis time was optimized was 4.3 times that of Comparative Example 12, in which the length of the synthesis time was not optimized.
- Example 33 and Comparative Example 13 have the same composition, but the conditions of the synthesis process are different.
- the synthesis time of Example 33 was 48 hours, whereas the synthesis time of Comparative Example 13 was 72 hours.
- the ionic conductivities of Example 33 and Comparative Example 13 were 2.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 [S/cm] and 4.9 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 [S/cm], respectively.
- the rate characteristics of Example 33 and Comparative Example 13 were 82% and 49%, respectively.
- the ionic conductivity of Example 33, in which the length of the synthesis time was optimized was 4.3 times that of Comparative Example 13, in which the length of the synthesis time was not optimized.
- the solid electrolyte of this embodiment can be suitably applied to solid electrolyte batteries that serve as power sources for electronic devices.
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2022年9月30日に、日本に出願された特願2022-157983号に基づき優先権を主張し、その内容をここに援用する。
本発明は、上記課題を解決するため、以下の解決手段を提供する。
LiaAbEcJeXfHh・・・(1)
(式(1)中において、AはLi以外のアルカリ金属とアルカリ土類金属とから選択される少なくとも1種の元素であり、EはAl、Ga、In、Sc、Y、Ti、Zr、Hf、ランタノイドからなる群から選択される少なくとも1種の元素であり、Jはアニオンからなる群から選択される少なくとも1つの基であり、XはF、Cl、Br、Iからなる群から選択される少なくとも1種の元素であり、0.5≦a<6、0≦b<6、0<c<2、0<e≦6、0<f≦6.1、0≦h≦0.2である。)
記載“a±b”は、“a-b”の値から“a+b”の値までの範囲を示す。また、記載“aE-b”は、“a×10-b”の値を示す。
固体電解質は、外部から電場をかけることでイオンを移動させることができる物質である。固体電解質のイオン伝導度が高いと、固体電解質電池におけるイオンの授受がスムーズになり、内部抵抗が小さくなる。
基として、上記のアニオンを選ぶことにより、高いイオン伝導度が得られ、耐還元性が向上する。
本実施形態に係る固体電解質は、ラマン分光法によって検出されたラマンスペクトルにおいて、200~450cm-1の範囲と80~200cm-1の範囲のそれぞれに1つのピーク部を有し、200~450cm-1の範囲におけるピーク部をピーク部Aとし、前記ピーク部Aの起点1Aと起点2Aとを結ぶベースラインAとし、80~200cm-1の範囲におけるピーク部をピーク部Bとし、前記ピーク部Bの起点1Bと起点2Bとを結ぶベースラインBとしたとき、前記ピーク部AのベースラインAからの最強ピークの強度に対して半分の強度におけるピーク部幅が55cm-1以上であり、かつ、前記ピーク部BのベースラインBからの最強ピークの強度に対して半分の強度におけるピーク部幅が55cm-1以上である。評価方法1によるラマン分光特性について、以下、詳細に説明する。
規則的な結晶格子を備えて結晶性が高い固体の場合、各振動エネルギーに対応するピークはシャープ(鋭いもの)になるが、幅広いピークは結晶性の乱れ(アモルファス構造の促進)を反映するものである。本発明者は、同じ組成でも結晶性が低くなる(アモルファス構造が促進する)ように固体電解質を合成することによってイオン伝導度が高くなること、及びそのラマンスペクトルにおいてアモルファス構造の促進を反映してピークが拡幅化することを見い出し、本発明に想到した。
