WO2024043226A1 - 水系電解液二次電池 - Google Patents
水系電解液二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024043226A1 WO2024043226A1 PCT/JP2023/030110 JP2023030110W WO2024043226A1 WO 2024043226 A1 WO2024043226 A1 WO 2024043226A1 JP 2023030110 W JP2023030110 W JP 2023030110W WO 2024043226 A1 WO2024043226 A1 WO 2024043226A1
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- electrode plate
- aqueous electrolyte
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- secondary battery
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/06—Lead-acid accumulators
- H01M10/08—Selection of materials as electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/14—Electrodes for lead-acid accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/628—Inhibitors, e.g. gassing inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/411—Organic material
- H01M50/414—Synthetic resins, e.g. thermoplastics or thermosetting resins
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/431—Inorganic material
- H01M50/434—Ceramics
- H01M50/437—Glass
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/44—Fibrous material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/449—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure
- H01M50/454—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure comprising a non-fibrous layer and a fibrous layer superimposed on one another
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/24—Alkaline accumulators
- H01M10/26—Selection of materials as electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- An aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is a secondary battery that uses an aqueous solution as an electrolyte.
- aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries include lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, and nickel-hydrogen batteries.
- Lead-acid batteries are used in a variety of applications, including automotive and industrial applications.
- a lead-acid battery includes a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, a separator interposed between them, and an electrolyte. Separators for lead-acid batteries are required to have various performances.
- a porous film made of polyolefin is generally used as a separator.
- WO 2005/000001 discloses a battery separator for reducing float charging, reducing water electrolysis and/or reducing water loss rate in lead-acid batteries, the battery separator comprising at least one additive with a density of at least 5.0 g/m 2 and at least one metal salt with a density of at least 1.0 g/m 2 .
- Patent Document 1 also proposes a lead-acid battery including such a separator.
- Patent Document 2 proposes a lead-acid battery containing a reducing organic substance of 0.5 mg/L or more and 3 mg/L or less in the electrolyte.
- Patent Document 3 discloses "a separator for a lead-acid battery comprising a polyolefin microporous membrane, the polyolefin microporous membrane comprising a polyethylene, preferably an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, a particulate filler, and a treated plasticizer. , the particulate filler is present in an amount of 40% or more by weight, and the polyethylene is a shish kebab comprising a plurality of extended chain crystals (shishi formation) and a plurality of folded chain crystals (kebab formation). separator comprising a polymer of formation, the average repetition or period of said kebab formation being from 1 nm to 150 nm, preferably less than 120 nm.
- Patent Document 4 describes ⁇ a raw material composition consisting of a mixture of 20 to 60% by mass of a polyolefin resin, 80 to 40% by mass of inorganic powder, and 40 to 240% by mass of mineral oil based on these blends. After heating and melting and kneading, it is formed into a sheet having ribs, and then immersed in an immersion tank containing an organic solvent capable of dissolving the oil to extract and remove a part of the oil, and then heated and dried.
- Patent Document 5 describes a lead-acid battery comprising a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, an electrolytic solution, and a separator, in which the separator is made of a porous sheet and a glass mat, and the electrolytic solution contains aluminum ions in an amount of 0.02 mol/L or more. .2 mol/L or less, and a lead-acid battery characterized by containing lithium ions in an amount of 0.02 mol/L or more and 0.2 mol/L or less.
- Patent Document 6 describes, "a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, a separator disposed between the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate, a membrane body disposed between the negative electrode plate and the separator, and an electrolytic solution. and a battery case containing the positive electrode plate, the negative electrode plate, the separator, the membrane body, and the electrolytic solution, the membrane body having pores with an average pore diameter of 15 ⁇ m or less, We are proposing a liquid lead-acid battery that is used so that the ratio of remaining capacity to capacity is 90% or less.
- Patent Document 7 describes "a step of preparing a battery case divided into two or more regions by one or more partition walls, a plurality of positive electrode plates, a plurality of polyolefin separators, a plurality of nonwoven fabrics, and a plurality of negative electrode plates.
- a step of preparing two or more electrode plate groups each comprising the steps of: accommodating the electrode plate groups in the region of the battery container; and supplying an electrolyte into the battery container. , when storing the electrode plate group in the region of the battery case, while applying a compressive force in the thickness direction of the electrode plate group from the partition wall to the electrode plate group, the electrode plate group is placed in the region.
- Patent Document 8 describes an electrode plate group in which a plurality of positive electrode plates having a positive electrode active material containing lead dioxide and negative electrode plates having a negative electrode active material containing metallic lead are alternately stacked with separators interposed therebetween.
- the electrode plate group is immersed in an electrolytic solution to constitute a cell, the flatness of the positive electrode plate after chemical formation is 4.0 mm or less, and the content of bismuth in the negative electrode active material is 0.5 ppm or more and 250 ppm.
- a lead-acid battery that has the following characteristics:
- Patent Document 9 states that ⁇ a negative electrode plate consisting of a negative electrode lattice that does not contain Sb and a positive electrode lattice that does not contain Sb, and at least a portion of the surface in contact with the positive electrode active material, has an amount of 0.01 to 0.20 wt of the positive electrode active material. % of Sb, and a separator interposed between the positive and negative electrode plates, the entire surfaces of the positive and negative electrode plates are immersed in an electrolytic solution, and the negative electrode active material They propose a lead-acid battery characterized by containing 0.02 to 0.10 wt% of Bi based on the amount of negative electrode active material.
- Patent Document 10 discloses that ⁇ a negative electrode plate including a non-Sb negative electrode lattice and a negative electrode active material containing 0.1 to 3% by weight of Ba and 0.1 to 2.5% by weight of graphite or carbon; "A lead-acid battery characterized in that the active material contains at least one member selected from the group consisting of Sb, Sn, Bi, Zn, Se, Mn, Ca, Mg, and Sr.”
- Aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries are required to improve charge acceptance.
- Charge acceptability can generally be increased by increasing the reaction area of the positive and negative electrode plates, increasing the temperature of the aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, or lowering the specific gravity of the electrolyte.
- the battery design must be changed significantly, and various factors must be controlled in relation to the battery design, which is a problem.
- the aqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes an electrode plate group and an aqueous electrolyte,
- the electrode plate group includes a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, and a separator interposed between the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate,
- the chemical oxygen demand in the aqueous electrolyte is 5 mg/L or more and 160 mg/L or less, for an aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- Charging acceptability can be improved in aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries.
- FIG. 1 is a partially cutaway perspective view showing the appearance and internal structure of an aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- 2 is a schematic plan view of the separator of FIG. 1.
- the electrolyte contains a certain amount of organic components at an early stage.
- the organic components are believed to originate from the battery components.
- Components of the battery that serve as sources of organic components include additives for the electrolytic solution, separators, electrodes, and the like.
- Organic components originating from separators or electrodes may be contained in the electrolyte due to elution of additives contained in the separators or electrodes, or elution of components attached to separators or electrodes during the manufacturing process. It is thought that Components that adhere to the separator or electrode during the manufacturing process include cutting oil, mold release agent, and the like.
- the present inventors have discovered that in an aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, when the electrolyte contains a certain amount of organic components, charge acceptance is reduced.
- the decrease in charging acceptability is probably due to the following reasons.
- a charging reaction occurs in each of the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate, and a charging current flows between the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate.
- side reactions such as oxidation of the organic component will occur. As a result, it is thought that charging current becomes difficult to flow, and charging acceptability decreases.
- an aqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes an electrode plate group and an aqueous electrolyte.
- the electrode plate group includes a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, and a separator interposed between the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate.
- the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the aqueous electrolyte is 5 mg/L or more and 160 mg/L or less.
- COD is the amount of oxygen required to oxidize oxidizable substances in water.
- the COD in the aqueous electrolyte can be said to be an index of the concentration of organic components contained in the aqueous electrolyte.
- COD is COD in an aqueous electrolyte solution collected from a fully charged aqueous electrolyte secondary battery at the initial stage of use.
- a battery in the early stage of use is a battery that has not been used for much time and has hardly deteriorated.
- the COD in the aqueous electrolyte of the aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is set to 5 mg/L or more and 160 mg/L or less. This makes it easier for charging current to flow between the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate, greatly improving charging acceptability, compared to cases where the COD in the aqueous electrolyte is less than 5 mg/L or more than 160 mg/L. This is considered to be because the concentration of the organic component in the aqueous electrolytic solution is within the above range, thereby suppressing side reactions that are decomposition reactions of the organic component.
- the COD in the aqueous electrolyte when the COD in the aqueous electrolyte is 5 mg/L or more, the decomposition reaction of organic components on the surface of the positive electrode plate takes precedence over the oxidation reaction of the separator, resulting in oxidative deterioration of the separator. is reduced. As a result, internal short circuits due to oxidative deterioration of the separator are suppressed, resulting in higher life performance. Furthermore, it is thought that by setting the COD in the aqueous electrolyte to 160 mg/L or less, side reactions in which organic substances in the electrolyte are oxidized or reductively decomposed on the surface of the electrode plate are suppressed.
- FIG. 5 of Patent Document 1 states that the CODs of batteries A, B, and D are 20,031 mg/L, 5,920 mg/L, and 13,004 mg/L, respectively. Although these values and the COD in the aqueous electrolyte of the present disclosure, which is 160 mg/L or less, cannot be unconditionally compared, it can be said that the COD in the battery of Patent Document 1 is a considerably large value.
- the COD in the aqueous electrolyte may be 130 mg/L or less. In this case, higher charge acceptability can be ensured.
- the COD in the aqueous electrolyte may be 8 mg/L or more. In this case, higher charge acceptability can be ensured.
- the aqueous electrolyte secondary battery may be a lead-acid battery.
- Aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries include lead-acid batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, and the like.
- lead-acid batteries have the highest positive electrode potential. Therefore, organic components are easily oxidized and decomposed on the surface of the positive electrode plate, and side reactions are likely to proceed. According to the present disclosure, high charge acceptability can be ensured even in such a lead-acid battery.
- the lead-acid battery may be a valve-controlled lead-acid battery (also referred to as a sealed battery), but a liquid lead-acid battery (vented battery) is preferable because it can effectively utilize the effect of COD reduction.
- a valve regulated lead-acid battery is sometimes called a VRLA (Valve Regulated Lead-Acid Battery).
- the negative electrode plate may contain at least one selected from the group consisting of an organic shrink-proofing agent and a carbonaceous material.
- the negative electrode plate contains at least one selected from the group consisting of an organic shrink-proofing agent and a carbonaceous material, high charge acceptance tends to be obtained.
- the negative electrode plate contains at least one selected from the group consisting of an organic shrink-proofing agent and a carbonaceous material, the COD in the electrolyte may be higher than when the negative electrode plate does not contain either substance. This may affect charging acceptability.
- the COD in the electrolyte is within a specific range
- the negative electrode plate is made of a group consisting of an organic preshrink agent and a carbonaceous material.
- the electrode plate group may include a fiber mat interposed between the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate.
- the electrode plate group includes a fiber mat, the internal resistance of the battery tends to be larger and the charge acceptability tends to be lower than when the electrode plate group does not include the fiber mat. Even in such a case, in the aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the above aspect of the present invention, high charge acceptance can be ensured because the COD in the electrolyte is within a specific range.
- COD chemical oxygen demand
- the inventors have discovered that if the charge acceptability is increased by lowering the amount of organic components in the electrolyte, the lifespan tends to be shortened in high-temperature overcharge tests as a trade-off. They made a new discovery. For example, in a light load life test (e.g. 75°C JIS light load life test (bisection method)), the test conditions are such that the amount of charged electricity is greater than the amount of discharged electricity, so lead-acid batteries are overloaded during the test. In a charged state, hydrogen is generated on the negative electrode side and oxygen is generated on the positive electrode side due to decomposition of the electrolyte. Reducing the amount of organic components in the light load life test tends to cause the lead acid battery to become more overcharged due to improved charge acceptance.
- a light load life test e.g. 75°C JIS light load life test (bisection method)
- the test conditions are such that the amount of charged electricity is greater than the amount of discharged electricity, so lead-acid batteries are overloaded during
- the separator includes a porous film made of resin, the porous film includes a crystalline region and an amorphous region, and the porous In the X-ray diffraction spectrum of the film, the degree of crystallinity expressed as 100 ⁇ I c /(I c +I a ) may be 18% or more.
- I c is the integrated intensity of the diffraction peak with the maximum peak height among the diffraction peaks corresponding to the crystalline region
- I a is the integrated intensity of the halo corresponding to the amorphous region.
- the aqueous electrolyte secondary battery (lead-acid battery) described in (7) above has excellent charge acceptance and excellent life performance in a high temperature overcharge state test.
- the chemical oxygen demand may be 15 mg/L or more.
- the aqueous electrolyte secondary battery (lead-acid battery) described in (8) above has a life performance that is less likely to deteriorate in a high-temperature overcharge state test.
- the crystallinity may be 40% or less.
- the porous film included in the aqueous electrolyte secondary battery (lead acid battery) described in (9) above has excellent flexibility and is easy to manufacture.
- the porous film included in the aqueous electrolyte secondary battery (lead acid battery) according to the present disclosure may include a crystalline region and an amorphous region.
- the degree of crystallinity expressed as 100 ⁇ I c /(I c +I a ) may be 18% or more.
- I c is the integrated intensity of the diffraction peak having the maximum peak height among the diffraction peaks corresponding to the crystalline region.
- Ia is the integrated intensity of the halo corresponding to the amorphous region.
- the crystallinity of the porous film is 18% or more, even if the COD in the electrolyte is reduced to 160 mg/L or less to improve charge acceptance, the high-temperature overcharge state test It was found that the decrease in life performance was significantly suppressed. This is because when the degree of crystallinity increases to a certain degree, the oxidation resistance of the porous film is significantly improved. As a result, the period until cracks or tears occur in the porous film becomes longer, and the life performance is improved.
- the life performance in the high temperature overcharge state test when the COD in the electrolyte is reduced to 160 mg/L or less is significantly improved. This is because the period until cracks or tears occur in the porous film becomes longer, and the porous film rarely reaches the end of its service life due to deterioration.
- the ratio of the mass of the positive electrode material to the mass of the negative electrode material (hereinafter also referred to as "Mp/Mn ratio”) is, for example, 1.2 or more, and may be 1.3 or more.
- the Mp/Mn ratio may be 1.4 or less.
- a preferable range of the Mp/Mn ratio is, for example, 1.2 or more and 1.4 or less, and may be 1.3 or more and 1.4 or less.
- the mass of the positive electrode material is the mass of the positive electrode material that one positive electrode plate has.
- the mass of the negative electrode material is the mass of the negative electrode material that one negative electrode plate has. Increasing the Mp/Mn ratio to 1.2 or more means reducing the amount of negative electrode material used.
- the weight of the lead-acid battery can be reduced and the cost can be reduced. Further, when the Mp/Mn ratio is 1.2 or more, the load on the positive electrode plate can be reduced, so that softening and falling off of the positive electrode plate can be easily suppressed.
- Aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries for vehicles are required to ensure excellent life performance (heavy load life performance) in heavy load life tests.
