WO2024042774A1 - 電磁鋼帯の摩擦撹拌接合方法、電磁鋼帯の製造方法、摩擦撹拌接合装置および電磁鋼帯の製造装置 - Google Patents
電磁鋼帯の摩擦撹拌接合方法、電磁鋼帯の製造方法、摩擦撹拌接合装置および電磁鋼帯の製造装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024042774A1 WO2024042774A1 PCT/JP2023/015082 JP2023015082W WO2024042774A1 WO 2024042774 A1 WO2024042774 A1 WO 2024042774A1 JP 2023015082 W JP2023015082 W JP 2023015082W WO 2024042774 A1 WO2024042774 A1 WO 2024042774A1
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- electromagnetic steel
- steel strip
- rotary tool
- friction stir
- joint
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B15/00—Arrangements for performing additional metal-working operations specially combined with or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, metal-rolling mills
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/60—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing lead, selenium, tellurium, or antimony, or more than 0.04% by weight of sulfur
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for friction stir welding electromagnetic steel strips, a method for producing electromagnetic steel strips, a friction stir welding apparatus, and an apparatus for producing electromagnetic steel strips.
- coil joining refers to the end (rear end) of the preceding steel strip (hereinafter also referred to as the preceding steel strip) and the steel strip following the preceding steel strip (hereinafter also referred to as the trailing steel strip) on the production line. ) to join the ends (tips) of the
- a joint formed by coil joining will also be referred to as a coil joint. Note that the tip is the end on the traveling direction side of the steel strip on the production line.
- the rear end is an end on the opposite side in the direction of movement of the steel strip on the production line.
- Patent Document 1 describes ⁇ When welding high-Si steel, welding using a filler wire containing Ni as the main component or supplying a powder filler containing Ni as the main component so that the chemical composition of the weld metal satisfies equation (1) below.
- [%Ni], [%Si], [%Cr], and [%Mo] each represent the content (% by weight) of Ni, Si, Cr, and Mo in the weld metal. ” is disclosed.
- Patent Document 2 In a method of laser welding a leading plate and a trailing plate butt together using a filler wire, the ratio of the butt gap (Gap) between the leading plate and trailing plate at the initial stage of welding to the average width of the weld metal (DEPO)
- a laser welding method characterized in that (Gap/DEPO) is 0.3 to 0.8. is disclosed.
- the present invention was developed in view of the above-mentioned current situation, and is extremely effective in preventing the occurrence of breakage of coil joints on the production line due to deterioration of mechanical properties or deterioration of shape of coil joints while maintaining high construction efficiency. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for friction stir welding of electromagnetic steel strips, which is capable of suppressing the damage and is also advantageous in terms of the durability of a rotating tool. Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing an electromagnetic steel strip using the above-described friction stir welding method for electromagnetic steel strips. A further object of the present invention is to provide a friction stir welding apparatus that can be suitably used in the above-described friction stir welding method for electromagnetic steel strips. In addition, an object of the present invention is to provide an electromagnetic steel sheet manufacturing apparatus having the above-described friction stir welding apparatus.
- the inventors have made extensive studies to achieve the above objective. First, the inventors investigated and examined the reasons why the mechanical properties and shape of the coil joint deteriorate when applying laser welding to join the coils of electromagnetic steel strips, and obtained the following knowledge. Ta.
- the composition of the electrical steel sheet contains a large amount of Si, specifically about 2.0 to 5.0% by mass.
- Si is a ferrite stabilizing element. Therefore, when common laser welding is applied to coil joining of electromagnetic steel strips, the ferrite crystal grains in the coil joining part, which is the molten part, and further, the ferrite crystal grains in the heat affected zone become coarse. As a result, the mechanical properties of the coil joint, particularly the toughness and bending strength, are significantly deteriorated, leading to the occurrence of breakage of the coil joint on the production line.
- Patent Documents 1 to 3 use a filler whose main component is Ni, which is an austenite stabilizing element. Therefore, the austenite phase is mainly obtained at the coil joint.
- the amount of fusion of the filler metal and the amount of fusion of the steel plate at the molten zone (weld metal) are adjusted by eliminating the fluctuation in the butt gap between the preceding steel strip and the following steel strip. It is necessary to control this extremely strictly and to properly control the balance between Ni equivalent and Cr equivalent in the molten zone (weld metal) at all times.
- friction stir welding is solid phase welding that utilizes frictional heat between a rotating tool and materials to be welded and plastic flow of the materials to be welded. That is, the unjoined portion (area to be joined) of the materials to be joined is subjected to friction stirring using a rotating tool. When the unjoined parts of the materials to be joined are heated by frictional heat, plastic flow begins. Then, the interface between the plastic flow region and the base material is greatly elongated. As a result, clean interfaces free of oxides come into contact with each other, and a joint is formed without melting of the materials to be joined.
- the joint part is a region that undergoes hot working due to frictional heat and plastic flow between the rotating tool and the welded materials and becomes a recrystallized structure, and is sometimes called a stirring part.
- a region adjacent to the joint a region is formed in which, although affected by hot working due to frictional heat and plastic flow, the temperature and working are insufficient and the structure does not lead to recrystallization.
- This area is called the thermal processing affected zone.
- the unjoined part is a butt part
- the average value (mm) of the plate thickness of the first electromagnetic steel strip and the plate thickness of the second electromagnetic steel strip is the thickness (mm) of the overlapping part.
- the steel structure of the joint and the heat-processed zone is made to be mainly a ferrite phase structure, and the joint and the heat-processed It is preferable to simultaneously refine the steel structure of the affected zone and reduce the difference in hardness between the joint and the base material. Specifically, it is preferable to satisfy the following relationships (3) to (6) at the same time. As a result, even when electromagnetic steel strips are used as the material to be joined, the mechanical properties of the coil joints are improved without deteriorating the shape of the coil joints, and the occurrence of breakage of the coil joints on the production line is prevented. more effectively suppressed.
- Dsz is the average value ( ⁇ m) of the ferrite grain size at the joint
- Dhaz1 is the average value ( ⁇ m) of the ferrite grain size of the heat-processed affected zone on the first electromagnetic steel strip side
- Dhaz2 is the average value ( ⁇ m) of the ferrite grain size in the heat-processed affected zone on the second electromagnetic steel strip side
- Dbm1 is the average value ( ⁇ m) of the ferrite grain size of the base metal part of the first electromagnetic steel strip
- Dbm2 is the average value ( ⁇ m) of the ferrite grain size of the base metal part of the second electromagnetic steel strip
- Hsz is the average hardness of the joint
- Hbm1 is the average hardness of the base material of the first electromagnetic steel strip
- Hbm2 is the average hardness of the base material of the second electromagnetic steel strip
- TszL is the minimum thickness of the joint (mm)
- TszH is the maximum thickness of the joint (mm)
- TbmL is the plate thickness (mm) of the thinner electromagnetic steel strip of the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip
- examples of the rotary tool without a probe include a rotary tool without a probe in which the tip surface (contact surface with the workpiece) of the rotary tool is a flat surface, a convex curved surface, or a concave curved surface. It will be done.
- a friction stir welding method for electromagnetic steel strips in which a first electromagnetic steel strip and a second electromagnetic steel strip, which are materials to be welded, are joined by a pair of rotating tools facing each other, the method comprising: The first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip are pressed against the unwelded portion of the materials to be welded by pressing the rotary tool from both sides while rotating in opposite directions and moving the rotary tool in the welding direction.
- the unjoined portion of the materials to be welded is a butt or overlapping portion between an end of the first electromagnetic steel strip and an end of the second electromagnetic steel strip following the first electromagnetic steel strip.
- the joining step and the cooling step are performed continuously by moving the rotary tool and the cooling device in conjunction with each other in the joining direction, Further, the diameter D (mm) of the shoulder portion of the rotating tool satisfies the relationship of the following formula (1), and RS ⁇ D 3 /JS, which is expressed by the rotation speed RS (times/min) of the rotary tool, the shoulder diameter D (mm) of the rotary tool, and the welding speed JS (mm/min), is calculated by the following formula (2 ) Friction stir welding method for electromagnetic steel strips that satisfies the relationship. 4xTJ ⁇ D ⁇ 10 ⁇ TJ...(1) 200 x TJ ⁇ RS ⁇ D 3 /JS ⁇ 2000 ⁇ TJ...(2) Here, T.J.
- the unjoined part is a butt part
- the average value (mm) of the plate thickness of the first electromagnetic steel strip and the plate thickness of the second electromagnetic steel strip is the thickness (mm) of the overlapping part.
- the steel structures of the joint portion and the heat-processed affected zone formed by joining the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip each have a structure mainly composed of ferrite phase, and
- Dhaz2 ⁇ Dbm2...(5) 0.9 ⁇ (Hbm1+Hbm2)/2 ⁇ Hsz ⁇ 1.2 ⁇ (Hbm1+Hbm2)/2 ...
- Dsz is the average value ( ⁇ m) of the ferrite grain size at the joint
- Dhaz1 is the average value ( ⁇ m) of the ferrite grain size of the heat-processed affected zone on the first electromagnetic steel strip side
- Dhaz2 is the average value ( ⁇ m) of the ferrite grain size in the heat-processed affected zone on the second electromagnetic steel strip side
- Dbm1 is the average value ( ⁇ m) of the ferrite grain size of the base metal part of the first electromagnetic steel strip
- Dbm2 is the average value ( ⁇ m) of the ferrite grain size of the base metal part of the second electromagnetic steel strip
- Hsz is the average hardness of the joint
- Hbm1 is the average hardness of the base material of the first electromagnetic steel strip
- Hbm2 is the average hardness of the base material of the second electromagnetic steel strip
- TszL is the minimum thickness of the joint (mm)
- TszH is the maximum thickness of the joint (mm)
- TbmL is the plate thickness (mm) of the thinner electromagnetic steel strip of the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip
- TbmH is the plate thickness (mm) of the thicker electromagnetic steel strip of the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip
- cooling device is an inert gas injection device, a liquid injection device, or a combination thereof.
- a method for manufacturing an electromagnetic steel strip comprising the step of cold rolling the joined steel strip to obtain a cold rolled steel strip.
- a friction stir welding apparatus used in the friction stir welding method for electromagnetic steel strips according to any one of 1 to 12 above, a gripping device that grips a material to be joined; a pair of rotating tools facing each other; a drive device for the rotary tool; a cooling device disposed behind the rotary tool in the welding direction on at least one surface of the material to be welded; an operation control device for the gripping device, the driving device for the rotary tool, and the cooling device; Friction stir welding equipment equipped with
- W is a distance (mm) from the welding center line of the materials to be joined in the welding perpendicular direction.
- D is the diameter (mm) of the shoulder of the rotary tool.
- cooling device is an inert gas injection device, a liquid injection device, or a combination thereof.
- An electromagnetic steel strip manufacturing apparatus comprising the friction stir welding apparatus according to any one of 14 to 16 above.
- the present invention even when electromagnetic steel strips are used as materials to be welded, there is no deterioration of the mechanical properties or shape of the coil joint, and the occurrence of breakage of the coil joint on the production line is prevented. effectively suppressed.
- it is possible to prevent coarsening of ferrite recrystallized grains caused by plastic working at high temperatures during joining it is possible to extremely effectively prevent the occurrence of fracture at the coil joint, which is extremely advantageous.
- a rotary tool without a probe can be used in the friction stir welding method for electromagnetic steel strips according to an embodiment of the present invention, it is extremely advantageous in terms of further improving the durability of the rotary tool and reducing the welding failure rate.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a method for friction stir welding electromagnetic steel strips according to an embodiment of the present invention, and is a side perspective view showing an example of butt welding by post-cooling double-sided friction stir welding.
- FIG. 1A is a view taken along the line AA in FIG. 1A.
- FIG. 1B is a top view of FIG. 1A.
- 1A is a cross-sectional view (viewed along the line AA in FIG. 1C) at the joint center line position;
- FIG. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the shape of a rotary tool with a probe used in the friction stir welding method for electromagnetic steel strips according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a method for friction stir welding electromagnetic steel strips according to an embodiment of the present invention, and is a side perspective view showing an example of butt welding by post-cooling double-sided friction stir welding.
- FIG. 1A is a view taken along the line AA in FIG. 1A.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the shape of a rotary tool with a probe used in the friction stir welding method for electromagnetic steel strips according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the shape of a rotary tool without a probe (a flat-tip rotary tool) used in a friction stir welding method for electromagnetic steel strips according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the shape of a rotary tool without a probe (rotary tool with a convex tip) used in the friction stir welding method for electromagnetic steel strips according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the shape of a rotary tool without a probe (a rotary tool with a concave tip) used in the friction stir welding method for electromagnetic steel strips according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the shape of a rotary tool without a probe (a flat-tip rotary tool with a stepped portion) used in the friction stir welding method for electromagnetic steel strips according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the shape of a rotary tool without a probe (a rotary tool with a convex tip provided with a stepped portion) used in the friction stir welding method for electromagnetic steel strips according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the shape of a rotary tool without a probe (a rotary tool with a concave tip provided with a stepped portion) used in the friction stir welding method for electromagnetic steel strips according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a method for arranging (depicting) two vortices at equal intervals, with two vortices defining a step portion.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a method of arranging (depicting) the vortices at equal intervals using three vortices that define the stepped portion.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a method of arranging (depicting) the vortices at equal intervals using four vortices that define the stepped portion.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a method for arranging (depicting) two vortices at equal intervals, with two vortices defining a step portion.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a method of arranging (depicting) the vortices at equal intervals using five vortices that define the stepped portion.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a method for arranging (depicting) six vortices at equal intervals, with six vortices defining a step portion.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a rotary tool with a convex tip provided with a stepped portion.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a rotary tool with a convex tip provided with a groove-like stepped portion.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a flat-tip rotary tool provided with a groove-like stepped portion.
- 1 is a schematic diagram of a welding joint for electromagnetic steel strips obtained by a friction stir welding method for electromagnetic steel strips according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a method for friction stir welding electromagnetic steel strips according to an embodiment of the present invention, and is a top view showing an example of butt welding by post-cooling type double-sided friction stir welding.
- FIGS. 1A to 1D are schematic diagrams illustrating a friction stir welding method for electromagnetic steel strips according to an embodiment of the present invention, in which FIG. 1A is a side perspective view, and FIG. 1B is a view taken along the line AA in FIG. 1C is a top view of FIG. 1A, and FIG. 1D is a cross-sectional view at the joint center line position of FIG. 1A.