図1及び図2を用いて、本実施形態に係る固体電解質のラマン分光特性の評価方法1について説明する。
非特許文献2のFig.8において、XをCl、Br、Iと変えていくと、ピークが低波数側にシフトしていくことが示されている。ここでピークの本数は化合物に依存するが、それらのピークが重なって2つのピーク部を形成し、一つのピーク部は200~450cm-1の範囲にあり、他の一つのピーク部は80~200cm-1の範囲にある。
非特許文献1のLi-Sc-Cl系化合物の例においては、ScはZrより軽いのに上記のLi-Zr-Cl系化合物の例と比べて、200~450cm-1のピークは低波数側にあるものの、200cm-1以下のピークは高波数側にあり、ピークは本実施形態の範囲に含まれている。
Li-M(金属)-X(ハロゲン)系化合物のMやXが変わっても、M-X結合由来のピークは本実施形態の範囲に含まれると考えられる。
横軸に平行で波数50~500cm-1の範囲よりも長い直線を、横軸に平行なまま相対強度(Intensity)の高い方に移動していき、直線が最初にラマンスペクトルに当たった点を「起点1A」(図2中では符号F1で示す)という。起点1Aは相対強度が波数50~500cm-1の範囲で最も低い点である。この起点1Aを基準にして(固定して)直線を傾けていく。
ここで、起点1Aがラマンスペクトルにおいて350cm-1以上の波数の位置にあるときは、起点1Aを基準にして(固定して)、直線を左回転して次にラマンスペクトルに当たった点を「起点2A」(図2中では符号F2で示す)という。起点1Aと起点2Aとを結ぶ直線をベースラインA(図2中では符号BLAで示す)といい、ベースラインAとラマンスペクトルとの間の部分がピーク部Aである。なお、起点2Aを決定する際に、起点1Aの波数から30cm-1程度の小さい範囲の波数位置で直線がラマンスペクトルに当たったときにはその点を起点2Aとは決定せず、その先の強度の立ち上がりが頂点を迎えた後の位置で起点2Aを決定する。
ここで、ラマンスペクトルにおいて、起点1Aが350cm-1未満の波数の位置にある場合は、起点1Aを基準にして、直線を右回転して次にラマンスペクトルに当たった点を起点2Aという。
次に、横軸に平行で波数50~500cm-1の範囲よりも長い直線を、横軸に平行なまま相対強度が高い方から低い方へ移動して、ピーク部Aより低波数側で直線が最初にラマンスペクトルに当たる点からさらに相対強度が低い方へ移動していき、直線が最初にラマンスペクトルから外れる直前の点を「起点1B」(図2中では符号F4で示す)とする。ラマンスペクトルにおいて、起点1Bが150cm-1未満の波数の位置にある場合は、この起点1Bを基準にして(固定して)直線を左回転していき、ラマンスペクトルから外れる直前の点を「起点2B」(図2中では符号F3で示す)とする。起点1Bと起点2Bとの間の直線をベースラインB(図2中では符号BLBで示す)といい、ベースラインBとラマンスペクトルとの間の部分がピーク部Bである。なお、起点2Bを決定する際に、起点1Bの波数から30cm-1程度の小さい範囲の波数位置で直線がラマンスペクトルから外れるときにはその点を起点2Bとは決定せず、その先の強度の立ち上がりが頂点を迎えた後の位置で起点2Bを決定する。
ここで、ラマンスペクトルにおいて、起点1Bが150cm-1以上の波数の位置にあるときは、起点1Bを基準にして、直線を右回転して次にラマンスペクトルから外れる直前の点を起点2Bという。
このようにして決定されたピーク部A及びピーク部Bは、本実施形態に係る固体電解質のラマンスペクトルにおいては、それぞれ、200~450cm-1の範囲、80~200cm-1の範囲に存在する。
以上、図2のラマンスペクトルに基づいて、ピーク部A及びピーク部Bを決定する方法を説明したが、他のラマンスペクトルについても同様の方法でピーク部A及びピーク部Bを決定することができる。
図2に示す高イオン伝導化されたLi2ZrSO4Cl4では、ピーク部幅wAは121.7cm-1であり、ピーク部幅wBは85.7cm-1であった。なお、高イオン伝導化されていないLi2ZrSO4Cl4では、ピーク部幅wAは53.6cm-1であり、ピーク部幅wBは64.9cm-1であった。
80~200cm-1の範囲のラマンスペクトルは、金属-ハロゲン結合の曲がり(ベンディング)起因のピークであり、広い半値幅を持ちつつ、このピーク位置が低波数側にシフトすることで、エネルギー分布の広い金属-ハロゲン結合を持つことができ、Li+イオンの伝導パスが形成されやすくなり、高イオン伝導度を示すようになる。