- a lead-acid battery In a heavy load life test, a lead-acid battery is deeply discharged with a large current, and then charged with an amount of electricity that is approximately the same as the amount of electricity discharged. Therefore, in order to obtain excellent heavy load life performance, it is important to suppress side reactions. If part of the charged electricity is consumed by side reactions, charging becomes insufficient.
- the depth of discharge of the aqueous electrolyte secondary battery becomes deeper, the positive electrode material gradually softens and falls off the positive electrode plate, reaching the end of its life. This tendency is particularly strong in commercial vehicles such as trucks and taxis, which have relatively strong vibrations.
- the separator includes a porous resin film and a nonwoven fabric in contact with the positive electrode plate. and may also be provided.
- the aqueous electrolyte secondary battery (lead acid battery) described in (10) above has high CCA performance and excellent heavy load life performance. This is thought to be because adjusting the COD in the electrolytic solution suppresses a decrease in the bonding force between the positive electrode current collector and the positive electrode material due to the progress of softening of the positive electrode material due to deep discharge. When a nonwoven fabric is used, falling off of the positive electrode material can be reduced, but the softening of the positive electrode material itself due to deep discharge progresses.
- organic substances in the electrolyte not only reduce charge acceptance through oxidative decomposition on the surface of the positive electrode plate, but also affect both charging and discharging reactions by inhibiting ionic conduction in the electrolyte.
- the COD in the electrolytic solution exceeds 160 mg/L, ion conduction in the electrolytic solution is inhibited and discharge reaction is inhibited, resulting in a decrease in CCA performance.
- the COD in the electrolytic solution exceeds 160 mg/L or less, ion conduction is less likely to be inhibited, so high CCA performance can be obtained.
- the nonwoven fabric may be a mat containing at least one selected from the group consisting of glass fibers and organic fibers.
- glass fiber has excellent oxidation resistance, and organic fiber has excellent flexibility and adhesion with the positive electrode material, so that the positive electrode is softened. It is highly effective in suppressing the electrode material from falling off.
- the COD may be 100 mg/L or less.
- the discharge performance is significantly improved, so higher CCA performance and better heavy load life performance can be obtained. Moreover, by adopting such a configuration, the charging acceptability is further excellent, and the life performance in a test of a high temperature overcharge state is less likely to deteriorate.
- the nonwoven fabric may be fixed to the surface of the positive electrode plate.
- the porous film may have a thickness of 100 ⁇ m or more and 300 ⁇ m or less.
- the porous film is sufficiently thin and has high strength, so it has higher charge acceptance and better performance in high-temperature overcharge state tests. It is possible to obtain long life performance. Furthermore, higher CCA performance and better heavy load life performance can be obtained.
- the nonwoven fabric may have a thickness of 30 ⁇ m or more and 800 ⁇ m or less.
- aqueous electrolyte secondary battery lead-acid battery
- at least a portion of an end portion of the porous film is covered with the nonwoven fabric. It may also have areas where it is not.
- the size of the nonwoven fabric is set to a size sufficient to suppress the softened positive electrode material from falling off while suppressing an increase in internal resistance. It can be done.
- Interposing a porous film and a nonwoven fabric between the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate is effective in suppressing the softened positive electrode material from falling off.
- the inventors have found that when the COD in the electrolyte exceeds a certain range, the degree of improvement in heavy load life performance by employing a nonwoven fabric is limited.
- heavy load life performance refers to an area where the depth of one discharge is 20% or more (also referred to as heavy load area) when the rated capacity (5 hour rate capacity) is 100%. This is the life performance when repeated discharging and charging up to Details of the test conditions for heavy load life performance will be described later.
- the nonwoven fabric only needs to be in contact with the surface of the positive electrode plate, but may be fixed to the surface of the positive electrode plate.
- the effect of suppressing the softened positive electrode material from falling off becomes greater.
- the surface area of the positive electrode plate covered with the nonwoven fabric increases, the heavy load life performance is more strongly influenced by the COD value. Therefore, the effect of improving heavy load life performance by reducing COD is more prominent.
- the method for fixing the nonwoven fabric to the surface of the positive electrode plate is not particularly limited, but examples include a method in which the nonwoven fabric is pressed and attached to the surface of the positive electrode plate in an unformed state, and then fixed by chemical conversion.
- the ratio of the mass of the positive electrode material to the mass of the negative electrode material (hereinafter also referred to as "Mp/Mn ratio”) is, for example, 1.2 or more, and may be 1.3 or more.
- the Mp/Mn ratio may be 1.4 or less.
- a preferable range of the Mp/Mn ratio is, for example, 1.2 or more and 1.4 or less, and may be 1.3 or more and 1.4 or less.
- the mass of the positive electrode material is the mass of the positive electrode material that one positive electrode plate has.
- the mass of the negative electrode material is the mass of the negative electrode material that one negative electrode plate has. Increasing the Mp/Mn ratio to 1.2 or more means reducing the amount of negative electrode material used.
- the weight of the lead-acid battery can be reduced and the cost can be reduced. Further, when the Mp/Mn ratio is 1.2 or more, the load on the positive electrode plate can be reduced, so that softening and falling off of the positive electrode plate can be easily suppressed.
- aqueous electrolyte secondary battery (lead acid battery) according to the present disclosure is suitable for use in vehicles that are subject to idling stop/start (ISS) control.
- Lead-acid batteries installed in ISS-controlled vehicles are discharged to a deep DOD, so the use of nonwoven fabric has the effect of suppressing cathode material falling off, and the effect of improving CCA performance by controlling COD is even greater. Significantly expressed.
- Recent lead-acid batteries are used under conditions different from those of conventional lead-acid batteries.
- Such lead-acid batteries are used, for example, in a partial state of charge (PSOC). If the lead-acid battery continues to be discharged from the PSOC without being charged while the engine is stopped, the depth of discharge (hereinafter referred to as "DOD") increases.
- PSOC partial state of charge
- DOD depth of discharge
- an increasing number of delivery vehicles such as taxis, buses, and parcel delivery services are being controlled by ISS.
- These commercial ISS vehicles have a longer engine stop time than owner-operated ISS vehicles. In other words, commercial ISS vehicles have a large electrical load, and the amount of electricity discharged from lead-acid batteries has increased.
- One of the factors contributing to the deterioration of lead-acid batteries due to use in deep DODs is a decrease in charge acceptance of the negative electrode material and an increase in impedance due to the formation of a high resistance layer at the positive electrode material/positive electrode grid interface.
- Adding Bi to the negative electrode material improves the charge acceptance of the negative electrode, but it may be difficult to sufficiently improve the life in the heavy load life test by adding Bi.
- the positive electrode plate includes a positive electrode material
- the negative electrode plate includes a negative electrode material.
- the negative electrode material may include Bi element
- the content of the Bi element in the negative electrode material may be 100 ppm or more and 300 ppm or less on a mass basis.
- the lead acid battery described in (17) above exhibits an excellent lifespan in a heavy load lifespan test.
- the COD in the aqueous electrolyte may be 120 mg/L or less. According to the lead acid battery described in (18) above, a more excellent lifespan can be obtained in a heavy load lifespan test.
- the ratio of the mass of the positive electrode material to the mass of the negative electrode material is 1.2 or more and 1.4 or less. There may be.
- the lead-acid battery described in (19) above not only has an excellent lifespan in a heavy load life test, but also can reduce the amount of negative electrode material used, and is suitable for weight reduction and cost reduction.
- the lead-acid battery according to any one of (4) to (19) above may be used for a vehicle controlled by an ISS.
- ISS vehicle controlled by an ISS.
- delivery vehicles such as taxis, buses, and parcel delivery services that are controlled by ISS, and there is a strong need to improve the lifespan of the lead-acid batteries installed in these vehicles in heavy load life tests. .
- the reaction tends to become non-uniform in the vertical direction. This is because when discharging, the negative electrode plate tends to be discharged relatively uniformly as a whole, but when charging, depending on the charging conditions (charging voltage, charging time), charging tends to be insufficient.
- the reaction of PbSO 4 +2e - ⁇ Pb+SO 4 2- and the reaction of 2H + +2e - ⁇ H 2 proceed competitively at the top of the negative plate, so the number of electrons that can be supplied to the bottom of the negative plate decreases. Decrease.
- the upper part of the negative electrode plate that tends to collect current is selectively charged, and the lower part of the negative electrode plate is less likely to be charged.
- lead sulfate tends to remain in the lower part of the negative electrode plate.
- lead sulfate accumulates in the lower part of the negative electrode plate, resulting in uneven reaction in the vertical direction of the negative electrode plate.
- Bi is included in the negative electrode material
- the upper part of the negative electrode plate is more easily charged due to improved charge acceptance due to the reduction effect of hydrogen generation overvoltage due to the Bi element.
- the effect of improving charge acceptance by adding Bi element is limited. In other words, the non-uniformity of the reaction in the vertical direction of the negative electrode plate becomes more pronounced when the Bi element is added.
- the concentration of organic matter in the electrolyte decreases, and the amount of side reactions during charging decreases. Therefore, it is assumed that the less COD in the electrolytic solution, the better the charging efficiency and the longer the life in the heavy load life test.
- the charging efficiency increases excessively, the charging reaction tends to proceed locally. Specifically, since the charging reaction progresses more easily in the upper portions of the positive and negative electrode plates, the upper portions of these electrode plates are selectively charged, and the lower portions of the electrode plates are less likely to be charged. Therefore, the upper part of the positive electrode plate is likely to be in an overcharged state, and deterioration of the positive electrode material and corrosion of the positive electrode current collector are likely to progress.
- the reaction of the positive electrode plate becomes uneven due to excessive charging rather than insufficient charging of the negative electrode plate.
- the content of Bi element in the negative electrode material needs to be limited to 100 ppm or more and 300 ppm or less on a mass basis. Although the detailed mechanism has not been fully elucidated, when the content of Bi element is less than 100 ppm on a mass basis, it is not affected by COD and sufficient heavy load life performance can be obtained as shown in the examples described later. do not have. This is presumed to be because the upper part of the negative electrode plate, which is more likely to be charged, is selectively charged, and the upper part of the opposing positive electrode plate is also selectively charged, which tends to cause the charging reaction to become uneven in the vertical direction of the electrode plate. .
- the Bi element content is 100 ppm to 300 ppm on a mass basis and the COD is 5 mg/L to 160 mg/L
- the oxidation reaction of organic matter at the top of the positive electrode plate causes selective The charging reaction can be suppressed, and the entire electrode plate can be charged relatively uniformly.
- the content of Bi element in the negative electrode material may be 100 ppm or more on a mass basis, but may be 150 ppm or more.
- the content of Bi element in the negative electrode material may be 250 ppm or less, or 230 ppm or less on a mass basis.
- a preferable range of the Bi element content in the negative electrode material may be, for example, 100 ppm or more and 250 ppm or less, or 150 ppm or more and 230 ppm or less, on a mass basis.
- the ratio of the mass of the positive electrode material to the mass of the negative electrode material (hereinafter also referred to as "Mp/Mn ratio") is, for example, 1.2 or more, and may be 1.3 or more.
- the Mp/Mn ratio may be 1.4 or less.
- a preferable range of the Mp/Mn ratio is, for example, 1.2 or more and 1.4 or less, and may be 1.3 or more and 1.4 or less.
- the mass of the positive electrode material is the mass of the positive electrode material that one positive electrode plate has.
- the mass of the negative electrode material is the mass of the negative electrode material that one negative electrode plate has.
- Increasing the Mp/Mn ratio to 1.2 or more means reducing the amount of negative electrode material used. In other words, by setting the Mp/Mn ratio to 1.2 or more, the weight of the lead-acid battery can be reduced and the cost can be reduced.
- the Mp/Mn ratio is 1.2 or more
- the load on the negative electrode plate becomes considerably large, and charge acceptability tends to decrease.
- the negative electrode material contains a predetermined amount of Bi element, so even if the Mp/Mn ratio is increased to 1.2 or more, sulfation of the negative electrode plate does not occur. It is difficult to progress and the heavy load life performance is not likely to deteriorate.
- the lead-acid battery according to the present disclosure is suitable for use in vehicles that are subject to idling stop/start (ISS) control.
- Lead-acid batteries installed in ISS-controlled vehicles are often used in PSOC, and are required to have excellent deep discharge cycle life. Additionally, excellent heavy load life performance is also required.
- the fully charged state of a liquid lead-acid battery is defined by JIS D 5301:2019. More specifically, the terminal voltage (unit: V) during charging measured every 15 minutes in a water tank at 25°C ⁇ 2°C or the electrolyte density converted to a temperature of 20°C is a significant figure for three consecutive times.
- the state in which the lead-acid battery is charged with a current 2I 20 (unit: A) that is twice the 20 hourly rate current I 20 until a constant value is shown in three digits is considered to be a fully charged state.
- the 20-hour rate current I20 is a current (A) that is 1/20 of the Ah value stated in the rated capacity.
- the numerical value described as the rated capacity is a numerical value in Ah (ampere hour).
- the unit of current set based on the numerical value stated as the rated capacity is A (ampere).
- a fully charged state means a current of 5I 20 (unit: A), which is 5 times the 20-hour rate current I 20 in an air tank at 25°C ⁇ 2°C.
- Constant current and constant voltage charging was performed at 67 V/cell (16.00 V for a lead-acid battery with a rated voltage of 12 V), and charging was completed when the total charging time reached 24 hours.
- a fully charged lead-acid battery is a lead-acid battery that has been charged to a fully charged state.
- the timing for charging the lead-acid battery to a fully charged state may be immediately after the formation, or may be after some time has elapsed since the formation.
- a lead-acid battery that is in use (preferably at the beginning of use) may be charged after chemical formation.
- a battery in the early stage of use is a battery that has not been used for much time and has hardly deteriorated.
- a fully charged state of a nickel-metal hydride battery is a state in which it is charged according to the "charging procedure before testing" of JIS C 63115-2:2022.
- each cell is discharged to 1.0 V at a constant current of 0.2 It (unit: A).
- the battery was charged at a constant current of 0.1 It (unit: A) for 10 to 16 hours.
- It is the reference test current.
- C5 is the rated capacity and represents the electrical capacity specified by the manufacturer.
- the fully charged state of a nickel-cadmium battery is defined in accordance with the fully charged state of a nickel-hydrogen battery described above.
- the vertical direction of an aqueous electrolyte secondary battery or components (electrode plates, battery cases, separators, etc.) of an aqueous electrolyte secondary battery refers to an aqueous electrolyte secondary battery placed in a state of use. means the up and down direction in the vertical direction.
- each of the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate is provided with an ear portion for connection to an external terminal.
- the ear portion is provided on the top of the electrode plate so as to protrude upward.
- aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention will be specifically explained for each main requirement.
- the present invention is not limited to only the constituent elements described below.
- the components described herein may be combined in any desired manner. At least one component described herein may be combined with at least one of (1) to (20) above.
- the aqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes an electrode plate group and an aqueous electrolyte.
- the positive electrode plate, negative electrode plate, and separator constitute an electrode plate group.