- 1 is the first electromagnetic steel strip (material to be welded)
- 2 is the second electromagnetic steel strip (material to be welded)
- 3-1 is a rotating tool (front side rotating tool)
- 3 -2 is a rotating tool (backside rotating tool)
- 4 is a joint
- 5-1 and 5-2 are shoulders
- 6-1 and 6-2 are probes (pins)
- 7 is a gripping device
- 9 -1 and 9-2 are the tips
- 10-1 is a cooling device (front side cooling device)
- 10-2 is a cooling device (back side cooling device)
- 11 is a rotary tool drive device
- 12 is a It is an operation control device. Note that in FIG. 1A, illustration of the gripping device is omitted.
- ⁇ is the inclination angle of the rotating tool (°)
- a is the diameter of the probe part (hereinafter also referred to as pin diameter) (mm)
- b is the length of the probe part (hereinafter also referred to as pin length) (mm).
- D is the diameter of the shoulder of the rotating tool (mm)
- g is the gap between the probes (mm)
- G is the gap between the shoulders of the rotating tool
- H and I are the (scheduled) area to be cooled by the cooling device. represents.
- the cooling device 10-1 front side cooling device
- the cooling device 10-1 front side cooling device
- FIGS. 1A to 1D Welding direction (direction of rotation of the rotating tool), The welding vertical direction (perpendicular to the welding direction and perpendicular to the sheet thickness direction; in FIGS. 1A to 1D, it coincides with the width direction of the joint and the direction of movement of the electromagnetic steel strip), and Plate thickness direction (direction perpendicular to the surface of the material to be joined)
- the vertical direction is the thickness direction.
- the horizontal direction is the joining vertical direction.
- the direction toward the back of the page is the bonding direction. That is, the plane shown in FIG. 1B includes the joining perpendicular direction and the plate thickness direction.
- cooling devices 10-1 and 10-2 are located closer to the front of the paper than the rotating tools 3-1 and 3-2.
- a cooling device 10-1 indicated by a broken line in FIG. 1C is located closer to the front of the drawing than cooling areas H and I.
- electromagnetic steel strip refers to an intermediate product that is used as a material for manufacturing electrical steel sheets, and in particular, heat treatment for primary recrystallization (for example, decarburization annealing or primary recrystallization) after hot rolling is performed. Refers to intermediate products before crystal annealing. It should be noted that the electromagnetic steel strip produced by the method for producing an electromagnetic steel strip according to an embodiment of the present invention is manufactured by cold-working after joining the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip, as described later. It is obtained by rolling.
- an electromagnetic steel strip obtained by joining a first electromagnetic steel strip and a second electromagnetic steel strip will also be referred to as a joined steel strip
- an electromagnetic steel strip obtained by cold rolling the joined steel strip will also be referred to as a cold rolled steel strip.
- the friction stir welding method for electromagnetic steel strips applies the post-cooling type double-sided friction stir welding as the coil welding of the electromagnetic steel strips, and then performs the above-mentioned method (1). It is characterized by simultaneously satisfying the relationships (2) and (2).
- the friction stir welding method for electromagnetic steel strips includes: A friction stir welding method for electromagnetic steel strips, in which a first electromagnetic steel strip and a second electromagnetic steel strip, which are materials to be welded, are joined by a pair of rotating tools facing each other in a continuous cold rolling line, the method comprising: , The first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip are pressed against the unwelded portion of the materials to be welded by pressing the rotary tool from both sides while rotating in opposite directions and moving the rotary tool in the welding direction.
- the unjoined portion of the materials to be welded is a butt or overlapping portion between an end of the first electromagnetic steel strip and an end of the second electromagnetic steel strip following the first electromagnetic steel strip.
- the joining step and the cooling step are performed continuously by moving the rotary tool and the cooling device in conjunction with each other in the joining direction, Further, the diameter D (mm) of the shoulder portion of the rotary tool satisfies the relationship of formula (1) above, and RS ⁇ D 3 /JS expressed by the rotation speed RS (times/min) of the rotary tool, the shoulder diameter D (mm) of the rotary tool, and the welding speed JS (mm/min) is expressed by the above formula ( 2) is satisfied.
- a butt joint is a butt joint that includes the end surfaces (butt surfaces) of the first and second electromagnetic steel strips, with the end surfaces of the first and second electromagnetic steel strips facing each other. Rotate and press the rotary tool on the part.
- the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip are welded by moving the rotary tool in the welding direction.
- Lap joining refers to overlapping at least a portion of the ends of a first electromagnetic steel strip and a second electromagnetic steel strip, and pressing a rotary tool against the overlapping portion while rotating.
- the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip are welded by moving the rotary tool in the welding direction.
- Butt welding and lap welding differ only in the form of the unwelded part, and the other equipment configurations are basically the same, so here we will use post-cooling double-sided friction stir welding as shown in Figures 1A to 1D to perform butt welding.
- post-cooling double-sided friction stir welding method a first electromagnetic steel strip and a second electromagnetic steel strip, which are materials to be welded, are joined using a pair of rotating tools facing each other, and a joint is formed on the materials to be welded.
- This is a friction stir welding method in which, after forming, the welded portion is cooled by a cooling device placed at the rear of the rotary tool in the welding direction.
- the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip are joined by the post-cooled double-sided friction stir welding method.
- a gripping device (not shown) that grips the material to be joined; a pair of rotating tools facing each other; a drive device for the rotary tool; a cooling device disposed behind the rotary tool in the welding direction on at least one surface (side) of the material to be welded;
- a friction stir welding apparatus is used, which includes the gripping device, the rotation tool driving device, and the cooling device operation control device.
- the shoulder of the rotary tool Controls the gap G between the two, the welding speed (and the moving speed in the welding direction of the cooling device that moves in conjunction with the rotating tool), the pushing load, the rotational speed of the rotating tool, the rotational torque, the output of the cooling device, etc. .
- the rotating tool of the friction stir welding device is applied to both sides of the first and second electromagnetic steel strips (hereinafter simply referred to as the materials to be welded), which are the materials to be welded. Place it in Further, the cooling device is arranged behind the rotary tool in the welding direction on at least one surface of the materials to be welded. Note that the rotary tool placed on the front side (upper side in the vertical direction) of the materials to be welded is called the front side rotary tool, and the rotary tool placed on the back side (lower side in the vertical direction) of the materials to be joined is called the back side. Sometimes called a rotary tool.
- a cooling device placed on the front side (vertically upper side) of the materials to be joined is referred to as a front side cooling device
- a cooling device placed on the back side (vertically lower side) of the materials to be joined is referred to as a back side cooling device.
- the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip are arranged parallel to the welding center line shown in the figure, and are each gripped by a gripping device.
- the welding center line is a line that connects the passage setting (aim) position (on the surface of the material to be welded) of the rotation axis of the rotary tool during welding, and is parallel to the welding direction.
- the welding center line can also be referred to as the locus (on the surface of the materials to be joined) of the rotation axis of the rotary tool during welding, and usually passes through the center position of the welded portion in the width direction.
- the position is, for example, the butt joint of the end (rear end) of the first electromagnetic steel strip and the end (tip) of the second electromagnetic steel strip, as shown in FIG. It becomes the vertical center position.
- the position is the midpoint between the end (rear end) of the first electromagnetic steel strip and the end (tip) of the second electromagnetic steel strip in the joining vertical direction.
- the position is, for example, the width of the overlapping part of the end (rear end) of the first electromagnetic steel strip and the end (tip) of the second electromagnetic steel strip (in the vertical direction of the joint). width).
- the unjoined parts (area to be joined) of the materials to be joined located on the welding center line, that is, the end (rear end) of the first electromagnetic steel strip and the end (tip) of the second electromagnetic steel strip. Press the rotary tool against the abutting portion from both sides while rotating in opposite directions. Then, in this state, the rotary tool is moved in the welding direction. At this time, the materials to be joined are softened by the frictional heat between the materials to be joined and the rotating tool. Then, by stirring the softened portion with a rotating tool, plastic flow is generated to join the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip, which are the materials to be welded, to obtain a joint.
- the joint is then cooled on at least one side by a cooling device arranged behind the rotary tool in the joining direction.
- a cooling device arranged behind the rotary tool in the joining direction.
- the diameter D of the shoulder portion of the rotary tool (hereinafter also simply referred to as shoulder diameter D) is appropriately controlled depending on the thickness of the unjoined portion.
- shoulder diameter D is appropriately controlled depending on the thickness of the unjoined portion.
- the shoulder diameter D is less than 4 ⁇ TJ (mm) sufficient plastic flow may not be obtained and it may be difficult to obtain the target mechanical properties.
- the shoulder diameter D exceeds 10 ⁇ TJ (mm)
- the area where plastic flow occurs will be unnecessarily expanded, and an excessive amount of heat will be input into the joint.
- the recrystallized structure of the joint becomes coarse, and it may be difficult to obtain target mechanical properties. Therefore, the shoulder diameter D satisfies the relationship of formula (1) above.
- the shoulder diameter D can also be called the tip diameter, as shown in FIGS. 3 to 5.
- the tip diameter is the diameter of the tip surface of the rotary tool in a plane perpendicular to the rotation axis (the diameter of the projection area when the tip surface of the rotary tool is projected in a direction parallel to the rotation axis).
- RS ⁇ D 3 /JS is a parameter that correlates with the amount of heat generated per unit bonding length.
- the friction generated between the rotating tool and the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip which are the materials to be welded. Temperature increase due to heat and shear stress due to frictional force can be effectively applied to the materials to be joined.
- RS ⁇ D 3 /JS is less than 200 ⁇ TJ, the amount of heat generated may be insufficient. Therefore, it is not possible to form a metallurgically bonded joint interface on the mating surfaces of the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip, making it difficult to obtain the target mechanical properties. There are cases.
- RS ⁇ D 3 /JS exceeds 2000 ⁇ TJ
- the amount of heat generated by friction stirring becomes excessive, and an excessive amount of heat is input into the joint.
- the peak temperature (maximum temperature reached) of the joint increases, the cooling rate decreases, and the recrystallized structure of the joint becomes coarse.
- RS ⁇ D 3 /JS the relationship of the above formula (2) is satisfied.
- RS ⁇ D 3 /JS is preferably 240 ⁇ TJ or more. Further, RS ⁇ D 3 /JS is preferably 1200 ⁇ TJ or less.
- the steel structures of the joint portion and the heat-processed affected zone formed by joining the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip are respectively It is preferable to perform the bonding under the conditions that the structure is mainly composed of ferrite phase and the relationships of formulas (3) to (6) shown above are satisfied.
- the mechanical properties of the coil joints are improved without deteriorating the shape of the coil joints, and the occurrence of breakage of the coil joints on the production line is prevented. more effectively suppressed.
- the welding be performed under conditions that satisfy the relationships of formulas (7) and (8) above. This further effectively prevents the coil joint from breaking on the production line.
- the materials to be joined (the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip), the joint portion, the heat-processed affected zone, and the above formulas (3) to (8) will be explained later [ 2] As described for joining joints of electromagnetic steel strips.
- the gap G (mm) between the shoulders of the rotary tool satisfies the relationship of the following equation (9). 0.4 ⁇ TJ ⁇ G ⁇ 0.9 ⁇ TJ (9)
- the gap G between the shoulders of the rotating tool (hereinafter also simply referred to as shoulder gap G) is important from the perspective of achieving high welding speed while suppressing the occurrence of defects during welding. It is advantageous to properly control the Note that the inter-shoulder gap G can also be said to be the separation distance between the shoulder of the front-side rotary tool and the shoulder of the back-side rotary tool in the plate thickness direction. In particular, when the gap G between the shoulders is within the range of 0.4 x TJ to 0.9 x TJ, the shoulders of the rotating tools facing each other can apply sufficient load to the front and back sides of the workpieces. Pressure is applied to sufficiently promote heat generation at the joint and plastic flow in the thickness direction.
- the inter-shoulder gap G is in the range of 0.4 ⁇ TJ to 0.9 ⁇ TJ.
- the inter-shoulder gap G is more preferably 0.5 ⁇ TJ or more. Further, the gap G between the shoulders is more preferably 0.8 ⁇ TJ or less.
- the inclination angle ⁇ of the rotating tool is not particularly limited.
- the inclination angle ⁇ is ) is preferably satisfied. 0° ⁇ 4°...(13)
- ⁇ is the thickness direction of the rotation axis of the rotary tool (hereinafter also referred to as the rotation axis of the tool) in the plane including the welding direction and the thickness direction (direction perpendicular to the surface of the materials to be joined). This is the angle of inclination from the direction perpendicular to the surface of the material to be joined. Note that the direction (angle) in which the tip of the rotary tool precedes the welding direction is +.
- the rotation axes of the tools are tilted in both the front side rotary tool and the back side rotary tool. That is, it is more preferable that 0° ⁇ .
- the tip of the probe leads in the welding direction, so that the rotary tool can receive the load on the rotary tool as a component force compressed in the direction of the rotation axis.
- the force in the bending direction is reduced and the risk of breaking the rotary tool is reduced. Therefore, when using a rotary tool with a probe, it is more preferable that 0° ⁇ . Further, it is more preferable that ⁇ 2°.
- the inclination angle ⁇ of the rotating tool is set to 0°, that is, the plane including the welding direction and the plate thickness direction (direction perpendicular to the surface of the materials to be welded).
- the rotation axis of the tool is parallel to the plate thickness direction.
- the rotation speed of the rotary tool is preferably 300 to 9000 r/min (times/min). Setting the rotational speed of the rotary tool within this range is advantageous because it is possible to maintain a good surface shape while suppressing the deterioration of mechanical properties due to the input of heat.
- the rotation speed of the rotary tool is more preferably 400 r/min or more. Further, the rotation speed of the rotary tool is more preferably 8000 r/min or less.
- the joining speed is preferably 800 to 5000 mm/min (mm/min). The joining speed is more preferably 1000 mm/min or more and 4000 mm/min or less.
- the position of the tip of the rotary tool, the pushing load, the rotational torque, the gap between the probes, etc. may be appropriately set according to conventional methods.
- the rotation direction of the front-side rotary tool and the rotation direction of the back-side rotary tool are set from the front side (or back side) of the materials to be welded. Look in the opposite direction. Further, it is preferable that the number of rotations of the front side rotating tool and the number of rotations of the back side rotating tool be the same. Thereby, the rotational torques applied to the workpieces from the front-side rotating tool and the back-side rotating tool can be canceled out. As a result, compared to the one-sided friction stir welding method in which the unwelded parts are pressed and joined from one side, it is possible to simplify the structure of the jig that restrains the welded materials.
- the rotation direction of the front-side rotating tool and the rotating direction of the back-side rotating tool are the same direction when viewed from the front side (or back side) of the workpiece, then the relative rotation of one rotating tool to the other rotating tool velocity approaches zero.
- the plastic flow of the welded materials approaches a homogeneous state, and the plastic deformation also becomes smaller.