本実施形態に係る固体電解質は、ラマン分光法によって検出されたラマンスペクトルにおいて、400~1000cm-1の領域における最小値の点Xと次に小さい極小値の点Yを通る直線をベースラインCとし、前記ピーク部Aの最強ピークPA及び前記ピーク部Bの最強ピークPBの前記ベースラインCからの強度をそれぞれ、IA、IBとし、前記ピーク部Aと前記ピーク部Bとの間で前記ベースラインCからの強度が最小となる強度をICとしたとき、0<ICである。
結晶構造の乱れにより、金属-ハロゲン結合エネルギーの分布が広がり、ピーク部Aの領域の下限の振動モードの下限側への広がりと、ピーク部Bの領域の上限の振動モードの上限側への広がりが生じて、2つのピーク部の領域の区別があいまいになることで、Li+イオンの移動確率が上がり、高いイオン伝導度を示すようになる。
評価方法2によるラマン分光特性について、以下、詳細に説明する。
まず、図3に示すように、400~1000cm-1の領域における相対強度の最小値の点Xと次に相対強度の小さい極小値の点Yを通る線をベースラインCとする。
次に、図4に示すように、上記ピーク部Aの最強ピークPA及び上記ピーク部Bの最強ピークPBのベースラインCからの強度をそれぞれ、IA、IBとし、ピーク部Aとピーク部Bとの間でベースラインCからの強度が最小となる強度をICとしたとき、0<ICである。
また、本実施形態に係る固体電解質では、ピーク部Bの最強ピークPBの強度IBと最小の強度ICとは、0.1≦IC/IB≦0.6を満たすことが好ましい。
また、本実施形態に係る固体電解質では、ピーク部Aの最強ピークPAの強度IAとピーク部Bの最強ピークPBの強度IBとはIA<IBを満たすことが好ましい。
固体電解質中の硫黄と酸素が強固に結合しSO4構造を維持して固体電解質材料中に存在することで、アモルファス構造を促進し、Li+イオンの伝導パスが形成されやすくなり、高イオン伝導度を示すようになる。
固体電解質中の硫黄と酸素がしっかりと結合しPO4構造を維持して固体電解質材料中に存在することで、アモルファス構造を促進し、Li+イオンの伝導パスが形成されやすくなり、高イオン伝導度を示すようになる。
図5は、本実施形態にかかる固体電解質電池100の断面模式図である。図5に示す固体電解質電池100は、発電素子40と外装体50とを備える。外装体50は、発電素子40の周囲を被覆する。発電素子40は、接続された一対の端子60、62によって外部と接続される。図1では、積層型の電池を示したが、巻回型の電池でもよい。固体電解質電池100は、例えば、ラミネート電池、角型電池、円筒型電池、コイン型電池、ボタン型電池等に用いられる。
発電素子40は、固体電解質層10と正極20と負極30とを備える。発電素子40は、正極20と負極30の間で固体電解質層10を介したイオンの授受及び外部回路を介した電子の授受により充電または放電する。
固体電解質層10は、本実施形態に係る固体電解質を含む層である。固体電解質層10は本実施形態に係る固体電解質のみでもよいが、バインダーや不織布といった支持体とともに用いてもよい。バインダーは電極に用いるものと同様のものを用いることができる。
固体電解質に対するバインダーの比率は体積比で10%以下であることが好ましい。不織布などの支持体は、バインダーに用いる樹脂やセラミックス、ガラスなどのように絶縁性であればよく、開口率が85%以上であることが好ましい。
固体電解質層10は、正極20と負極30とに挟まれる。固体電解質層10は、外部から印加された電圧によってイオンを移動させることができる固体電解質を含む。例えば、固体電解質は、リチウムイオンを伝導し、電子の移動を阻害する。
図5に示すように、正極20は、板状(箔状)の正極集電体22と正極合剤層24とを有する。正極合剤層24は、正極集電体22の少なくとも一面に接する。
図5に示すように、負極30は、負極集電体32と負極合剤層34とを有する。負極合剤層34は、負極集電体32に接する。
外装体50は、その内部に発電素子40を収納する。外装体50は、外部から内部への水分などの侵入を防ぐ。外装体50は、例えば図5に示すように、金属箔52と、金属箔52の各面に積層された樹脂層54と、を有する。外装体50は、金属箔52を樹脂層54で両側からコーティングした金属ラミネートフィルムである。
端子60、62は、それぞれ正極20と負極30とに接続されている。正極20に接続された端子60は正極端子であり、負極30に接続された端子62は負極端子である。端子60、62は、外部との電気的接続を担う。端子60、62は、アルミニウム、ニッケル、銅等の導電材料から形成されている。接続方法は、溶接でもネジ止めでもよい。端子60、62は短絡を防ぐために、絶縁テープで保護することが好ましい。
次に、本実施形態にかかる固体電解質電池の製造方法について説明する。まず固体電解質を準備する。固体電解質は、例えば、所定のモル比で所定の元素を含む原料粉末を混合し、メカノケミカル反応をさせる方法により製造できる。メカノケミカル反応を行う際に、未反応の原料が固体電解質内に残存するように調整する。具体的には、遊星型ボールミルの自転回転数、公転回転数、合成時間、投入時の原料粉末の状態を変えることで、原料の未反応成分を残存させることができる。