- the electrode plate group constitutes a cell together with an electrolyte.
- One electrode plate group constitutes one cell.
- a lead-acid battery comprises one or more cells by comprising one or more electrode groups. There is no particular limitation on the number of positive electrode plates and negative electrode plates included in one electrode plate group.
- the electrode plate group included in the lead-acid battery according to the present disclosure includes, for example, a total of 12 or more positive electrode plates and negative electrode plates.
- a plurality of electrode plate groups are usually housed in individual cell chambers and connected to each other in series.
- a lead-acid battery includes a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, a separator interposed between the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate, and an electrolyte.
- the electrolyte contains sulfuric acid. Charging and discharging progress as sulfate ions move between the positive and negative plates and the electrolyte. During discharge, sulfate ions move to the positive and negative plates, resulting in a decrease in the density of the electrolyte. During charging, sulfate ions move from the positive and negative plates into the electrolyte, increasing the density of the electrolyte.
- the COD in the aqueous electrolyte is 5 mg/L or more and 160 mg/L or less.
- the COD in the electrolyte may be 120 mg/L or less.
- the upper limit of COD in the above range in the aqueous electrolyte is preferably 130 mg/L or less or 100 mg/L or less, and more preferably 50 mg/L or less or 30 mg/L or less. Preferably, 25 mg/L or less is more preferable.
- the lower limit of the above range is preferably 8 mg/L or more, and this lower limit may be combined with each of the above upper limits.
- COD in the aqueous electrolyte can be controlled, for example, by the following method.
- One of the following methods may be employed, or multiple methods may be combined.
- Examples of "constituent elements other than the aqueous electrolyte” include a separator, a current collector of a positive electrode plate or a negative electrode plate, and a positive electrode material or a negative electrode material. That is, method (2) can be roughly divided into the following three methods.
- (2-2) Controlling the degree of cleaning of cutting oil adhering to the current collector of the positive electrode plate or negative electrode plate, or the metal plate before being processed into the current collector.
- (2-3) Controlling the content of at least one of an organic component and a carbonaceous material contained in the positive electrode material or the negative electrode material.
- the organic component contained in the electrode material also includes an organic anti-shrink agent.
- An organic solvent can be used to clean the current collector or metal plate.
- the organic solvent include at least one selected from alcohols, ketones, esters, ethers, amides, and sulfoxides.
- alcohol include ethanol.
- ketones include acetone and ethyl methyl ketone.
- esters include ethyl acetate.
- ethers include tetrahydrofuran.
- amides include dimethylformamide and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
- Examples of the sulfoxide include dimethyl sulfoxide.
- the cleaning time is preferably 3 seconds or more, for example, in an organic solvent that is miscible with water.
- the upper limit of the cleaning time is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, 60 seconds or less.
- An aqueous electrolyte is an aqueous solution in which a solute is dissolved.
- the aqueous electrolyte may be gelled, if necessary.
- the solute is selected depending on the type of aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, for example.
- the concentration of the solute or the specific gravity of the electrolyte is also determined, for example, depending on the type and use of the aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- an aqueous solution containing sulfuric acid is used as the aqueous electrolyte.
- the aqueous electrolyte may further contain at least one metal ion selected from the group consisting of Na ions, Li ions, Mg ions, and Al ions.
- the aqueous electrolyte used for assembling a lead-acid battery may contain an organic additive.
- organic additives include surfactants.
- the aqueous electrolyte used for assembling the lead-acid battery preferably does not contain organic additives.
- the specific gravity of the aqueous electrolyte at 20° C. is, for example, 1.10 or more.
- the specific gravity of the aqueous electrolyte at 20° C. may be 1.35 or less. Note that these specific gravity values are for the electrolyte solution of a fully charged lead-acid battery.
- aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries in nickel-hydrogen batteries and nickel-cadmium batteries, for example, an aqueous solution (such as an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution) containing an inorganic base such as an alkali metal hydroxide is used as the aqueous electrolyte.
- an aqueous solution containing a known solute used in nickel-hydrogen batteries or nickel-cadmium batteries can be used as the aqueous electrolyte.
- the electrode plate group includes, for example, a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, and a separator interposed between them. Each component is selected depending on the type of aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the positive electrode plate includes, for example, a positive electrode material and a positive current collector that holds the positive electrode material.
- a nickel substrate is used as the positive electrode current collector.
- the nickel substrate include a sintered substrate and a foamed substrate.
- the positive electrode material contains, for example, nickel oxide, and may also contain a binder, a conductive agent, etc., as necessary.
- nickel oxides include nickel oxyhydroxide.
- the positive plate contains positive electrode material.
- the positive electrode material contains at least lead dioxide during charging, and at least lead sulfate during discharging, as a positive active material that develops capacity through a redox reaction.
- As the positive electrode plate either a paste type positive electrode plate or a clad type positive electrode plate may be used.
- the positive electrode material is the portion of the positive electrode plate excluding the positive electrode current collector.
- a member such as a mat or pasting paper may be attached to the positive electrode plate.
- Such a member hereinafter also referred to as a "sticking member" is included in the positive electrode plate because it is used integrally with the positive electrode plate.
- the positive electrode plate includes an adhesive member
- the positive electrode material is the portion of the positive electrode plate excluding the positive electrode current collector and the adhesive member.
- a clad type positive electrode plate consists of multiple porous tubes, a core metal inserted into each tube, a current collector that connects the multiple core metals, and a positive electrode filled in the tube into which the core metals are inserted. It includes an electrode material and a connecting seat that connects a plurality of tubes.
- the positive electrode material is the portion of the positive electrode plate excluding the tube, the metal core, the current collector, and the connecting seat.
- the core metal and the current collector are sometimes collectively referred to as a positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode current collector may be formed by casting lead (Pb) or a lead alloy, or may be formed by processing a lead or lead alloy sheet. Examples of processing methods include expanding processing and punching processing. It is preferable to use a lattice-shaped current collector as the positive electrode current collector because it facilitates supporting the positive electrode material.
- the lead alloy used for the positive electrode current collector is preferably a Pb-Ca-based alloy or a Pb-Ca-Sn-based alloy in terms of corrosion resistance and mechanical strength.
- the positive electrode current collector may have lead alloy layers having different compositions, and the number of the alloy layers may be one layer or multiple layers.
- the positive electrode material contained in the positive electrode plate includes a positive active material that develops capacity through an oxidation-reduction reaction.
- Examples of the positive electrode active material include lead dioxide or lead sulfate.
- the positive electrode material may contain other additives as necessary. Examples of other additives include reinforcing materials and carbonaceous materials.
- Examples of reinforcing materials include fibers.
- Examples of fibers include inorganic fibers and organic fibers.
- Examples of the inorganic fiber include glass fiber and carbon fiber.
- Examples of the resin or polymer constituting the organic fiber include at least one selected from the group consisting of acrylic resins, polyolefin resins, polyester resins, and cellulose compounds.
- Examples of polyester resins include polyethylene terephthalate.
- Examples of cellulose compounds include cellulose and cellulose derivatives. Examples of cellulose derivatives include cellulose ether and cellulose ester. Cellulose compounds also include rayon.
- the content of the reinforcing material in the positive electrode material is, for example, 0.03% by mass or more. Further, the content of the reinforcing material in the positive electrode material is, for example, 0.5% by mass or less.
- An unformed paste-type positive electrode plate is obtained by filling a positive electrode current collector with a positive electrode paste, aging and drying it.
- the positive electrode paste is prepared by adding water and sulfuric acid to lead powder, an antimony compound, and optionally other additives such as a reinforcing material and a carbonaceous material, and then kneading the mixture.
- a positive electrode plate is obtained by chemically forming an unformed positive electrode plate. Forming can be performed by charging the electrode plate group including an unformed positive electrode plate while immersing the electrode plate group in an electrolytic solution containing sulfuric acid in a container of a lead-acid battery. However, chemical formation may be performed before assembling the lead-acid battery or the electrode plate group.
- the negative electrode plate includes, for example, a negative electrode material and a negative electrode current collector that holds the negative electrode material.
- the negative electrode material of the nickel-metal hydride battery includes, for example, a hydrogen-absorbing alloy or a hydride compound containing hydrogen, and may also include a conductive agent, a binder, and the like, if necessary.
- the negative electrode material of a nickel-cadmium battery contains a cadmium compound, and may also contain a conductive agent, a binder, etc., if necessary.
- the negative electrode material is the negative electrode plate minus the negative electrode current collector.
- the above-mentioned sticking member may be attached to the negative electrode plate.
- the sticking member is included in the negative electrode plate.
- the negative electrode plate includes an adhesive member
- the negative electrode material is the portion of the negative electrode plate excluding the negative electrode current collector and the adhesive member.
- the negative electrode current collector can be formed in the same manner as the positive electrode current collector.
- the lead alloy used for the negative electrode current collector may be any of a Pb-Sb alloy, a Pb-Ca alloy, and a Pb-Ca-Sn alloy. These lead or lead alloys may further contain at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ba, Ag, Al, Bi, As, Se, Cu, etc. as an additive element.
- the negative electrode current collector may have lead alloy layers having different compositions, and the number of alloy layers may be one layer or multiple layers.
- the negative electrode material contained in the negative electrode plate contains a negative electrode active material that develops capacity through an oxidation-reduction reaction, and may also contain an organic antishrink agent, a carbonaceous material, barium sulfate, etc.
- the negative electrode material may contain Bi element in an amount of 100 ppm or more and 300 ppm or less on a mass basis. Lead or lead sulfate is used as the negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode material may contain other additives such as reinforcing materials, if necessary.
- organic anti-shrink agents include lignin, lignin sulfonic acid, and synthetic organic anti-shrink agents.
- synthetic organic antifouling agents include formaldehyde condensates of phenol compounds.
- the negative electrode material may contain one type of organic antishrink agent, or may contain two or more types of organic antishrinkage agents.
- the content of the organic antishrink agent in the negative electrode material is, for example, 0.01% by mass or more.
- the content of the organic antishrink agent is, for example, 1% by mass or less.
- Examples of carbonaceous materials included in the negative electrode material include carbon black, graphite (artificial graphite, natural graphite, etc.), hard carbon, soft carbon, and the like.
- the negative electrode material may contain one type of carbonaceous material, or may contain two or more types of carbonaceous materials.
- the content of the carbonaceous material in the negative electrode material is, for example, 0.1% by mass or more.
- the content of the carbonaceous material may be, for example, 3% by mass or less.
- the content of barium sulfate in the negative electrode material is, for example, 0.1% by mass or more.
- the content of barium sulfate is, for example, 3% by mass or less.
- reinforcing materials include fibers.
- the fibers can be selected from the materials exemplified for the positive electrode plate.
- the content of the reinforcing material in the negative electrode material is, for example, 0.03% by mass or more. Further, the content of the reinforcing material in the negative electrode material is, for example, 0.5% by mass or less.
- the negative electrode active material in the charged state is spongy lead, but the unformed negative electrode plate is usually produced using lead powder.
- the negative electrode plate can be formed by filling a negative electrode current collector with a negative electrode paste, aging and drying it to produce an unformed negative electrode plate, and then chemically converting the unformed negative electrode plate.
- the negative electrode paste is prepared by adding water and sulfuric acid to lead powder, an organic anti-shrink agent, and various additives as necessary, and kneading the mixture.
- the aging step it is preferable to age the unformed negative electrode plate at a temperature higher than room temperature and high humidity.
- Chemical formation can be performed by charging the electrode plate group including an unformed negative electrode plate while immersing the electrode plate group in an electrolytic solution containing sulfuric acid in a container of a lead-acid battery. However, chemical formation may be performed before assembling the lead-acid battery or the electrode plate group. Through chemical formation, spongy lead is formed.
- Nonwoven fabric is a mat made of fibers intertwined without being woven, and is mainly composed of fibers. For example, 60% by mass or more of the separator is made of fibers.
- the separator may be subjected to hydrophilic treatment, if necessary.
- the separator preferably includes a porous film made of resin. Porous films can be used alone as separators. Therefore, the porous film may also be referred to as a separator.
- the separator may include a nonwoven fabric in addition to the porous film.
- examples of the porous film used as a separator or the material of the fibers constituting the separator include polyolefin resins, fluororesins, and polyamide resins.
- examples of the polyolefin resin include polyethylene and polypropylene.
- the thickness of the separator may be, for example, 10 ⁇ m or more. Moreover, the thickness of the separator may be 300 ⁇ m or less.
- examples of the fibers that make up the nonwoven fabric include glass fibers, polymer fibers, and pulp fibers.
- the nonwoven fabric may contain components other than fibers, such as acid-resistant inorganic powder and a polymer as a binder.
- a porous film is a porous sheet whose main component is other than fiber components.
- a porous film is a resin film that has pores.
- the porous film includes a polymeric material.
- the porous film contains optional components such as oil, inorganic particles, penetrating agents, and pore-forming agents, as necessary.
- the polymer material (hereinafter also referred to as base polymer) constituting the resin film includes, for example, polyolefin.
- a polyolefin is a polymer containing at least olefin units (monomer units derived from olefins).
- the base polymer usually includes a crystalline polymer.
- Crystalline polymers include, for example, polyolefins.
- a polyolefin is a polymer containing at least olefin units (that is, a polymer containing at least monomer units derived from olefins).
- polyolefin and other base polymers may be used together.
- the ratio of polyolefin to the entire base polymer contained in the crystalline polymer is, for example, 50% by mass or more, may be 80% by mass or more, or may be 90% by mass or more.
- the proportion of polyolefin is, for example, 100% by mass or less.
- the base polymer may be composed only of polyolefin. When the proportion of polyolefin is as high as this, the oxidation resistance of the crystalline polymer tends to decrease, but even in this case, by keeping the degree of crystallinity within the above range, high temperature overcharging can be achieved. Long-life performance can be ensured.
- the porous film includes a crystalline region in which the molecules of the base polymer are relatively regularly arranged (that is, highly aligned) and an amorphous region in which the molecules are poorly aligned. Therefore, in the XRD spectrum of the porous film, a diffraction peak due to the crystalline region is observed, and scattered light due to the amorphous region is observed as a halo. In the XRD spectrum of the porous film, the degree of crystallinity expressed as 100 ⁇ I c /(I c +I a ) is 18% or more, so even when COD is low and charge acceptance is high, it has excellent high temperature performance. Overcharge life performance can be obtained.
- I c is the integrated intensity of the diffraction peak with the maximum peak height (first diffraction peak) among the diffraction peaks corresponding to the crystalline region
- I a is the integrated intensity of the halo corresponding to the amorphous region. is the integrated intensity of
- a diffraction peak corresponding to the (110) plane of the crystalline region is observed in the range of 2 ⁇ from 20° to 22.5°;
- a diffraction peak corresponding to the (200) plane is observed in the range of 2 ⁇ from 23° to 24.5°.
- a halo in the amorphous region is observed in a 2 ⁇ range of 17° or more and 27° or less.
- the diffraction peak corresponding to the (110) plane has the maximum peak height and corresponds to the first diffraction peak.
