WO2023229042A1 - 熱伝達抑制シート及び組電池 - Google Patents
熱伝達抑制シート及び組電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023229042A1 WO2023229042A1 PCT/JP2023/019810 JP2023019810W WO2023229042A1 WO 2023229042 A1 WO2023229042 A1 WO 2023229042A1 JP 2023019810 W JP2023019810 W JP 2023019810W WO 2023229042 A1 WO2023229042 A1 WO 2023229042A1
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- heat transfer
- transfer suppressing
- suppressing sheet
- particles
- organic
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L59/00—Thermal insulation in general
- F16L59/04—Arrangements using dry fillers, e.g. using slag wool
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/65—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells
- H01M10/658—Means for temperature control structurally associated with the cells by thermal insulation or shielding
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a heat transfer suppressing sheet and an assembled battery having the heat transfer suppressing sheet.
- This electric vehicle, hybrid vehicle, etc. is equipped with an assembled battery in which a plurality of battery cells are connected in series or in parallel to serve as a power source for a driving electric motor.
- lithium ion secondary batteries which are capable of higher capacity and higher output than lead-acid batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, etc., are mainly used for these battery cells. If a battery cell suddenly rises in temperature due to an internal short circuit or overcharging of the battery, and a thermal runaway occurs that continues to generate heat, the heat from the battery cell that has experienced thermal runaway will , there is a risk of propagation to other adjacent battery cells, causing thermal runaway in other battery cells.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a heat insulating sheet for an assembled battery that includes first particles made of silica nanoparticles and second particles made of a metal oxide, and in which the content of the first particles is limited. ing. Furthermore, Patent Document 1 describes that the heat insulating sheet may contain a binder made of at least one selected from fibers, binders, and heat-resistant resins.
- Patent Document 1 describes that dry silica or wet silica can be used as the first particles, and that this heat insulating sheet can be produced by a dry molding method or a wet papermaking method.
- an example of a binder for producing a heat insulating sheet is a moist heat adhesive binder fiber, but the moist heat adhesive binder fiber is kept in a wet state during production in order to develop its adhesive properties.
- the heat insulating sheet needs to be manufactured by a wet papermaking method.
- inorganic particles such as dry silica or silica airgel are used to manufacture heat insulating sheets by dry molding
- the inorganic particles may fall off (hereinafter also referred to as powder drop) due to pressure, impact, etc. .
- powder drop the capacity of the battery cells has further improved, so the expansion rate during charging and discharging has increased. Therefore, when placing a heat insulating sheet between the battery cells of an assembled battery, if the strength of the whole heat insulating sheet is low, the heat insulating sheet will be compressed by the expansion of the battery cells during charging and discharging, resulting in powder falling. , the insulation performance will deteriorate.
- the heat insulating sheet may not be able to exhibit its effectiveness and a thermal chain reaction may occur.
- a heat insulating sheet that has high strength that can maintain its shape, suppress powder falling, and maintain excellent heat insulation properties, as well as a method for manufacturing the same. ing.
- the heat insulating sheet described in Patent Document 1 maintains excellent heat insulating properties even when compressive stress increases, but further improvements are needed in terms of heat insulating properties, strength, and performance to suppress powder falling. is required.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-mentioned problems, and has the strength to be able to maintain its shape even when compressive stress is applied to the heat transfer suppressing sheet, and has a high ability to retain inorganic particles. Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a heat transfer suppressing sheet that can maintain excellent heat insulation performance, and an assembled battery having this heat transfer suppressing sheet.
- a heat transfer suppressing sheet comprising a matrix containing inorganic particles and organic fibers three-dimensionally oriented in the matrix, The organic fiber has a welded portion covering at least a portion of the surface, A heat transfer suppressing sheet, characterized in that the organic fibers are welded to each other by the welded portion.
- the organic fiber is made of a first organic material, and the welded part includes a second organic material,
- the first organic material is at least one selected from polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, and nylon
- the inorganic particles are particles made of at least one inorganic material selected from oxide particles, carbide particles, nitride particles, and inorganic hydrate particles, [1] to [ 10].
- the heat transfer suppressing sheet according to any one of [10].
- the heat transfer suppressing sheet of the present invention has three-dimensionally oriented organic fibers in a matrix containing inorganic particles, and these organic fibers are welded to each other by a welded part to form a skeleton. Excellent strength can be obtained, thereby making it possible to suppress powder falling and preventing a reduction in the heat insulation effect due to compressive deformation of the heat transfer suppressing sheet.
- the assembled battery of the present invention since the assembled battery has a heat transfer suppressing sheet that has high strength and the effect of maintaining heat insulation performance as described above, thermal runaway of battery cells in the assembled battery and spread of flame to the outside of the battery case are prevented. can be suppressed.
- FIG. 1 is a photograph substituted for a drawing showing the structure of a heat transfer suppressing sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a photograph substituted for a drawing showing an enlarged structure of the heat transfer suppressing sheet according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a photograph substituted for a drawing showing a cross section of a heat transfer suppressing sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing an assembled battery having a heat transfer suppressing sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the present inventors have conducted intensive studies on a heat transfer suppressing sheet that can solve the above problems.
- the strength of the heat transfer suppressing sheet can be improved by welding the three-dimensionally oriented organic fibers to each other at the welding part in the matrix containing inorganic particles, which results in high heat insulation performance.
- FIG. 1 is a photograph substituted for a drawing showing the structure of a heat transfer suppressing sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a photograph substituted for a drawing showing an enlarged structure of a heat transfer suppressing sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a photograph substituted for a drawing showing a cross section of a heat transfer suppressing sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a sectional view schematically showing an assembled battery having a heat transfer suppressing sheet according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 includes a matrix 14 containing inorganic particles 4 and organic fibers 1 three-dimensionally oriented in the matrix 14.
- the organic fibers 1 have a welded part 5 that covers at least a part of the surface, and the organic fibers 1 are welded to each other by the welded part 5.
- the inorganic particles 4 are also welded to the surface of the organic fiber 1, so that the surface of the organic fiber 1 is covered with the inorganic particles 4.
- a plurality of pores 7 are formed in the matrix 14 of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10. Furthermore, a fiber bundle 6 is formed in the matrix 14 by welding at least a part of the plurality of organic fibers 1 to each other by a welding part 5 not shown in FIG. A void portion 8 is formed between the plurality of organic fibers 1.
- a fiber layer 11 is formed on at least a portion of a first surface 10a and a second surface (not shown) that are perpendicular to the thickness direction of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10.
- the fibrous layer 11 is formed by welding at least a portion of the plurality of organic fibers 1 to each other by the welding portion 5, and is formed in a layered manner on the surface (first surface and second surface) of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10.
- a composite layer 12 is formed between the fiber layer 11 and the base layer 13 containing the matrix 14 and the organic fibers 1.
- the composite layer 12 is a layer in which a part of the fiber layer 11 and a part of the matrix 14 are mixed.
- the composite layer 12 is a region including a plurality of organic fibers 1, at least some of which are welded to each other by the welding part 5, and inorganic particles 4 welded to the organic fibers 1 by the welding part 5.
- the fiber bundle 6 is formed by intertwining ten or more organic fibers 1 with each other and welding the organic fibers 1 to each other in some parts, and in the matrix 14 of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10, placed in any direction.
- the fiber layer 11 is a layer formed by gathering ten or more organic fibers 1 on the surface of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10, and extends in a direction substantially parallel to the surface, for example, in a streak shape.
- the assembled battery 100 is configured by storing the plurality of battery cells 20a, 20b, and 20c in a battery case 30 in a state in which they are connected in series or in parallel (the connected state is not shown).
- the battery cells 20a, 20b, and 20c are preferably lithium ion secondary batteries, for example, but are not particularly limited thereto, and can be applied to other secondary batteries as well.
- the organic fibers 1 are three-dimensionally oriented in the matrix 14, and the organic fibers 1 cover at least a portion of the surface. It has a welded part 5.
- the welded portion 5 refers to a portion where the surface of the organic fiber 1 is melted and then solidified again, and is formed in the manufacturing process of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10, which will be described later.
- this structure serves as a skeleton to support the shape of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 and obtain high strength. be able to.
- the inorganic particles 4 are also fixed to the organic fibers 1 in the welded portion 5 on the outer peripheral surface of the organic fibers 1, it is possible to obtain an even higher powder fall-off suppressing effect. Therefore, for example, even if a portion of the battery cells 20a, 20b, 20c expands during charging and discharging, and compressive stress or impact is applied to the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10, the shape can be maintained, and the inorganic particles 4 can be suppressed from falling off (powder falling), and at the same time, it is possible to prevent the heat insulation effect from decreasing due to compressive deformation of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10.
