WO2023127931A1 - カーボンナノチューブ、カーボンナノチューブ分散液、及びそれを用いる非水電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
カーボンナノチューブ、カーボンナノチューブ分散液、及びそれを用いる非水電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to carbon nanotubes. More specifically, a carbon nanotube, a carbon nanotube dispersion, a resin composition containing a carbon nanotube dispersion and a binder resin, a mixture slurry containing a carbon nanotube dispersion, a binder resin and an active material, and an electrode containing a coating film thereof
- the present invention relates to membranes, non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries using these, non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries containing carbon nanotubes, and vehicles including these non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries.
- Carbon nanotubes have a cylindrical graphite layer structure, are chemically stable, have electrical conductivity and mechanical toughness, and are used in various applications such as electronic materials, structural materials, and paints.
- carbon nanotubes include electrode materials, semiconductor materials, filler materials, short-needle probes for microscopes, adsorption materials, and filter materials.
- electrode materials using carbon nanotubes are expected to be applied to non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries, fuel cells, electric double layer capacitors and the like because of their excellent conductivity.
- non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries with high energy density and higher capacity non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries.
- non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries using a non-aqueous electrolyte, especially lithium ion secondary batteries have come to be used in many devices due to their characteristics of high energy density and high voltage.
- a carbon material typified by graphite which has a base potential close to that of lithium (Li) and has a large charge-discharge capacity per unit mass, is used.
- these electrode materials are used until the charge/discharge capacity per mass is close to the theoretical value, and the energy density per mass as a battery is approaching its limit. Therefore, in order to increase the utilization factor as an electrode, attempts have been made to reduce the amount of conductive aids, binders, etc. that do not contribute to the discharge capacity.
- Carbon black, ketjen black, fullerene, graphene, fine carbon materials, etc. are used as conductive aids.
- carbon nanotubes which are a kind of fine carbon fibers, are often used.
- a negative electrode such as graphite or silicon
- the electrode resistance can be reduced, the load resistance of the battery can be improved, the material strength of the electrode can be increased, and the expansion/contraction property of the electrode can be increased.
- improve the cycle life of lithium non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries see Patent Documents 1 to 3
- studies have also been conducted to reduce the electrode resistance by adding carbon nanotubes to the positive electrode (see Patent Document 4).
- multi-walled carbon nanotubes with an outer diameter of 10 nm to several tens of nm are relatively inexpensive and are expected to be put to practical use.
- Patent Document 6 For example, dispersion in water and NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) using a polymer-based dispersant such as water-soluble polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone has been proposed (see Patent Document 6).
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- Patent Document 7 proposes a carbon nanotube dispersion containing a triazine derivative having an acidic functional group, but when carbon nanotubes are dispersed in an aqueous liquid medium, there is a problem that the carbon nanotubes tend to aggregate.
- Patent Document 8 by specifying the wettability index, which is the mass of the solvent absorbed with respect to the mass of the carbon nanotubes, a carbon nanotube dispersion containing 2% by mass or more of carbon nanotubes and having a low viscosity even at a high concentration is produced. It is proposed to provide In Patent Document 8, carbon nanotubes are dry pulverized using a milling device containing metal balls or ceramic balls to control the wettability index. Batch-type dry pulverization is performed.
- Patent Document 9 the pore diameter peak on the adsorption side by the BJH method exists at 2.6 nm to 200 nm, and porous carbon particles with specific surface areas and pore volumes are used as filters, electric double layer capacitor electrodes, and for the production of lithium-ion battery electrodes.
- porous carbon particles having desired pore characteristics are produced by dispersing general spherical or amorphous porous carbon particles in a wet medium.
- Patent Document 10 carbon nanotubes with an average outer diameter of 1.0 to 13.0 nm and a specific surface oxygen concentration are used to impart jet blackness and gloss to resin molded bodies, automobile bodies, etc. It is proposed to provide a carbon nanotube paint.
- the surface oxygen concentration of the carbon nanotube is controlled by pulverizing the untreated carbon nanotube using pulverizing media without interposing a liquid medium.
- carbon nanotubes have a high aspect ratio, it is possible to increase electrical conductivity, material strength, etc. by applying them to compositions, molded articles, etc. containing carbon nanotubes while maintaining a high aspect ratio.
- the dispersibility of carbon nanotubes in the composition is important.