- the rotation direction of the front side rotary tool and the rotation of the back side rotary tool are determined. The direction is the opposite direction when viewed from the front side (or back side) of the materials to be joined.
- the rotary tool used in the friction stir welding method for electromagnetic steel strips is not particularly limited as long as it satisfies the relationship of formula (1) above, and if a conventional method is followed. good.
- the tip of the rotary tool comes into contact with the first and second electromagnetic steel strips, which are the materials to be welded, during welding. Therefore, the tip of the rotary tool is made of a material that is harder than the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip in the high temperature condition exposed during welding. Thereby, during welding, the rotary tool can deform the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip while maintaining the shape of the tip. As a result, high stirring performance can be achieved continuously, and proper bonding can be achieved.
- the hardness of the tip of the rotary tool, the first electromagnetic steel strip, and the second electromagnetic steel strip may be measured by a high-temperature Vickers hardness test method and compared. Note that only the tip of the rotary tool may be formed of a material harder than the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip. Further, the entire rotary tool may be formed of a material harder than the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip.
- FIGS. 2A and 2B Examples of rotary tools with probes are shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, respectively.
- the rotary tool with a probe has the tip of the rotary tool located at the shoulder (range indicated by the shoulder diameter in the figure) and at the shoulder.
- This figure shows the shape of a probe that shares the same rotational axis (range indicated by the pin diameter in the figure).
- the shape of the rotary tool is a shoulder diameter D: 13 mm, a pin diameter: 4 mm, a pin length: 0.6 mm, and a concave depth (not shown): 0.3 mm.
- the shape of the rotary tool is shoulder diameter D: 27 mm, pin diameter: 8 mm, pin length: 0.9 mm, and concave depth (not shown): 0.3 mm.
- the shoulder portion has a flat shape formed by a substantially flat surface or a gently curved surface.
- the shoulder portion has a function of generating frictional heat by contacting the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip while rotating during joining. Further, the shoulder portion has a function of preventing the material from dispersing by pressing the portion that has been softened by heat, and promoting plastic flow in the direction of rotation.
- the probe has a shape that is discontinuous with the shoulder and projects approximately perpendicularly toward the material to be welded (not shown).
- the probe has a function of improving the stirring ability near the center of the plate thickness by penetrating toward the center of the plate thickness in the softened parts of the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip during welding.
- the probe is typically located in the center of the shoulder.
- the shoulder diameter D (mm) satisfies the relationship of formula (1) above.
- the pin diameter and pin length of the rotary tool are not particularly limited, and may be appropriately set according to a conventional method. For example, when butt joining a first electromagnetic steel strip and a second electromagnetic steel strip with different thicknesses, consider the average value of the thicknesses of the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip. However, the pin diameter and pin length of the rotary tool may be set according to a conventional method. In addition, when joining the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip in lap joints, the total thickness of the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip should be taken into consideration, and the method should be followed according to the usual method. All you have to do is set the pin diameter and pin length of the rotary tool.
- the probe penetrates toward the center of the plate thickness in the softened parts of the first and second electromagnetic steel strips, thereby increasing the stirring ability near the center of the plate thickness. It has the ability to improve.
- the probe is subject to greater stress than the shoulder.
- the stirring ability is further enhanced by simultaneously satisfying the relationships of formulas (1) and (2) above. Therefore, it is possible to use a rotary tool without a probe.
- a rotary tool without a probe is more durable than a rotary tool with a probe. Therefore, it is preferable to use a rotary tool without a probe from the viewpoint of extending the durability and life of the rotary tool and reducing the rate of defective joints (due to wear and breakage of the rotary tool).
- FIG. 3 is an example of a rotary tool without a probe (hereinafter also referred to as a flat tip rotation tool) whose tip surface is flat.
- FIG. 4 is an example of a rotary tool without a probe (hereinafter also referred to as a convex tip rotary tool) whose tip surface is a convex curved surface.
- FIG. 5 is an example of a rotary tool without a probe (hereinafter also referred to as a concave tip rotary tool) whose tip surface is a concave curved surface.
- the tip of the rotary tool without a probe consists only of a shoulder. That is, the tip of a rotary tool without a probe does not have a portion (probe) that is discontinuous with the shoulder and protrudes substantially perpendicularly toward the workpiece.
- the tip surface of the rotary tool is preferably a flat surface as shown in FIG. 3, a convex curved surface as shown in FIG. 4, or a concave curved surface as shown in FIG. 5, for example.
- the shape of the tip in a plane perpendicular to the tool rotation axis is circular.
- the tip surface that comes into contact with the material to be joined consists of one plane perpendicular to the rotation axis of the tool.
- the tip surface that contacts the workpiece has a continuous shape without a probe, and has a substantially uniform slope. More specifically, the tip surface constitutes one curved surface (paraboloid, prolate sphere, or spherical surface) that protrudes from the outer periphery toward the center. Further, as shown in FIG. 4, the cross-sectional shape of the tip surface (the cross-section including the rotation axis and parallel to the rotation axis) is a curve with a substantially uniform radius of curvature. In addition, it is preferable that the curved surface height dv (mm) and the shoulder diameter D (mm) satisfy the following equation (14).
- the tip surface that contacts the material to be welded has a continuous shape without a probe, and has a substantially uniform slope. More specifically, the tip surface forms a curved surface (paraboloid, prolate sphere, or spherical surface) concave from the outer periphery toward the center. Further, as shown in FIG. 5, the cross-sectional shape of the tip surface (the cross-section including the rotation axis and parallel to the rotation axis) is a curve with a substantially uniform radius of curvature. In addition, it is preferable that the curved surface depth dc (mm) and the shoulder diameter D (mm) satisfy the following equation (15).
- dc/D ⁇ 0.03 That is, by setting dc/D to 0.03 or less, the softened metal fills the concave curved surface of the tip portion during bonding. Thereby, when the tip of the rotary tool comes into contact with the material to be welded, pressure can be more effectively applied to the flow part, and plastic flow can be more effectively generated. On the other hand, if dc/D exceeds 0.03, it may be difficult to effectively apply pressure to the flow section to generate sufficient plastic flow, which is not preferable. Note that the lower limit of dc/D is not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of applying pressure more effectively to the flow section, dc/D is preferably 0.01 or more.
- the tip surface of the rotary tool has a spiral (spiral) stepped portion in the opposite direction of rotation.
- the spiral stepped portion extends from the center of the tip surface of the rotary tool, or from the periphery of the central circle of the tip surface of the rotary tool as shown in FIGS. 6 to 8, to the outer periphery of the tip surface of the rotary tool.
- radial curves vortices
- the center circle of the tip surface of the rotary tool is a circle having an arbitrary diameter and centered on the center of the tip surface of the rotary tool. Further, in each of FIGS. 6 to 8, the number of vortices is four.
- the number of vortices defining the stepped portion may be one or more. However, if the number of vortices defining the stepped portion exceeds six, the effect of promoting material flow will be poor. Furthermore, the complicated shape may lead to breakage. Therefore, it is preferable that the number of vortices defining the stepped portion be six or less. Note that FIGS. 9 to 13 show examples in which the number of vortices defining the stepped portion is two to six, respectively.
- the number of vortices that define the step portion in accordance with the shoulder diameter.
- the larger the shoulder diameter is, the larger the number of vortices that define the stepped portion is, and the smaller the shoulder diameter is, the smaller the number of vortices that define the stepped portion is.
- the shoulder diameter is less than 6 mm, it is preferable that the number of vortices defining the stepped portion be two or less.
- the shoulder diameter is 6 mm or more, it is preferable that the number of vortices defining the stepped portion be 3 to 6.
- a semicircle with point A and point B as the starting point and radius of line segment A-B is formed. Draw each. Next, draw each semicircle with a radius twice the length of line segment A-B. Next, draw each semicircle with a diameter three times the length of line segment A-B. By repeating this, you can draw two equally spaced vortices.
- the number of vortices may be one.
- the number of vortices may be two, and the vortices may be formed at equal intervals.
- the number of vortices may be three, and the vortices may be formed at equal intervals.
- the length of each vortex is preferably at least 0.5 turns and no more than 2 turns of the circumferential length of the tip surface. It is also preferable to adjust the length of the vortex depending on the shoulder diameter. For example, it is preferable that the larger the shoulder diameter is, the longer the vortex length is, and the smaller the shoulder diameter is, the shorter the vortex length is.
- the stepped portion changes the height position stepwise for each region between the vortices, for example, gradually lowers from the center of the tip surface toward the outer periphery, as shown in FIG. It is composed by:
- the stepped portion is configured by gradually increasing the height from the center of the tip surface toward the outer periphery.
- the shape of such a step portion will also be referred to as a step shape.
- the number of steps in the step portion may be one or more.
- each step portion may be, for example, substantially horizontal.
- the stepped portion is formed by providing a region (hereinafter also referred to as a groove) that is depressed from the tip surface at the position of the vortex, as shown in FIG.
- a stepped portion is formed that gradually becomes lower from the center of the distal end surface toward the outer periphery.
- a step portion is formed that gradually becomes higher from the center of the tip surface toward the outer periphery.
- the shape of such a stepped portion will also be referred to as a groove shape.
- examples of the cross-sectional shape of the groove include a U-shape, a V-shape, and a V-shape.
- the number of steps in the step portion may be one or more.
- the stepped portion is formed by providing a groove portion at the position of the vortex, as shown in FIG.
- Examples of the shape of the groove include a U-shape, a V-shape, and a V-shape.
- the number of steps in the step portion may be one or more.
- the metal material softened by frictional heat flows from the outside to the inside of the rotating tool.
- the metal material softened by frictional heat flows from the outside to the inside of the rotating tool.
- plastic flow in the pressing portion is promoted.
- the root portion of the rotary tool on the opposite side from the tip portion only needs to be attached to a commonly used double-sided friction stir welding device, and the shape of the root portion is not particularly limited. .
- a cooling device is disposed behind the rotary tool in the joining progress direction on at least one surface (side) of the materials to be joined, and the cooling device cools the joint portion of the materials to be joined formed in the joining step.
- the above-described joining process and cooling process can be performed continuously.
- the joint part by cooling the joint part with a cooling device after joining, it is possible to prevent coarsening of ferrite recrystallized grains caused by plastic working at high temperature during joining. That is, a joint having an extremely fine ferrite structure is obtained, and the joint characteristics are improved. As a result, the occurrence of breakage and defects in the coil joints on the production line are extremely effectively suppressed.
- the joining speed can be increased, making it possible to achieve high construction efficiency.
- the cooling rate is the cooling rate from the bonding completion temperature at the surface of the bonded portion to 450°C.
- the bonding end temperature is the temperature at the surface of the bonding portion at the time when the bonding is completed, that is, when the rotary tool passes. That is, the cooling rate of each part can be calculated using the following equation.
- [Cooling rate (°C/s)] ([Joining completion temperature (°C)] - 450°C) ⁇ [Time from the point of completion of bonding until the temperature of the surface of the joint reaches 450°C (s)] ⁇ (18) It is preferable that the cooling rate satisfies the following requirements on both sides of the joint formed on the materials to be joined. Note that even when the cooling device is placed only on one side of the materials to be joined, for example, on the front side (hereinafter also referred to as single-sided placement), the cooling rate will vary depending on the shape formed in the materials to be joined. Similar effects can be obtained if the following requirements are satisfied on both sides of the joint. Therefore, a description of the example of single-sided arrangement will be omitted.
- W is the distance (mm) from the welding center line of the welded materials in the welding vertical direction
- the cooling rate (°C/s) from the joining end temperature at the surface of the joint part to 450°C at the positions of 0.2xD and 0.5xD.
- D is the diameter (mm) of the shoulder portion of the rotary tool.
- the cooling region is a surface region of the joint portion that is cooled by the cooling device.
- the ferrite grain size of the joint be uniform because variations in the ferrite grain size of the joint lead to variations in the mechanical properties of the joint.
- it is effective to uniformly control the cooling rate in the cooling region I near the joining center line and in the cooling region H away from the joining center line.
- cooling device used in the cooling process is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include an inert gas injection device and a liquid injection device.
- the inert gas injection device for example, argon, helium, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrogen (N 2 ), etc. can be used as the inert gas.
- the injection amount of the inert gas may be adjusted in various ways depending on the width of the cooling area of the joint and the thermal conductivity and pressure of each gas.
- the shape and number of gas injection ports may be adjusted in various ways depending on the size of the cooling area of the joint. By adjusting these variously, it is possible to ensure cooling capacity and achieve uniform cooling. That is, the cooling rate can be controlled so as to satisfy the relationships expressed by equations (10) to (12) above, as well as the relationships expressed by equations (16) and (17) above.
- liquid injection device water, liquid carbon dioxide, liquid nitrogen, etc. can be used as the liquid.
- the amount of liquid to be injected and the shape and number of liquid injection ports are determined based on the boiling phenomenon that occurs when each liquid comes into contact with the surface of the joint, such as suppressing film boiling and promoting nucleate boiling.
- Various adjustments may be made depending on the size of the cooling area. By adjusting these variously, it is possible to ensure cooling capacity and achieve uniform cooling. That is, the cooling rate can be controlled so as to satisfy the relationships expressed by equations (10) to (12) above, as well as the relationships expressed by equations (16) and (17) above.
- cooling device a device that combines multiple types of cooling devices, for example, a device that combines the above-mentioned inert gas injection device and liquid injection device may be used.
- the distance between the rotary tool and the cooling device and the range of the cooling area (also referred to as cooling range) is not particularly limited.
- the positional relationship between the cooling device and the rotary tool is determined in accordance with the welding speed and the like, taking into consideration the influence on plastic flow at the joint and the cooling efficiency.
- the distance between the rotary tool and the cooling device is preferably in the range of 20 mm to 40 mm.
- the cooling range can be controlled by, for example, adjusting the type of gas and/or liquid injected from the cooling device, and the shape, number, and arrangement of the injection ports.
- FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view in the plate thickness direction of a joining joint of an electromagnetic steel strip.
- the vertical direction is the plate thickness direction.
- the horizontal direction is the joining vertical direction.
- the direction toward the front of the paper is the joining direction. That is, the plane shown in FIG. 17 (the cross section in the plate thickness direction here) includes the joining perpendicular direction and the plate thickness direction.
- the above electromagnetic steel strip joints are: An electromagnetic steel strip joining joint that joins a first electromagnetic steel strip and a second electromagnetic steel strip,
- the joining joint of the electromagnetic steel strip includes a joining part and a heat-processed affected zone adjacent to the joining part,
- the steel structures of the joint portion and the heat-processed affected zone are each composed mainly of ferrite phase, This means that the following relationships (3) to (6) are satisfied.
- Dhaz2 ⁇ Dbm2...(5) 0.9 ⁇ (Hbm1+Hbm2)/2 ⁇ Hsz ⁇ 1.2 ⁇ (Hbm1+Hbm2)/2 ...