(固体電解質の作製)
露点約-75℃のグローブボックス内において、塩化ジルコニウム(ZrCl4)と硫酸リチウム(Li2SO4)とをそれぞれ、モル比で1:8の割合になるように秤量し、あらかじめジルコニアボールを入れている遊星型ボールミル用のジルコニア製密閉容器に投入した。次に密閉容器に蓋をし、蓋を容器本体にねじ止めし、さらに蓋と容器の間をポリイミドテープでシールした。ポリイミドテープは水分を遮断する効果がある。次に、ジルコニア製密閉容器を遊星型ボールミルにセットした。自転回転数300rpm、公転回転数300rpmとし、自転の回転方向と公転の回転方向とを逆方向として、2.5時間メカノケミカル反応させ、固体電解質(Li4Zr0.25(SO4)2Cl)を合成した。なお、ジルコニア製密閉容器の蓋の温度の変化量が合成開始1時間後に10℃以下になるように冷却しながら合成を行った。
実施例1の固体電解質のラマンスペクトルをラマン分光法で測定した。
ラマンスペクトルの測定条件は、レーザー波長:532nm、スリット幅:100×1000μm、アパーチャー:40μm、露光時間:60sec、積算:2回だった。
評価方法1によって、200~450cm-1の範囲におけるピーク部A及び80~200cm-1の範囲におけるピーク部Bを決定すると共に、各ピーク部における最強ピーク及び半値幅を計測した。
また、評価方法2によって、ベースラインCを決定すると共に、ピーク部Aの最強ピークPA及びピーク部Bの最強ピークPBのベースラインCからのそれぞれの強度IA、IB、及び、ピーク部Aとピーク部Bとの間でベースラインCからの強度が最小となる強度ICを計測した。
また、実施例1の固体電解質についてX線光電子分光法により光電子スペクトルを測定した。アルゴンガスを循環している露点約-70℃のグローブボックス内で、サンプリングを行い、大気非暴露状態でXPS測定装置まで搬送した。光電子スペクトルは、PHI社製のQuantera2を用いて測定した。その結果、作製された固体電解質では、170±0.5eV及び532±0.5eVにピークが確認された。
次いで、アルゴンガスを循環している露点約-70℃のグローブボックス内で、得られた固体電解質の粉末を加圧成形用ダイスに充填し、約30kNの加重で加圧成形し、イオン伝導度の測定セルを作製した。
表7,8において、ピーク部A(B)のベースラインA(B)からの最強ピークPA(PB)の強度に対して半分の強度におけるピーク部幅を「半値幅」と記載している。
実施例2~8は、原料粉末の材料及び/又はモル比、並びに合成時間を変更した以外は実施例1と同様にして固体電解質を合成した。実施例2~8でも実施例1と同様に、固体電解質の物性値の測定を行った。各原料の組成、モル比、測定結果を下記の表1,2,7にまとめた。
なお、図6Aに、実施例4のラマンスペクトルについて、評価方法1によってラマン分光特性の評価を行った図を示す。図6Bに、実施例4のラマンスペクトルについて、評価方法2によってラマン分光特性の評価を行った図を示す。
露点約-75℃のグローブボックス内において、硫酸ジルコニウム(ZrSO4)と塩化ジルコニウム(ZrCl4)と硫酸リチウム(Li2SO4)とをそれぞれ、モル比で0.5:1:1の割合になるように秤量し、あらかじめジルコニアボールを入れている遊星型ボールミル用のジルコニア製密閉容器に投入した。次に密閉容器に蓋をし、蓋を容器本体にねじ止めし、さらに蓋と容器の間をポリイミドテープでシールした。ポリイミドテープは水分を遮断する効果がある。次に、ジルコニア製密閉容器を遊星型ボールミルにセットした。自転回転数300rpm、公転回転数300rpmとし、自転の回転方向と公転の回転方向とを逆方向として、5時間メカノケミカル反応させ、固体電解質(Li2Zr1.5(SO4)2Cl)を合成した。
詳細には、原料粉末をジルコニア製密閉容器に投入するに際して、Li2SO4は混合前に1時間、上述と同様の遊星型ボールミル装置を用いて、回転数300rpmで粉砕した。次いで、ZrCl4を添加しさらに1時間、回転数200rpmで混合粉砕した。次いで、残りの原料(実施例9ではZrSO4)を加えて、投入を完了した。
なお、ジルコニア製密閉容器の蓋の温度の変化量が合成開始1時間後に10℃以下になるように冷却しながら合成を行った。
実施例9でも実施例1と同様に、固体電解質の物性値の測定を行った。各原料の組成、モル比、測定結果を下記の表1,2,7にまとめた。
実施例10は、硫酸ジルコニウム(ZrSO4)と塩化ジルコニウム(ZrCl4)と硫酸リチウム(Li2SO4)のモル比を0.4:1:1.5の割合になるように秤量した以外は実施例9と同様にして固体電解質を合成した。
実施例10でも実施例1と同様に、固体電解質の物性値の測定を行った。各原料の組成、モル比、測定結果を下記の表1,2,7にまとめた。