- the bulk density is increased by dry pulverization of carbon nanotubes, and by using carbon nanotubes with high bulk density, the viscosity of the dispersion gradually increases at the initial stage of dispersion, which facilitates the dispersion process. Although the initial viscosity of the carbon nanotube dispersion may be improved, there is still room for improvement in storage stability.
- Patent Document 9 only specifies the pore characteristics of general spherical or amorphous porous carbon particles, and the fibers are defibrated before and after dispersion treatment in carbon materials with a high aspect ratio such as carbon nanotubes.
- the problem of rapid increase in viscosity due to Patent Document 10 focuses on the jet-blackness and glossiness of the carbon nanotube paint. Therefore, when expanding the use of the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid, the degree of pulverization disclosed in Patent Document 10 does not improve the carbon nanotube dispersion. There is room for further improvement in the initial viscosity and storage stability of liquids, and in particular, improvement in storage stability of carbon nanotubes is desired.
- the carbon nanotubes are mixed until the binder resin, the active material, etc. are mixed with the carbon nanotube dispersion and the carbon nanotubes are formed into a coating film, etc. If the dispersibility of the carbon nanotubes is impaired, there is a possibility that the original properties of the carbon nanotubes, particularly the electrical conductivity, will deteriorate in the coating film or the like.
- the inventors of the present invention diligently studied to solve the above problems. Since carbon nanotubes have a high aspect ratio and become highly viscous when dispersed, it is difficult to increase the concentration. In particular, when aggregated carbon nanotubes are dispersed in an aqueous liquid medium, the initial viscosity may rise sharply due to an increase in the amount taken in the aqueous liquid medium due to swelling of the carbon nanotube aggregates at the initial stage of dispersion. As a result of studying the dispersibility of carbon nanotubes, we focused on the peak top pore size in the pore size distribution of carbon nanotubes and the cumulative frequency in the pore size distribution, and by appropriately controlling these, the dispersibility of carbon nanotubes is improved. I found out.
- the carbon nanotubes can be uniformly contained at a higher concentration in the electrode film and the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, and the conductivity is further increased, resulting in an excellent rate. Properties and cycling properties can be provided.
- Some aspects of the invention are as follows. ⁇ 1> When Z (nm) is the pore diameter at the peak top in the pore diameter distribution with a diameter of 2 nm or more and 200 nm or less calculated by the BJH method of carbon nanotubes, 3 ⁇ Z ⁇ 80 is satisfied, A carbon nanotube that satisfies the following (A) or (B).
- the integrated value of the pore volume with a diameter of 3 nm or more and 20 nm or less is 50% or more with respect to the integrated value of the pore volume with a diameter of 2 nm or more and 200 nm or less, and the pore volume is 0.3 nm or more. 80 to 1.90 cm 3 /g.
- ⁇ 5> The carbon nanotube according to ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 3>, which satisfies (A) and satisfies 40 ⁇ Z ⁇ 80.
- ⁇ 6> Described in ⁇ 5>, wherein the following formulas 1-1 to 4-1 are satisfied, where Y is the maximum solvent absorption capacity defined by the following formula 5, and X (g/cm 3 ) is the bulk density. of carbon nanotubes.
- a carbon nanotube resin composition comprising the carbon nanotube dispersion according to ⁇ 9> or ⁇ 10> above and a binder resin.
- ⁇ 13> An electrode film comprising a coating film of the mixture slurry according to ⁇ 12> above.
- a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte, wherein at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode includes the electrode film according to ⁇ 13>.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising the carbon nanotube according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 8> above.
- ⁇ 16> A vehicle including the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to ⁇ 14> or ⁇ 15> above.
- a carbon nanotube, a carbon nanotube dispersion, a resin composition containing a carbon nanotube dispersion and a binder resin, a mixture slurry containing a carbon nanotube dispersion, a binder resin and an active material, an electrode film using these, Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries using these and vehicles using these will be described in detail.
- the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments, and the present invention also includes embodiments carried out without changing the gist of the invention.
- carbon nanotubes are sometimes referred to as "CNT”. Further, in this specification, the carbon nanotube dispersion may be simply referred to as “dispersion”. Also, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is sometimes abbreviated as "NMP”.
- the upper limit or lower limit of the numerical range at one stage can be arbitrarily combined with the upper limit or lower limit of the numerical range at another stage.
- the upper limit value or lower limit value of the numerical range may be replaced with the value of the example.