- Dsz is the average value ( ⁇ m) of the ferrite grain size at the joint
- Dhaz1 is the average value ( ⁇ m) of the ferrite grain size of the heat-processed affected zone on the first electromagnetic steel strip side
- Dhaz2 is the average value ( ⁇ m) of the ferrite grain size in the heat-processed affected zone on the second electromagnetic steel strip side
- Dbm1 is the average value ( ⁇ m) of the ferrite grain size of the base metal part of the first electromagnetic steel strip
- Dbm2 is the average value ( ⁇ m) of the ferrite grain size of the base metal part of the second electromagnetic steel strip
- Hsz is the average hardness of the joint
- Hbm1 is the average hardness of the base material of the first electromagnetic steel strip
- Hbm2 is the average hardness of the base material of the second electromagnetic steel strip
- the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip are electromagnetic steel strips that are materials to be joined.
- the compositions of the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip are not particularly limited as long as they are common as cold-rolled electromagnetic steel strips (electromagnetic steel sheets).
- composition of such an electromagnetic steel strip is a composition containing Si in a range of 2.0 to 5.0% by mass. Further, C: 0.005% by mass or less, Si: 2.0 to 5.0% by mass, Al: 3.0% by mass or less, Mn: 2.00% by mass or less, P: 0.2% by mass or less,
- An example of a component composition is S: 0.01% by mass or less, N: 0.01% by mass or less, and the balance is Fe and inevitable impurities.
- the above component composition includes, in mass %, Sn: 0.2% or less, Sb: 0.2% or less, Ca: 0.01% or less, REM: 0.05% or less, and Mg: At least one member selected from the group consisting of 0.01% or less can be contained.
- the above component composition can optionally contain at least one member selected from the group consisting of Cr: 1% or less, Ni: 1% or less, and Cu: 1% or less. . Note that the content of all elements other than Si and Fe may be 0%. Moreover, the component compositions of the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip may be the same or different.
- the plate thickness t1 of the first electromagnetic steel strip and the plate thickness t2 of the second electromagnetic steel strip are not particularly limited, it is preferable that t1 and t2 are each 1.2 to 3.2 mm. Note that t1 and t2 may be the same or different.
- the area that is not affected by hot working due to frictional heat and plastic flow is referred to as a base metal portion.
- the base material part, the joint part and the heat-processing affected part which will be described later, are defined as follows. That is, the joining joint of the electromagnetic steel strip is cut in the thickness (vertical) direction so that the plane shown in FIG. 17 (that is, the plane that includes the joining vertical direction and the thickness direction) becomes the cutting plane.
- the cut surface is then polished and etched with a saturated aqueous solution of picric acid, nital (a solution of nitric acid and ethanol), or aqua regia (a solution of concentrated hydrochloric acid and concentrated nitric acid mixed at a volume ratio of 3:1). Next, the cut surface is observed with an optical microscope to determine the base material portion, the joint portion, and the heat-processed affected portion based on the degree of etching.
- the joint is a region that undergoes hot working due to frictional heat and plastic flow between the rotating tool and the materials to be joined, and becomes a recrystallized structure.
- the joint is composed of a steel structure mainly composed of a ferrite phase, specifically, a ferrite phase having an area ratio of 95% or more.
- the area ratio of the ferrite phase may be 100%.
- the area ratio of the remaining structure other than the ferrite phase is 5% or less.
- the remaining structure other than the ferrite phase include second phases such as martensite, sulfide, nitride, and carbide.
- the area ratio of the remaining tissue may be 0%.
- the area ratio of the ferrite phase is measured as follows. That is, a test piece is cut out from the joint of the electromagnetic steel strip so that the measurement area of the joint, which will be described later, is included in the observation surface.
- the observation plane is the plane shown in FIG. 17 (that is, the plane that includes the joining perpendicular direction and the plate thickness direction). Then, after polishing the observation surface of the test piece, 3vol. % nital, picric acid saturated aqueous solution or aqua regia to reveal the tissue. Next, a total of 10 fields of view are photographed at a magnification of 500 times using an optical microscope within the measurement area of the joint portion, which will be described later.
- the area of the ferrite phase is calculated for 10 fields of view using Adobe Photoshop from Adobe Systems.
- the area of the ferrite phase calculated for each visual field is divided by the area of each visual field and multiplied by 100.
- the arithmetic mean value of those values is taken as the area ratio of the ferrite phase.
- the steel structure of the joint can be refined, specifically, the grain size of the ferrite crystal grains (hereinafter also referred to as ferrite grain size) constituting the steel structure of the joint can be reduced to satisfy the following equation (3). It is important to satisfy the relationship. As a result, even when electromagnetic steel strips are used as the material to be joined, the mechanical properties of the coil joints are improved without deteriorating the shape of the coil joints, and the occurrence of breakage of the coil joints on the production line is prevented. effectively suppressed. Dsz ⁇ 100 ⁇ m...(3) here, Dsz is the average value ( ⁇ m) of the ferrite grain size at the joint, It is.
- Dsz is measured in accordance with JIS G 0551. Specifically, it is measured as follows. That is, the joining joint of the electromagnetic steel strip is cut in the thickness (vertical) direction so that the plane shown in FIG. 17 (that is, the plane that includes the joining vertical direction and the thickness direction) becomes the cutting plane. In the cut plane, the direction perpendicular to the joining is the X-axis, and the thickness direction is the Y-axis. Then, the center position of the joint part in the joining vertical direction and the thickness center position of the materials to be joined in the board thickness (vertical) direction is set as the origin of the X-axis and the Y-axis.
- the center position of the joint in the joint vertical direction is, for example, the center position of the butt gap in the case of a butt joint, and the center position of the overlap part in the case of a lap joint.
- the thickness center position of the welded materials in the plate thickness (vertical) direction is the thickness of the smaller one of the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip. This is the center position, and in the case of a lap joint, it is the center position of the plate thickness of the overlapped portion.
- t is the average value (mm) of the thickness of the first electromagnetic steel strip and the thickness of the second electromagnetic steel strip.
- the above-mentioned measurement area includes an area that is not a joint, such as a heat-processing affected zone or a base metal part, this area shall be excluded from the measurement area.
- + and - may be arbitrarily set for the X-axis and Y-axis.
- Hsz is the average hardness of the joint
- Hbm1 is the average hardness of the base material of the first electromagnetic steel strip
- Hbm2 is the average hardness of the base material of the second electromagnetic steel strip
- Hsz, Hbm1 and Hbm2 are measured in accordance with JIS Z 2244. Specifically, each is measured as follows. That is, the Vickers hardness (HV) is measured at five arbitrary locations within the measurement area of the above-mentioned joint on the above-mentioned cut plane under the condition of test force: 4.9N. Then, let these average values be Hsz.
- HV Vickers hardness
- HV Vickers hardness
- the thickness of the joint part is not particularly limited, but the relationship between the thickness of the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip can be appropriately controlled. Specifically, the following formula (7 ) and (8) are preferably satisfied. As a result, even when electromagnetic steel strips are used as the material to be joined, the mechanical properties of the coil joints are improved without deteriorating the shape of the coil joints, and the coil joints do not break on the production line. can be suppressed more effectively.
- TszL is the minimum thickness of the joint (mm)
- TszH is the maximum thickness of the joint (mm)
- TbmL is the plate thickness (mm) of the thinner electromagnetic steel strip of the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip
- TszL and TszH may be measured, for example, as follows. That is, the joining joint of the electromagnetic steel strip is cut in the thickness (vertical) direction so that the plane shown in FIG. 17 (that is, the plane that includes the joining vertical direction and the thickness direction) becomes the cutting plane. Then, on the cut surface, TszL and TszH are measured using a caliper or the like.
- the thermal processing affected zone is a region adjacent to the joint that is affected by hot working due to frictional heat and plastic flow, but does not reach a recrystallized structure due to insufficient temperature and processing. Further, the heat-processing affected zone is formed on both sides of the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip adjacent to the joint portion.
- the heat-processing affected zone is composed of a steel structure mainly composed of ferrite phase, specifically, ferrite phase having an area ratio of 95% or more.
- the area ratio of the ferrite phase may be 100%.
- the area ratio of the remaining structure other than the ferrite phase is 5% or less.
- the remaining structure other than the ferrite phase include second phases such as martensite, sulfide, nitride, and carbide.
- the area ratio of the remaining tissue may be 0%.
- the area ratio of the ferrite phase may be measured in the same manner as described above.
- the steel structure is refined in the heat-work affected zone, specifically, the ferrite grain size in the heat-work affected zone is made smaller than the ferrite grain size of the base material. That is, it is important to satisfy the following relationships (4) and (5).
- Dhaz1 ⁇ Dbm1...(4) Dhaz2 ⁇ Dbm2...(5) Dhaz1 is the average value ( ⁇ m) of the ferrite grain size of the heat-processed affected zone on the first electromagnetic steel strip side
- Dhaz2 is the average value ( ⁇ m) of the ferrite grain size in the heat-processed affected zone on the second electromagnetic steel strip side
- Dbm1 is the average value ( ⁇ m) of the ferrite grain size of the base metal part of the first electromagnetic steel strip
- Dbm2 is the average value ( ⁇ m) of the ferrite grain size of the base metal part of the second electromagnetic steel strip; It is.
- Dhaz1, Dhaz2, Dbm1 and Dbm2 are measured in accordance with JIS G 0551 in the same manner as Dsz, which is the average value of the ferrite grain size at the joint.
- the measurement area of the ferrite grain size of the heat-processed affected zone on the first electromagnetic steel strip side (hereinafter also referred to as the measurement area of the heat-processed affected zone on the first electromagnetic steel strip side) is set as follows. . That is, the joining joint of the electromagnetic steel strip is cut in the thickness (vertical) direction so that the plane shown in FIG. 17 (that is, the plane that includes the joining vertical direction and the thickness direction) becomes the cutting plane.
- the direction perpendicular to the joining is the X axis
- the thickness direction is the Y axis.
- the boundary position between the joint part at the plate thickness center position (level) of the first electromagnetic steel strip and the heat-processed affected zone on the side of the first electromagnetic steel strip is set as the origin of the X-axis and the Y-axis.
- t1 is the thickness of the first electromagnetic steel strip.
- + and - may be arbitrarily set for the Y axis.
- the above-mentioned measurement area includes an area such as a joint or a base metal part that is not a heat-processing affected zone on the first electromagnetic steel strip side, this area is excluded from the measurement area.
- a joint is a region that undergoes hot working due to frictional heat and plastic flow between the rotating tool and the materials to be joined, resulting in a recrystallized structure.
- the thermal processing affected zone is a region adjacent to a joint, and is a region that is affected by hot working due to frictional heat and plastic flow, but has a structure that does not lead to recrystallization due to insufficient temperature or processing.
- Base metal refers to an area that is not affected by hot working due to frictional heat and plastic flow.
- the measurement area of the ferrite grain size of the heat-processed affected zone on the second electromagnetic steel strip side (hereinafter also referred to as the measurement area of the heat-processed affected zone on the second electromagnetic steel strip side) is set as follows. do. That is, the joining joint of the electromagnetic steel strip is cut in the thickness (vertical) direction so that the plane shown in FIG. 17 (that is, the plane that includes the joining vertical direction and the thickness direction) becomes the cutting plane. In the above cut plane, the direction perpendicular to the joining is the X axis, and the thickness direction is the Y axis.
- the boundary position between the joint part at the plate thickness center position (level) of the second electromagnetic steel strip and the heat-processed affected zone on the second electromagnetic steel strip side is set as the origin of the X-axis and the Y-axis.
- t2 is the thickness of the second electromagnetic steel strip.
- + and - may be arbitrarily set for the Y axis. However, if the above-mentioned measurement area includes an area such as a joint or a base metal part that is not a heat-processing affected zone on the second electromagnetic steel strip side, this area is excluded from the measurement area.
- the measurement area of the ferrite grain size of the base metal part of the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip are the area of the plate thickness center position of the base metal part of the first electromagnetic steel strip ⁇ 0.2 ⁇ t1 (level in the plate thickness (vertical) direction) and the second electromagnetic steel strip in the above-mentioned cut plane, respectively.
- the area (level in the plate thickness (vertical) direction) of ⁇ 0.2 ⁇ t2 (level in the plate thickness (vertical) direction) may be set to the plate thickness center position of the base material portion. Note that the position in the vertical (horizontal) direction of joining may be arbitrarily selected as long as it is in the base material portion.
- t1 and t2 are the thicknesses of the first and second electromagnetic steel strips, respectively.
- joints type include butt joints and lap joints.
- a method for manufacturing an electromagnetic steel strip according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: A step of joining a first electromagnetic steel strip and a second electromagnetic steel strip by the friction stir welding method for electromagnetic steel strips according to the embodiment of the present invention to obtain a joined steel strip; A step of cold rolling the joined steel strip to obtain a cold rolled steel strip.
- the bonded steel strip preferably includes a first electromagnetic steel strip, a second electromagnetic steel strip, and a bonded joint of the electromagnetic steel strips in [2] above, and and a second electromagnetic steel strip are joined via a joining joint of the electromagnetic steel strip.
- the cold rolling conditions are not particularly limited, and may be according to a conventional method.
- pickling may be optionally performed after joining the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip, before performing cold rolling.
- a friction stir welding apparatus is a friction stir welding apparatus used in the friction stir welding method for electromagnetic steel strips according to [1] above, and includes: a gripping device that grips a material to be joined; a pair of rotating tools facing each other; a drive device that allows the rotary tool to rotate and move in the welding direction; a cooling device disposed at the rear of the rotary tool in the welding progress direction on at least one surface of the welded materials; The gripping device, a drive device for the rotary tool, and an operation control device for the cooling device are provided.
- aspects of the gripping device include, for example, - A movable gripping member and a sliding device for the movable gripping member, and - A device having a fixed gripping member, a movable gripping member, and a sliding device for the movable gripping member; can be mentioned.
- the aspect of the rotating tool is as exemplified in the friction stir welding method for electromagnetic steel strips in [1] above.
- Examples of embodiments of the rotary tool drive device include one having a rotary tool rotation drive section and a moving device for the rotary tool in the welding direction.
- the drive method of the rotation drive unit and the moving device is not particularly limited, and may be an electric drive method, for example.
- the mode of the cooling device is as exemplified in the friction stir welding method for electromagnetic steel strips in [1] above. Further, the cooling device is attached with a moving device that moves the cooling device in the welding direction in conjunction with the rotating tool.
- the drive method of the moving device is not particularly limited, and may be an electric drive method, for example.
- the operation control device has an input section that inputs data such as various setting values, a calculation section that processes the input data, a storage device that stores data, etc., and a storage device that stores the calculation results of the calculation section.