- the mechanism that can suppress the inorganic particles 4 from falling off the sheet surface is that the organic fibers 1 are welded to each other by the welded portions 5 to form a three-dimensional and strong skeleton. This is considered to be because the shape of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 is maintained and deformation or compression of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 is suppressed. Further, when a fiber layer 11 in which a plurality of organic fibers 1 are welded together is formed on the surface of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10, this fiber layer 11 absorbs the impact applied to the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10. Therefore, the presence of the fiber layer 11 is also considered to be a factor in retaining the inorganic particles 4.
- the inorganic particles 4 are welded to the entire outer peripheral surface of the organic fiber 1 by the welding part 5, but in the present invention, the welding part 5 completely covers the outer peripheral surface of the organic fiber 1. It is not necessary that the welded portion 5 be present, and there may be a region where the welded portion 5 is not present.
- a binder fiber having a core-sheath structure which will be described later, can be used as the material for the organic fibers 1. However, if the sheath part peels off during the manufacturing process, the core part may partially The organic fiber 1 may be exposed. Even in such a case, the effect of retaining the inorganic particles 4 can be sufficiently obtained.
- the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 according to the present embodiment includes organic fibers 1 having high flexibility, the flexibility of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 can be increased, and the organic fibers 1 are easily entangled with each other. Therefore, the effect of improving sheet strength can be obtained.
- the matrix 14 has a plurality of pores 7, and since the fiber bundle 6 has a plurality of voids 8 between the plurality of organic fibers 1, the heat insulation performance can be improved. . Further, due to the presence of the voids 8, the organic fibers 1 are less likely to be restrained in the matrix 14, so that the flexibility and strength of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 can be further improved.
- the voids 8 do not need to be formed in the entire area between the plurality of organic fibers 1; if the voids 8 are formed in at least a portion of the organic fibers 1, the effect of suppressing heat transfer can be improved. Obtainable.
- the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 has the fiber bundles 6 and the fiber layer 11, it is possible to obtain a much higher sheet strength compared to the case where the organic fibers 1 are arranged in a dispersed manner.
- the fiber layer 11 is not simply disposed on the base layer 13, but between the fiber layer 11 and the base layer 13, a part of the fiber layer 11 and a part of the inorganic particles 4 constituting the matrix 14 are disposed.
- the fiber layer 11 is reliably bound to the surface of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 because the fiber layer 11 has a composite layer 12 containing a mixture of . Therefore, a heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 having high strength can be obtained.
- the organic fibers 1 provide flexibility to the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10, and have the effect of maintaining the strength and shape of the sheet by welding the inorganic particles 4 and other organic fibers 1 to the surface thereof.
- single-component organic fibers can be used as the material for the organic fibers 1 in the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10, it is preferable to use binder fibers with a core-sheath structure.
- a binder fiber having a core-sheath structure has a core portion extending in the longitudinal direction of the fiber and a sheath portion formed to cover the outer peripheral surface of the core portion.
- the core portion is made of a first organic material
- the sheath portion is made of a second organic material
- the melting point of the first organic material is higher than the melting point of the second organic material.
- the core portion corresponds to the organic fiber 1 in the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 .
- the second organic material constituting the sheath portion is melted and then solidified again, so that the sheath portion becomes the welded portion 5 in the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10.
- the core that is, the first organic material constituting the organic fiber 1
- the sheath portion that is, the first organic material that is present on the outer peripheral surface of the organic fiber 1. It is not particularly limited as long as it has a melting point higher than the melting point of organic material No. 2.
- the first organic material includes at least one selected from polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, and nylon.
- the content of the organic fibers 1 is preferably 2% by mass or more, more preferably 4% by mass or more based on the total mass of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10. Furthermore, if the content of the organic fibers 1 becomes too large, the content of the inorganic particles 4 will be relatively reduced, so in order to obtain the desired heat insulation performance, the content of the organic fibers must be It is preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 8% by mass or less, based on the total mass of.
- the fiber length of the organic fiber 1 is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of ensuring moldability and processability, the average fiber length of the organic fiber is preferably 10 mm or less. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of making the organic fibers 1 function as a skeleton and ensuring the compressive strength of the heat transfer suppressing sheet, the average fiber length of the organic fibers 1 is preferably 0.5 mm or more.
- the welded part 5 is formed by once melting the surface of the organic fiber 1 or the sheath part of the binder fiber having a core-sheath structure by heating and then cooling it. At the same time, the organic fibers 1 are welded together.
- the welded portion 5 includes the second organic material forming the sheath portion.
- the second organic material is not particularly limited as long as it has a melting point lower than that of the first organic material constituting the organic fiber 1.
- the second organic material includes at least one selected from polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polypropylene, and nylon. Note that the melting point of the second organic material is preferably 90°C or higher, more preferably 100°C or higher. Further, the melting point of the second organic material is preferably 150°C or lower, more preferably 130°C or lower.
- the inorganic particles a single inorganic particle may be used, or two or more types of inorganic particles may be used in combination.
- the type of inorganic particles it is preferable to use particles made of at least one inorganic material selected from oxide particles, carbide particles, nitride particles, and inorganic hydrate particles from the viewpoint of heat transfer suppressing effect. , it is more preferable to use oxide particles.
- the shape is not particularly limited, but it is preferable to include at least one selected from nanoparticles, hollow particles, and porous particles, and specifically, silica nanoparticles, metal oxide particles, microporous particles, and hollow particles.
- Inorganic balloons such as silica particles, particles made of a thermally expandable inorganic material, particles made of a hydrous porous material, etc. can also be used.
- the average secondary particle diameter of the inorganic particles is 0.01 ⁇ m or more, they are easily available and can suppress an increase in manufacturing costs. Further, when the thickness is 200 ⁇ m or less, a desired heat insulation effect can be obtained. Therefore, the average secondary particle diameter of the inorganic particles is preferably 0.01 ⁇ m or more and 200 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.05 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the heating element can be cooled in multiple stages, and the endothermic effect can be exerted over a wider temperature range.
- a mixture of large diameter particles and small diameter particles it is preferable to use a mixture of large diameter particles and small diameter particles.
- the other inorganic particles include inorganic particles made of a metal oxide.
- the inorganic particles will be described in more detail, with small-diameter inorganic particles being referred to as first inorganic particles and large-diameter inorganic particles being referred to as second inorganic particles.
- Oxide particles have a high refractive index and have a strong effect of diffusely reflecting light, so when oxide particles are used as the first inorganic particles, radiant heat transfer can be suppressed, particularly in high temperature regions such as abnormal heat generation.
- oxide particles at least one particle selected from silica, titania, zirconia, zircon, barium titanate, zinc oxide, and alumina can be used. That is, among the above-mentioned oxide particles that can be used as inorganic particles, only one type or two or more types of oxide particles may be used.
- silica is a component with high heat insulation properties
- titania is a component with a high refractive index compared to other metal oxides, and is highly effective in diffusely reflecting light and blocking radiant heat in high temperature regions of 500 degrees Celsius or higher. Therefore, it is most preferable to use silica and titania as the oxide particles.
- Average primary particle diameter of oxide particles 0.001 ⁇ m or more and 50 ⁇ m or less
- the average primary particle diameter of the oxide particles is 0.001 ⁇ m or more, it is sufficiently larger than the wavelength of the light that contributes to heating, and in order to diffusely reflect light efficiently, it is difficult to transfer heat in the high temperature region of 500°C or more. The radiant heat transfer within the suppression sheet is suppressed, and the heat insulation properties can be further improved.
- the average primary particle diameter of the oxide particles is 50 ⁇ m or less, the number of contact points between the particles does not increase even when the particles are compressed, and it is difficult to form a path for conductive heat transfer, so conductive heat transfer is particularly dominant. The influence on the heat insulation properties in the normal temperature range can be reduced.
- the average primary particle diameter can be determined by observing the particles with a microscope, comparing them with a standard scale, and taking the average of 10 arbitrary particles.
- nanoparticles refer to nanometer-order particles having a spherical or nearly spherical average primary particle diameter of less than 1 ⁇ m. Because nanoparticles have a low density, they suppress conductive heat transfer, and when nanoparticles are used as the first inorganic particles, the voids are further finely dispersed, making it possible to obtain excellent heat insulation properties that suppress convective heat transfer. . For this reason, it is preferable to use nanoparticles because they can suppress the conduction of heat between adjacent nanoparticles during normal use of the battery in the normal temperature range.