- the degree of crystallinity may be 18% or more, but from the viewpoint of ensuring higher high temperature overcharge life performance, it may be 23% or more or 25% or more.
- the crystallinity may be 40% or less, 37% or less, or 35% or less. When the degree of crystallinity is within this range, it is easy to ensure the flexibility of the porous film, and it is also easy to manufacture.
- the degree of crystallinity of the porous film may be 18% or more and 40% or less, 23% or more and 37% or less, 25% or more and 35% or less, 23% or more and 40% or less, or 23% or more and 35% or less.
- the integrated intensity of the diffraction peak and halo is determined by fitting the diffraction peak due to the crystalline region and the halo due to the amorphous region in the XRD spectrum of the separator. Using the obtained integrated intensity I c of the first diffraction peak and integrated intensity I a of the halo, the degree of crystallinity is obtained from the above formula.
- Polyolefins include, for example, homopolymers of olefins, copolymers containing different olefin units, and copolymers containing olefin units and copolymerizable monomer units.
- the copolymer containing an olefin unit and a copolymerizable monomer unit may contain one or more types of olefin units.
- the copolymer containing an olefin unit and a copolymerizable monomer unit may contain one or more types of copolymerizable monomer units.
- a copolymerizable monomer unit is a monomer unit derived from a polymerizable monomer other than an olefin and copolymerizable with an olefin.
- polystyrene resin examples include polymers containing at least C 2-3 olefin as a monomer unit.
- Examples of the C 2-3 olefin include at least one selected from the group consisting of ethylene and propylene.
- the polyolefin for example, polyethylene, polypropylene, or a copolymer containing a C 2-3 olefin as a monomer unit (eg, ethylene-propylene copolymer) is more preferable.
- polyolefins it is preferable to use polyolefins containing at least ethylene units (polyethylene, ethylene-propylene copolymer, etc.).
- a polyolefin containing ethylene units (polyethylene, ethylene-propylene copolymer, etc.) and other polyolefins may be used in combination.
- the porous film contains oil.
- Oil refers to a hydrophobic substance that is liquid at room temperature (temperature of 20° C. or higher and 35° C. or lower) and separates from water. Oils include naturally occurring oils, mineral oils, and synthetic oils. As the oil, mineral oil, synthetic oil, etc. are preferable. Examples of the oil include paraffin oil and silicone oil.
- the porous film may contain one kind of oil or a combination of two or more kinds of oil.
- the content of oil in the porous film is preferably 11% by mass or more and 18% by mass or less.
- the effect of suppressing oxidative deterioration of the porous film is further enhanced.
- the resistance of the porous film can be kept relatively low.
- the porous film may be in the form of a sheet. Alternatively, a sheet bent into a bellows shape may be used as the porous film.
- the porous film may be formed into a bag shape. Either the positive electrode plate or the negative electrode plate may be wrapped in a bag-shaped porous film.
- the porous film When using a porous film and a nonwoven fabric in combination, the porous film may have an area not covered with the nonwoven fabric at least in part of the end portion. Thereby, it is possible to suppress an increase in internal resistance while suppressing the softened positive electrode material from falling off.
- Porous films are generally rectangular in shape and typically have four edges: a top and bottom edge and both side edges.
- the width of the region of the porous film that is not covered with the nonwoven fabric is, for example, 1 mm or more, and may be 2 mm or more.
- the width of this region is, for example, 5 mm or less, and may be 4.5 mm or less, or 4 mm or less.
- the porous film may have regions not covered with the nonwoven fabric at the side edges (preferably both side edges). When a porous film formed into a bag shape by crimping the ends and a nonwoven fabric are laminated, a predetermined region of the side edge including the crimped portion is exposed to the outside of the nonwoven fabric.
- the width of the above region may be 1 mm or more (or 2 mm or more) and 5 mm or less, 1 mm or more (or 2 mm or more) and 4.5 mm or less, or 1 mm or more (or 2 mm or more) and 4 mm or less.
- the porous film may or may not have ribs.
- ribs may be provided on the surface of the porous film facing the positive electrode plate. Since a gap is formed between the porous film and the positive electrode plate by the ribs, oxidative deterioration of the porous film is reduced.
- a porous film having ribs includes, for example, a base portion and ribs erected from the surface of the base portion. The ribs may be provided only on one surface of the porous film or each base portion, or may be provided on both surfaces.
- the base portion of the porous film is a portion of the porous film excluding protrusions such as ribs, and refers to a sheet-like portion that defines the outer shape of the porous film.
- the thickness of the porous film is, for example, 0.09 mm or more. From the viewpoint of obtaining higher high temperature overcharge life performance, the thickness is preferably 0.1 mm or more or 0.15 mm or more.
- the thickness of the porous film is, for example, 0.3 mm or less. From the viewpoint of keeping the resistance of the porous film low, the thickness of the porous film may be 0.25 mm or less or 0.2 mm or less.
- the thickness of the porous film means the average thickness of the portion of the porous film facing the electrode material. When the porous film includes a base portion and a rib erected from at least one surface of the base portion, the thickness of the porous film is the average thickness at the base portion. When a pasting member (mat, pasting paper, etc.) is pasted on the porous film, the thickness of the pasting member is not included in the thickness of the porous film.
- the thickness of the porous film is 0.09 mm or more and 0.3 mm or less (or 0.25 mm or less), 0.09 mm or more and 0.2 mm or less, 0.1 mm or more (or 0.15 mm or more) and 0.3 mm or less, 0. It may be 0.1 mm or more (or 0.15 mm or more) and 0.25 mm or less, or 0.1 mm or more (or 0.15 mm or more) and 0.2 mm or less.
- the height of the ribs may be 0.05 mm or more. Moreover, the height of the rib may be 1.2 mm or less. The height of the rib is the height of the portion protruding from the surface of the base portion (protrusion height).
- the height of the ribs provided in the region of the porous film facing the positive electrode plate may be 0.4 mm or more.
- the height of the ribs provided in the region of the porous film facing the positive electrode plate may be 1.2 mm or less.
- ribs When a porous film and a nonwoven fabric are used together and ribs are provided on the positive electrode plate side of the porous film, they may be provided in an area not covered with the nonwoven fabric. When ribs are provided in the portion facing the positive electrode material, a nonwoven fabric may be placed between adjacent ribs. However, it is not necessary to provide ribs on the positive electrode plate side of the porous film in favor of ease of lamination with the nonwoven fabric.
- Porous films are produced by, for example, extruding a resin composition containing a base polymer, a pore-forming agent, and a penetrating agent (surfactant) into a sheet, stretching the resin composition, and then extruding at least a portion of the pore-forming agent. Obtained by removing. Removal of at least some of the pore-forming agent forms micropores in the matrix of the base polymer. After removing the pore-forming agent, the sheet-like porous film is dried if necessary. For example, the degree of crystallinity is adjusted by adjusting at least one selected from the group consisting of the cooling rate of the sheet during extrusion molding, the stretching ratio during stretching treatment, and the temperature during drying treatment. .
- the stretching process may be performed by biaxial stretching, it is usually performed by uniaxial stretching.
- the sheet-like porous film may be folded into a bellows shape or processed into a bag shape, if necessary.
- the ribs may be formed into a sheet when extruding the resin composition.
- the ribs may be formed by molding the resin composition into a sheet or removing the pore-forming agent, and then pressing the sheet with a roller having grooves corresponding to each rib.
- the pore-forming agent examples include liquid pore-forming agents and solid pore-forming agents. It is preferable that the pore-forming agent contains at least oil. By using oil, a porous film containing oil can be obtained, which further enhances the effect of suppressing oxidative deterioration. Pore-forming agents may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Oil and other pore-forming agents may be used in combination. A liquid pore-forming agent and a solid pore-forming agent may be used together. Note that, at room temperature (temperature of 20° C. or higher and 35° C. or lower), a liquid pore-forming agent is classified as a liquid pore-forming agent, and a solid pore-forming agent is classified as a solid pore-forming agent.
- liquid pore-forming agent the above-mentioned oils are preferred.
- solid pore-forming agent examples include polymer powder.
- the amount of pore-forming agent in the porous film may vary depending on the type.
- the amount of the pore-forming agent in the porous film is, for example, 30 parts by mass or more per 100 parts by mass of the base polymer.
- the amount of the pore-forming agent is, for example, 60 parts by mass or less per 100 parts by mass of the base polymer.
- a porous film containing oil is formed by extracting and removing part of the oil using a solvent from a sheet formed using oil as a pore-forming agent.
- the solvent is selected depending on the type of oil, for example.
- the oil content in the porous film can be adjusted by adjusting the type and composition of the solvent, extraction conditions (extraction time, extraction temperature, solvent supply rate, etc.).
- the surfactant as a penetrant may be, for example, either an ionic surfactant or a nonionic surfactant.
- One type of surfactant may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination.
- the content of the penetrant in the porous film is, for example, 0.01% by mass or more, and may be 0.1% by mass or more.
- the content of the penetrant in the porous film may be 10% by mass or less.
- the content of the penetrant in the porous film may be 3% by mass or less, or 1% by mass or less, and 0.5% by mass. % or less, more preferably 0.2% by mass or less.
- the content of the penetrant in the separator is 0.01 mass% or more and 10 mass% or less, 0.1 mass% or more and 10 mass% or less, 0.01 mass% or more and 3 mass% or less, and 0.1 mass% or more and 3 mass% or less.
- Mass% or less 0.01 mass% or more and 1 mass% or less, 0.1 mass% or more and 1 mass% or less, 0.01 mass% or more and 0.5 mass% or less, 0.1 mass% or more and 0.5 mass%.
- the amount of penetrating agent in the separator is preferably, for example, 1 part by mass or less, more preferably 0.7 part by mass or less, per 100 parts by mass of the base polymer.
- the amount of the penetrant in the separator is, for example, 0.1 part by weight or more, and may be 0.3 part by weight or more, per 100 parts by weight of the base polymer.
- the amount of penetrating agent in the separator is 0.1 part by mass or more and 1 part by mass or less, 0.1 part by mass or more and 0.7 part by mass or less, 0.3 part by mass or more and 1 part by mass or less, per 100 parts by mass of the base polymer. , or 0.3 parts by mass or more and 0.7 parts by mass or less.
- the porous film (or the resin composition used for producing the porous film) may contain inorganic particles.
- ceramic particles are preferable.
- the ceramic constituting the ceramic particles include at least one selected from the group consisting of silica, alumina, and titania.
- the content of inorganic particles in the porous film may be, for example, 40% by mass or more.
- the content of inorganic particles is, for example, 80% by mass or less, and may be 70% by mass or less.
- Nonwoven fabric The nonwoven fabric is placed between the porous film and the positive electrode plate so as to be in contact with the positive electrode plate.
- a nonwoven fabric may be placed between both outer surfaces of the bag and the positive electrode plate.
- the electrode plate at the end of the electrode plate group is a negative electrode plate
- a nonwoven fabric is placed on one side of the bag-shaped porous film that faces the positive electrode plate, and a nonwoven fabric is placed on the other side that does not face the positive electrode plate. You don't have to.
- the nonwoven fabric may be a mat containing at least one selected from the group consisting of glass fibers and organic fibers.
- a mat whose main component is glass fiber will be referred to as a glass fiber mat.
- a mat whose main component is organic fiber is called an organic fiber mat.
- the main component refers to a component that accounts for 50% by mass or more of the mat.
- a glass fiber mat is a nonwoven fabric made of glass fibers.
- the glass fiber mat may be a material called Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM).
- AGM Absorbed Glass Mat
- the glass fiber mat may be entirely made of glass fiber.
- the content of glass fibers in the glass fiber mat may be 90% by mass or more or 95% by mass or more.
- the content of glass fibers in the glass fiber mat is 100% by mass or less.
- Glass fiber mats may contain components other than glass fibers, such as organic fibers, acid-resistant inorganic powder, and polymers as binders, but the content thereof is usually 10% by mass or less or 5% by mass or less. % by mass or less.
- the organic fiber mat may be formed entirely of organic fibers.
- the content of organic fibers in the organic fiber mat may be 90% by mass or more or 95% by mass or more.
- the content of organic fibers in the organic fiber mat is 100% by mass or less.
- the organic fiber mat may contain components other than organic fibers, such as glass fiber, acid-resistant inorganic powder, and a polymer as a binder, but the content thereof is usually 10% by mass or less or 5% by mass or less. % by mass or less.
- organic fiber polyolefin fiber, polyester fiber, acetalized polyvinyl alcohol fiber, polyurethane fiber, cellulose fiber, etc.
- organic fibers have a high affinity with the positive electrode material and easily adhere to the positive electrode plate. Therefore, it is highly effective in suppressing the softened positive electrode material from falling off.
- the average fiber diameter of the glass fiber and organic fiber is, for example, 0.1 ⁇ m or more, and may be 0.5 ⁇ m or more. When the average fiber diameter is within such a range, the effect of suppressing the softened positive electrode material from falling off is enhanced.
- the average fiber diameter is, for example, 30 ⁇ m or less, and may be 10 ⁇ m or less. In this case, it is possible to prevent the internal resistance of the battery from increasing excessively. In addition, relatively high flexibility of the nonwoven fabric can be ensured, and a relatively large amount of electrolyte can be easily held.
- the average fiber diameter of the nonwoven fabric may be 0.1 ⁇ m or more (or 0.5 ⁇ m or more) and 30 ⁇ m or less, or 0.1 ⁇ m or more (or 0.5 ⁇ m or more) and 10 ⁇ m or less.
- the areal density of the nonwoven fabric is, for example, 10 g/m 2 or more.
- the areal density of the nonwoven fabric may be 100 g/m 2 or less, or 50 g/m 2 or less.
- the thickness of the nonwoven fabric is, for example, 30 ⁇ m or more, and may be 50 ⁇ m or more.
- the thickness of the nonwoven fabric is, for example, 800 ⁇ m or less, and may be 100 ⁇ m or less. When the thickness of the nonwoven fabric is within the above range, the nonwoven fabric is sufficiently thin and has high strength, so that higher CCA performance and better heavy load life performance can be obtained.
- the porosity of the nonwoven fabric is, for example, 20% or more, and may be 40% or more. When the porosity is within the above range, the diffusivity of the electrolyte can be ensured and an increase in resistance can be suppressed.
- the porosity of the nonwoven fabric is, for example, 80% or less, and may be 70% or less.
- the average pore diameter of the nonwoven fabric is, for example, 0.1 ⁇ m or more, and may be 0.5 ⁇ m or more. When the average pore diameter is within the above range, it is possible to suppress an increase in resistance due to the use of a nonwoven fabric.
- the average pore diameter is, for example, 100 ⁇ m or less, and may be 80 ⁇ m or less. When the average pore diameter is within the above range, falling off of the positive electrode material can be effectively suppressed.
- a porous film and a nonwoven fabric may be laminated.
- the porous film and the nonwoven fabric may be simply overlapped, or may be laminated or fixed using an adhesive. Further, the porous film and the nonwoven fabric may be laminated or fixed using welding, mechanical adhesion, or the like. Examples of welding methods include heat sealing. Examples of mechanical adhesion methods include gear seals.