- examples include those having a gripping device, a rotating tool driving device, and an output section that outputs an operation signal to a cooling device.
- the cooling rate measuring device includes, for example, a temperature measuring device that continuously measures the temperature at the surface of the joint.
- the device configuration other than the above is not particularly limited, and may be the device configuration of a conventionally known friction stir welding device.
- An electromagnetic steel strip manufacturing apparatus includes the friction stir welding apparatus of [4] above.
- the friction stir welding apparatus of [4] above is installed on the upstream side of the cold rolling apparatus, or in the pickling apparatus and the cold rolling line. It is arranged upstream of the inter-rolling device (in the order of the friction stir welding device, the pickling device, and the cold rolling device from the upstream side).
- the pickling device and the cold rolling device those commonly used in continuous cold rolling lines for electromagnetic steel strips can be suitably used.
- a continuous cold rolling line is a production line that continuously cold rolls steel strips using a cold rolling device.
- a continuous cold rolling line includes, for example, a steel strip conveying device and a cold rolling device.
- the continuous cold rolling line may optionally be further equipped with a pickling device, an annealing furnace, a coating device, and the like.
- the device configuration other than the above is not particularly limited, and may be the device configuration of a conventionally known electromagnetic steel strip manufacturing device.
- Electromagnetic steel strips having the component compositions shown in Table 1 were used as materials to be joined (first electromagnetic steel strip and second electromagnetic steel strip). Then, by post-cooling friction stir welding under the welding conditions and cooling conditions listed in Table 2, the first electromagnetic steel strip (preceding steel strip) and the second electromagnetic steel strip are bonded, simulating being on a continuous cold rolling line. A joining joint of the electromagnetic steel strip was manufactured by joining the steel strip (trailing steel strip).
- the groove is a so-called I-type groove that does not have a bevel angle on the end faces of the two electromagnetic steel strips, which are the materials to be joined, and the two electromagnetic steel strips are joined with a surface condition similar to that of milling.
- the steel strips were butted and joined.
- Table 1 also lists the average ferrite grain size, average hardness, and Erichsen value of the base metal portion of the electromagnetic steel strip.
- the average value of the ferrite grain size and the average value of the hardness of the base metal portion of the electromagnetic steel strip were determined by the method described above.
- the Erichsen value is a value measured in accordance with the Erichsen test method specified in JIS Z 2247. Note that conditions not specified were set according to conventional methods.
- the front-side rotary tool placed on the vertically upper side is rotated clockwise when viewed from the vertically upper side
- the back-side rotary tool placed on the vertically lower side is rotated counterclockwise when viewed from the vertically upper side. rotated to. That is, when the tips of the respective rotary tools were viewed from the front, both were rotated counterclockwise.
- any of the rotary tools having the shapes shown in FIGS. 2 to 8 was used.
- the front-side rotating tool and the back-side rotating tool had the same cross-sectional size and shape. Note that all of these rotary tools are made of tungsten carbide (WC) with a Vickers hardness of HV1090, which is harder than the materials to be joined.
- WC tungsten carbide
- the abutment part of the first electromagnetic steel strip and the second electromagnetic steel strip should be placed on the back side (the rotating tool is placed on the back side).
- the side surface) was made to have no level difference, and the surface (the surface on which the front side rotating tool is placed) was made to have a level difference.
- the first electromagnetic steel strip (preceding steel strip) was joined to the advancing side, and the second electromagnetic steel strip (tracing steel strip) was joined to the retreating side.
- the first electromagnetic steel strip (preceding steel strip) was joined so that it was on the upper side of the overlap, and the second electromagnetic steel strip (following steel strip) was on the lower side of the overlap.
- the rotation direction of the rotary tool, the shape of the rotary tool, etc. are the same as in the case of butt joining.
- the cooling device In the cooling process, a cooling device placed behind the rotary tool in the welding direction was moved in the welding direction in conjunction with the rotary tool (at the same speed as the welding speed). Furthermore, an inert gas injection device was used as the cooling device. Moreover, carbon dioxide was used as an inert gas. More specifically, as shown in FIG. 18, the cooling device has a configuration in which five nozzles each having a round injection port with a diameter of 4 mm are arranged in a vertical line on the center of the joining line. In addition, the distance from the rear end of the rotating tool to the first injection port (tip) of the cooling device (L in Figure 18) and the interval (center point) between each injection port (M in Figure 18) are both 30 mm. be.
- thermograph installed in the friction stir welding apparatus measured the surface temperature of the joint on both sides of the materials to be joined, and measured the cooling rate at each position on the surface of the joint.
- the measured cooling rates are shown in Table 2.
- the joining part, the heat-processing affected zone, and the base metal part were defined according to the above-mentioned procedure.
- Dsz average value of ferrite grain size at the joint ( ⁇ m)
- Dhaz1 average value of ferrite grain size ( ⁇ m) in the heat-processed affected zone on the first electromagnetic steel strip side
- Dhaz2 average value ( ⁇ m) of ferrite grain size in the heat-processed affected zone on the second electromagnetic steel strip side
- Dbm1 average value of ferrite grain size ( ⁇ m) in the base metal part of the first electromagnetic steel strip
- Dbm2 average value of ferrite grain size ( ⁇ m) in the base metal part of the second electromagnetic steel strip
- Hsz average value of hardness of joint
- Hbm1 average value of the hardness of the base metal part of the first electromagnetic steel strip
- Hbm2 average hardness of the base material of the second electromagnetic steel strip
- TszL the thickness of the joint.
- Minimum value (mm) and TszH The maximum value (mm) of the thickness of the joint portion was measured.
- Table 3 The results are shown in Table 3.
- the plate thickness (II) Presence or absence of internal defects The plate thickness ( A test piece was taken by cutting in the vertical direction. The cutting positions in the welding direction are 20 mm from the end of the materials to be joined on the joining (welding) start side, 20 mm from the end of the materials to be joined on the end of joining (welding), and 20 mm from the end of the materials on the joining (welding) end side. The position was set midway between both ends. Then, a total of three test pieces were taken so that the cut surface at the cutting position was the observation surface. Then, the observation surface of the obtained test piece was observed with an optical microscope (magnification: 10 times). Then, the presence or absence of internal defects was determined based on the following criteria. No internal defects: No unbonded state or cracks were observed in the bonded portions in all three test pieces. Internal defects present: In at least one test piece, at least one of an unbonded state and cracks are confirmed at the bonded portion.