- the heat transfer suppressing sheet will be compressed by the expansion caused by thermal runaway of the battery cell, and even if the internal density increases, the heat transfer will be reduced. It is possible to suppress an increase in conductive heat transfer of the suppression sheet. This is thought to be because nanoparticles tend to form fine voids between particles due to the repulsive force caused by static electricity, and because their bulk density is low, the particles are filled so as to provide cushioning properties.
- the material when using nanoparticles as the first inorganic particles, is not particularly limited as long as it meets the above definition of nanoparticles.
- silica nanoparticles in addition to being a highly insulating material, silica nanoparticles have small contact points between particles, so the amount of heat conducted by silica nanoparticles is smaller than when using silica particles with a large particle size.
- commonly available silica nanoparticles have a bulk density of about 0.1 (g/cm 3 ), so for example, battery cells placed on both sides of the heat transfer suppressing sheet may thermally expand, resulting in heat transfer.
- silica nanoparticles As the nanoparticles.
- silica nanoparticles include wet silica, dry silica, and airgel, and silica nanoparticles that are particularly suitable for this embodiment will be described below.
- wet silica particles are aggregated, whereas dry silica particles can be dispersed.
- conductive heat transfer is dominant, so dry silica, which allows particles to be dispersed, provides better heat insulation performance than wet silica. can.
- the heat transfer suppressing sheet according to the present embodiment preferably uses a manufacturing method in which a mixture containing the materials is processed into a sheet shape by a dry method. Therefore, as the inorganic particles, it is preferable to use dry silica, silica airgel, etc., which have low thermal conductivity.
- Average primary particle diameter of nanoparticles 1 nm or more and 100 nm or less
- the average primary particle diameter of the nanoparticles is set to 1 nm or more and 100 nm or less, convective heat transfer and conductive heat transfer within the heat transfer suppressing sheet can be suppressed, especially in the temperature range below 500°C, and the heat insulation property is improved. can be further improved.
- the voids remaining between nanoparticles and the many contact points between particles suppress conductive heat transfer, and the heat insulation properties of the heat transfer suppressing sheet can be maintained. .
- the average primary particle diameter of the nanoparticles is more preferably 2 nm or more, and even more preferably 3 nm or more.
- the average primary particle diameter of the nanoparticles is more preferably 50 nm or less, and even more preferably 10 nm or less.
- Inorganic hydrate particles thermally decompose when they receive heat from a heating element and reach a thermal decomposition start temperature, releasing their own water of crystallization and lowering the temperature of the heating element and its surroundings, a so-called "endothermic action.” Express. Furthermore, after releasing the crystal water, it becomes a porous body and exhibits a heat insulating effect due to its countless air holes.
- Specific examples of inorganic hydrates include aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH) 3 ), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH) 2 ), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ), and zinc hydroxide (Zn(OH)).
- aluminum hydroxide has about 35% water of crystallization, and as shown in the following formula, it thermally decomposes to release water of crystallization and exhibits an endothermic action. After releasing the crystal water, it becomes porous alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), which functions as a heat insulator. 2Al(OH) 3 ⁇ Al 2 O 3 +3H 2 O
- the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 is preferably interposed between, for example, battery cells; however, in battery cells that have undergone thermal runaway, The temperature rises rapidly and continues to rise to around 700°C. Therefore, the inorganic particles are preferably composed of inorganic hydrates whose thermal decomposition initiation temperature is 200° C. or higher.
- the thermal decomposition starting temperatures of the inorganic hydrates listed above are approximately 200°C for aluminum hydroxide, approximately 330°C for magnesium hydroxide, approximately 580°C for calcium hydroxide, approximately 200°C for zinc hydroxide, and approximately 200°C for iron hydroxide.
- the average secondary particle diameter of the inorganic hydrate particles is preferably 0.01 ⁇ m or more and 200 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.05 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less.
- thermally expandable inorganic material examples include vermiculite, bentonite, mica, pearlite, and the like.
- Water-containing porous material particles made of water-containing porous material
- water-containing porous material include zeolite, kaolinite, montmorillonite, acid clay, diatomaceous earth, wet silica, dry silica, aerogel, mica, and vermiculite.
- the heat insulating material used in the present invention may contain an inorganic balloon as the first inorganic particles.
- an inorganic balloon When an inorganic balloon is included, convection heat transfer or conductive heat transfer within the heat insulating material can be suppressed in a temperature range of less than 500° C., and the heat insulating properties of the heat insulating material can be further improved.
- the inorganic balloon at least one selected from a shirasu balloon, a silica balloon, a fly ash balloon, a barite balloon, and a glass balloon can be used.
- Inorganic balloon content 60% by mass or less based on the total mass of the insulation material
- the content of the inorganic balloon is preferably 60% by mass or less based on the total mass of the heat insulating material.
- the average particle diameter of the inorganic balloon is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the second inorganic particles are not particularly limited as long as they are different from the first inorganic particles in material, particle size, etc.
- the second inorganic particles include oxide particles, carbide particles, nitride particles, inorganic hydrate particles, silica nanoparticles, metal oxide particles, inorganic balloons such as microporous particles and hollow silica particles, and thermally expandable inorganic materials. Particles made of a water-containing porous material, particles made of a water-containing porous material, etc. can be used, and the details thereof are as described above.
- nanoparticles have extremely low conductive heat transfer and can maintain excellent heat insulation properties even when compressive stress is applied to the heat transfer suppressing sheet. Furthermore, metal oxide particles such as titania are highly effective in blocking radiant heat. Furthermore, when large-diameter inorganic particles and small-diameter inorganic particles are used, the small-diameter inorganic particles enter the gaps between the large-diameter inorganic particles, resulting in a more dense structure and improving the heat transfer suppression effect. can. Therefore, when nanoparticles, for example, are used as the first inorganic particles, particles made of a metal oxide having a larger diameter than the first inorganic particles are further used as the second inorganic particles to suppress heat transfer. It is preferable to include it in the sheet.
- metal oxides examples include silicon oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, barium titanate, zinc oxide, zircon, and zirconium oxide.
- titanium oxide titanium oxide (titania) is a component with a high refractive index compared to other metal oxides, and is highly effective in diffusely reflecting light and blocking radiant heat in the high temperature range of 500°C or higher, so titania can be used. Most preferred.
- At least one particle selected from dry silica particles and silica aerogel was used as the first inorganic particle, and the second inorganic particle was selected from titania, zircon, zirconia, silicon carbide, zinc oxide, and alumina.
- the first inorganic particles in order to obtain excellent heat insulation performance within a temperature range of 300°C or less, the first inorganic particles must be present in an amount of 50% by mass or more based on the total mass of the inorganic particles. It is preferably at least 60% by mass, more preferably at least 70% by mass.
- the content of the first inorganic particles is preferably 95% by mass or less, more preferably 90% by mass or less, and even more preferably 80% by mass or less, based on the total mass of the inorganic particles.
- the second inorganic particles are preferably 5% by mass or more, and 10% by mass or more based on the total mass of the inorganic particles. More preferably, it is 20% by mass or more. Further, the second inorganic particles account for preferably 50% by mass or less, more preferably 40% by mass or less, and even more preferably 30% by mass or less, based on the total mass of the inorganic particles.
- the heat transfer suppressing sheet contains second inorganic particles made of a metal oxide, if the average primary particle diameter of the second inorganic particles is 1 ⁇ m or more and 50 ⁇ m or less, efficiency is improved in a high temperature region of 500°C or higher. Radiation heat transfer can be well suppressed.
- the average primary particle diameter of the second inorganic particles is more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less, and most preferably 10 ⁇ m or less.
- the total content of inorganic particles 4 in the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 is appropriately controlled, the heat insulation properties of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 can be sufficiently ensured.
- the total content of the inorganic particles 4 is preferably 60% by mass or more, more preferably 70% by mass or more based on the total mass of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10. Furthermore, if the total content of inorganic particles 4 becomes too large, the content of organic fibers will be relatively reduced.
- the total content of is preferably 95% by mass or less, more preferably 90% by mass or less based on the total mass of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10.
- the content of the inorganic particles 4 in the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 can be calculated, for example, by heating the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 at 800° C., decomposing the organic components, and then measuring the mass of the remaining portion. can.
- the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 includes organic fibers made of an organic material different from the first organic material, and inorganic fibers. etc. may be included.
- the heat transfer suppression sheet 10 contains inorganic fibers, the inorganic fibers preferably contained in this embodiment will be described below.
- inorganic fiber a single inorganic fiber may be used, or two or more types of inorganic fibers may be used in combination.