実施例11~21は、原料粉末の材料及びモル比を変えた以外は実施例9と同様にして固体電解質を合成した。実施例11~21でも実施例9と同様に、固体電解質の物性値の測定を行った。測定結果を下記の表1,2,7,8にまとめた。
露点約-75℃のグローブボックス内において、酸化リチウム(Li2O)と塩化ジルコニウム(ZrCl4)とをそれぞれ、モル比で10:1の割合になるように秤量し、あらかじめジルコニアボールを入れている遊星型ボールミル用のジルコニア製密閉容器に投入した。次に密閉容器に蓋をし、蓋を容器本体にねじ止めし、さらに蓋と容器の間をポリイミドテープでシールした。ポリイミドテープは水分を遮断する効果がある。
次に、ジルコニア製密閉容器を遊星型ボールミルにセットした。自転回転数300rpm、公転回転数300rpmとし、自転の回転方向と公転の回転方向とを逆方向として、4時間メカノケミカル反応させ、固体電解質(Li10ZrO5Cl4)を合成した。
詳細には、原料粉末をジルコニア製密閉容器に投入するに際して、Li2Oは混合前に1時間、上述と同様の遊星型ボールミル装置を用いて、回転数300rpmで粉砕した。次いで、残りの原料(実施例22ではZrCl4)を加えた。
なお、ジルコニア製密閉容器の蓋の温度の変化量が合成開始1時間後に10℃以下になるように冷却しながら合成を行った。
実施例22でも実施例1と同様に、固体電解質の物性値の測定を行った。各原料の組成、モル比、測定結果を下記の表3,4,8にまとめた。
実施例23は、原料粉末のモル比を変え合成時間を6時間にした以外は実施例22と同様にして固体電解質を合成した。
実施例24は、原料粉末のモル比を変え、合成時間を24時間にした以外は実施例22と同様にして固体電解質を合成した。
実施例25は、原料粉末のモル比を変え、合成時間を48時間にした以外は実施例22と同様にして固体電解質を合成した。
実施例26は、原料粉末のモル比を変え、合成時間を72時間にした以外は実施例22と同様にして固体電解質を合成した。
実施例23~26でも実施例22と同様に、固体電解質の物性値の測定を行った。各原料の組成、モル比、測定結果を下記の表3,4,8にまとめた。
なお、図7Aに、実施例25のラマンスペクトルについて、評価方法1によってラマン分光特性の評価を行った図を示す。図7Bに、実施例25のラマンスペクトルについて、評価方法2によってラマン分光特性の評価を行った図を示す。
実施例27~30は、原料粉末の材料及びモル比を変えた以外は実施例22と同様にして固体電解質を合成した。実施例23~30でも実施例22と同様に、固体電解質の物性値の測定を行った。各原料の組成、モル比、測定結果を下記の表3,4,8にまとめた。
実施例31は、露点-40℃のドライルームで原料粉末の投入及び容器の密閉作業を行った以外は実施例1と同様にして固体電解質を合成した。実施例31でも実施例1と同様に、固体電解質の物性値の測定を行った。各原料の組成、モル比、測定結果を下記の表3,4,8にまとめた。
実施例32は、露点-60℃のドライルームで原料粉末の投入及び容器の密閉作業を行った以外は実施例1と同様にして固体電解質を合成した。実施例32でも実施例1と同様に、固体電解質の物性値の測定を行った。各原料の組成、モル比、測定結果を下記の表3,4,8にまとめた。
実施例33は、原料粉末のモル比を変えた以外は実施例1と同様にして固体電解質を合成した。実施例33でも実施例1と同様に、固体電解質の物性値の測定を行った。各原料の組成、モル比、測定結果を下記の表3,4,8にまとめた。
比較例1は、原料粉末の材料及びモル比を変え、合成開始1時間のジルコニア製容器の冷却を行わず、合成時間が24時間であった以外は実施例1と同様にして固体電解質を合成した。なお、ジルコニア製密閉容器の蓋の温度の変化量は、合成開始1時間後に20℃以上となった。比較例1でも実施例1と同様に、固体電解質の物性値の測定を行った。各原料の組成、モル比、測定結果を下記の表5,6,9にまとめた。
なお、図8に、比較例1のラマンスペクトルについて、評価方法1によってラマン分光特性の評価を行った図を示す。
比較例2は、原料粉末のモル比を変え、合成開始1時間のジルコニア製容器の冷却を行わず、合成時間が24時間であった以外は実施例1と同様にして固体電解質を合成した。なお、ジルコニア製密閉容器の蓋の温度の変化量は、合成開始1時間後に20℃以上となった。比較例2でも実施例1と同様に、固体電解質の物性値の測定を行った。各原料の組成、モル比、測定結果を下記の表5,6,9にまとめた。
なお、図9に、比較例2のラマンスペクトルについて、評価方法1によってラマン分光特性の評価を行った図を示す。
比較例3は、露点-20℃のドライルームで原料粉末の投入及び容器の密閉作業を行い、合成時間が5.5時間であった以外は実施例1と同様にして固体電解質を合成した。比較例3でも実施例1と同様に、固体電解質の物性値の測定を行った。各原料の組成、モル比、測定結果を下記の表5,6,9にまとめた。