- rupture suppression effect the effect of suppressing the occurrence of rupture of the coil joint on the production line
- the joint part the heat-processed affected zone and base material on the first electromagnetic steel strip side, and the heat-processed affected zone and base material on the second electromagnetic steel strip side are included.
- a test piece was taken as follows. Then, using the sampled test pieces, the Erichsen value of the bonded joint was measured according to the Erichsen test method specified in JIS Z 2247. The fracture prevention effect was evaluated based on the ratio of the Erichsen value of the joint to the Erichsen value of the base material (hereinafter also referred to as Erichsen value ratio) using the following criteria. The results are shown in Table 4.
- the durability of the rotary tool was evaluated in the following manner. That is, when the rotary tool is damaged or worn out, there is a high probability that poor joining will occur due to internal defects. Therefore, welding was repeated with a welding length of 0.5 m under the same conditions as above, and the presence or absence of internal defects was determined for the resulting joined joints using the determination method shown in "(II) Presence or absence of internal defects" above. I judged it. Then, the durability of the rotary tool was evaluated based on the maximum number of joints at which 90% or more of the joints determined to be free of internal defects were maintained (hereinafter also referred to as the maximum number of joints maintaining 90%). The maximum number of times of bonding to maintain 90% is also listed in Table 4.
- the maximum number of times of 90% maintenance is 15 or more: The durability (life) of the rotary tool is excellent (passed), If the maximum number of times of 90% maintenance is less than 15: The durability of the rotating tool ( It was determined that the product's lifespan was not sufficient (failed).
- the maximum number of welding with 90% maintenance is determined by the following formula (a ) is the maximum value of N that satisfies the following. [Number of joints that were determined to have no internal defects among the joints that were confirmed to have internal defects] ⁇ [Number of joints that were confirmed to have internal defects] x 100 ⁇ 90...Formula (a)
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Abstract
Description
「高Si鋼を溶接するに際し、Niを主成分とするフィラーワイヤを用い、あるいはNiを主成分とする粉末フィラーを供給して溶接金属の化学組成が下記 (1)式を満足するように溶接を行うことを特徴とする高Si鋼のレーザー溶接方法。
X=[%Ni]-[%Si]×2.5 -([%Cr]+[%Mo])×0.4 ≧0・・(1)
ただし、[%Ni]、[%Si]、[%Cr]および[%Mo]は、それぞれ、溶接金属中のNi、Si、CrおよびMoの含有量(重量%)を表す。」
が開示されている。
「先行板と後行板とを突合せてフィラーワイヤーを用いてレーザー溶接する方法において、溶接初期の前記先行板と後行板の突合せギャップ(Gap)と溶接金属の平均巾(DEPO)との比(Gap/DEPO)が0.3~0.8であることを特徴とするレーザー溶接方法。」
が開示されている。
「連続冷間圧延ライン上を搬送される特殊鋼からなる先行薄板と後行薄板とをレーザー溶接して形成された溶接部において、
冷間圧延によって母材の上面側に延び出た溶接金属からなる上側延出部の下側に存在する前記母材の最小厚みをL1とし、冷間圧延によって前記母材の下面側に延び出た溶接金属からなる下側延出部と前記上側延出部に挟まれた前記母材の最小厚みをL2とすると、L1及びL2の少なくともいずれかがゼロより大きいことを特徴とする薄板の溶接部。」
が開示されている。
また、本発明は、上記の電磁鋼帯の摩擦攪拌接合方法を用いた電磁鋼帯の製造方法を提供することを目的とする。
さらに、本発明は、上記の電磁鋼帯の摩擦攪拌接合方法に好適に用いることができる擦撹拌接合装置を提供することを目的とする。
加えて、本発明は、上記の摩擦攪拌接合装置を有する電磁鋼板の製造装置を提供することを目的とする。
ここで、摩擦攪拌接合とは、回転ツールと被接合材との摩擦熱、および、被接合材の塑性流動を利用した固相接合である。すなわち、回転ツールにより被接合材の未接合部(接合予定領域)を摩擦攪拌する。被接合材の未接合部が摩擦熱により加熱されると、塑性流動が開始する。そして、塑性流動域と母材部との界面が大きく伸長される。これにより、酸化物の無い清浄な界面同士が接触し、被接合材が溶融することなく接合部が形成される。ここで、接合部は、回転ツールと被接合材との摩擦熱と塑性流動による熱間加工を受け再結晶組織となる領域であり、撹拌部と呼ばれる場合もある。また、接合部に隣接する領域には、摩擦熱と塑性流動による熱間加工の影響を受けるものの、温度や加工が不十分で再結晶に至らない組織となる領域が形成される。この領域を熱加工影響部という。さらに、被接合材には、摩擦熱と塑性流動による熱間加工の影響を受けない領域も存在する。この領域を母材部という。なお、摩擦攪拌接合に関する技術が、例えば、特許文献4~13および非特許文献1に開示されているが、これらはいずれも、電磁鋼帯のコイル接合に適用するものではない。
(d)上記(a)~(c)の問題を有利に解決するには、以下の点が重要である。
・接合方式としていわゆる両面摩擦攪拌接合を適用する。
・そのうえで、回転ツールの肩部の直径D(mm)について、次式(1)の関係を満足させる。
・さらに、接合条件を適切に制御する。特には、回転ツールの回転数RS(回/分)、回転ツールの肩部の直径D(mm)および接合速度JS(mm/分)により表されるRS×D3/JSについて、次式(2)の関係を満足させる。
これにより、被接合材として電磁鋼帯を用いる場合であっても、コイル接合部の形状の劣化を招くことなくコイル接合部の機械的特性が高まり、製造ラインでのコイル接合部の破断発生が極めて有効に抑止される。また、欠陥発生を抑制しつつ接合速度を高速度化することができるので、施工能率に優れ、生産性の点でも極めて有利である。さらに、回転ツールの耐久性の点でも有利である。なお、以下、接合工程ののち、接合部を冷却装置により冷却する両面摩擦攪拌接合を、後冷却式両面摩擦攪拌接合ともいう。
4×TJ ≦ D ≦ 10×TJ ・・・(1)
200×TJ ≦ RS×D3/JS ≦ 2000×TJ ・・・(2)
ここで、TJは、
未接合部が突合せ部の場合、第1の電磁鋼帯の板厚および第2の電磁鋼帯の板厚の平均値(mm)であり、
未接合部が重ね合せ部の場合、重ね合せ部の厚さ(mm)である。
これにより、被接合材として電磁鋼帯を用いる場合であっても、コイル接合部の形状の劣化を招くことなくコイル接合部の機械的特性が高まり、製造ラインでのコイル接合部の破断発生がより有効に抑止される。
Dsz ≦ 100μm ・・・(3)
Dhaz1 ≦ Dbm1 ・・・(4)
Dhaz2 ≦ Dbm2 ・・・(5)
0.9×(Hbm1+Hbm2)/2 ≦ Hsz ≦ 1.2 ×(Hbm1+Hbm2)/2 ・・・(6)
ここで、
Dszは、接合部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
Dhaz1は、第1の電磁鋼帯側の熱加工影響部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
Dhaz2は、第2の電磁鋼帯側の熱加工影響部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
Dbm1は、第1の電磁鋼帯の母材部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
Dbm2は、第2の電磁鋼帯の母材部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
Hszは、接合部の硬さの平均値、
Hbm1は、第1の電磁鋼帯の母材部の硬さの平均値、
Hbm2は、第2の電磁鋼帯の母材部の硬さの平均値、
である。
0.8×TbmL ≦ TszL ・・・(7)
TszH ≦ 1.3×TbmH ・・・(8)
ここで、
TszLは、接合部の厚さの最小値(mm)、
TszHは、接合部の厚さの最大値(mm)、
TbmLは、第1の電磁鋼帯と第2の電磁鋼帯のうち、薄い方の電磁鋼帯の板厚(mm)、
TbmHは、第1の電磁鋼帯と第2の電磁鋼帯のうち、厚い方の電磁鋼帯の板厚(mm)、
である。ただし、第1の電磁鋼帯と第2の電磁鋼帯の板厚が同じ場合には、TbmL= TbmHとなる。
本発明は、上記の知見に基づき、さらに検討を加えて完成されたものである。
1.被接合材である第1の電磁鋼帯と第2の電磁鋼帯とを、互いに対向する一対の回転ツールにより接合する、電磁鋼帯の摩擦撹拌接合方法であって、
前記被接合材の未接合部に、前記回転ツールを両面から互いに逆方向に回転させながら押圧し、前記回転ツールを接合方向に移動させることにより、前記第1の電磁鋼帯と前記第2の電磁鋼帯とを接合して接合部を形成する、接合工程と、
前記接合部を、前記被接合材の少なくとも一方の面において前記回転ツールの接合方向の後方に配置される冷却装置により冷却する、冷却工程と、をそなえ、
前記被接合材の未接合部は、前記第1の電磁鋼帯の端部と、前記第1の電磁鋼帯に続く前記第2の電磁鋼帯の端部との突合せ部または重ね合せ部であり、
前記回転ツールと前記冷却装置を連動させて接合方向に移動させることにより、前記接合工程と前記冷却工程とを連続して行い、
また、前記回転ツールの肩部の直径D(mm)が、次式(1)の関係を満足し、かつ、
前記回転ツールの回転数RS(回/分)、前記回転ツールの肩部の直径D(mm)および接合速度JS(mm/分)により表されるRS×D3/JSが、次式(2)の関係を満足する、電磁鋼帯の摩擦撹拌接合方法。
4×TJ ≦ D ≦ 10×TJ ・・・(1)
200×TJ ≦ RS×D3/JS ≦ 2000×TJ ・・・(2)
ここで、TJは、
未接合部が突合せ部の場合、第1の電磁鋼帯の板厚および第2の電磁鋼帯の板厚の平均値(mm)であり、
未接合部が重ね合せ部の場合、重ね合せ部の厚さ(mm)である。
Dsz ≦ 100μm ・・・(3)
Dhaz1 ≦ Dbm1 ・・・(4)
Dhaz2 ≦ Dbm2 ・・・(5)
0.9×(Hbm1+Hbm2)/2 ≦ Hsz ≦ 1.2 ×(Hbm1+Hbm2)/2 ・・・(6)
ここで、
Dszは、接合部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
Dhaz1は、第1の電磁鋼帯側の熱加工影響部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
Dhaz2は、第2の電磁鋼帯側の熱加工影響部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
Dbm1は、第1の電磁鋼帯の母材部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
Dbm2は、第2の電磁鋼帯の母材部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
Hszは、接合部の硬さの平均値、
Hbm1は、第1の電磁鋼帯の母材部の硬さの平均値、
Hbm2は、第2の電磁鋼帯の母材部の硬さの平均値、
である。
0.8×TbmL ≦ TszL ・・・(7)
TszH ≦ 1.3×TbmH ・・・(8)
ここで、
TszLは、接合部の厚さの最小値(mm)、
TszHは、接合部の厚さの最大値(mm)、
TbmLは、第1の電磁鋼帯と第2の電磁鋼帯のうち、薄い方の電磁鋼帯の板厚(mm)、
TbmHは、第1の電磁鋼帯と第2の電磁鋼帯のうち、厚い方の電磁鋼帯の板厚(mm)、
である。ただし、第1の電磁鋼帯と第2の電磁鋼帯の板厚が同じ場合には、TbmL= TbmHとなる。
0.4×TJ ≦ G ≦ 0.9×TJ ・・・(9)
CRW=0 ≧ 15 ・・・(10)
CRW=0.2D ≧ 15 ・・・(11)
CRW=0.5D ≧ 15 ・・・(12)
ここで、CRW=0、CRW=0.2DおよびCRW=0.5Dはそれぞれ、W=0、0.2×Dおよび0.5×Dの位置における接合部の表面での接合終了温度から450℃までの冷却速度(℃/s)である。また、Wは、被接合材の接合中央線から接合垂直方向に離間する距離(mm)である。Dは、回転ツールの肩部の直径(mm)である。
該接合鋼帯に冷間圧延を施し、冷延鋼帯を得る工程と、をそなえる、電磁鋼帯の製造方法。
被接合材を把持する、把持装置と、
互いに対向する一対の回転ツールと、
前記回転ツールの駆動装置と、
前記被接合材の少なくとも一方の面において前記回転ツールの接合方向の後方に配置される、冷却装置と、
前記把持装置、前記回転ツールの駆動装置および前記冷却装置の動作制御装置と、
をそなえる、摩擦撹拌接合装置。
ここで、CRW=0、CRW=0.2DおよびCRW=0.5Dはそれぞれ、W=0、0.2×Dおよび0.5×Dの位置における接合部の表面での接合終了温度から450℃までの冷却速度(℃/s)である。また、Wは、被接合材の接合中央線から接合垂直方向に離間する距離(mm)である。Dは、回転ツールの肩部の直径(mm)である。
[1]電磁鋼帯の摩擦撹拌接合方法
まず、本発明の一実施形態に従う電磁鋼帯の摩擦撹拌接合方法を、図1A~Dを用いて説明する。図1A~Dは、本発明の一実施形態に従う電磁鋼帯の摩擦撹拌接合方法を説明する概略図であり、図1Aは側面斜視図、図1Bは図1AのA-A矢視図、図1Cは図1Aの上面図、図1Dは図1Aの接合中央線位置における断面図である。
図中、符号1が第1の電磁鋼帯(被接合材)、2が第2の電磁鋼帯(被接合材)、3-1が回転ツール(表(オモテ)面側回転ツール)、3-2が回転ツール(裏面側回転ツール)、4が接合部、5-1および5-2が肩部(ショルダー)、6-1および6-2がプローブ(ピン)、7が把持装置、9-1および9-2が先端部、10-1が冷却装置(表(オモテ)面側冷却装置)、10-2が冷却装置(裏面側冷却装置)、11が回転ツールの駆動装置、12が動作制御装置である。なお、図1Aでは、把持装置の図示は省略している。また、αは回転ツールの傾斜角度(°)、aはプローブ部の直径(以下、ピン径ともいう)(mm)、bはプローブ部の長さ(以下、ピン長さともいう)(mm)、Dは回転ツールの肩部の直径(mm)、gはプローブ間の隙間(mm)、Gは回転ツールの肩部間の隙間であり、HおよびIは冷却装置による冷却(予定)領域を表している。なお、見やすさの観点から、図1Cでは、10-1の冷却装置(表面側冷却装置)を破線で表している。また、表(オモテ)面(側)の記載について、表面(ヒョウメン)と区別するために、初出箇所などでは表(オモテ)面と表記している。
接合方向(回転ツールの進行方向)、
接合垂直方向(接合方向に垂直でかつ、板厚方向に垂直な方向、図1A~Dでは接合部の幅方向および電磁鋼帯の進行方向と一致する)、および、
板厚方向(被接合材の表面に対して垂直な方向)
により、各部の配置などを示している。
例えば、図1Bでは、鉛直方向が板厚方向である。水平方向が、接合垂直方向である。紙面奥側の方向が、接合方向である。すなわち、図1Bに示す面内には、接合垂直方向と板厚方向とが含まれる。また、10-1および10-2の冷却装置は、3-1および3-2の回転ツールより紙面手前側に位置する。同様に、図1Cにおいて破線で示す10-1の冷却装置は、冷却領域HおよびIより紙面手前側に位置する。