- inorganic fibers include silica fibers, alumina fibers, alumina silicate fibers, zirconia fibers, carbon fibers, soluble fibers, refractory ceramic fibers, airgel composites, magnesium silicate fibers, alkali earth silicate fibers, potassium titanate fibers, Ceramic fibers such as silicon carbide fibers and potassium titanate whisker fibers, glass fibers such as glass fibers, glass wool, and slag wool, rock wool, basalt fibers, mullite fibers, mineral fibers other than the above, such as wollastonite, etc.
- Examples include natural mineral fibers. These inorganic fibers are preferable in terms of heat resistance, strength, easy availability, and the like. Among inorganic fibers, from the viewpoint of ease of handling, silica-alumina fibers, alumina fibers, silica fibers, rock wool, alkali earth silicate fibers, and glass fibers are particularly preferred.
- the cross-sectional shape of the inorganic fiber is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a circular cross-section, a flat cross-section, a hollow cross-section, a polygonal cross-section, a core cross-section, and the like.
- irregular cross-section fibers having a hollow cross-section, a flat cross-section, or a polygonal cross-section can be preferably used because the heat insulation properties are slightly improved.
- a preferable lower limit of the average fiber length of the inorganic fibers is 0.1 mm, and a more preferable lower limit is 0.5 mm.
- a preferable upper limit of the average fiber length of the inorganic fibers is 50 mm, and a more preferable upper limit is 10 mm. If the average fiber length of the inorganic fibers is less than 0.1 mm, the inorganic fibers are unlikely to become entangled with each other, and the mechanical strength of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 may decrease.
- the inorganic fibers may not be tightly intertwined with each other, or a single inorganic fiber may curl up, which tends to create continuous voids, resulting in poor insulation. This may lead to a decrease in
- a preferable lower limit of the average fiber diameter of the inorganic fibers is 1 ⁇ m, a more preferable lower limit is 2 ⁇ m, and an even more preferable lower limit is 3 ⁇ m.
- a preferable upper limit of the average fiber diameter of the inorganic fibers is 15 ⁇ m, and a more preferable upper limit is 10 ⁇ m. If the average fiber diameter of the inorganic fibers is less than 1 ⁇ m, the mechanical strength of the inorganic fibers themselves may decrease. Further, from the viewpoint of the influence on human health, it is preferable that the average fiber diameter of the inorganic fibers is 3 ⁇ m or more.
- the average fiber diameter of the inorganic fibers is larger than 15 ⁇ m, solid heat transfer using the inorganic fibers as a medium may increase, leading to a decrease in heat insulation properties, and the formability and strength of the heat transfer suppressing sheet may deteriorate. There is a risk of
- the content of the inorganic fibers is preferably 3% by mass or more and 15% by mass or less based on the total mass of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10.
- the content of the inorganic fibers is more preferably 5% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less based on the total mass of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10. With such a content, the shape retention, pressure resistance, wind pressure resistance, and inorganic particle retention ability of the inorganic fibers are expressed in a well-balanced manner.
- the organic fibers 1 and inorganic fibers intertwine with each other to form a three-dimensional network, which improves the effect of retaining the inorganic particles 4 and other compounded materials described below. This can be further improved.
- the heat transfer suppressing sheet according to the present embodiment can further contain a binder, a coloring agent, and the like, if necessary. All of these are useful for purposes such as reinforcing the heat transfer suppressing sheet and improving formability, and the total amount is preferably 10% by mass or less based on the total mass of the heat transfer suppressing sheet.
- binder fibers having a core-sheath structure (not shown) and inorganic particles 4 are put into a mixer such as a V-type mixer at a predetermined ratio to produce a mixture.
- a mixer such as a V-type mixer
- fibers with a core-sheath structure which have a core made of a first organic material and a sheath made of a second organic material, as the binder fibers.
- the melting point of the first organic material is higher than the melting point of the second organic material.
- the obtained mixture is put into a predetermined mold and pressurized by a press or the like, and the obtained molded body is heated, thereby melting the sheath portion of the binder fibers.
- the second organic material constituting the molten sheath part and the inorganic particles 4 existing around the binder fibers are dissolved in the core part (organic fibers 1 ), and the areas where the binder fibers were in contact with each other are also welded to each other.
- a matrix 14 containing inorganic particles 4 is formed between the plurality of organic fibers 1.
- the intertwined organic fibers 1 exposed on the surface are heated and formed as a fiber layer 11 on the surface of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10.
- the fiber layer 11 has the effect of improving the strength of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 and mitigating the impact on the surface of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10.
- the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 it is preferable to manufacture the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 by a dry method.
- a dry method inorganic particles 4 suitable for the dry method are used, and a solvent such as water, which is required when molding by the wet method, is not added to the mixture.
- a small amount of solvent such as water is added within the range of the dry method. It can also be added. For example, by adding a small amount of a solvent such as water to the mixture, scattering of inorganic particles during production can be suppressed.
- the melting point of the first organic material constituting the core is higher than the melting point of the second organic material constituting the sheath, when heating the mixture, the core The sheath can be melted leaving behind.
- the outer circumferential surface of the core (organic fiber 1) is covered with the second organic material containing the inorganic particles 4, so that the inorganic particles 4 can be retained.
- the organic fiber 1 to which the inorganic particles 4 are welded has an apparently large fiber diameter, and therefore has higher strength than the strength of the organic fiber 1 alone.
- the binder fibers are present in the mixture in irregular directions, the organic fibers 1 are welded to each other in areas where the binder fibers are in contact with each other, forming a three-dimensional skeleton. As a result, the shape of the entire heat transfer suppressing sheet can be maintained with even higher strength.
- the core can be easily separated.
- the temperature can be set to melt the sheath.
- the obtained heat transfer suppressing sheet has organic fibers 1 welded to each other on both the surface side and the center side to form a skeleton that maintains the strength of the sheet, and contains inorganic particles 4 on the surface of the organic fibers 1. It has an ideal structure in which the welded portion 5 is formed. Therefore, it is preferable to use binder fibers having the core-sheath structure as described above as the material for the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10.
- an adhesive such as hot melt powder may be included in the mixture as a raw material for the heat transfer suppressing sheet.
- the skeleton formed by the organic fibers 1 can be sufficiently fixed, and the holding power of the inorganic particles 4 can be improved to prevent powder falling. This can be further suppressed.
- the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 manufactured by the manufacturing method according to the present embodiment has an even stronger skeleton, and even when a pressing force or impact is applied to the heat transfer suppressing sheet, The shape can be maintained, powder falling can be suppressed, and excellent heat insulation performance can be maintained.
- the surface of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 may be covered with a film or the like.
- Polymer films include polyimide, polycarbonate, PET, p-phenylene sulfide, polyetherimide, crosslinked polyethylene, flame-retardant chloroprene rubber, polyvinyldenfluoride, hard vinyl chloride, polybutylene terephthalate, PTFE, PFA, FEP, ETFE, Examples include films made of rigid PCV, flame-retardant PET, polystyrene, polyethersulfone, polyamideimide, polyacrylonitrile, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, and the like.
- the method of covering the surface of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 with a film is not particularly limited, and may include a method of pasting with an adhesive, a method of wrapping the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 with a film, a method of covering the surface of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 with a film, a method of covering the surface of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 with a film, a method of covering the surface of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 with a film, a method of covering the surface of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 with a film, a method of coating the surface of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 with a film, a method of coating the surface of the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 with a film, a method of attaching it with an adhesive, etc. Examples include a method of accommodating the sheet 10.
- binder fibers and heating conditions that are preferably used in the method for manufacturing a heat transfer suppressing sheet according to the present embodiment will be described.
- ⁇ Binder fiber> when using a binder fiber with a core-sheath structure, if the melting point of the first organic material constituting the core is higher than the melting point of the second organic material constituting the sheath.
- the first organic material serving as the core at least one selected from polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, and nylon can be selected.
- the second organic material that becomes the sheath at least one selected from polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polypropylene, and nylon can be selected.
- the melting point of the first organic material constituting the core is sufficiently higher than the melting point of the second organic material constituting the sheath, the setting latitude for the heating temperature in the heating process can be expanded, and It is possible to more easily set the temperature to obtain a desired structure.
- the melting point of the first organic material is preferably 60°C or more higher than the melting point of the second organic material, more preferably 70°C or more higher, and even more preferably 80°C or more higher.
- binder fibers having a core-sheath structure as described above are generally commercially available, and the materials constituting the core portion and the sheath portion may be the same or different from each other.