- Examples of the adhesive include silicone adhesives, epoxy adhesives, and polyolefin adhesives. It is preferable that the amount of adhesive applied is small so that the resistance of the laminate (separator) does not become high. For example, it is preferable to apply the adhesive partially rather than to the entire surface of the porous film or nonwoven fabric to be adhered.
- the lead-acid battery may further include a fiber mat interposed between the positive and negative plates.
- the fiber mat is a member different from the separator.
- the fiber mat includes a sheet-like fiber aggregate.
- a sheet in which fibers insoluble in the electrolyte are entangled is used. Examples of such sheets include nonwoven fabrics, woven fabrics, and knitted fabrics. For example, 60% by mass or more of the fiber mat is made of fibers.
- the fiber glass fiber, polymer fiber, pulp fiber, etc. can be used.
- polymer fibers polyolefin fibers are preferred.
- the aqueous electrolyte secondary battery may include one cell, or may include two or more cells.
- the aqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes a plurality of cells, in other words, when it includes a plurality of electrode plate groups, the plurality of electrode plate groups may be connected in series.
- An aqueous electrolyte secondary battery can be obtained, for example, by a manufacturing method that includes a step of accommodating an electrode plate group and an electrolyte in a cell chamber of a battery case.
- Each cell of the aqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes an electrode plate group and an electrolyte housed in each cell chamber.
- the electrode plate group is assembled by stacking a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, and a separator such that the separator is interposed between the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate, prior to accommodation in a cell chamber.
- Each of the positive electrode plate, negative electrode plate, and separator is usually prepared prior to assembling the electrode plate group.
- the electrolyte solution is prepared prior to being placed in the cell chamber.
- the battery case does not need to be divided into a plurality of cell chambers, and the plate group and the electrolyte may be housed in the battery case.
- the method for manufacturing an aqueous electrolyte secondary battery may include, after the step of accommodating the electrode plate group and the electrolyte in the cell chamber, a step of chemically forming at least one of the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate, if necessary.
- a lead-acid battery, a nickel-cadmium battery, or a nickel-hydrogen battery may be manufactured according to such a manufacturing method.
- the battery may be formed by housing the electrode plate group and the electrolyte in a battery case and sealing the opening of the battery case.
- the assembled aqueous electrolyte secondary battery may be subjected to charging and discharging for break-in, if necessary.
- COD of aqueous electrolyte The COD of the aqueous electrolyte is measured in accordance with "17.2 Oxygen consumption by acidic potassium permanganate (CODMn)" of JIS K 0102-1:2021. COD (CODMn) is determined by the following formula. At this time, CODMn is determined using two significant figures, one decimal place, and lower limit ⁇ 0.5.
- CODMn (titration value-BL) ⁇ F ⁇ 1000/V ⁇ 0.2
- Titration value Amount (mL) of potassium permanganate aqueous solution with a concentration of 5 mmol/L required for titration of a sample prepared from an electrolyte solution
- F Factor of potassium permanganate aqueous solution with 5 mmol/L concentration
- V Volume (mL) of sample prepared from electrolyte (sample used for titration)
- a sample for titration is prepared using the following procedure. First, an electrolytic solution is collected from an aqueous electrolytic solution secondary battery in an initial fully charged state into a 300 mL Erlenmeyer flask. The maximum amount of electrolyte solution to be collected is 100 mL, and the titration amount is adjusted to be in the range of 3.5 mL to 5.5 mL. If the amount collected is less than 100 mL, measure the amount collected and add distilled water until the amount after dilution becomes 100 mL. In this way, a sample of electrolyte solution is prepared. Further, as a sample for BL, 100 mL of distilled water is prepared in another 300 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Measurement of BL is carried out every time a sample prepared from an electrolyte is titrated.
- a sample for titration is prepared from a 100 mL electrolyte sample and a sample of distilled water for BL using the following procedure. First, an aqueous sulfuric acid solution with a concentration of 47% by mass is added to each sample using an autoburette until it becomes acidic. However, in the case of an electrolyte solution for a lead-acid battery, this step of adding the sulfuric acid aqueous solution is skipped. 10 mL of a potassium permanganate aqueous solution having a concentration of 5 mmol/L is added to the resulting mixture or the above sample using a whole pipette, and the mixture is stirred. Each Erlenmeyer flask is then placed in a boiling water bath and heated for 30 minutes.
- the water in the water bath should always be in a boiling state, and the liquid level in the water bath should not fall below the liquid level in the Erlenmeyer flask.
- After heating for 30 minutes take out the Erlenmeyer flask and immediately add 10 mL of a sodium oxalate aqueous solution with a concentration of 12.5 mmol/L to the liquid in the Erlenmeyer flask using a whole pipette.
- the sample for titration is prepared by cooling the liquid until the temperature is within the range of 50°C to 60°C.
- the sample contains chloride ions
- 2 mL of silver nitrate aqueous solution with a concentration of 500 g/L is added with a measuring pipette, and the resulting mixture is thoroughly stirred until there is no precipitate and the mixture becomes a transparent liquid. If the cloudiness does not disappear, continue stirring while adding the silver nitrate aqueous solution little by little until the cloudiness disappears.
- the aqueous silver nitrate solution is added in such an amount that the total amount of silver nitrate is 1 g in excess of the equivalent amount of chloride ions contained in each sample.
- the aqueous silver nitrate solution is added to the sample described above or to the mixture to which the aqueous sulfuric acid solution has been added.
- Each of the prepared samples for titration is titrated with an aqueous potassium permanganate solution having a concentration of 5 mmol/L.
- an aqueous potassium permanganate solution having a concentration of 5 mmol/L.
- the COD of the electrolyte solution is determined by using the amount (mL) of the potassium permanganate aqueous solution required for titration as the titration value and BL in the above formula.
- sample preparation For analysis or size measurement of porous films and nonwoven fabrics, unused separators and nonwoven fabrics or porous films and nonwoven fabrics taken out from fully charged lead-acid batteries at the beginning of use are used. Porous films and nonwovens removed from lead-acid batteries are washed and dried prior to analysis or measurement.
- Washing and drying of the porous film and nonwoven fabric taken out from the lead-acid battery are performed in the following steps.
- the porous film and nonwoven fabric taken out from the lead-acid battery are immersed in pure water for 1 hour to remove sulfuric acid from the porous film and nonwoven fabric.
- the porous film and the nonwoven fabric are taken out from the liquid in which they were immersed, and allowed to stand in an environment of 25° C. ⁇ 5° C. for 16 hours or more to dry.
- XRD spectrum The XRD spectrum of a porous film is measured by irradiating X-rays from a direction perpendicular to the surface of the porous film.
- a sample for measurement is prepared by processing the portion of the porous film facing the electrode material into a strip shape.
- the sample is prepared by processing the base portion into a rectangular shape so as not to include the ribs.
- Measurement and fitting of XRD spectra are performed under the following conditions.
- Measuring device RINT-TTR2, manufactured by Rigaku Fitting: FT (step scan) method Measuring angle range: 15-35° Step width: 0.02° Measurement speed: 5°/min
- XRD data processing Using XRD pattern analysis software (PDXL2, manufactured by Rigaku).
- the thickness of the porous film and nonwoven fabric is determined by measuring the thickness of the porous film portion or the nonwoven fabric at five arbitrarily selected locations in each cross-sectional photograph, and averaging the thicknesses.
- the height of the rib is determined by averaging the height from one surface of the base portion of the rib measured at 10 arbitrarily selected locations on the rib in a cross-sectional photograph of the porous film.
- sample A (Oil content in porous film) A sample (hereinafter referred to as sample A) is prepared by processing the portion of the porous film facing the electrode material into a rectangular shape. In the case of a porous film having ribs, Sample A is prepared by processing the base portion into a rectangular shape so as not to include ribs.
- sample A (Content of inorganic particles in porous film) A portion of sample A prepared in the same manner as above is taken, accurately weighed, placed in a platinum crucible, and heated with a Bunsen burner until no white smoke is emitted. Next, the obtained sample is heated in an electric furnace (in an oxygen stream, at 550° C. ⁇ 10° C.) for about 1 hour to ash, and the ash is weighed. The ratio (percentage) of the mass of the ash to the mass of sample A is calculated and taken as the content rate (mass %) of the above-mentioned inorganic particles. The content of inorganic particles is determined for 10 samples A, and the average value is calculated. The average value obtained is taken as the content of inorganic particles in the porous film.
- Sample A (Content of penetrant in porous film) A portion of Sample A prepared in the same manner as above is taken, accurately weighed, and then dried for 12 hours or more in a reduced pressure environment lower than atmospheric pressure at room temperature (temperature of 20° C. or higher and 35° C. or lower). The dried product is placed in a platinum cell, set in a thermogravimetric measuring device, and heated from room temperature to 800°C ⁇ 1°C at a heating rate of 10K/min. The amount of weight loss when the temperature is raised from room temperature to 250°C ⁇ 1°C is taken as the mass of the penetrant, and the ratio (percentage) of the mass of the penetrant to the mass of sample A is calculated, and the content of the above penetrant is calculated. (mass%).
- thermogravimetric measuring device T. A. Q5000IR manufactured by Instrument Corporation is used.
- the content of the penetrant is determined for 10 samples A, and the average value is calculated.
- the average value obtained is taken as the content of the penetrant in the porous film.
- the average fiber diameter of a nonwoven fabric is determined by finding the maximum diameter of any cross section perpendicular to the length direction of any 100 fibers taken out of the nonwoven fabric and averaging them.
- Porosity of nonwoven fabric The porosity is a value calculated from the ratio of apparent volume to true volume by measuring the dimensions, weight, and density of a rectangular parallelepiped sample of appropriate size, and according to the following formula.
- Porosity (%) (apparent volume/true volume) x 100
- Apparent volume (cm 3 ) length (cm) x width (cm) x thickness (cm)
- True volume (cm 3 ) weight (g) / density (g/cm 3 )
- a portion of the nonwoven fabric that is not coated with adhesive is taken from the portion facing the electrode material, and cut into a size of 20 mm long x 5 mm wide to be used as a sample for measurement.
- the pore distribution of the measurement sample is measured by mercury intrusion method using a mercury porosimeter "Autopore IV9510" manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation.
- the pressure range for measurement is 4 psia ( ⁇ 27.6 kPa) or more and 60,000 psia ( ⁇ 414 MPa) or less.
- the range of pore diameter is 0.01 ⁇ m or more and 50 ⁇ m or less.
- the pore diameter at which the cumulative pore volume is 50% of the total pore volume is defined as the average pore diameter.
- the Bi content is determined by performing ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) emission analysis on the solution after filtering insoluble matter.
- a test method for an aqueous electrolyte secondary battery will be explained using a lead-acid battery as an example.
- the charge acceptability of a lead-acid battery is evaluated based on the charging current I ca2 10 minutes after the start of charging by performing discharging and charging under the following conditions. 1) After confirming that the temperature of the electrolyte in any one cell near the center of the lead-acid battery is 25 ⁇ 2°C, the 20-hour rate current is 3.42 times the current I 20 for 2.5 hours. Discharge. 2) Immediately after discharging in 1) above, the lead-acid battery is moved to a cooling room at 0 ⁇ 1°C and left there until the temperature of the electrolyte in any one cell near the center reaches 0 ⁇ 1°C.
- the internal resistance of the battery is measured, and charge acceptability is evaluated based on this measurement value.
- the internal resistance of the nickel-hydrogen battery and the nickel-cadmium battery is measured according to 7.13.3 "Measurement of DC internal resistance" of JIS C8708; 2019.
- the test method for lead-acid batteries will be explained below.
- (1) Light load life test The light load life is evaluated based on the number of cycles until the life is reached in the following charge/discharge cycle test in accordance with JIS D5301:2019. However, for convenience, the atmospheric temperature of the test is changed from 40° C. liquid phase to 75° C. gas phase, and the 25 A discharge time in the charge/discharge cycle is changed from 4 minutes to 2 minutes.
- the test battery is discharged for 2 minutes at a discharge current of 25A ⁇ 0.1A in a 75°C environment.
- the above (a) and (b) are repeated for 480 cycles.
- the cold cranking current I cc is a current value according to the performance rank defined in JIS D 5301:2019.
- the voltage at the 30th second is 7.
- the number of cycles at which the voltage reaches 2V may be determined by linear interpolation, and this may be used as the number of lifetimes.
- Heavy load life performance is evaluated as follows. JIS D 5301:2019 9.5.5 Life test b) Perform a heavy load test in accordance with the heavy load life test. More specifically, first, a fully charged lead-acid battery is discharged for 1 hour at the discharge current shown in Table 1, and then charged for 5 hours at the charging current shown in Table 1. This cycle of discharging and charging is defined as one cycle. Note that the discharge current and the discharge current are respectively changed as shown in Table 1 according to the 20-hour rate capacity of the lead-acid battery. During the test, the lead-acid battery is placed in a water bath at 40°C ⁇ 2°C. The water surface of the water tank should be located 15 mm to 25 mm below the top surface of the storage battery. When several lead-acid batteries are arranged in a tank, the distance between adjacent lead-acid batteries and the distance between the lead-acid batteries and the inner wall of the adjacent tank should each be at least 25 mm.
- the number of cycles that will reach the lifespan is approximated by the number of cycles when the value is 50% or less of the value obtained by dividing the 20-hour rate capacity by 1.155, from a graph of the number of cycles and capacity, which plots the discharge capacity every 25 cycles. It is required by doing.
- FIG. 1 shows the appearance of a lead-acid battery, which is an example of an aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention. If necessary, at least one component of the following embodiments may be combined with any one of (1) to (20) above.
- the lead-acid battery 1 includes a battery case 12 that houses an electrode plate group 11 and an electrolyte (not shown).
- the inside of the battery case 12 is partitioned into a plurality of cell chambers 14 by a partition wall 13.
- Each cell chamber 14 houses one electrode plate group 11.
- the opening of the battery case 12 is closed with a lid 15 having a negative terminal 16 and a positive terminal 17.
- the lid 15 is provided with a liquid port plug 18 for each cell chamber. When refilling water, the liquid port stopper 18 is removed and the rehydration liquid is replenished.
- the liquid port plug 18 may have a function of discharging gas generated within the cell chamber 14 to the outside of the battery.
- the electrode plate group 11 is constructed by laminating a plurality of negative electrode plates 2 and positive electrode plates 3 with separators 4 in between. Although a bag-shaped separator 4 that accommodates the negative electrode plate 2 is shown here, the form of the separator is not particularly limited.
- a negative electrode shelf section 6 that connects a plurality of negative electrode plates 2 in parallel is connected to a through connector 8, and a positive electrode shelf section that connects a plurality of positive electrode plates 3 in parallel. 5 is connected to the positive pole 7.
- the positive electrode column 7 is connected to a positive electrode terminal 17 outside the lid 15.
- the negative pole 9 is connected to the negative shelf 6
- the through connector 8 is connected to the positive shelf 5 .
- the negative electrode column 9 is connected to a negative electrode terminal 16 outside the lid 15.