比較例4は、合成開始1時間のジルコニア製容器の冷却を行わなかった以外は実施例4と同様にして固体電解質を合成した。比較例4でも実施例1と同様に、固体電解質の物性値の測定を行った。各原料の組成、モル比、測定結果を下記の表5,6,9にまとめた。
比較例5は、合成時間が24時間であった以外は実施例4と同様にして固体電解質を合成した。比較例5でも実施例1と同様に、固体電解質の物性値の測定を行った。各原料の組成、モル比、測定結果を下記の表5,6,9にまとめた。
比較例6は、合成開始1時間のジルコニア製容器の冷却を行わなかった以外は実施例17と同様にして固体電解質を合成した。比較例6でも実施例1と同様に、固体電解質の物性値の測定を行った。各原料の組成、モル比、測定結果を下記の表5,6,9にまとめた。
比較例7は、合成時間が24時間であった以外は実施例18と同様にして固体電解質を合成した。比較例7でも実施例1と同様に、固体電解質の物性値の測定を行った。各原料の組成、モル比、測定結果を下記の表5,6,9にまとめた。
比較例8は、合成時間が24時間であった以外は実施例23と同様にして固体電解質を合成した。比較例8でも実施例1と同様に、固体電解質の物性値の測定を行った。各原料の組成、モル比、測定結果を下記の表5,6,9にまとめた。
比較例9は、合成時間が48時間であった以外は実施例24と同様にして固体電解質を合成した。比較例9でも実施例1と同様に、固体電解質の物性値の測定を行った。各原料の組成、モル比、測定結果を下記の表5,6,9にまとめた。
比較例10は、合成開始1時間のジルコニア製容器の冷却を行わなかった以外は実施例25と同様にして固体電解質を合成した。比較例10でも実施例1と同様に、固体電解質の物性値の測定を行った。各原料の組成、モル比、測定結果を下記の表5,6,9にまとめた。
比較例11は、合成開始1時間のジルコニア製容器の冷却を行わなかった以外は実施例26と同様にして固体電解質を合成した。比較例11でも実施例1と同様に、固体電解質の物性値の測定を行った。各原料の組成、モル比、測定結果を下記の表5,6,9にまとめた。
比較例12は、合成時間が96時間であった以外は実施例27と同様にして固体電解質を合成した。比較例12でも実施例1と同様に、固体電解質の物性値の測定を行った。各原料の組成、モル比、測定結果を下記の表5,6,9にまとめた。
比較例13は、合成時間が72時間であった以外は実施例33と同様にして固体電解質を合成した。比較例13でも実施例1と同様に、固体電解質の物性値の測定を行った。各原料の組成、モル比、測定結果を下記の表5,6,9にまとめた。
全固体電池を、露点約-70℃のグローブボックス内で作製した。全固体電池は、ペレット作製治具を用いて作製した。ペレット作製治具は、内径10mmのPEEK(ポリエーテルエーテルケトン)製ホルダーと、直径9.99mmの上パンチおよび下パンチとを有した。上下パンチの材質はダイス鋼(SKD11材)であった。
この合成工程の条件の違いに応じて、実施例4、比較例2、比較例4及び比較例5のイオン伝導度はそれぞれ、2.3×10-3〔S/cm〕、4.0×10-4〔S/cm〕、8.9×10-4〔S/cm〕、6.3×10-4〔S/cm〕であった。また、このイオン伝導度の大きさに応じて、実施例4、比較例2、比較例4及び比較例5のレート特性はそれぞれ、80%、30%、54%、43%であった。
以上の通り、同じ組成であっても、合成工程の条件を調整することによって、イオン伝導度を向上させることができ、その結果としてレート特性も向上させることができた。
実施例4では、合成開始直後の冷却を行い、かつ、合成時間の長さの最適化を図った。比較例2では、合成開始直後の冷却を行わず、かつ、合成時間の長さの最適化も図らなかった。実施例4のイオン伝導度は、比較例2のイオン伝導度の5.8倍であった。また、比較例4では、合成時間の長さの最適化を図ったものの、合成開始直後の冷却を行わなかった。実施例4のイオン伝導度は、比較例4のイオン伝導度の2.6倍であった。また、比較例5では、合成開始直後の冷却を行ったものの、合成時間の長さの最適化も図らなかった。実施例4のイオン伝導度は、比較例5のイオン伝導度の3.7倍であった。
この合成工程の条件の違いに応じて、実施例17及び比較例6のイオン伝導度はそれぞれ、2.5×10-3〔S/cm〕、9.2×10-4〔S/cm〕であった。また、このイオン伝導度の大きさに応じて、実施例17及び比較例6のレート特性はそれぞれ、82%、58%であった。
以上の通り、同じ組成であっても、合成工程の条件を調整することによって、イオン伝導度を向上させることができ、その結果としてレート特性も向上させることができた。
合成開始直後の冷却を行った実施例17のイオン伝導度は、合成開始直後の冷却を行わなかった比較例6のイオン伝導度の2.7倍であった。
この合成工程の条件の違いに応じて、実施例18及び比較例7のイオン伝導度はそれぞれ、2.7×10-3〔S/cm〕、9.5×10-4〔S/cm〕であった。また、このイオン伝導度の大きさに応じて、実施例18及び比較例7のレート特性はそれぞれ、84%、62%であった。