- binder fibers in which the core and sheath are made of the same material and have different melting points include those in which the core and sheath are made of polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, nylon, etc. It will be done.
- binder fibers in which the core and sheath parts are made of different materials include those in which the core part is made of polyethylene terephthalate and the sheath part is made of polyethylene, and those in which the core part is made of polypropylene and the sheath part is made of polyethylene. Can be mentioned.
- the melting point of the second organic material constituting the sheath of the binder fibers refers to the melting temperature at which the second organic material begins to melt and deform. Judging to be a species.
- the melting point of the sheath portion of the binder fiber can be measured, for example, by the following method. A binder fiber to be measured is placed in contact with a glass fiber having a higher melting point, heated from room temperature to 200° C. at a heating rate of 5° C./min, and then cooled to room temperature.
- the second organic It can be determined that the melting point of the material is 200°C or lower.
- the sheath portion is constructed by varying the heating temperature and observing the fused state of the binder fibers and glass fibers after cooling by the above method, or the cross-sectional shape of the binder fibers. The melting point of the second organic material can be determined.
- Binder fiber content In this embodiment, when using binder fibers with a core-sheath structure as the material, if the content of the binder fibers in the mixture is appropriately controlled, the reinforcing effect of the skeleton in the resulting heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 can be sufficiently enhanced. can be obtained.
- the binder fiber content is preferably 5% by mass or more, more preferably 10% by mass or more based on the total mass of the mixture.
- the content of binder fiber should be adjusted based on the total mass of the mixture. It is preferably 25% by mass or less, more preferably 20% by mass or less.
- hot melt powder in addition to the binder fibers and inorganic particles 4 described above, hot melt powder may be included in the mixture.
- the hot melt powder is a powder that contains, for example, a third organic material different from the first organic material and the second organic material, and has the property of being melted by heating.
- the hot melt powder is melted, and then when it is cooled, it hardens while containing the surrounding inorganic particles 4. Therefore, falling off of the inorganic particles 4 from the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 can be further suppressed.
- Hot melt powders include those having various melting points, but a hot melt powder having an appropriate melting point may be selected in consideration of the melting points of the core and sheath portions of the binder fibers used. Specifically, if the third organic material that is a component of the hot melt powder has a melting point lower than that of the first organic material that makes up the organic fiber, the third organic material that is a component of the hot melt powder can be used to leave the core portion and the sheath portion and The heating temperature for melting the hot melt powder can be set. For example, if the melting point of the hot melt powder is lower than the melting point of the sheath, the heating temperature during manufacturing can be set between the melting point of the core and the melting point of the sheath, making it easier to heat the powder. can be set.
- the type of hot melt powder to be used can also be selected so that the melting point of the hot melt powder is between the melting point of the core and the melting point of the sheath.
- hot melt powder having such a melting point when used, when the sheath and the hot melt powder are both melted and then cooled and hardened, the organic fiber (core) 1 and the molten sheath around it first melt. , and the hot melt powder present in the gaps between the inorganic particles 4 is cured. As a result, the position of the organic fiber 1 can be fixed, and then the molten sheath portion is welded to the organic fiber, making it easier to form a three-dimensional skeleton. Therefore, the strength of the entire sheet can be further improved.
- the melting point of the third organic material constituting the hot melt powder is sufficiently lower than the melting point of the first organic material constituting the core, the setting latitude for the heating temperature in the heating process can be expanded, It is possible to more easily set the temperature to obtain a desired structure.
- the melting point of the first organic material is preferably 60°C or more higher than the melting point of the third organic material, more preferably 70°C or more higher, and even more preferably 80°C or more higher.
- the melting point of the hot melt powder (third organic material) is preferably 80°C or higher, more preferably 90°C or higher. Further, the melting point of the hot melt powder (third organic material) is preferably 180°C or lower, more preferably 150°C or lower.
- Components constituting the hot melt powder include polyethylene, polyester, polyamide, ethylene vinyl acetate, and the like.
- the content of the hot melt powder is preferably 0.5% by mass or more, more preferably 1% by mass or more based on the total mass of the mixture.
- the content of hot melt powder is increased, the content of inorganic particles 4 etc. is relatively reduced, so in order to obtain the desired heat insulation performance, the content of hot melt powder must be adjusted to the total mass of the mixture. It is preferably 5% by mass or less, more preferably 4% by mass or less.
- the process of processing the mixture into a sheet shape includes a process of pressurizing the mixture and a process of heating the mixture.
- the heating temperature in the heating step is higher than the melting point of the second organic material forming the sheath portion, and the heating temperature is higher than the melting point of the second organic material forming the sheath portion.
- the temperature is preferably lower than the melting point of the first organic material.
- the heating temperature in the heating step is preferably set to be 10° C. or more higher than the melting point of the second organic material forming the sheath, and more preferably 20° C. or more higher.
- the heating temperature is preferably set at least 10°C lower than the melting point of the first organic material constituting the core, and more preferably set at least 20°C lower.
- the heating time is not particularly limited, but it is preferable to set the heating time so that the sheath can be sufficiently melted. For example, it can be set to 3 minutes or more and 15 minutes or less.
- the heating temperature in the heating step is the melting point of the second organic material that makes up the sheath and the melting point of the third organic material that makes up the hot melt powder. It is preferable to set the temperature at least 10°C higher than whichever is higher, and more preferably set it at least 20°C higher. On the other hand, the heating temperature is preferably set at least 10°C lower than the melting point of the first organic material constituting the core, and more preferably set at least 20°C lower. By setting the heating temperature to such a temperature, a strong skeleton can be formed, the strength of the sheet can be further improved, and the inorganic particles 4 can be prevented from falling off by the welded parts 5 and the like. .
- the thickness of the heat transfer suppressing sheet according to this embodiment is not particularly limited, it is preferably 0.05 mm or more and 10 mm or less. When the thickness is 0.05 mm or more, sufficient compressive strength can be obtained. On the other hand, when the thickness is 10 mm or less, good heat insulation properties of the heat transfer suppressing sheet can be obtained.
- the assembled battery 100 includes a plurality of battery cells 20a, 20b, 20c and a heat transfer suppressing sheet according to the present embodiment, and the plurality of battery cells are connected in series or in parallel. It is something that
- the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 according to the present embodiment is interposed between a battery cell 20a and a battery cell 20b, and between a battery cell 20b and a battery cell 20c. Further, the battery cells 20a, 20b, 20c and the heat transfer suppression sheet 10 are housed in a battery case 30. Note that the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 is as described above.
- the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 having a heat transfer suppressing effect exists between it and the battery cell 20b. , it is possible to suppress the propagation of heat to the battery cell 20b. Moreover, since the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 according to the present embodiment has high compressive strength, it is possible to suppress thermal expansion of the battery cells 20a, 20b, and 20c even during charging and discharging of these battery cells. Therefore, the distance between the battery cells can be ensured, excellent heat insulation performance can be maintained, and thermal runaway of the battery cells can be prevented. Moreover, since it has the effect of suppressing powder falling, it can be easily handled.
- the assembled battery 100 of this embodiment is not limited to the assembled battery illustrated in FIG. 4.
- the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 is applied not only between the battery cells 20a and 20b and between the battery cells 20b and 20c, but also between the battery cells 20a, 20b, 20c and the battery case 30. It may be arranged or attached to the inner surface of the battery case 30.
- the assembled battery 100 configured in this way, when a certain battery cell ignites, it is possible to suppress the flame from spreading to the outside of the battery case 30.
- the assembled battery 100 according to this embodiment is used in an electric vehicle (EV) or the like, and may be placed under a passenger's floor. In this case, even if the battery cell catches fire, the safety of the passenger can be ensured.
- the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 can be placed not only between each battery cell but also between the battery cells 20a, 20b, 20c and the battery case 30, a new flame retardant material etc. can be prepared. There is no need to do so, and the assembled battery 100 can be easily configured at low cost and safe.
- the heat transfer suppressing sheet 10 according to the present embodiment can be manufactured into various shapes depending on the manufacturing method. Therefore, it is not affected by the shapes of the battery cells 20a, 20b, 20c and the battery case 30, and can be adapted to any shape. Specifically, it can be applied to cylindrical batteries, flat batteries, etc. in addition to prismatic batteries.