- Each through-connection body 8 passes through a through-hole provided in the partition wall 13 and connects the electrode plate groups 11 of adjacent cell chambers 14 in series.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic plan view of a separator 4 in which a porous film and a nonwoven fabric are used together.
- the separator 4 is a laminate of a bag-shaped porous film 4a and a nonwoven fabric 4b.
- the negative electrode plate 2 shown in FIG. 1 is accommodated in the bag-shaped porous film 4a.
- the bag-shaped porous film 4a has a fold at its lower end in FIG. 2, and an opening at its upper end.
- crimping parts 20 are provided in a straight line in the vertical direction so as to close the overlapping porous films 4a. Areas 21 not covered with the glass fiber mat 4b are formed at both side ends of the bag-shaped porous film 4a.
- the side ends of the nonwoven fabric 4b are located inside the crimp portion 20. Therefore, the width wp of the region 21 is larger than the width wa from the side edge of the porous film 4a to the crimp part 20 (more specifically, the position outside the crimp part 20).
- the separator 4 is arranged in the lead-acid battery 1 so that the nonwoven fabric 4b is in contact with the positive electrode plate 3.
- a nonwoven fabric 4b as shown on the front side is provided also on the back side.
- a positive electrode paste was prepared by mixing lead oxide, synthetic resin fiber as a reinforcing material, water, and sulfuric acid. By filling the positive electrode paste into the mesh part of an expanded lattice made of antimony-free Pb-Ca-Sn alloy, aging and drying, an unformed anode with a width of 100 mm, a height of 110 mm, and a thickness of 1.6 mm is formed. A positive electrode plate was obtained.
- a negative electrode paste was prepared by mixing lead oxide, carbon black, barium sulfate, lignin, synthetic resin fiber as a reinforcing material, water, and sulfuric acid. By filling the mesh of an expanded grid made of an antimony-free Pb-Ca-Sn alloy with negative electrode paste, and aging and drying it, an unformed anode with a width of 100 mm, a height of 110 mm, and a thickness of 1.3 mm is formed. A negative electrode plate was obtained.
- the amounts of carbon black, barium sulfate, lignin, and synthetic resin fiber used were such that the content of each component was 0.3% by mass, 2.1% by mass, and 0.0% by mass in the negative electrode plate taken out from a fully charged lead-acid battery. The concentrations were adjusted to 1% by mass and 0.1% by mass.
- a resin composition containing 100 parts by mass of polyethylene, 160 parts by mass of silica particles, 80 parts by mass of paraffin oil as a pore-forming agent, and an appropriate amount of penetrant is extruded into a sheet shape. After stretching, a portion of the pore-forming agent was removed to produce a porous film having ribs on one side. The height of the ribs was 0.6 mm. The average thickness of the base portion of the separator was 0.2 mm.
- a bag was formed by folding a sheet-like porous film in half so that ribs were disposed on the outer surface, and the overlapped ends were crimped to obtain a bag-like separator.
- the ears of the positive electrode plate and the ears of the negative electrode plate were welded to the positive electrode shelf and the negative electrode shelf, respectively, using a cast-on strap method.
- the electrode plate group was inserted into a polypropylene container, an electrolytic solution was injected, and chemical conversion was performed in the container to assemble a liquid lead-acid battery with a rated voltage of 12 V and a rated capacity of 30 Ah.
- the rated capacity is a 5 hour rate capacity.
- the 5-hour rate capacity is the capacity when discharging at a current (A) that is 1/5 of the value of Ah stated in the rated capacity.
- a sulfuric acid aqueous solution was used as the electrolyte.
- the specific gravity of the electrolyte solution after chemical formation at 20° C. was 1.285.
- the amount of penetrating agent in the separator when producing the separator was 2 parts by mass.
- the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate were formed without cleaning the expanded lattice of the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate and the plate-like material before forming the expanded lattice.
- the amount of penetrant is smaller than that for C1-1, so that the lead-acid batteries in the initial fully charged state determined by the procedure described above can be The COD in the electrolyte was adjusted to the values shown in Table 2.
- E1-1 to E1-12 are examples.
- C1-1 to C1-5 are comparative examples.
- Each lead-acid battery was manufactured using the following procedure.
- the oil content of the porous film determined by the procedure described above was 11 to 18% by mass, and the content of silica particles was 60% by mass.
- the height of the rib determined by the procedure described above was 0.55 mm.
- the thickness of the porous film (thickness of the base portion) determined by the procedure described above was uniformly 0.2 mm.
- the sheet-shaped porous film is folded in half so that the ribs are arranged on the inner surface to form a bag, and the overlapped ends are crimped to form a bag-shaped porous film (the one laid flat). Size: 117 mm long x 152 mm wide) was obtained. The crimp portion had a width of 3 mm at the inner side of the position 2 mm from the side edge of the porous film.
- a positive electrode paste was prepared by mixing lead oxide, reinforcing material (synthetic resin fiber), water, and sulfuric acid. By filling the positive electrode paste into the mesh part of an expanded lattice made of antimony-free Pb-Ca-Sn alloy, aging and drying, an unformed anode with a width of 137 mm, a height of 110 mm, and a thickness of 1.6 mm was formed. A positive electrode plate was obtained.
- a negative electrode paste was prepared by mixing lead oxide, carbon black, barium sulfate, lignin, reinforcing material (synthetic resin fiber), water, and sulfuric acid. By filling the mesh of an expanded grid made of an antimony-free Pb-Ca-Sn alloy with negative electrode paste, and aging and drying it, an unformed anode with a width of 137 mm, a height of 110 mm, and a thickness of 1.3 mm was created. A negative electrode plate was obtained.
- the amounts of carbon black, barium sulfate, lignin, and synthetic resin fiber used were such that the content of each component was 0.3% by mass, 2.1% by mass, and 0.0% by mass in the negative electrode plate taken out from a fully charged lead-acid battery. The concentrations were adjusted to 1% by mass and 0.1% by mass.
- the ears of the positive electrode plate and the ears of the negative electrode plate were welded to the positive electrode shelf and the negative electrode shelf, respectively, using a cast-on strap method.
- the electrode plate group was inserted into a polypropylene container, an electrolytic solution was injected, and chemical conversion was performed in the container to assemble a liquid lead-acid battery with a rated voltage of 12 V and a 5-hour rate capacity of 30 Ah.
- the 5-hour rate capacity means the capacity when discharging at a current (A) that is 1/5 of the value of Ah stated in the rated capacity. Note that six electrode plate groups are connected in series within the battery case.
- a sulfuric acid aqueous solution was used as the electrolyte.
- the density of the electrolyte solution after chemical formation at 20° C. was 1.285.
- the COD of the electrolytic solution taken out from the fully charged lead-acid battery was adjusted to the values shown in Table 3 on a mass basis. COD was controlled by varying the amount of penetrant used in making the porous film.
- E2-1 to E2-23 are examples.
- R2-1 to R2-11 are comparative examples.
- Electrode-acid batteries E3-1 to E3-13 were produced according to the following procedure. (1) Preparation of separator A resin composition containing polyethylene, silica particles, paraffin oil as a pore-forming agent, and a penetrating agent is extruded into a sheet shape, stretched, and then the pore-forming agent A porous film with ribs on one side was prepared by removing the section.
- the oil content of the porous film determined by the procedure described above was 11 to 18% by mass, and the content of silica particles was 60% by mass.
- the height of the rib determined by the procedure described above was 0.2 mm.
- the thickness of the porous film (thickness of the base portion) determined by the procedure described above was uniformly 0.2 mm.
- the sheet-shaped porous film is folded in half so that the ribs are arranged on the inner surface to form a bag, and the overlapped ends are crimped to form a bag-shaped porous film (the one laid flat). Size: 117 mm long x 152 mm wide) was obtained. The crimp portion had a width of 3 mm at the inner side of the position 2 mm from the side edge of the porous film.
- Glass fiber mats (size under atmospheric pressure: length 117 mm x width 143 mm, thickness: 50 ⁇ m, average fiber diameter: 17 ⁇ m, areal density: 10 g/ m 2 , porosity: 80%, average pore diameter: 70 ⁇ m) was attached with an adhesive.
- the width of the porous film was larger than the width of the glass fiber mat, and regions with a width of 4.5 mm where the glass fiber mats did not overlap were formed at both side edges of the porous film.
- the ratio R of the porous film, the oil content, the silica particle content, the thickness of the base, the height of the ribs, the size of the glass fiber mat, the average fiber diameter, and the areal density are the same as before the production of the lead-acid battery. This value was determined for the porous film or glass fiber mat, and is almost the same as the value measured by the above-mentioned procedure for the porous film or glass fiber mat taken out from the lead-acid battery after production.
- a positive electrode paste was prepared by mixing lead oxide, reinforcing material (synthetic resin fiber), water, and sulfuric acid. By filling the positive electrode paste into the mesh part of an expanded lattice made of antimony-free Pb-Ca-Sn alloy, aging and drying, an unformed anode with a width of 137 mm, a height of 110 mm, and a thickness of 1.6 mm was formed. A positive electrode plate was obtained.
- a negative electrode paste was prepared by mixing lead oxide, carbon black, barium sulfate, lignin, reinforcing material (synthetic resin fiber), water, and sulfuric acid. By filling the mesh of an expanded grid made of an antimony-free Pb-Ca-Sn alloy with negative electrode paste, and aging and drying it, an unformed anode with a width of 137 mm, a height of 110 mm, and a thickness of 1.3 mm was created. A negative electrode plate was obtained.
- the amounts of carbon black, barium sulfate, lignin, and synthetic resin fiber used were such that the content of each component was 0.3% by mass, 2.1% by mass, and 0.0% by mass in the negative electrode plate taken out from a fully charged lead-acid battery. The concentrations were adjusted to 1% by mass and 0.1% by mass.
- the ears of the positive electrode plate and the ears of the negative electrode plate were welded to the positive electrode shelf and the negative electrode shelf, respectively, using a cast-on strap method.
- the electrode plate group was inserted into a polypropylene container, an electrolytic solution was injected, and chemical conversion was performed in the container to assemble a liquid lead-acid battery with a rated voltage of 12 V and a 5-hour rate capacity of 30 Ah.
- the 5-hour rate capacity is the capacity when discharging at a current (A) that is 1/5 of the value of Ah stated in the rated capacity. Note that six electrode plate groups are connected in series within the battery case.
- a sulfuric acid aqueous solution was used as the electrolyte.
- the density of the electrolytic solution after chemical formation at 20° C. was 1.285.
- the COD of the electrolytic solution taken out from the fully charged lead-acid battery was adjusted to the values shown in Table 7 on a mass basis. The COD was controlled by the amount of penetrant used when producing the porous film, the cleaning conditions of the expanded grids of the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate, and the like.
- Lead-acid batteries were produced in the same manner as lead-acid batteries E3-1 to E3-13, except that in production of separators (1), glass fiber mats were not attached to both outer surfaces of the bag-shaped porous film.
- the CCA performance and heavy load life performance of the lead-acid battery were evaluated according to the procedure described above.
- the heavy load life performance was evaluated using the previously described procedure for lead-acid batteries that were once fully charged.
- the CCA performance was evaluated by a relative value when the terminal voltage of the lead acid battery R3-15 at 30 seconds was taken as 100, and the heavy load life performance was evaluated by the relative value when the life cycle of the lead acid battery R3-8 was taken as 100.
- E3-1 to E3-13 are examples.
- R3-1 to R3-15 are comparative examples.
- the CCA performance and heavy load life performance were significantly improved by controlling COD. That is, when the COD was 160 mg/L or less, the CCA performance and heavy load life performance were significantly improved. However, when the COD was less than 5 mg/L, especially 1 mg/L, the heavy load life performance decreased. This is considered to be because the porous film was damaged by oxygen generated on the positive electrode side due to too little COD in the electrolyte.
- a positive electrode paste was prepared by mixing lead oxide, reinforcing material (synthetic resin fiber), water, and sulfuric acid. By filling the positive electrode paste into the mesh part of an expanded lattice made of antimony-free Pb-Ca-Sn alloy, aging and drying, a blank with a width of 137.5 mm, a height of 110 mm, and a thickness of 1.6 mm is formed. A chemically manufactured positive electrode plate was obtained.
- a negative electrode paste was prepared by mixing lead oxide, bismuth sulfate (Bi 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ), carbon black, barium sulfate, lignin, water, and sulfuric acid.
- a blank With filling the mesh of an expanded grid made of antimony-free Pb-Ca-Sn alloy with negative electrode paste, and aging and drying it, a blank with a width of 137.5 mm, a height of 110 mm, and a thickness of 1.3 mm was formed.
- a chemical negative electrode plate was obtained.
- the amount of bismuth sulfate used was adjusted so that the content of Bi element in the negative electrode plate taken out from the fully charged lead-acid battery became the value shown in Table 8 on a mass basis.
- the amounts of carbon black, barium sulfate, and lignin used are 0.3% by mass, 2.1% by mass, and 0.1% by mass, respectively, in the negative electrode plate taken out from a fully charged lead-acid battery. It was adjusted to be %.
- separator A resin composition containing 100 parts by mass of polyethylene, 160 parts by mass of silica particles, a predetermined amount of paraffin oil as a pore-forming agent, and a predetermined amount of a penetrant is extruded into a sheet shape. After stretching, part of the pore-forming agent was removed to obtain a separator having ribs on one side.
- the oil content of the separator determined by the procedure described above was 11 to 18% by mass, and the content of silica particles was 60% by mass.
- the height of the rib determined by the procedure described above was 0.60 mm.
- the thickness of the separator (thickness of the base portion) determined by the procedure described above was 0.20 mm.
- the sheet-like separator obtained by the above procedure was folded in half so that ribs were arranged on the outer surface to form a bag.
- a bag-like separator was obtained by crimping the overlapped ends.
- oil content, silica particle content, separator thickness, and rib height of the separator are values determined for the separator before manufacturing the lead-acid battery. These values are almost the same as the values measured by the above-mentioned procedure on the separator taken out from the manufactured lead-acid battery.
- the ears of the positive electrode plate and the ears of the negative electrode plate were welded to the positive electrode shelf and the negative electrode shelf, respectively, using a cast-on strap (COS) method.
- the electrode plate group was inserted into a polypropylene container, an electrolytic solution was injected, and chemical conversion was performed in the container to assemble a liquid lead-acid battery with a rated voltage of 12 V and a 5-hour rate capacity of 30 Ah.
- the 5-hour rate capacity is the capacity when discharging at a current (A) that is 1/5 of the value of Ah stated in the rated capacity. Note that six electrode plate groups are connected in series within the battery case.
- a sulfuric acid aqueous solution was used as the electrolyte.
- the density of the electrolyte solution after chemical formation at 20° C. is 1.285.
- the COD of the electrolytic solution taken out from the fully charged lead-acid battery was adjusted to the value shown in Table 8 on a mass basis. The COD was controlled by the amount of penetrating agent in the separator when producing the separator, the cleaning state of the expanded grids of the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate, and the like.
- the lead-acid battery performs a heavy load life test according to the procedure described above to evaluate the life performance.
- the life performance is evaluated by the relative value of the number of cycles N until the life is reached.