以上の通り、同じ組成であっても、合成工程の条件を調整することによって、イオン伝導度を向上させることができ、その結果としてレート特性も向上させることができた。
合成時間の長さの最適化を図った実施例18のイオン伝導度は、合成時間の長さの最適化を図らなかった比較例7のイオン伝導度の2.8倍であった。
この合成工程の条件の違いに応じて、実施例23及び比較例8のイオン伝導度はそれぞれ、9.5×10-4〔S/cm〕、5.6×10-4〔S/cm〕であった。また、このイオン伝導度の大きさに応じて、実施例23及び比較例8のレート特性はそれぞれ、69%、39%であった。
以上の通り、同じ組成であっても、合成工程の条件を調整することによって、イオン伝導度を向上させることができ、その結果としてレート特性も向上させることができた。
合成時間の長さの最適化を図った実施例23のイオン伝導度は、合成時間の長さの最適化を図らなかった比較例8のイオン伝導度の3.6倍であった。
この合成工程の条件の違いに応じて、実施例24及び比較例9のイオン伝導度はそれぞれ、2.6×10-3〔S/cm〕、7.7×10-4〔S/cm〕であった。また、このイオン伝導度の大きさに応じて、実施例24及び比較例9のレート特性はそれぞれ、83%、47%であった。
以上の通り、同じ組成であっても、合成工程の条件を調整することによって、イオン伝導度を向上させることができ、その結果としてレート特性も向上させることができた。
合成時間の長さの最適化を図った実施例24のイオン伝導度は、合成時間の長さの最適化を図らなかった比較例9のイオン伝導度の3.4倍であった。
この合成工程の条件の違いに応じて、実施例25及び比較例10のイオン伝導度はそれぞれ、3.2×10-3〔S/cm〕、9.8×10-4〔S/cm〕であった。また、このイオン伝導度の大きさに応じて、実施例25及び比較例10のレート特性はそれぞれ、86%、67%であった。
以上の通り、同じ組成であっても、合成工程の条件を調整することによって、イオン伝導度を向上させることができ、その結果としてレート特性も向上させることができた。
合成開始直後の冷却を行った実施例25のイオン伝導度は、合成開始直後の冷却を行わなかった比較例10のイオン伝導度の3.3倍であった。
この合成工程の条件の違いに応じて、実施例26及び比較例11のイオン伝導度はそれぞれ、2.3×10-3〔S/cm〕、8.2×10-4〔S/cm〕であった。また、このイオン伝導度の大きさに応じて、実施例26及び比較例11のレート特性はそれぞれ、80%、55%であった。
以上の通り、同じ組成であっても、合成工程の条件を調整することによって、イオン伝導度を向上させることができ、その結果としてレート特性も向上させることができた。
合成開始直後の冷却を行った実施例26のイオン伝導度は、合成開始直後の冷却を行わなかった比較例11のイオン伝導度の2.8倍であった。
この合成工程の条件の違いに応じて、実施例27及び比較例12のイオン伝導度はそれぞれ、2.5×10-3〔S/cm〕、5.8×10-4〔S/cm〕であった。また、このイオン伝導度の大きさに応じて、実施例27及び比較例12のレート特性はそれぞれ、82%、49%であった。
以上の通り、同じ組成であっても、合成工程の条件を調整することによって、イオン伝導度を向上させることができ、その結果としてレート特性も向上させることができた。
合成時間の長さの最適化を図った実施例27のイオン伝導度は、合成時間の長さの最適化を図らなかった比較例12のイオン伝導度の4.3倍であった。
この合成工程の条件の違いに応じて、実施例33及び比較例13のイオン伝導度はそれぞれ、2.5×10-3〔S/cm〕、4.9×10-4〔S/cm〕であった。また、このイオン伝導度の大きさに応じて、実施例33及び比較例13のレート特性はそれぞれ、82%、49%であった。
以上の通り、同じ組成であっても、合成工程の条件を調整することによって、イオン伝導度を向上させることができ、その結果としてレート特性も向上させることができた。
合成時間の長さの最適化を図った実施例33のイオン伝導度は、合成時間の長さの最適化を図らなかった比較例13のイオン伝導度の4.3倍であった。
20…正極
22…正極集電体
24…正極合剤層
30…負極
32…負極集電体
34…負極合剤層
40…発電素子
50…外装体
52…金属箔
54…樹脂層
60,62…端子
100…固体電解質電池
Claims (13)
- 下記式(1)で表される化合物を含み、