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Abstract
Description
例えば、特許文献1には、シリカナノ粒子で構成される第1粒子と、金属酸化物からなる第2粒子と、を含み、第1粒子の含有量を限定した組電池用の断熱シートが開示されている。また、特許文献1には、断熱シートは、繊維、バインダ及び耐熱樹脂から選択された少なくとも1種からなる結合材を含んでいてもよいことが記載されている。
前記有機繊維は、表面の少なくとも一部を被覆する溶着部を有し、
前記有機繊維同士が前記溶着部により溶着されていることを特徴とする、熱伝達抑制シート。
前記第2の有機材料の融点は、前記第1の有機材料の融点よりも低いことを特徴とする、[1]~[7]のいずれか1つに記載の熱伝達抑制シート。
前記第2の有機材料は、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン及びナイロンから選択された少なくとも1種であることを特徴とする、[8]又は[9]に記載の熱伝達抑制シート。
その結果、無機粒子を含むマトリックス中において、3次元的に配向された有機繊維同士を溶着部により互いに溶着させることにより、熱伝達抑制シートの強度を向上させることができ、これにより、高い断熱性能を維持することができることを見出した。
図1は、本発明の実施形態に係る熱伝達抑制シートの構造を示す図面代用写真であり、図2は、本発明の実施形態に係る熱伝達抑制シートの構造を拡大して示す図面代用写真である。図3は、本発明の実施形態に係る熱伝達抑制シートの断面を示す図面代用写真である。また、図4は、本発明の実施形態に係る熱伝達抑制シートを有する組電池を模式的に示す断面図である。
有機繊維1は、熱伝達抑制シート10に柔軟性を与えるとともに、その表面に無機粒子4及び他の有機繊維1が溶着されることにより、シートの強度及び形状を保持する効果を有する。熱伝達抑制シート10における有機繊維1の材料として、単成分の有機繊維を使用することもできるが、芯鞘構造のバインダ繊維を使用することが好ましい。芯鞘構造のバインダ繊維は、繊維の長手方向に延びる芯部と、芯部の外周面を被覆するように形成された鞘部とを有するものである。また、芯部は第1の有機材料からなり、鞘部は第2の有機材料からなり、第1の有機材料の融点は、第2の有機材料の融点よりも高いものとする。芯鞘構造のバインダ繊維を材料として使用した場合に、上記熱伝達抑制シート10において、芯部は有機繊維1に相当する。また、熱伝達抑制シート10の製造時に、鞘部を構成する第2の有機材料が溶融した後、再度固化するため、熱伝達抑制シート10において、鞘部は溶着部5となる。
本実施形態において、熱伝達抑制シート10における有機繊維1の含有量が適切に制御されていると、骨格の補強効果を十分に得ることができる。
有機繊維1の含有量は、熱伝達抑制シート10の全質量に対して2質量%以上であることが好ましく、4質量%以上であることがより好ましい。また、有機繊維1の含有量が多くなりすぎると、無機粒子4の含有量が相対的に減少するため、所望の断熱性能を得るためには、有機繊維の含有量は、熱伝達抑制シート10の全質量に対して10質量%以下であることが好ましく、8質量%以下であることがより好ましい。
有機繊維1の繊維長については特に限定されないが、成形性や加工性を確保する観点から、有機繊維の平均繊維長は10mm以下とすることが好ましい。
一方、有機繊維1を骨格として機能させ、熱伝達抑制シートの圧縮強度を確保する観点から、有機繊維1の平均繊維長は0.5mm以上とすることが好ましい。
溶着部5は、有機繊維1の表面、又は芯鞘構造を有するバインダ繊維の鞘部が加熱により一旦溶融した後、冷却されて形成されたものであり、無機粒子4を有機繊維1の表面に溶着させるとともに、有機繊維1同士を溶着させている。有機繊維1の材料として、芯鞘構造のバインダ繊維を使用した場合に、溶着部5は、鞘部を構成する第2の有機材料を含むものとなる。
第2の有機材料は、上記有機繊維1を構成する第1の有機材料の融点よりも低いものであれば、特に限定されない。第2の有機材料としては、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン及びナイロンから選択された少なくとも1種が挙げられる。
なお、第2の有機材料の融点は、90℃以上であることが好ましく、100℃以上であることがより好ましい。また、第2の有機材料の融点は、150℃以下であることが好ましく、130℃以下であることがより好ましい。
無機粒子として、単一の無機粒子を使用してもよいし、2種以上の無機粒子を組み合わせて使用してもよい。無機粒子の種類としては、熱伝達抑制効果の観点から、酸化物粒子、炭化物粒子、窒化物粒子及び無機水和物粒子から選択される少なくとも1種の無機材料からなる粒子を使用することが好ましく、酸化物粒子を使用することがより好ましい。また、形状についても特に限定されないが、ナノ粒子、中空粒子及び多孔質粒子から選択される少なくとも1種を含むことが好ましく、具体的には、シリカナノ粒子、金属酸化物粒子、マイクロポーラス粒子や中空シリカ粒子等の無機バルーン、熱膨張性無機材料からなる粒子、含水多孔質体からなる粒子等を使用することもできる。
(酸化物粒子)
酸化物粒子は屈折率が高く、光を乱反射させる効果が強いため、第1の無機粒子として酸化物粒子を使用すると、特に異常発熱などの高温度領域において輻射伝熱を抑制することができる。酸化物粒子としては、シリカ、チタニア、ジルコニア、ジルコン、チタン酸バリウム、酸化亜鉛及びアルミナから選択された少なくとも1種の粒子を使用することができる。すなわち、無機粒子として使用することができる上記酸化物粒子のうち、1種のみを使用してもよいし、2種以上の酸化物粒子を使用してもよい。特に、シリカは断熱性が高い成分であり、チタニアは他の金属酸化物と比較して屈折率が高い成分であって、500℃以上の高温度領域において光を乱反射させ輻射熱を遮る効果が高いため、酸化物粒子としてシリカ及びチタニアを用いることが最も好ましい。
酸化物粒子の粒子径は、輻射熱を反射する効果に影響を与えることがあるため、平均一次粒子径を所定の範囲に限定すると、より一層高い断熱性を得ることができる。
すなわち、酸化物粒子の平均一次粒子径が0.001μm以上であると、加熱に寄与する光の波長よりも十分に大きく、光を効率よく乱反射させるため、500℃以上の高温度領域において熱伝達抑制シート内における熱の輻射伝熱が抑制され、より一層断熱性を向上させることができる。
一方、酸化物粒子の平均一次粒子径が50μm以下であると、圧縮されても粒子間の接点や数が増えず、伝導伝熱のパスを形成しにくいため、特に伝導伝熱が支配的な通常温度域の断熱性への影響を小さくすることができる。
本発明において、ナノ粒子とは、球形又は球形に近い平均一次粒子径が1μm未満のナノメートルオーダーの粒子を表す。ナノ粒子は低密度であるため伝導伝熱を抑制し、第1の無機粒子としてナノ粒子を使用すると、更に空隙が細かく分散するため、対流伝熱を抑制する優れた断熱性を得ることができる。このため、通常の常温域の電池使用時において、隣接するナノ粒子間の熱の伝導を抑制することができる点で、ナノ粒子を使用することが好ましい。
さらに、酸化物粒子として、平均一次粒子径が小さいナノ粒子を使用すると、電池セルの熱暴走に伴う膨張によって熱伝達抑制シートが圧縮され、内部の密度が上がった場合であっても、熱伝達抑制シートの伝導伝熱の上昇を抑制することができる。これは、ナノ粒子が静電気による反発力で粒子間に細かな空隙ができやすく、かさ密度が低いため、クッション性があるように粒子が充填されるからであると考えられる。
なお、本実施形態に係る熱伝達抑制シートは、材料を含む混合物を、乾式法によりシート状に加工する製造方法を用いることが好ましい。したがって、無機粒子としては、熱伝導率が低い乾式シリカ、シリカエアロゲル等を使用することが好ましい。
ナノ粒子の平均一次粒子径を所定の範囲に限定すると、より一層高い断熱性を得ることができる。
すなわち、ナノ粒子の平均一次粒子径を1nm以上100nm以下とすると、特に500℃未満の温度領域において、熱伝達抑制シート内における熱の対流伝熱及び伝導伝熱を抑制することができ、断熱性をより一層向上させることができる。また、圧縮応力が印加された場合であっても、ナノ粒子間に残った空隙と、多くの粒子間の接点が伝導伝熱を抑制し、熱伝達抑制シートの断熱性を維持することができる。
なお、ナノ粒子の平均一次粒子径は、2nm以上であることがより好ましく、3nm以上であることが更に好ましい。一方、ナノ粒子の平均一次粒子径は、50nm以下であることがより好ましく、10nm以下であることが更に好ましい。
無機水和物粒子は、発熱体からの熱を受けて熱分解開始温度以上になると熱分解し、自身が持つ結晶水を放出して発熱体及びその周囲の温度を下げる、所謂「吸熱作用」を発現する。また、結晶水を放出した後は多孔質体となり、無数の空気孔により断熱作用を発現する。