- the relative value of the number of cycles N is the value when the number of cycles N of the lead acid battery CA4-4 is set to 100.
- Table 8 shows the results for lead-acid batteries A4-1 to A4-24 and CA4-1 to CA4-15. Note that A4-1 to A4-24 are examples, and CA4-1 to CA4-15 are comparative examples.
- the life in the heavy load life test is good, and the COD is 15 mg/L or less.
- the COD in the electrolytic solution is 120 mg/L or less, 100 mg/L or less, or 50 mg/L or less, the life span is significantly improved.
- Lead acid batteries A4-25 to A4-28 were produced and evaluated in the same manner as lead acid battery A4-12, except that the Mp/Mn ratio was changed as shown in Table 9.
- aqueous electrolyte secondary battery high charge acceptance can be obtained, and charging and discharging reactions can be performed smoothly.
- aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries include lead-acid batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, and nickel-cadmium batteries.
- lead-acid batteries are suitable for idling-stop (also referred to as Start-Stop or Idle Reduction) applications, power sources for starting various vehicles, and the like.
- Start-stop applications include, for example, lead-acid batteries for vehicles with start-stop systems. Examples of the vehicle include a car and a motorcycle.
- lead-acid batteries can be suitably used as power sources for industrial power storage devices and the like. Examples of industrial power storage devices include power sources for electric vehicles such as forklifts. Note that these uses are merely examples.
- the uses of the aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the above aspect of the present invention are not limited to these.
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Abstract
Description
前記水系電解液二次電池は、極板群と水系電解液とを含み、
前記極板群は、正極板と負極板と前記正極板および前記負極板の間に介在するセパレータとを含み、
前記水系電解液中の化学的酸素要求量は、5mg/L以上160mg/L以下である、水系電解液二次電池に関する。
Itは、基準試験電流である。基準試験電流とは、基準時間5時間に対応した式It(単位:A)=C5(単位:Ah)/1(単位:h)によって表現される電流である。ここでC5は定格容量であり、製造業者が指定する電気容量を表す。
水系電解液二次電池は、極板群と水系電解液とを含む。
水系電解液中のCODは、5mg/L以上160mg/L以下である。電解液中のCODは、120mg/L以下でもよい。より高い充電受入性が得られる観点からは、水系電解液中の上記の範囲のCODの上限値として、130mg/L以下または100mg/L以下が好ましく、50mg/L以下または30mg/L以下がより好ましく、25mg/L以下がさらに好ましい。より高い充電受入性が得られ易い観点からは、上記の範囲の下限値として、8mg/L以上が好ましく、この下限値を上記した各上限値と組み合わせてもよい。
(1)水系電解液中の有機系添加剤の濃度を調整する。
(2)水系電解液以外の構成要素に含まれる有機成分の含有率を調整する。「水系電解液以外の構成要素」としては、セパレータ、正極板または負極板の集電体、並びに正極電極材料または負極電極材料が挙げられる。すなわち、(2)の方法は次の3つの方法に大別できる。
(2-1)セパレータに含まれる比較的低分子量の有機系添加剤の含有率を制御する。有機系添加剤としては、浸透剤、オイルなどが挙げられる。
(2-2)正極板もしくは負極板の集電体、または集電体に加工する前の金属板に付着した切削油の洗浄の程度を制御する。
(2-3)正極電極材料もしくは負極電極材料に含まれる有機成分および炭素質材料の少なくとも一方の含有率を制御する。電極材料に含まれる有機成分には有機防縮剤も含まれる。
極板群は、例えば、正極板と、負極板と、これらの間に介在するセパレータとを含む。各構成要素は、水系電解液二次電池の種類に応じて選択される。
正極板は、例えば、正極電極材料と正極電極材料を保持する正極集電体とを含む。
負極板は、例えば、負極電極材料と負極電極材料を保持する負極集電体とを含む。
セパレータとしては、多孔質フィルム、不織布などが使用できる。必要に応じて、これらを組み合わせてもよい。不織布は、繊維を織らずに絡み合わせたマットであり、繊維を主体とする。例えば、セパレータの60質量%以上が繊維で形成されている。セパレータには、必要に応じて、親水化処理を行ってもよい。
多孔質フィルムは、細孔を有する樹脂フィルムである。多孔質フィルムは、ポリマー材料を含む。多孔質フィルムは、必要に応じて、オイル、無機粒子、浸透剤、造孔剤などの任意成分を含む。樹脂フィルムを構成するポリマー材料(以下、ベースポリマーとも称する。)は、例えば、ポリオレフィンを含む。ポリオレフィンとは、少なくともオレフィン単位(オレフィンに由来するモノマー単位)を含む重合体である。
不織布は、多孔質フィルムと正極板との間に、正極板と接触するように配置されている。例えば、多孔質フィルムが袋状であり、負極板が袋に収容されている場合、袋の外側の双方の表面と正極板との間に不織布を配置してもよい。このとき極板群の端の極板が負極板である場合、袋状の多孔質フィルムの正極板と対向する一方側には不織布を配置し、正極板と対向しない他方側には不織布を配置しなくてもよい。
鉛蓄電池は、さらに、正極板と負極板との間に介在する繊維マットを備えていてもよい。繊維マットは、セパレータとは異なる部材である。繊維マットは、シート状の繊維集合体を含む。このような繊維集合体としては、電解液に不溶な繊維が絡み合ったシートが使用される。このようなシートには、例えば、不織布、織布、編み物などがある。繊維マットの例えば60質量%以上が繊維で形成されている。繊維としては、ガラス繊維、ポリマー繊維、パルプ繊維などを用いることができる。ポリマー繊維の中では、ポリオレフィン繊維が好ましい。
水系電解液二次電池は、1つのセルを含んでいてもよく、2つ以上のセルを含んでもよい。水系電解液二次電池が、複数のセルを含む場合、換言すると、複数の極板群を含む場合、複数の極板群を直列で接続してもよい。
水系電解液のCODは、JIS K 0102-1:2021の「17.2酸性過マンガン酸カリウムによる酸素消費量(CODMn)」に準拠して測定される。
COD(CODMn)は、下記式により求められる。このとき、CODMnは、有効数字2桁、小数第1位、および下限値<0.5で求められる。
CODMn=(滴定値-BL)×F×1000/V×0.2
滴定値:電解液から調製したサンプルの滴定に要した5mmol/L濃度の過マンガン酸カリウム水溶液の量(mL)
ブランク(BL):蒸留水を用いた試験での滴定に要した5mmol/L濃度の過マンガン酸カリウム水溶液の量(mL)
F:5mmol/L濃度の過マンガン酸カリウム水溶液のファクター
V:電解液から調製したサンプル(滴定に用いられたサンプル)の量(mL)
0.2:5mmol/L濃度の過マンガン酸カリウム水溶液1mLの酸素相当量(mg)
(2)多孔質フィルムおよび不織布の分析またはサイズの計測
(試料の準備)
多孔質フィルムおよび不織布の分析またはサイズの計測には、未使用のセパレータと不織布または使用初期の満充電状態の鉛蓄電池から取り出した多孔質フィルムと不織布が用いられる。鉛蓄電池から取り出した多孔質フィルムと不織布は、分析または計測に先立って、洗浄および乾燥される。
多孔質フィルムのXRDスペクトルは、多孔質フィルムの表面に垂直な方向からX線を照射することによって測定される。測定用のサンプルは、多孔質フィルムの電極材料に対向する部分を短冊状に加工することによって作製される。リブを有する多孔質フィルムでは、リブを含まないように、ベース部を短冊状に加工してサンプルを作製する。
測定装置:RINT-TTR2、リガク社製
フィッティング:FT(ステップスキャン)法
測定角度範囲:15-35°
ステップ幅:0.02°
計測速度:5°/min
XRDデータ処理:XRDパターン解析ソフト(PDXL2、リガク製)を使用。
多孔質フィルムおよび不織布の厚さは、それぞれの断面写真において、任意に選択した5箇所について多孔質フィルム部分または不織布の厚さを計測し、平均化することによって求められる。
多孔質フィルムの電極材料に対向する部分を短冊状に加工してサンプル(以下、サンプルAと称する)を作製する。リブを有する多孔質フィルムでは、リブを含まないように、ベース部を短冊状に加工してサンプルAを作製する。
オイルの含有率(質量%)=(m0-m1)/m0×100
上記と同様に作製したサンプルAの一部を採取し、正確に秤量した後、白金坩堝中に入れ、ブンゼンバーナーで白煙が出なくなるまで加熱する。次に、得られるサンプルを、電気炉(酸素気流中、550℃±10℃)で、約1時間加熱して灰化し、灰化物を秤量する。サンプルAの質量に占める灰化物の質量の比率(百分率)を算出し、上記の無機粒子の含有率(質量%)とする。10個のサンプルAについて無機粒子の含有率を求め、平均値を算出する。得られる平均値を多孔質フィルム中の無機粒子の含有率とする。
上記と同様に作製したサンプルAの一部を採取し、正確に秤量した後、室温(20℃以上35℃以下の温度)で大気圧より低い減圧環境下で、12時間以上乾燥させる。乾燥物を白金セルに入れて、熱重量測定装置にセットし、昇温速度10K/分で、室温から800℃±1℃まで昇温する。室温から250℃±1℃まで昇温させたときの重量減少量を浸透剤の質量とし、サンプルAの質量に占める浸透剤の質量の比率(百分率)を算出し、上記の浸透剤の含有率(質量%)とする。熱重量測定装置としては、T.A.インスツルメント社製のQ5000IRが使用される。10個のサンプルAについて浸透剤の含有率を求め、平均値を算出する。得られる平均値を多孔質フィルム中の浸透剤の含有率とする。
不織布の平均繊維径は、不織布から取り出した任意の100本の繊維について、その長さ方向に垂直な任意の断面の最大径を求め、平均化することによって求められる。
不織布の電極材料に対向する部分をカットし、接着剤が塗布されていない部分を採取し、計量するとともに、不織布の縦および横のサイズ(換言すると、カットした部分の縦および横のサイズ)を計測する。不織布の縦および横のサイズから面積を算出し、1m2当たりの不織布の質量(g)を面密度として求める。
空隙率は適当な大きさの直方体状に切り取った試料の寸法、重量、密度を測定し、下記の式に従い、見かけ体積と真体積との比率から算出した値とする。
空隙率(%)=(見かけ体積/真体積)×100
見かけ体積(cm3)=縦(cm)×横(cm)×厚さ(cm)
真体積(cm3)=重量(g)/密度(g/cm3)
不織布の電極材料に対向する部分から接着剤が塗布されていない部分を採取して、縦20mm×横5mmのサイズにカットして測定用サンプルとする。島津製作所社製水銀ポロシメータ「オートポアIV9510」を用いて、水銀圧入法により測定用サンプルの細孔分布を測定する。測定の圧力範囲は、4psia(≒27.6kPa)以上60,000psia(≒414MPa)以下とする。細孔径の範囲は、0.01μm以上50μm以下とする。累積細孔容積が全細孔容積の50%となる細孔径を平均細孔径とする。
負極電極材料中のBi元素の含有率の分析には、未使用または使用初期の満充電状態の鉛蓄電池から取り出した負極板が用いられる。鉛蓄電池から取り出した負極板は、分析または計測に先立って、洗浄および乾燥される。
鉛蓄電池の充電受入性は、下記の条件で、放電および充電を行い、充電開始後10分目の充電電流Ica2に基づいて、評価する。
1)鉛蓄電池の中央付近にあるいずれか1つのセルの電解液の温度が25±2℃であることを確認後、20時間率電流I20の3.42倍の電流で、2.5時間放電する。
2)上記1)の放電後、直ちに、鉛蓄電池を0±1℃の冷却室に移動して、中央付近にあるいずれか1つのセルの電解液の温度が0±1℃になるまで置く。
3)中央付近にあるいずれか1つのセルの電解液の温度が0±2℃であることを確認後、同じ温度で2.4±0.015V/セルの定電圧で、制限電流を100Aとして鉛蓄電池を充電し,充電開始後10分目の充電電流Ica2を測定する。
(1)軽負荷寿命試験
軽負荷寿命は、JIS D5301:2019に準拠して、以下の充放電サイクル試験において、寿命に達するまでのサイクル数に基づいて評価される。ただし、便宜上、試験の雰囲気温度を40℃液相から75℃気相に変更し、充放電サイクルにおける25A放電の時間を4分から2分に変更する。
(a)75℃環境下、試験電池を放電電流25A±0.1Aで2分間放電する。
(b)その後、充電電圧14.80V(制限電流25.0A)で10分間充電する。
(c)上記(a)、(b)を1サイクルとして480サイクル繰り返す。480サイクル毎に40~60時間の休止を行い、その後、定格コールドクランキング電流Iccで30秒間放電する。そして、この30秒目電圧が7.2Vにまで低下した時点のサイクル数を寿命回数とする。ここで、コールドクランキング電流Iccは、JIS D 5301:2019に定められる性能ランクに応じた電流値とする。
JIS D 5301:2019に準拠して、次の手順で、放電開始後30秒目の端子電圧により鉛蓄電池の始動性を評価する。電圧値が大きいほど始動性が高く、内部抵抗が低いことを意味する。
(a)満充電状態まで充電した後、最低16時間、蓄電池を-18℃±1℃の冷却室に置く。
(b)中央にあるいずれかのセルの電解液温度が-18℃±1℃であることを確認後、コールドクランキング電流Iccで30秒放電する。
(c)放電開始後30秒目の端子電圧を記録する。
ここで、コールドクランキング電流Iccは、JIS D 5301:2019に定められる性能ランクに応じた電流値とする。
重負荷寿命性能は次のようにして評価される。
JIS D 5301:2019 9.5.5 寿命試験 b)重負荷寿命試験に準拠して、重負荷試験を行う。より具体的には、まず、満充電状態の鉛蓄電池について、表1に示す放電電流で1時間放電を行い、次いで、表1に示す充電電流で5時間充電を行う。この放電と充電のサイクルを1サイクルとする。なお、放電電流および放電電流は、それぞれ、鉛蓄電池の20時間率容量に合わせて表1に示すように変化させる。試験中、鉛蓄電池は、40℃±2℃の水槽中に配置する。水槽の水面は、蓄電池の上面よりも15mm~25mm下に位置するようにする。数個の鉛蓄電池を水槽内に配置する場合には、隣接する鉛蓄電池間の距離および鉛蓄電池と隣接する水槽の内壁までの距離が、それぞれ、最低25mmとなるようにする。