ラマン分光法によって検出されたラマンスペクトルにおいて、200~450cm-1の範囲と80~200cm-1の範囲のそれぞれに1つのピーク部を有し、200~450cm-1の範囲におけるピーク部をピーク部Aとし、前記ピーク部Aの起点1Aと起点2Aとを結ぶ直線をベースラインAとすると共に、80~200cm-1の範囲におけるピーク部をピーク部Bとし、前記ピーク部Bの起点1Bと起点2Bとを結ぶ直線をベースラインBとしたとき、前記ピーク部AのベースラインAからの最強ピークPAの強度に対して半分の強度におけるピーク部幅が55cm-1以上であり、かつ、前記ピーク部BのベースラインBからの最強ピークPBの強度に対して半分の強度におけるピーク部幅が55cm-1以上である、固体電解質;
LiaAbEcJeXfHh・・・(1)
(式(1)中において、AはLi以外のアルカリ金属とアルカリ土類金属とから選択される少なくとも1種の元素であり、EはAl、Ga、In、Sc、Y、Ti、Zr、Hf、ランタノイドからなる群から選択される少なくとも1種の元素であり、Jはアニオンからなる群から選択される少なくとも1つの基であり、XはF、Cl、Br、Iからなる群から選択される少なくとも1種の元素であり、0.5≦a<6、0≦b<6、0<c<2、0<e≦6、0<f≦6.1、0≦h≦0.2である。) - 前記ピーク部Bの前記ピーク部幅が80cm-1以上である、請求項1に記載の固体電解質。
- 前記ピーク部Bにおける最強ピークでの波数が140cm-1以下である、請求項1に記載の固体電解質。
- 前記ラマンスペクトルにおいて、
400~1000cm-1の領域における最小値の点Xと次に小さい極小値の点Yを通る直線をベースラインCとし、前記ピーク部Aの最強ピークPA及び前記ピーク部Bの最強ピークPBの前記ベースラインCからの強度をそれぞれ、IA、IBとし、前記ピーク部Aと前記ピーク部Bとの間で前記ベースラインCからの強度が最小となる強度をICとしたとき、0<ICである、請求項1に記載の固体電解質。 - 前記ピーク部Aの最強ピークPAの強度IAと、強度ICが、0.2≦IC/IA≦0.6を満たす、請求項4に記載の固体電解質。
- 前記ピーク部Bの最強ピークPBの強度IBと、強度ICが、0.1≦IC/IB≦0.6を満たす、請求項4に記載の固体電解質。
- 前記ピーク部Aの最強ピークPAの強度IAと前記ピーク部Bの最強ピークPBの強度IBとが、IA<IBを満たす、請求項4に記載の固体電解質。
- 前記アニオンがOH、BO2、BO3、BO4、B3O6、B4O7、CO3、NO3、AlO2、SiO3、SiO4、Si2O7、Si3O9、Si4O11、Si6O18、PO3、PO4、P2O7、P3O10、SO3、SO4、SO5、S2O3、S2O4、S2O5、S2O6、S2O7、S2O8、BF4、PF6、BOB、(COO)2、N、AlCl4、CF3SO3、CH3COO、CF3COO、OOC-(CH2)2-COO、OOC-CH2-COO、OOC-CH(OH)-CH(OH)-COO、OOC-CH(OH)-CH2-COO、C6H5SO3、OOC-CH=CH-COO、C(OH)(CH2COOH)2COO、AsO4、BiO4、CrO4、MnO4、PtF6、PtCl6、PtBr6、PtI6、SbO4、SeO4、TeO4、HCOO、CH3COO、Oからなる群から選択される少なくとも1つの基(BOBはビスオキサレートボラート、OOC-(CH2)2-COOはコハク酸のアニオン、OOC-CH2-COOはマロン酸のアニオン、OOC-CH(OH)-CH(OH)-COOは酒石酸のアニオン、OOC-CH(OH)-CH2-COOはリンゴ酸のアニオン、C6H5SO3はベンゼンスルホン酸のアニオン、OOC-CH=CH-COO(トランス型)はフマル酸のアニオン、OOC-CH=CH-COO(シス型)はマレイン酸のアニオン、及びC(OH)(CH2COOH)2COOはクエン酸のアニオンである。)である、請求項1に記載の固体電解質。
- X線光電子分光法(XPS)により測定された光電子スペクトルにおいて、170±0.5eV(硫黄の化学状態がSO4に対応する)と、532±0.5eV(酸素の化学状態がSO4に対応する)にピークを有する、請求項1に記載の固体電解質。
- X線光電子分光法(XPS)により測定された光電子スペクトルにおいて、132.5±0.5eV(リンの化学状態がPO4に対応する)と、531.5±0.5eV(酸素の化学状態がPO4に対応する)にピークを有する、請求項1に記載の固体電解質。
- 請求項1~10のいずれか一項に記載の固体電解質を含む固体電解質層。
- 固体電解質層と、正極と、負極と、を備え、前記正極及び前記負極の少なくとも一方が請求項1~10のいずれか一項に記載の固体電解質を含む、固体電解質電池。
- 請求項11に記載の固体電解質層と、正極と負極とを備える、固体電解質電池。
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| WO2021261558A1 (ja) * | 2020-06-24 | 2021-12-30 | Tdk株式会社 | 固体電解質および固体電解質電池 |
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