無機水和物の具体例として、水酸化アルミニウム(Al(OH)3)、水酸化マグネシウム(Mg(OH)2)、水酸化カルシウム(Ca(OH)2)、水酸化亜鉛(Zn(OH)2)、水酸化鉄(Fe(OH)2)、水酸化マンガン(Mn(OH)2)、水酸化ジルコニウム(Zr(OH)2)、水酸化ガリウム(Ga(OH)3)等が挙げられる。
2Al(OH)3→Al2O3+3H2O
上記に挙げた無機水和物の熱分解開始温度は、水酸化アルミニウムは約200℃、水酸化マグネシウムは約330℃、水酸化カルシウムは約580℃、水酸化亜鉛は約200℃、水酸化鉄は約350℃、水酸化マンガンは約300℃、水酸化ジルコニウムは約300℃、水酸化ガリウムは約300℃であり、いずれも熱暴走を起こした電池セルの急激な昇温の温度範囲とほぼ重なり、温度上昇を効率よく抑えることができることから、好ましい無機水和物であるといえる。
また、第1の無機粒子として、無機水和物粒子を使用した場合に、その平均粒子径が大きすぎると、熱伝達抑制シート10の中心付近にある第1の無機粒子(無機水和物)が、その熱分解温度に達するまでにある程度の時間を要するため、シート中心付近の第1の無機粒子が熱分解しきれない場合がある。このため、無機水和物粒子の平均二次粒子径は、0.01μm以上200μm以下であることが好ましく、0.05μm以上100μm以下であることがより好ましい。
熱膨張性無機材料としては、バーミキュライト、ベントナイト、雲母、パーライト等を挙げることができる。
含水多孔質体の具体例としては、ゼオライト、カオリナイト、モンモリロナイト、酸性白土、珪藻土、湿式シリカ、乾式シリカ、エアロゲル、マイカ、バーミキュライト等が挙げられる。
本発明に用いる断熱材は、第1の無機粒子として無機バルーンを含んでいてもよい。
無機バルーンが含まれると、500℃未満の温度領域において、断熱材内における熱の対流伝熱または伝導伝熱を抑制することができ、断熱材の断熱性をより一層向上させることができる。
無機バルーンとしては、シラスバルーン、シリカバルーン、フライアッシュバルーン、バーライトバルーン、およびガラスバルーンから選択された少なくとも1種を用いることができる。
無機バルーンの含有量としては、断熱材全質量に対し、60質量%以下が好ましい。
無機バルーンの平均粒子径としては、1μm以上100μm以下が好ましい。
熱伝達抑制シートに2種の無機粒子が含有されている場合に、第2の無機粒子は、第1の無機粒子と材質や粒子径等が異なっていれば特に限定されない。第2の無機粒子としては、酸化物粒子、炭化物粒子、窒化物粒子、無機水和物粒子、シリカナノ粒子、金属酸化物粒子、マイクロポーラス粒子や中空シリカ粒子等の無機バルーン、熱膨張性無機材料からなる粒子、含水多孔質体からなる粒子等を使用することができ、これらの詳細については、上述のとおりである。
金属酸化物としては、酸化ケイ素、酸化チタン、酸化アルミニウム、チタン酸バリウム、酸化亜鉛、ジルコン、酸化ジルコニウム等を挙げることがでる。特に、酸化チタン(チタニア)は他の金属酸化物と比較して屈折率が高い成分であり、500℃以上の高温度領域において光を乱反射させ輻射熱を遮る効果が高いため、チタニアを用いることが最も好ましい。
金属酸化物からなる第2の無機粒子を熱伝達抑制シートに含有させる場合に、第2の無機粒子の平均一次粒子径は、1μm以上50μm以下であると、500℃以上の高温度領域で効率よく輻射伝熱を抑制することができる。第2の無機粒子の平均一次粒子径は、5μm以上30μm以下であることが更に好ましく、10μm以下であることが最も好ましい。
本実施形態において、熱伝達抑制シート10中の無機粒子4の合計の含有量が適切に制御されていると、熱伝達抑制シート10の断熱性を十分に確保することができる。
無機粒子4の合計の含有量は、熱伝達抑制シート10の全質量に対して60質量%以上であることが好ましく、70質量%以上であることがより好ましい。また、無機粒子4の合計の含有量が多くなりすぎると、有機繊維の含有量が相対的に減少するため、骨格の補強効果及び無機粒子の保持効果を十分に得るためには、無機粒子4の合計の含有量は、熱伝達抑制シート10の全質量に対して95質量%以下であることが好ましく、90質量%以下であることがより好ましい。
無機繊維として、単一の無機繊維を使用してもよいし、2種以上の無機繊維を組み合わせて使用してもよい。無機繊維としては、例えば、シリカ繊維、アルミナ繊維、アルミナシリケート繊維、ジルコニア繊維、カーボンファイバ、ソルブルファイバ、リフラクトリーセラミック繊維、エアロゲル複合材、マグネシウムシリケート繊維、アルカリアースシリケート繊維、チタン酸カリウム繊維、炭化ケイ素繊維、チタン酸カリウムウィスカ繊維等のセラミックス系繊維、ガラス繊維、グラスウール、スラグウール等のガラス系繊維、ロックウール、バサルトファイバ、ムライト繊維、上記以外の鉱物系繊維として、ウォラストナイト等の天然鉱物系繊維等が挙げられる。
これらの無機繊維は、耐熱性、強度、入手容易性などの点で好ましい。無機繊維のうち、取り扱い性の観点から、特にシリカ-アルミナ繊維、アルミナ繊維、シリカ繊維、ロックウール、アルカリアースシリケート繊維、ガラス繊維が好ましい。
本実施形態において、熱伝達抑制シート10が無機繊維を含む場合に、無機繊維の含有量は、熱伝達抑制シート10の全質量に対して3質量%以上15質量%以下であることが好ましい。
なお、本実施形態に係る熱伝達抑制シートは、さらに、必要に応じて、結合材、着色剤等を含有させることができる。これらはいずれも熱伝達抑制シートの補強や成形性の向上等を目的とする上で有用であり、熱伝達抑制シートの全質量に対して合計量で、10質量%以下とすることが好ましい。
本実施形態に係る熱伝達抑制シート10の製造方法の例について、以下に説明する。
例えば、芯鞘構造を有するバインダ繊維(図示せず)と無機粒子4とを所定の割合でV型混合機などの混合機に投入し、混合物を作製する。
なお、上述のとおり、バインダ繊維としては、第1の有機材料からなる芯部と、第2の有機材料からなる鞘部とを有する芯鞘構造の繊維を使用することが好ましい。この場合に、第1の有機材料の融点は、第2の有機材料の融点よりも高いものとする。
また、交絡した複数の有機繊維1が存在しない領域においても、混合物を加圧するとともに加熱すると、無機粒子4同士の密度が高くなるため、得られた熱伝達抑制シート10において、無機粒子4の隙間に小さな複数の空孔7が形成される。これらの空隙部8及び空孔7により、上述のとおり、伝熱の抑制効果を得ることができる。
その結果、本実施形態に係る製造方法により製造された熱伝達抑制シート10は、より一層強固な骨格を有するものとなり、熱伝達抑制シートに対して押圧力又は衝撃が与えられた場合でも、その形状を維持することができ、粉落ちを抑制することができるとともに、優れた断熱性能を維持することができる。
本実施形態において、芯鞘構造のバインダ繊維を使用する場合に、芯部を構成する第1の有機材料の融点が、鞘部を構成する第2の有機材料の融点よりも高いものであれば、特に限定されない。芯部となる第1の有機材料としては、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリプロピレン及びナイロンから選択された少なくとも1種を選択することができる。また、鞘部となる第2の有機材料としては、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン及びナイロンから選択された少なくとも1種を選択することができる。
測定対象とするバインダ繊維を、より融点が高いガラス繊維と接するように配置し、室温から5℃/分の昇温速度で、例えば200℃まで加熱して、その後室温まで冷却する。このとき、バインダ繊維の表面が融解変形して、ガラス繊維と接している部分で融着しているか、又は、バインダ繊維の断面形状が変化していれば、鞘部を構成する第2の有機材料の融点が200℃以下であると判断することができる。本実施形態においては、加熱温度を種々に変化させて、上記の方法で冷却後のバインダ繊維とガラス繊維との融着状態、又はバインダ繊維の断面形状を観察することにより、鞘部を構成する第2の有機材料の融点を特定することができる。
本実施形態において、材料として芯鞘構造のバインダ繊維を使用する場合に、混合物中のバインダ繊維の含有量が適切に制御されていると、得られる熱伝達抑制シート10における骨格の補強効果を十分に得ることができる。
バインダ繊維の含有量は、混合物の全質量に対して5質量%以上であることが好ましく、10質量%以上であることがより好ましい。また、バインダ繊維の含有量が多くなりすぎると、無機粒子4の含有量が相対的に減少するため、所望の断熱性能を得るためには、バインダ繊維の含有量は、混合物の全質量に対して25質量%以下であることが好ましく、20質量%以下であることがより好ましい。