連続冷間圧延ラインにおいて、被接合材である第1の電磁鋼帯と第2の電磁鋼帯とを、互いに対向する一対の回転ツールにより接合する、電磁鋼帯の摩擦撹拌接合方法であって、
前記被接合材の未接合部に、前記回転ツールを両面から互いに逆方向に回転させながら押圧し、前記回転ツールを接合方向に移動させることにより、前記第1の電磁鋼帯と前記第2の電磁鋼帯とを接合して接合部を形成する、接合工程と、
前記接合部を、前記被接合材の少なくとも一方の面において前記回転ツールの接合方向の後方に配置される冷却装置により冷却する、冷却工程と、をそなえ、
前記被接合材の未接合部は、前記第1の電磁鋼帯の端部と、前記第1の電磁鋼帯に続く前記第2の電磁鋼帯の端部との突合せ部または重ね合せ部であり、
前記回転ツールと前記冷却装置を連動させて接合方向に移動させることにより、前記接合工程と前記冷却工程とを連続して行い、
また、前記回転ツールの肩部の直径D(mm)が、上掲式(1)の関係を満足し、かつ、
前記回転ツールの回転数RS(回/分)、前記回転ツールの肩部の直径D(mm)および接合速度JS(mm/分)により表されるRS×D3/JSが、上掲式(2)の関係を満足する、というものである。
突合せ接合とは、第1の電磁鋼帯と第2の電磁鋼帯の端面同士を対向させた状態で、第1の電磁鋼帯と第2の電磁鋼帯の端面(突合せ面)を含む突合せ部に回転ツールを回転させながら押圧する。そして、その状態で、回転ツールを接合方向に移動させることにより、第1の電磁鋼帯と第2の電磁鋼帯を接合するものである。
重ね接合とは、第1の電磁鋼帯と第2の電磁鋼帯の端部の少なくとも一部を重ね合せ、重ね合せ部に回転ツールを回転させながら押圧する。そして、その状態で、回転ツールを接合方向に移動させることにより、第1の電磁鋼帯と第2の電磁鋼帯を接合するものである。
被接合材を把持する、把持装置(図示せず)と、
互いに対向する一対の回転ツールと、
前記回転ツールの駆動装置と、
前記被接合材の少なくとも一方の面(側)において前記回転ツールの接合方向の後方に配置される、冷却装置と、
前記把持装置、前記回転ツールの駆動装置および前記冷却装置の動作制御装置と、をそなえる摩擦撹拌接合装置を用いる。
動作制御装置では、例えば、回転ツールの傾斜角度α、回転ツールの先端部の位置および先端部(プローブ)同士の間の距離g(以下、プローブ間の隙間gともいう)、回転ツールの肩部間の隙間G、接合速度(および回転ツールに連動して移動する冷却装置の接合方向への移動速度)、押込み荷重、回転ツールの回転数、回転トルク、ならびに、冷却装置の出力等を制御する。
接合工程では、被接合材の未接合部に、回転ツールを両面から互いに逆方向に回転させながら押圧する。そして、その状態で回転ツールを接合方向に移動させることにより、被接合材である第1の電磁鋼帯と第2の電磁鋼帯とを接合し、接合部を形成する。
・回転ツールの肩部の直径D(mm)について、上掲式(1)の関係を満足させ、かつ、
・回転ツールの回転数RS(回/分)、回転ツールの肩部の直径D(mm)および接合速度JS(mm/分)により表されるRS×D3/JSについて、上掲式(2)の関係を満足させる、ことが重要である。
0.4×TJ ≦ G ≦ 0.9×TJ ・・・(9)
0°≦α≦4° ・・・(13)
ここで、αは、接合方向と板厚方向(被接合材の表面に対して垂直な方向)とを含む面における、回転ツールの回転軸(以下、ツールの回転軸ともいう)の板厚方向(被接合材の表面に対して垂直な方向)からの傾斜角度である。なお、回転ツールの先端部が接合方向に対して先行する向き(の角度)を+とする。
例えば、回転ツールの回転数は、好ましくは300~9000r/min(回/分)である。回転ツールの回転数を当該範囲内とすることにより、表面形状を良好に保ちつつ課題な熱量の投入による機械的特性の低下を抑制できるので、有利である。回転ツールの回転数は、より好ましくは400r/min以上である。また、回転ツールの回転数は、より好ましくは8000r/min以下である。
接合速度は、好ましくは800~5000mm/min(mm/分)である。接合速度は、より好ましくは1000mm/min以上、4000mm/min以下である。
回転ツールの先端部の位置や押込み荷重、回転トルク、プローブ間の隙間などは、常法に従い、適宜、設定すればよい。
例えば、回転ツールの先端部は、接合時に被接合材である第1の電磁鋼帯および第2の電磁鋼帯と接触する。そのため、回転ツールの先端部は、接合時に晒される高温状態において、第1の電磁鋼帯および第2の電磁鋼帯よりも硬い材質で形成される。これにより、接合時に回転ツールは、先端部の形状を保持したまま、第1の電磁鋼帯および第2の電磁鋼帯に変形を加えることができる。その結果、高い撹拌能を持続的に実現することができ、適正な接合が可能となる。なお、回転ツールの先端部、第1の電磁鋼帯および第2の電磁鋼帯の硬さは、高温ビッカース硬さ試験方法により測定して、比較すればよい。なお、回転ツールの先端部のみを、第1の電磁鋼帯および第2の電磁鋼帯よりも硬い材質で形成してもよい。また、回転ツール全体を、第1の電磁鋼帯および第2の電磁鋼帯よりも硬い材質で形成してもよい。
図2Aに示す回転ツールの例では、回転ツールの形状は、肩径D:13mm、ピン径:4mm、ピン長さ:0.6mm、凹面深さ(図示せず):0.3mmである。
図2Bに示す回転ツールの例では、回転ツールの形状は、肩径D:27mm、ピン径:8mm、ピン長さ:0.9mm、凹面深さ(図示せず):0.3mmである。
dv/D ≦ 0.06 ・・・(14)
すなわち、dv/Dを0.06以下とすることにより、回転ツールの先端部が被接合材と接触する際に、流動部により有効に圧力を加えることができ、より有効に塑性流動を生じさせることができる。一方、dv/Dが0.06を超えると、接合部の表面および裏面が過度な凹状となり、接合部の厚さが鋼帯の厚さに対して小さくなる場合がある。このような場合、継手強度の確保が困難となるので、好ましくない。なお、dv/Dの下限は特に限定されるものではない。流動部により有効に圧力を加える観点から、dv/Dは0.01以上が好ましい。
dc/D ≦ 0.03 ・・・(15)
すなわち、dc/Dを0.03以下とすることにより、接合中に、軟化した金属が先端部の凹型の曲面内に充満する。これにより、回転ツールの先端部が被接合材と接触する際に、流動部により有効に圧力を加えることができ、より有効に塑性流動を生じさせることができる。一方、dc/Dが0.03を超えると、流動部に有効に圧力を加えて十分な塑性流動を生じさせることが困難となる場合があり、好ましくない。なお、dc/Dの下限は特に限定されるものではない。流動部により有効に圧力を加える観点から、dc/Dは0.01以上が好ましい。
冷却工程では、冷却装置を、被接合材の少なくとも一方の面(側)において回転ツールの接合進行方向の後方に配置し、接合工程で形成した被接合材の接合部を冷却装置により冷却する。なお、冷却装置を回転ツールに連動させて接合方向に移動させることにより、前述した接合工程と冷却工程とを連続して行うことができる。また、接合後に冷却装置で接合部を冷却することにより、接合時に高温での塑性加工により生じたフェライト再結晶粒の粗大化を防止することができる。すなわち、極めて微細なフェライト組織を有する接合部が得られ、継手特性が向上する。その結果、製造ラインでのコイル接合部の破断発生および欠陥発生が極めて有効に抑止される。また、接合速度を高速度化することができ、高い施工能率を実現することが可能となる。
[冷却速度(℃/s)]=([接合終了温度(℃)]-450℃)÷[接合終了時点から接合部の表面の温度が450℃に到達するまでの時間(s)] ・・・(18)
そして、冷却速度が、被接合材に形成された接合部の両面において、以下の要件を満足することが好適である。なお、冷却装置を、被接合材のいずれか一方の面、例えば、表(オモテ)面側にのみ配置する場合(以下、片面配置ともいう)にも、冷却速度が、被接合材に形成された接合部の両面において、以下の要件を満足していれば同様の効果が得られる。そのため、片面配置の例についての説明は省略する。
CRW=0.2D ≧ 15 ・・・(11)
CRW=0.5D ≧ 15 ・・・(12)
後冷却式両面摩擦攪拌接合では、接合後に冷却装置で接合部を冷却することにより、接合時に高温での塑性加工により生じたフェライト再結晶粒の粗大化を防止することが重要である。そのためには、図1Cに示す冷却領域I(被接合材の表面における0 ≦ W ≦ 0.1×Dの領域)および冷却領域H(被接合材の表面における0.1×D < W ≦ 0.5×D)の冷却速度、特にこれらの冷却領域の代表位置であるW=0、0.2×Dおよび0.5×Dの位置における冷却速度を適切に制御することが効果的である。このような観点から、冷却速度を上掲式(10)~(12)の関係を満足するように制御することが好適である。
ここで、Wは被接合材の接合中央線から接合垂直方向に離間する距離(mm)であり、CRW=0、CRW=0.2DおよびCRW=0.5Dはそれぞれ、W=0、0.2×Dおよび0.5×Dの位置における接合部の表面での接合終了温度から450℃までの冷却速度(℃/s)である。また、Dは、回転ツールの肩部の直径(mm)である。なお、冷却領域は、冷却装置により冷却される接合部の表面領域である。
0.80 ≦CRW=0.5D/CRW=0 ≦ 1.20 ・・・(17)
また、冷却工程では、被接合材の冷却速度について、上掲式(10)~(12)の関係を満足させたうえで、さらに、上掲式(16)および(17)の関係を満足させることがより好ましい。すなわち、接合後に冷却装置で接合部を冷却することによりフェライト再結晶粒の粗大化を防止する効果を得るためには、接合部の冷却速度を高めることが有効である。しかしながら、接合部の表面の位置によって冷却速度にばらつきがあると、フェライト再結晶粒の粗大化を防止する効果にもばらつきが生じる。その結果、接合部のフェライト粒径にもばらつきが生じる場合がある。接合部のフェライト粒径のばらつきは、接合部の機械的特性のばらつきを招くため、接合部のフェライト粒径は均一であることが望ましい。そのためには、接合中央線近傍の冷却領域I、および、接合中央線から離れた冷却領域Hにおいて、冷却速度を均一に制御することが有効である。特に、冷却領域Iおよび冷却領域Hの代表位置であるW=0、0.2×Dおよび0.5×Dの位置における冷却速度について、CRW=0に対するCRW=0.2Dの比であるCRW=0.2D/CRW=0を0.80~1.20の範囲とし、かつ、CRW=0に対するCRW=0.5Dの比であるCRW=0.5D/CRW=0を0.80~1.20に制御することが効果的である。そのため、冷却工程では、冷却速度について、上掲式(16)および(17)の関係を満足させることがより好ましい。
次に、電磁鋼帯の接合継手を、図17を用いて説明する。図中、符号1が第1の電磁鋼帯(被接合材)、2が第2の電磁鋼帯(被接合材)、4が接合部、4-1が熱加工影響部(第1の電磁鋼帯側)、4-2が熱加工影響部(第2の電磁鋼帯側)である。なお、図17は、電磁鋼帯の接合継手の板厚方向の断面図である。図中、鉛直方向が板厚方向である。水平方向が、接合垂直方向である。紙面手前側の方向が、接合方向である。すなわち、図17に示す面(ここでいう板厚方向の断面)内には、接合垂直方向と板厚方向とが含まれる。
第1の電磁鋼帯と第2の電磁鋼帯とを接合する、電磁鋼帯の接合継手であって、
該電磁鋼帯の接合継手は、接合部と、該接合部に隣接する熱加工影響部とをそなえ、
該接合部および該熱加工影響部の鋼組織はそれぞれ、フェライト相主体の組織であり、
次式(3)~(6)の関係を満足する、というものである。
Dsz ≦ 100μm ・・・(3)
Dhaz1 ≦ Dbm1 ・・・(4)
Dhaz2 ≦ Dbm2 ・・・(5)
0.9×(Hbm1+Hbm2)/2 ≦ Hsz ≦ 1.2 ×(Hbm1+Hbm2)/2 ・・・(6)
ここで、
Dszは、接合部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
Dhaz1は、第1の電磁鋼帯側の熱加工影響部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
Dhaz2は、第2の電磁鋼帯側の熱加工影響部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
Dbm1は、第1の電磁鋼帯の母材部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
Dbm2は、第2の電磁鋼帯の母材部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
Hszは、接合部の硬さの平均値、
Hbm1は、第1の電磁鋼帯の母材部の硬さの平均値、
Hbm2は、第2の電磁鋼帯の母材部の硬さの平均値、
である。
また、上記の電磁鋼帯の接合継手は、例えば、上述した本発明の一実施形態に従う電磁鋼帯の摩擦撹拌接合方法により得る(製造する)ことができる。
第1の電磁鋼帯および第2の電磁鋼帯は、被接合材である電磁鋼帯である。第1の電磁鋼帯および第2の電磁鋼帯の成分組成は、冷間圧延段階の電磁鋼帯(電磁鋼板)として一般的なものであれば特に限定されない。
また、第1の電磁鋼帯と第2の電磁鋼帯の成分組成は、同じであっても、異なっていてもよい。
すなわち、電磁鋼帯の接合継手を、図17に示す面(すなわち、接合垂直方向と板厚方向とが含まれる面)が切断面となるように、板厚(鉛直)方向に切断する。ついで、切断面を研磨し、ピクリン酸飽和水溶液、ナイタール(硝酸とエタノールの溶液)または王水(濃塩酸と濃硝酸を3:1の体積比で混合した溶液)でエッチングする。ついで、当該切断面を光学顕微鏡で観察しエッチングの度合いなどから、母材部、ならびに、接合部および熱加工影響部を画定する。
接合部は、回転ツールと被接合材との摩擦熱と塑性流動による熱間加工を受け再結晶組織となる領域である。
すなわち、後述する接合部の測定領域が観察面に含まれるように、電磁鋼帯の接合継手から試験片を切り出す。なお、観察面は、図17に示す面(すなわち、接合垂直方向と板厚方向とが含まれる面)とする。ついで、試験片の観察面を研磨後、3vol.%ナイタール、ピクリン酸飽和水溶液または王水でエッチングし、組織を現出させる。ついで、後述する接合部の測定領域内において、合計10視野を、光学顕微鏡により、倍率:500倍で撮影する。ついで、得られた組織画像から、Adobe Systems社のAdobe Photoshopを用いて、フェライト相の面積を10視野分算出する。ついで、視野ごとに算出したフェライト相の面積をそれぞれの視野領域の面積で除し、100を乗じる。そして、それらの値の算術平均値を、フェライト相の面積率とする。
Dsz ≦ 100μm ・・・(3)
ここで、
Dszは、接合部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
である。
すなわち、電磁鋼帯の接合継手を、図17に示す面(すなわち、接合垂直方向と板厚方向とが含まれる面)が切断面となるように、板厚(鉛直)方向に切断する。当該切断面において、接合垂直方向をX軸、板厚方向をY軸とする。そして、接合垂直方向における接合部の中心位置で、かつ、板厚(鉛直)方向における被接合材の板厚中心位置を、X軸とY軸の原点とする。接合垂直方向における接合部の中心位置は、例えば、突合せ継手の場合には、突合せギャップの中心位置であり、重ね継手の場合には、重ね合せ部の中心位置である。板厚(鉛直)方向における被接合材の板厚中心位置は、例えば、突合せ継手の場合には、第1の電磁鋼帯と第2の電磁鋼帯のうち、板厚が小さい方の板厚中心位置であり、重ね継手の場合には、重ね合せ部の板厚中心位置である。そして、X=-0.2×t~+0.2×t、Y=-0.2×t~+0.2×tの領域を測定領域とする。ここで、tは、第1の電磁鋼帯の板厚および第2の電磁鋼帯の板厚の平均値(mm)である。ただし、上記の測定領域に、熱加工影響部や母材部といった接合部ではない領域が含まれる場合には、当該領域を測定領域から除くものとする。なお、X軸およびY軸については、+および-を任意に設定すればよい。
そして、上記の測定領域内の任意の位置において、JIS G 0551「鋼-結晶粒度の顕微鏡試験方法」に準拠した切断法(試験線1mm当たりの捕捉した結晶粒数、または、交点の数Pによって評価する)により、接合部のフェライト粒径を計5回測定し、これらの平均値をDszとする。なお、接合部のフェライト粒径の測定領域を、以下、単に、接合部の測定領域ともいう。
0.9×(Hbm1+Hbm2)/2 ≦ Hsz ≦ 1.2 ×(Hbm1+Hbm2)/2 ・・・(6)
ここで、
Hszは、接合部の硬さの平均値、
Hbm1は、第1の電磁鋼帯の母材部の硬さの平均値、
Hbm2は、第2の電磁鋼帯の母材部の硬さの平均値、
である。
すなわち、上記の切断面における上記の接合部の測定領域内の任意の5か所で、試験力:4.9Nの条件でビッカース硬さ(HV)を測定する。そして、これらの平均値をHszとする。
また、上記の切断面において、第1の電磁鋼帯の母材部の板厚中心位置±0.2×t1の領域(板厚(鉛直)方向)のレベル)内、および、第2の電磁鋼帯の母材部の板厚中心位置±0.2×t2の領域(板厚(鉛直)方向)のレベル)内の任意の5か所でそれぞれ、試験力:4.9Nの条件でビッカース硬さ(HV)を測定する。なお、接合垂直(水平)方向の位置については、母材部であればよく、任意に選択すればよい。そして、第1の電磁鋼帯の母材部および第2の電磁鋼帯の母材部で測定したビッカース硬さ(HV)の平均値をそれぞれ、Hbm1およびHbm2とする。ここで、t1およびt2はそれぞれ、第1および第2の電磁鋼帯の板厚である。
0.8×TbmL ≦ TszL ・・・(7)
TszH ≦ 1.3×TbmH ・・・(8)
ここで、
TszLは、接合部の厚さの最小値(mm)、
TszHは、接合部の厚さの最大値(mm)、
TbmLは、第1の電磁鋼帯と第2の電磁鋼帯のうち、薄い方の電磁鋼帯の板厚(mm)、
TbmHは、第1の電磁鋼帯と第2の電磁鋼帯のうち、厚い方の電磁鋼帯の板厚(mm)、
である。ただし、第1の電磁鋼帯と第2の電磁鋼帯の板厚が同じ場合には、TbmL= TbmHとなる。
熱加工影響部は、接合部に隣接し、摩擦熱と塑性流動による熱間加工の影響を受けるものの温度や加工が不十分で再結晶組織に至らない領域である。また、熱加工影響部は、接合部に隣接して、第1の電磁鋼帯および第2の電磁鋼帯の両側に形成される。
Dhaz1 ≦ Dbm1 ・・・(4)