鉛蓄電池1は、極板群11と電解液(図示せず)とを収容する電槽12を具備する。電槽12内は、隔壁13により、複数のセル室14に仕切られている。各セル室14には、極板群11が1つずつ収納されている。電槽12の開口部は、負極端子16および正極端子17を具備する蓋15で閉じられる。蓋15には、セル室毎に液口栓18が設けられている。補水の際には、液口栓18を外して補水液が補給される。液口栓18は、セル室14内で発生したガスを電池外に排出する機能を有してもよい。
以下、本発明を実施例および比較例に基づいて具体的に説明するが、本発明は以下の実施例に限定されるものではない。
下記の手順で各鉛蓄電池を作製した。
鉛酸化物、補強材としての合成樹脂繊維、水および硫酸を混合して正極ペーストを調製した。正極ペーストを、アンチモンを含まないPb-Ca-Sn系合金製のエキスパンド格子の網目部に充填し、熟成および乾燥を行うことによって、幅100mm、高さ110mm、厚さ1.6mmの未化成の正極板を得た。
鉛酸化物、カーボンブラック、硫酸バリウム、リグニン、補強材としての合成樹脂繊維、水および硫酸を混合して負極ペーストを調製した。負極ペーストを、アンチモンを含まないPb-Ca-Sn系合金製のエキスパンド格子の網目部に充填し、熟成および乾燥を行うことによって、幅100mm、高さ110mm、厚さ1.3mmの未化成の負極板を得た。カーボンブラック、硫酸バリウム、リグニンおよび合成樹脂繊維の使用量は、満充電状態の鉛蓄電池から取り出した負極板について各成分の含有率が、それぞれ0.3質量%、2.1質量%、0.1質量%および0.1質量%になるように調節した。
ポリエチレン100質量部と、シリカ粒子160質量部と、造孔剤としてのパラフィン系オイル80質量部と、適量の浸透剤とを含む樹脂組成物を、シート状に押出成形し、延伸処理した後、造孔剤の一部を除去することによって、片面にリブを有する多孔質フィルムを作製した。リブの高さは0.6mmであった。セパレータのベース部の平均厚さは0.2mmであった。シート状の多孔質フィルムを外面にリブが配置されるように二つ折りにして袋を形成し、重ね合わせた両端部を圧着して、袋状セパレータを得た。
未化成の負極板を、袋状セパレータに収容し、正極板と積層し、未化成の負極板7枚と未化成の正極板6枚とで極板群を形成した。
得られた鉛蓄電池を用いて、既述の手順で充電受入性を評価した。充電受入性は、鉛蓄電池C1-1のIca2を100としたときの各鉛蓄電池のIca2の比によって評価した。
下記の手順で各鉛蓄電池を作製した。
(1)セパレータの作製
ポリエチレンと、シリカ粒子と、造孔剤としてのパラフィン系オイルと、浸透剤とを含む樹脂組成物を、シート状に押出成形し、延伸処理した後、造孔剤の一部を除去することによって、片面にリブを有する多孔質フィルムを作製した。既述の手順で求められる多孔質フィルムの結晶化度(%)(100×Ic/(Ic+Ia))が表3に示す値(13%)となるように、押出成形されたシートの冷却速度および延伸処理の倍率を調節した。
既述の手順で求められるリブの高さは0.55mmであった。
既述の手順で求められる多孔質フィルムの厚さ(ベース部の厚さ)は0.2mmで統一した。
鉛酸化物、補強材(合成樹脂繊維)、水および硫酸を混合して正極ペーストを調製した。正極ペーストを、アンチモンを含まないPb-Ca-Sn系合金製のエキスパンド格子の網目部に充填し、熟成および乾燥を行うことによって、幅137mm、高さ110mm、厚さ1.6mmの未化成の正極板を得た。
鉛酸化物、カーボンブラック、硫酸バリウム、リグニン、補強材(合成樹脂繊維)、水および硫酸を混合して負極ペーストを調製した。負極ペーストを、アンチモンを含まないPb-Ca-Sn系合金製のエキスパンド格子の網目部に充填し、熟成および乾燥を行うことによって、幅137mm、高さ110mm、厚さ1.3mmの未化成の負極板を得た。カーボンブラック、硫酸バリウム、リグニンおよび合成樹脂繊維の使用量は、満充電状態の鉛蓄電池から取り出した負極板について各成分の含有率が、それぞれ0.3質量%、2.1質量%、0.1質量%および0.1質量%になるように調節した。
未化成の負極板を、セパレータの袋状の多孔質フィルムに収容した。負極板と正極板とをセパレータを介して積層した。このようにして、未化成の負極板7枚と未化成の正極板6枚とで極板群を形成した。
既述の手順で求められる結晶化度(%)が表4に示す値(18%)となるように調節した多孔質フィルムを用いた点以外、鉛蓄電池R2-1~R2-10と同様に鉛蓄電池を作製した。
既述の手順で求められる結晶化度(%)が表5に示す値(23%)となるように調節した多孔質フィルムを用いた点以外、鉛蓄電池R2-4~R2-10と同様に鉛蓄電池を作製した。
既述の手順で求められる結晶化度(%)が表6に示す値(25%)となるように調節した多孔質フィルムを用いた点以外、鉛蓄電池R2-4~R2-10と同様に鉛蓄電池を作製した。
既述の手順で、鉛蓄電池の充電受入性および75℃での軽負荷寿命試験における寿命性能を評価した。充電受け入れ性は鉛蓄電池R2-1の評価結果を100、軽負荷寿命試験における寿命性能は鉛蓄電池R2-1の寿命回数を100としたときの相対値によって評価した。
下記の手順で鉛蓄電池E3-1~E3-13を作製した。
(1)セパレータの作製
ポリエチレンと、シリカ粒子と、造孔剤としてのパラフィン系オイルと、浸透剤とを含む樹脂組成物を、シート状に押出成形し、延伸処理した後、造孔剤の一部を除去することによって、片面にリブを有する多孔質フィルムを作製した。
既述の手順で求められるリブの高さは0.2mmであった。
既述の手順で求められる多孔質フィルムの厚さ(ベース部の厚さ)は、0.2mmで統一した。
鉛酸化物、補強材(合成樹脂繊維)、水および硫酸を混合して正極ペーストを調製した。正極ペーストを、アンチモンを含まないPb-Ca-Sn系合金製のエキスパンド格子の網目部に充填し、熟成および乾燥を行うことによって、幅137mm、高さ110mm、厚さ1.6mmの未化成の正極板を得た。
鉛酸化物、カーボンブラック、硫酸バリウム、リグニン、補強材(合成樹脂繊維)、水および硫酸を混合して負極ペーストを調製した。負極ペーストを、アンチモンを含まないPb-Ca-Sn系合金製のエキスパンド格子の網目部に充填し、熟成および乾燥を行うことによって、幅137mm、高さ110mm、厚さ1.3mmの未化成の負極板を得た。カーボンブラック、硫酸バリウム、リグニンおよび合成樹脂繊維の使用量は、満充電状態の鉛蓄電池から取り出した負極板について各成分の含有率が、それぞれ0.3質量%、2.1質量%、0.1質量%および0.1質量%になるように調節した。
未化成の負極板を、セパレータの袋状の多孔質フィルムに収容した。袋の両方の外表面に貼り付けられたガラス繊維マットが正極板と接触するように負極板と正極板とをセパレータを介して積層した。このようにして、未化成の負極板7枚と未化成の正極板6枚とで極板群を形成した。
セパレータの作製(1)において、袋状の多孔質フィルムの両方の外面にガラス繊維マットを貼り付けなかったこと以外、鉛蓄電池E3-1~E3-13と同様に、鉛蓄電池を作製した。
既述の手順で、鉛蓄電池のCCA性能および重負荷寿命性能を評価した。重負荷寿命性能は、一旦満充電状態にした鉛蓄電池について、既述の手順で評価した。CCA性能は鉛蓄電池R3-15の30秒目の端子電圧を100、重負荷寿命性能は鉛蓄電池R3-8の寿命回数を100としたときの相対値によって評価した。
(1)正極板の作製
鉛酸化物、補強材(合成樹脂繊維)、水および硫酸を混合して正極ペーストを調製した。正極ペーストを、アンチモンを含まないPb-Ca-Sn系合金製のエキスパンド格子の網目部に充填し、熟成および乾燥を行うことによって、幅137.5mm、高さ110mm、厚さ1.6mmの未化成の正極板を得た。
鉛酸化物、硫酸ビスマス(Bi2(SO4)3)、カーボンブラック、硫酸バリウム、リグニン、水および硫酸を混合して負極ペーストを調製した。負極ペーストを、アンチモンを含まないPb-Ca-Sn系合金製のエキスパンド格子の網目部に充填し、熟成および乾燥を行うことによって、幅137.5mm、高さ110mm、厚さ1.3mmの未化成の負極板を得た。硫酸ビスマスの使用量は、満充電状態の鉛蓄電池から取り出した負極板についてBi元素の含有率が質量基準で表8に示す値になるように調節した。また、カーボンブラック、硫酸バリウムおよびリグニンの使用量は、満充電状態の鉛蓄電池から取り出した負極板について各成分の含有率が、それぞれ0.3質量%、2.1質量%および0.1質量%になるように調節した。
ポリエチレン100質量部と、シリカ粒子160質量部と、所定量の造孔剤としてのパラフィン系オイルと、所定量の浸透剤とを含む樹脂組成物を、シート状に押出成形し、延伸処理した後、造孔剤の一部を除去し、片面にリブを有するセパレータを得た。
未化成の負極板を、袋状セパレータに収容し、正極板と積層し、未化成の負極板7枚と未化成の正極板6枚とで極板群を形成した。正極電極材料の質量の負極電極材料の質量に対する比:Mp/Mnは1.3とした。
2:負極板
3:正極板
4:セパレータ
5:正極棚部
6:負極棚部
7:正極柱
8:貫通接続体
9:負極柱
11:極板群
12:電槽
13:隔壁
14:セル室
15:蓋
16:負極端子
17:正極端子
18:液口栓
Claims (20)
- 水系電解液二次電池であって、
前記水系電解液二次電池は、極板群と水系電解液とを含み、
前記極板群は、正極板と負極板と前記正極板および前記負極板の間に介在するセパレータとを含み、
前記水系電解液中の化学的酸素要求量は、5mg/L以上160mg/L以下である、水系電解液二次電池。 - 前記水系電解液中の化学的酸素要求量は、130mg/L以下である、請求項1に記載の水系電解液二次電池。
- 前記水系電解液中の化学的酸素要求量は、8mg/L以上である、請求項1または2に記載の水系電解液二次電池。
- 鉛蓄電池である、請求項1に記載の水系電解液二次電池。
- 前記負極板は、有機防縮剤及び炭素質材料からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種を含む、請求項4に記載の水系電解液二次電池。
- 前記極板群は、前記正極板と前記負極板との間に介在する繊維マットを含む、請求項4または5に記載の水系電解液二次電池。
- 前記セパレータは、樹脂製の多孔質フィルムを備え、
前記多孔質フィルムは、結晶質領域と非晶質領域とを含み、
前記多孔質フィルムのX線回折スペクトルにおいて、100×Ic/(Ic+Ia)で示される結晶化度が18%以上であり、
Icは、前記結晶質領域に相当する回折ピークのうちピーク高さが最大である回折ピークの積分強度であり、
Iaは、前記非晶質領域に相当するハローの積分強度である、請求項4に記載の水系電解液二次電池。 - 前記化学的酸素要求量は、15mg/L以上である、請求項7に記載の水系電解液二次電池。
- 前記結晶化度は、40%以下である、請求項7に記載の水系電解液二次電池。
- 前記セパレータは、樹脂製の多孔質フィルムと、前記正極板と接触している不織布と、を備える、請求項4に記載の水系電解液二次電池。
- 前記不織布が、ガラス繊維および有機繊維からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を含むマットである、請求項10に記載の水系電解液二次電池。
- 前記化学的酸素要求量は、100mg/L以下である、請求項7または10に記載の水系電解液二次電池。
- 前記不織布が、前記正極板の表面に固定されている、請求項10に記載の水系電解液二次電池。
- 前記多孔質フィルムは、100μm以上300μm以下の厚さを有する、請求項7または10に記載の水系電解液二次電池。
- 前記不織布は、30μm以上800μm以下の厚さを有する、請求項10に記載の水系電解液二次電池。
- 前記多孔質フィルムは、端部の少なくとも一部に、前記不織布で覆われていない領域を有する、請求項10に記載の水系電解液二次電池。
- 前記正極板は、正極電極材料を含み、
前記負極板は、負極電極材料を含み、
前記負極電極材料は、Bi元素を含み、
前記負極電極材料中の前記Bi元素の含有率は、質量基準で100ppm以上、300ppm以下である、請求項4に記載の水系電解液二次電池。 - 前記水系電解液中の化学的酸素要求量は、120mg/L以下である、請求項17に記載の水系電解液二次電池。
- 前記正極電極材料の質量の前記負極電極材料の質量に対する比が、1.2以上、1.4以下である、請求項17に記載の水系電解液二次電池。
- アイドリングストップ・スタート制御される車両用である、請求項17~19のいずれか1項に記載の水系電解液二次電池。
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| JP2019514173A (ja) | 2016-04-08 | 2019-05-30 | ダラミック エルエルシー | 強化型液式電池のための改良されたセパレータ、電池、及び関連する方法 |
| JP2020174058A (ja) | 2016-12-07 | 2020-10-22 | 日立化成株式会社 | 液式鉛蓄電池及びその製造方法 |
| JP2021163612A (ja) | 2020-03-31 | 2021-10-11 | 古河電池株式会社 | 鉛蓄電池 |
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2023
- 2023-08-22 EP EP23857335.6A patent/EP4550517A4/en active Pending
- 2023-08-22 WO PCT/JP2023/030110 patent/WO2024043226A1/ja not_active Ceased
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| JP2000106162A (ja) * | 1998-07-31 | 2000-04-11 | Japan Vilene Co Ltd | アルカリ電池用セパレ―タ及びその製造方法 |
| JP2001338631A (ja) | 2000-05-29 | 2001-12-07 | Nippon Muki Co Ltd | 鉛蓄電池用リブ付きセパレータおよびその製造方法 |
| JP2003142085A (ja) | 2001-11-02 | 2003-05-16 | Japan Storage Battery Co Ltd | 鉛蓄電池 |
| JP2005251394A (ja) | 2004-03-01 | 2005-09-15 | Japan Storage Battery Co Ltd | 鉛蓄電池 |
| JP2006079973A (ja) | 2004-09-10 | 2006-03-23 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 鉛蓄電池 |
| JP2013084362A (ja) | 2011-10-06 | 2013-05-09 | Gs Yuasa Corp | 鉛蓄電池 |
| WO2017143212A1 (en) | 2016-02-17 | 2017-08-24 | Daramic, Llc | Improved separators, lead acid batteries, and methods and systems associated therewith |
| JP2019505969A (ja) * | 2016-02-17 | 2019-02-28 | ダラミック エルエルシー | 改良されたセパレータ、鉛酸電池、およびそれと関連する方法 |
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| WO2018105134A1 (ja) | 2016-12-07 | 2018-06-14 | 日立化成株式会社 | 液式鉛蓄電池、液式鉛蓄電池の充放電方法、及び電源システム |
| JP2020174058A (ja) | 2016-12-07 | 2020-10-22 | 日立化成株式会社 | 液式鉛蓄電池及びその製造方法 |
| JP2021163612A (ja) | 2020-03-31 | 2021-10-11 | 古河電池株式会社 | 鉛蓄電池 |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP4550517A1 (en) | 2025-05-07 |
| EP4550517A4 (en) | 2025-06-04 |
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