本実施形態においては、上記バインダ繊維、無機粒子4の他に、混合物中にホットメルトパウダーを含有させてもよい。ホットメルトパウダーは、例えば上記第1の有機材料及び第2の有機材料とは異なる第3の有機材料を含有し、加熱により溶融する性質を有する粉体である。混合物中にホットメルトパウダーを含有させ、加熱することにより、ホットメルトパウダーは溶融し、その後冷却すると、周囲の無機粒子4を含んだ状態で硬化する。したがって、熱伝達抑制シート10からの無機粒子4の脱落をより一層抑制することができる。
無機粒子の脱落を抑制するために、混合物中にホットメルトパウダーを含有させる場合に、その含有量は微量でも粉落ち抑制の効果を得ることができる。したがって、ホットメルトパウダーの含有量は、混合物全質量に対して0.5質量%以上であることが好ましく、1質量%以上であることがより好ましい。
一方、ホットメルトパウダーの含有量を増加させると、無機粒子4等の含有量が相対的に減少するため、所望の断熱性能を得るためには、ホットメルトパウダーの含有量は、混合物の全質量に対して5質量%以下であることが好ましく、4質量%以下であることがより好ましい。
上記混合物をシート状に加工する工程としては、混合物を加圧する工程と、混合物を加熱する工程とが挙げられる。熱伝達抑制シート10の材料として、芯鞘構造のバインダ繊維を使用する場合に、加熱する工程における加熱温度は、鞘部を構成する第2の有機材料の融点よりも高く、芯部を構成する第1の有機材料の融点よりも低い温度とすることが好ましい。このような加熱温度に設定することにより、上述のとおり、シートの表面側及び中心側のいずれにおいても、芯部によりシートの強度を確保することができるとともに、溶着部5により無機粒子4を保持することができる。
本実施形態に係る熱伝達抑制シートの厚さは特に限定されないが、0.05mm以上10mm以下であることが好ましい。厚さが0.05mm以上であると、充分な圧縮強度を得ることができる。一方、厚さが10mm以下であると、熱伝達抑制シートの良好な断熱性を得ることができる。
本発明の実施形態に係る熱伝達抑制シート10を適用した組電池の例は、上記図4に例示したとおりである。ここで、組電池の構成及び効果について、図4を用いて具体的に説明する。
図4に示すように、組電池100は、複数の電池セル20a、20b、20cと、本実施形態に係る熱伝達抑制シートと、を有し、該複数の電池セルが直列又は並列に接続されたものである。
例えば、図4に示すように、本実施形態に係る熱伝達抑制シート10は、電池セル20aと電池セル20bとの間、及び電池セル20bと電池セル20cとの間に介在されている。さらに、電池セル20a、20b、20c及び熱伝達抑制シート10は、電池ケース30に収容されている。
なお、熱伝達抑制シート10については、上述したとおりである。
また、本実施形態に係る熱伝達抑制シート10は、高い圧縮強度を有するため、電池セル20a、20b、20cの充放電時においても、これら電池セルの熱膨張を抑制することができる。したがって、電池セル間の距離を確保することができ、優れた断熱性能を維持することができ、電池セルの熱暴走を防止することができる。また、粉落ちを抑制する効果を有するため、容易に取り扱うことができる。
例えば、本実施形態に係る組電池100は、電気自動車(EV:Electric Vehicle)等に使用され、搭乗者の床下に配置されることがある。この場合に、仮に電池セルが発火しても、搭乗者の安全を確保することができる。
また、熱伝達抑制シート10を、各電池セル間に介在させるだけでなく、電池セル20a、20b、20cと電池ケース30との間に配置することができるため、新たに防炎材等を作製する必要がなく、容易に低コストで安全な組電池100を構成することができる。
4 無機粒子
5 溶着部
6 繊維束
7 空孔
8 空隙部
10 熱伝達抑制シート
11 繊維層
12 複合層
13 基層
14 マトリックス
20a,20b,20c 電池セル
30 電池ケース
100 組電池
Claims (14)
- 無機粒子を含むマトリックスと、前記マトリックス中に3次元的に配向された有機繊維と、を有する熱伝達抑制シートであって、
前記有機繊維は、表面の少なくとも一部を被覆する溶着部を有し、
前記有機繊維同士が前記溶着部により溶着されていることを特徴とする、熱伝達抑制シート。 - 前記マトリックス中に、複数の空孔を有することを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の熱伝達抑制シート。
- 前記マトリックス中に、複数の前記有機繊維同士の少なくとも一部が前記溶着部により溶着されてなる繊維束を有することを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の熱伝達抑制シート。
- 前記繊維束を構成する複数の前記有機繊維の間に、空隙部を有することを特徴とする、請求項3に記載の熱伝達抑制シート。
- 厚さ方向に直交する第1面及び第2面における少なくとも一部に、複数の前記有機繊維同士の少なくとも一部が前記溶着部により溶着されてなる繊維層を有することを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の熱伝達抑制シート。
- 前記繊維層と、前記マトリックス及び前記有機繊維を含む基層との間に、前記溶着部により少なくとも一部が互いに溶着された複数の前記有機繊維と、前記溶着部により前記有機繊維に溶着された前記無機粒子と、を含む複合層を有することを特徴とする、請求項5に記載の熱伝達抑制シート。
- 前記無機粒子の少なくとも一部は、前記溶着部により前記有機繊維に溶着されていることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の熱伝達抑制シート。
- 前記有機繊維は第1の有機材料からなり、前記溶着部は第2の有機材料を含み、
前記第2の有機材料の融点は、前記第1の有機材料の融点よりも低いことを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の熱伝達抑制シート。 - 前記第2の有機材料の融点は、前記第1の有機材料の融点よりも60℃以上低いことを特徴とする、請求項8に記載の熱伝達抑制シート。
- 前記第1の有機材料は、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリプロピレン及びナイロンから選択された少なくとも1種であり、
前記第2の有機材料は、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン及びナイロンから選択された少なくとも1種であることを特徴とする、請求項8に記載の熱伝達抑制シート。 - 前記無機粒子は、酸化物粒子、炭化物粒子、窒化物粒子及び無機水和物粒子から選択される少なくとも1種の無機材料からなる粒子であることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の熱伝達抑制シート。
- 前記無機粒子は、乾式シリカ粒子及びシリカエアロゲルから選択された少なくとも1種の粒子を含むことを特徴とする、請求項11に記載の熱伝達抑制シート。
- 前記無機粒子は、さらに、チタニア、ジルコン、ジルコニア、炭化ケイ素、酸化亜鉛及びアルミナから選択された少なくとも1種の粒子を含むことを特徴とする、請求項12に記載の熱伝達抑制シート。
- 複数の電池セルと、請求項1~13のいずれか1項に記載の熱伝達抑制シートを有し、前記複数の電池セルが直列又は並列に接続された、組電池。
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2012142246A (ja) * | 2011-01-06 | 2012-07-26 | Mitsubishi Paper Mills Ltd | リチウム二次電池用セパレータ |
| JP2021008089A (ja) * | 2019-07-03 | 2021-01-28 | 三菱製紙株式会社 | 熱暴走抑制耐火シート |
| JP2021034278A (ja) | 2019-08-27 | 2021-03-01 | イビデン株式会社 | 組電池用断熱シート及び組電池 |
| JP2022086807A (ja) | 2020-11-30 | 2022-06-09 | ブラザー工業株式会社 | 画像形成装置 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2012142246A (ja) * | 2011-01-06 | 2012-07-26 | Mitsubishi Paper Mills Ltd | リチウム二次電池用セパレータ |
| JP2021008089A (ja) * | 2019-07-03 | 2021-01-28 | 三菱製紙株式会社 | 熱暴走抑制耐火シート |
| JP2021034278A (ja) | 2019-08-27 | 2021-03-01 | イビデン株式会社 | 組電池用断熱シート及び組電池 |
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