Dhaz2 ≦ Dbm2 ・・・(5)
ここで、
Dhaz1は、第1の電磁鋼帯側の熱加工影響部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
Dhaz2は、第2の電磁鋼帯側の熱加工影響部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
Dbm1は、第1の電磁鋼帯の母材部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
Dbm2は、第2の電磁鋼帯の母材部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
である。
また、第1の電磁鋼帯側の熱加工影響部のフェライト粒径の測定領域(以下、第1の電磁鋼帯側の熱加工影響部の測定領域ともいう)は、以下のように設定する。すなわち、電磁鋼帯の接合継手を、図17に示す面(すなわち、接合垂直方向と板厚方向とが含まれる面)が切断面となるように、板厚(鉛直)方向に切断する。上記の切断面において、接合垂直方向をX軸、板厚方向をY軸とする。そして、第1の電磁鋼帯の板厚中心位置(レベル)における接合部と第1の電磁鋼帯側の熱加工影響部との境界位置を、X軸とY軸の原点とする。X軸については、第1の電磁鋼帯側を+、接合部側を-とし、X=0~+0.4×t1、Y=-0.2×t1~+0.2×t1の領域を測定領域する。ここで、t1は、第1の電磁鋼帯の板厚である。なお、Y軸については、+および-を任意に設定すればよい。ただし、上記の測定領域に、接合部や母材部といった第1の電磁鋼帯側の熱加工影響部ではない領域が含まれる場合には、当該領域を測定領域から除くものとする。
次に、本発明の一実施形態に従う電磁鋼帯の製造方法を、説明する。
本発明の一実施形態に従う電磁鋼帯の製造方法は、
上記の本発明の一実施形態に従う電磁鋼帯の摩擦撹拌接合方法により第1の電磁鋼帯と第2の電磁鋼帯とを接合し、接合鋼帯を得る工程と、
該接合鋼帯に冷間圧延を施し、冷延鋼帯を得る工程と、をそなえる。
ここで、接合鋼帯は、好適には、第1の電磁鋼帯と、第2の電磁鋼帯と、上記[2]の電磁鋼帯の接合継手とを有し、第1の電磁鋼帯および第2の電磁鋼帯が当該電磁鋼帯の接合継手を介して接合されている。
また、冷間圧延条件については特に限定されず、常法に従えばよい。また、第1の電磁鋼帯と第2の電磁鋼帯の接合後、冷間圧延を行う前に、任意に、酸洗を行ってもよい。
次に、本発明の一実施形態に従う摩擦撹拌接合装置を、説明する。
本発明の一実施形態に従う摩擦撹拌接合装置は、上記[1]の電磁鋼帯の摩擦撹拌接合方法に用いる、摩擦撹拌接合装置であって、
被接合材を把持する、把持装置と、
互いに対向する一対の回転ツールと、
前記回転ツールの回転と接合方向への移動とを可能とする駆動装置と、
前記被接合材の少なくとも一方の面において前記回転ツールの接合進行方向の後方に配置される、冷却装置と、
前記把持装置、前記回転ツールの駆動装置および前記冷却装置の動作制御装置と、をそなえる。
・可動把持部材と、該可動把持部材のスライド装置と、を有するもの、および、
・固定把持部材と、可動把持部材と、該可動把持部材のスライド装置と、を有するもの、
が挙げられる。
冷却速度測定装置は、例えば、接合部の表面での温度を連続的に測定する温度測定装置をそなえる。温度測定装置の態様としては、例えば、W=0、0.2×Dおよび0.5×Dの位置における接合部の表面での温度測定用として複数の放射型温度計を設置したものや、(W=0、0.2×Dおよび0.5×Dの位置を含む範囲の温度を網羅して測定するように設定した)サーモグラフィーなどが挙げられる。そして、温度測定装置で測定した温度、および、接合終了時点から接合部の表面の温度が450℃に到達するまでの時間から、例えば、演算装置やサーモグラフィーに附帯する演算機能を用いて、上掲式(18)により、CRW=0、CRW=0.2DおよびCRW=0.5Dを算出する。
次に、本発明の一実施形態に従う電磁鋼帯の製造装置を、説明する。
本発明の一実施形態に従う電磁鋼帯の製造装置は、上記[4]の摩擦撹拌接合装置をそなえるものである。
また、重ね接合の場合は、第1の電磁鋼帯(先行鋼帯)を重ねの上側、第2の電磁鋼帯(後行鋼帯)を重ねの下側となるように接合した。回転ツールの回転方向および回転ツールの形状などは、突合せ接合の場合と同様である。
また、上述の要領により、
Dsz:接合部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
Dhaz1:第1の電磁鋼帯側の熱加工影響部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
Dhaz2:第2の電磁鋼帯側の熱加工影響部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
Dbm1:第1の電磁鋼帯の母材部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
Dbm2:第2の電磁鋼帯の母材部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
Hsz:接合部の硬さの平均値、
Hbm1:第1の電磁鋼帯の母材部の硬さの平均値、
Hbm2:第2の電磁鋼帯の母材部の硬さの平均値、
を測定した。
さらに、得られた電磁鋼帯の接合継手の鉛直方向の切断面(図17に示す面(すなわち、接合垂直方向と板厚方向とが含まれる面))において、TszL:接合部の厚さの最小値(mm)およびTszH:接合部の厚さの最大値(mm)を測定した。
結果を表3に示す。なお、後述する表面欠陥および内部欠陥の確認において、欠陥が確認された場合には、上記の測定を省略した。また、表面欠陥が確認された場合には、内部欠陥の確認も省略した。
得られた電磁鋼帯の接合継手の接合部および熱加工影響部の表面および裏面において、未接合状態および割れの有無を目視により確認した。そして、以下の基準により、表面欠陥の有無を判定した。
表面欠陥無し:未接合状態および割れがいずれも確認されない。
表面欠陥有り:未接合状態および割れの少なくとも一方が確認される。
得られた電磁鋼帯の接合継手を、図17に示す面(すなわち、接合垂直方向と板厚方向とが含まれる面)が観察面となるように、板厚(鉛直)方向に切断して試験片を採取した。なお、接合方向における切断位置は、接合(溶接)開始側の被接合材の端部から20mmの位置、接合(溶接)終了側の被接合材の端部から20mmの位置、および、被接合材の両端部の中間となる位置とした。そして、当該切断位置での切断面が観察面となるように、合計3枚の試験片を採取した。ついで、得られた試験片の観察面を、光学顕微鏡(倍率:10倍)で観察した。そして、以下の基準により、内部欠陥の有無を判定した。
内部欠陥無し:3枚の試験片全てにおいて、接合部に未接合状態および割れがいずれも確認されない。
内部欠陥有り:少なくとも1枚の試験片において、接合部に未接合状態および割れの少なくとも一方が確認される。
[エリクセン値の比率(%)]=[接合継手のエリクセン値]/[母材部のエリクセン値]×100
合格:エリクセン値の比率が90%以上
不合格:エリクセン値の比率が90%未満
なお、第1の電磁鋼帯の母材部のエリクセン値と第2の電磁鋼帯の母材部のエリクセン値が異なる場合、母材部のエリクセン値は、第1の電磁鋼帯の母材部のエリクセン値と第2の電磁鋼帯の母材部のエリクセン値のうち小さい方の値とする。
すなわち、回転ツールの破損や摩耗が生じると、内部欠陥による接合不良が高い確率で発生する。そこで、上記と同じ条件でそれぞれ、接合長0.5mの接合を繰り返し行い、得られた接合継手について、上記の「(II)内部欠陥の有無」に示した判定方法により、内部欠陥の有無を判定した。
そして、内部欠陥無しと判定される継手の数が全体の90%以上を維持する最大接合回数(以下、90%維持最大接合回数ともいう)により、回転ツールの耐久性の評価をした。90%維持最大接合回数を表4に併記する。なお、90%維持最大接合回数が15回以上の場合:回転ツールの耐久性(寿命)が優れている(合格)、90%維持最大接合回数が15回未満の場合:回転ツールの耐久性(寿命)が十分とはいえない(不合格)、と判定した。
[内部欠陥の有無を確認した接合継手のうち、内部欠陥無しと判定された接合継手の数]÷[内部欠陥の有無を確認した接合継手の数]×100≧90 ・・・式(a)
N=4では、
[内部欠陥の有無を確認した接合継手のうち、内部欠陥無しの接合継手の合計数]÷[内部欠陥を確認した接合継手の数N]×100
=4÷4×100=100≧90
となり、
N=5では、
[内部欠陥の有無を確認した接合継手のうち、内部欠陥無しの接合継手の合計数]÷[内部欠陥を確認した接合継手の数N]×100
=4÷5×100=80<90
となる。
すなわち、この場合では、N=4までは式(a)を満足し、N=5の際にはじめて式(a)を満足しなくなるので、90%維持最大接合回数は4となる。
N=11では、
[内部欠陥の有無を確認した接合継手のうち、内部欠陥無しの接合継手の合計数]÷[内部欠陥を確認した接合継手の数N]×100
=10÷11×100≒90.9≧90
となり、
N=20では、
[内部欠陥の有無を確認した接合継手のうち、内部欠陥無しの接合継手の合計数]÷[内部欠陥を確認した接合継手の数N]×100
=18÷20×100=90≧90
となり、
N=21では、
[内部欠陥の有無を確認した接合継手のうち、内部欠陥無しの接合継手の合計数]÷[内部欠陥を確認した接合継手の数N]×100
=18÷21×100=85.7<90
となる。
すなわち、この場合では、N=20までは式(a)を満足し、N=21の際にはじめて式(a)を満足しなくなるので、90%維持最大接合回数は20となる。
一方、比較例では、接合速度:1000mm/分以上の接合を行った場合、十分な破断抑止効果が得られなかった。
2 第2の電磁鋼帯(被接合材)
3-1 回転ツール(表面側回転ツール)
3-2 回転ツール(裏面側回転ツール)
4 接合部
4-1 熱加工影響部(第1の電磁鋼帯側)
4-2 熱加工影響部(第2の電磁鋼帯側)
5-1、5-2 肩部
6-1、6-2 プローブ
7 把持装置
9-1、9-2 先端部
10-1 冷却装置(表面側冷却装置)
10-2 冷却装置(裏面側冷却装置)
11 回転ツールの駆動装置
12 動作制御装置
Claims (17)
- 被接合材である第1の電磁鋼帯と第2の電磁鋼帯とを、互いに対向する一対の回転ツールにより接合する、電磁鋼帯の摩擦撹拌接合方法であって、
前記被接合材の未接合部に、前記回転ツールを両面から互いに逆方向に回転させながら押圧し、前記回転ツールを接合方向に移動させることにより、前記第1の電磁鋼帯と前記第2の電磁鋼帯とを接合して接合部を形成する、接合工程と、
前記接合部を、前記被接合材の少なくとも一方の面において前記回転ツールの接合方向の後方に配置される冷却装置により冷却する、冷却工程と、をそなえ、
前記被接合材の未接合部は、前記第1の電磁鋼帯の端部と、前記第1の電磁鋼帯に続く前記第2の電磁鋼帯の端部との突合せ部または重ね合せ部であり、
前記回転ツールと前記冷却装置を連動させて接合方向に移動させることにより、前記接合工程と前記冷却工程とを連続して行い、
また、前記回転ツールの肩部の直径D(mm)が、次式(1)の関係を満足し、かつ、
前記回転ツールの回転数RS(回/分)、前記回転ツールの肩部の直径D(mm)および接合速度JS(mm/分)により表されるRS×D3/JSが、次式(2)の関係を満足する、電磁鋼帯の摩擦撹拌接合方法。
4×TJ ≦ D ≦ 10×TJ ・・・(1)
200×TJ ≦ RS×D3/JS ≦ 2000×TJ ・・・(2)
ここで、TJは、
未接合部が突合せ部の場合、第1の電磁鋼帯の板厚および第2の電磁鋼帯の板厚の平均値(mm)であり、
未接合部が重ね合せ部の場合、重ね合せ部の厚さ(mm)である。 - 前記接合工程において、前記第1の電磁鋼帯と前記第2の電磁鋼帯の接合により形成される前記接合部および熱加工影響部の鋼組織がそれぞれ、フェライト相主体の組織となり、かつ、次式(3)~(6)の関係を満足する条件で、接合を行う、請求項1に記載の電磁鋼帯の摩擦撹拌接合方法。
Dsz ≦ 100μm ・・・(3)
Dhaz1 ≦ Dbm1 ・・・(4)
Dhaz2 ≦ Dbm2 ・・・(5)
0.9×(Hbm1+Hbm2)/2 ≦ Hsz ≦ 1.2 ×(Hbm1+Hbm2)/2 ・・・(6)
ここで、
Dszは、接合部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
Dhaz1は、第1の電磁鋼帯側の熱加工影響部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
Dhaz2は、第2の電磁鋼帯側の熱加工影響部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
Dbm1は、第1の電磁鋼帯の母材部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
Dbm2は、第2の電磁鋼帯の母材部のフェライト粒径の平均値(μm)、
Hszは、接合部の硬さの平均値、
Hbm1は、第1の電磁鋼帯の母材部の硬さの平均値、
Hbm2は、第2の電磁鋼帯の母材部の硬さの平均値、
である。 - 前記接合工程において、次式(7)および(8)の関係を満足する条件で接合を行う、請求項2に記載の電磁鋼帯の摩擦撹拌接合方法。
0.8×TbmL ≦ TszL ・・・(7)
TszH ≦ 1.3×TbmH ・・・(8)
ここで、
TszLは、接合部の厚さの最小値(mm)、
TszHは、接合部の厚さの最大値(mm)、
TbmLは、第1の電磁鋼帯と第2の電磁鋼帯のうち、薄い方の電磁鋼帯の板厚(mm)、
TbmHは、第1の電磁鋼帯と第2の電磁鋼帯のうち、厚い方の電磁鋼帯の板厚(mm)、
である。ただし、第1の電磁鋼帯と第2の電磁鋼帯の板厚が同じ場合には、TbmL= TbmHとなる。 - 前記接合工程において、前記回転ツールの肩部間の隙間G(mm)が次式(9)の関係を満足する、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の電磁鋼帯の摩擦撹拌接合方法。
0.4×TJ ≦ G ≦ 0.9×TJ ・・・(9) - 前記回転ツールが、プローブなしの回転ツールである、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の電磁鋼帯の摩擦撹拌接合方法。
- 前記回転ツールの先端面が、平面、凸型の曲面、または、凹型の曲面である、請求項5に記載の電磁鋼帯の摩擦撹拌接合方法。
- 前記回転ツールの先端面が、回転反対方向の渦状の段差部を有する、請求項6に記載の電磁鋼帯の摩擦撹拌接合方法。
- 前記渦状の段差部が、前記回転ツールの先端面の中心から外周に向かって徐々に低くなる、請求項7に記載の電磁鋼帯の摩擦撹拌接合方法。
- 前記渦状の段差部が、前記回転ツールの先端面の中心から外周に向かって徐々に高くなる、請求項7に記載の電磁鋼帯の摩擦撹拌接合方法。
- 前記回転ツールの傾斜角度αが0°である、請求項5に記載の電磁鋼帯の摩擦撹拌接合方法。
- 前記冷却工程において、次式(10)~(12)の関係を満足する条件で冷却を行う、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の電磁鋼帯の摩擦撹拌接合方法。
CRW=0 ≧ 15 ・・・(10)
CRW=0.2D ≧ 15 ・・・(11)
CRW=0.5D ≧ 15 ・・・(12)
ここで、CRW=0、CRW=0.2DおよびCRW=0.5Dはそれぞれ、W=0、0.2×Dおよび0.5×Dの位置における接合部の表面での接合終了温度から450℃までの冷却速度(℃/s)である。また、Wは、被接合材の接合中央線から接合垂直方向に離間する距離(mm)である。Dは、回転ツールの肩部の直径(mm)である。 - 前記冷却装置が、不活性ガスの噴射装置、液体の噴射装置、または、これらを組み合わせた装置である、請求項11に記載の電磁鋼帯の摩擦撹拌接合方法。
- 請求項11に記載の電磁鋼帯の摩擦撹拌接合方法により第1の電磁鋼帯と第2の電磁鋼帯とを接合し、接合鋼帯を得る工程と、
該接合鋼帯に冷間圧延を施し、冷延鋼帯を得る工程と、をそなえる、電磁鋼帯の製造方法。 - 請求項11に記載の電磁鋼帯の摩擦撹拌接合方法に用いる、摩擦撹拌接合装置であって、
被接合材を把持する、把持装置と、
互いに対向する一対の回転ツールと、
前記回転ツールの駆動装置と、
前記被接合材の少なくとも一方の面において前記回転ツールの接合方向の後方に配置される、冷却装置と、
前記把持装置、前記回転ツールの駆動装置および前記冷却装置の動作制御装置と、
をそなえる、摩擦撹拌接合装置。 - 前記被接合材で形成される接合部の両面においてCRW=0、CRW=0.2DおよびCRW=0.5Dを測定する、冷却速度測定装置をそなえる、請求項14に記載の摩擦撹拌接合装置。
ここで、CRW=0、CRW=0.2DおよびCRW=0.5Dはそれぞれ、W=0、0.2×Dおよび0.5×Dの位置における接合部の表面での接合終了温度から450℃までの冷却速度(℃/s)である。また、Wは、被接合材の接合中央線から接合垂直方向に離間する距離(mm)である。Dは、回転ツールの肩部の直径(mm)である。 - 前記冷却装置が、不活性ガスの噴射装置、液体の噴射装置、または、これらを組み合わせた装置である、請求項15に記載の電磁鋼帯の摩擦撹拌接合装置。
- 請求項15に記載の摩擦撹拌接合装置をそなえる、電磁鋼帯の製造装置。
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| EP23856894.3A EP4545239A1 (en) | 2022-08-23 | 2023-04-13 | Friction stir joining method for electromagnetic steel strip, method for manufacturing electromagnetic steel strip, friction stir joining device, and device for manufacturing electromagnetic steel strip |
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