- a numerical range indicated using "to” indicates a range including the numerical values before and after "to" as the minimum and maximum values, respectively.
- the carbon nanotube of the present embodiment satisfies 3 ⁇ Z ⁇ 80, where Z (nm) is the pore size at the peak top in the pore size distribution with a diameter of 2 nm or more and 200 nm or less calculated by the BJH method of the carbon nanotube, and the following ( It is characterized by satisfying A) or (B).
- Z (nm) is the pore size at the peak top in the pore size distribution with a diameter of 2 nm or more and 200 nm or less calculated by the BJH method of the carbon nanotube, and the following ( It is characterized by satisfying A) or (B).
- the integrated value of the pore volume with a diameter of 3 nm or more and 20 nm or less is 50% or more of the integrated value of the pore volume with a diameter of 2 nm or more and 200 nm or less, and the pore volume is 0.5% or more. 80 to 1.90 cm 3 /g.
- the pore size distribution of carbon nanotubes with a diameter of 2 nm or more and 200 nm or less calculated by the BJH method is sometimes simply referred to as a pore size distribution.
- the matter described in (A) above is also simply referred to as condition (A), and the matter described in (B) above is simply referred to as condition (B).
- the carbon nanotube of the first embodiment satisfies the condition (A).
- An example of the carbon nanotube of the first embodiment is 40 ⁇ Z ⁇ 80, where Z (nm) is the pore diameter at the peak top in the pore diameter distribution with a diameter of 2 nm or more and 200 nm or less calculated by the BJH method of the carbon nanotube.
- the integrated value of the pore volume with a diameter of 10 nm or more and 80 nm or less is 50% or more with respect to the integrated value of the pore volume with a diameter of 2 nm or more and 200 nm or less, and the pore volume is 1.10 to 2. .20 cm 3 /g.
- the carbon nanotube of the second embodiment satisfies condition (B).
- An example of the carbon nanotube of the second embodiment is 3 ⁇ Z ⁇ 20, where Z (nm) is the pore diameter at the peak top in the pore diameter distribution with a diameter of 2 nm or more and 200 nm or less calculated by the BJH method of the carbon nanotube.
- the integrated value of the pore volume with a diameter of 2 nm or more and 200 nm or less is 50% or more, and the pore volume is 0.80 to 1.90 cm 3 /g.
- the pore diameter Z (nm) at the peak top in the pore size distribution with a diameter of 2 nm or more and 200 nm or less calculated by the BJH method of carbon nanotubes is the maximum value within the pore diameter range of 2 nm or more and 200 nm or less by measuring the nitrogen adsorption isotherm. is the pore diameter (nm). Hereinafter, it may simply be referred to as the pore diameter Z of the peak top.
- the procedure for measuring the pore size distribution of carbon nanotubes is as follows. Prior to the measurement of the pore size distribution of the carbon nanotubes, the carbon nanotubes are vacuum-dried and pretreated at a pretreatment temperature of 305° C. for a pretreatment time of 18 to 21 hours.
- the pretreated carbon nanotubes are weighed and the nitrogen adsorption isotherm is measured by the nitrogen adsorption method.
- a nitrogen adsorption isotherm is measured at an adsorption temperature of 77 K and an adsorbate of nitrogen.
- a fully automatic specific surface area measuring device (Belsorp MAX II manufactured by Microtrac MRB) can be used to measure the nitrogen adsorption isotherm.
- a BJH plot is calculated from the nitrogen adsorption isotherm of the carbon nanotube, and the pore diameter at the peak top on the adsorption side is determined. The BJH plot can be calculated using the FHH reference curve recommended by Microtrac Bell. When there are two or more maximum values in the pore diameter range of 2 nm or more and 200 nm or less in diameter, the pore diameter (nm) at the peak top is the one with the highest peak height.
- the pore diameter Z (nm) at the peak top in the pore diameter distribution preferably satisfies Formula 6 below.
- Formula 6 3 ⁇ Z ⁇ 80
- Carbon nanotubes that satisfy formula 6 can moderately incorporate a solvent into pores in an aqueous liquid medium, suppress an increase in initial viscosity, improve dispersibility, and maintain dispersibility over a long period of time to improve storage stability. can be improved.
- by controlling the size of the pores of the carbon nanotubes it is possible to reduce the volume resistivity and obtain good electrical conductivity in the carbon nanotube powder and the molded article using the same.
- the peak top pore diameter Z is preferably 80 nm or less, more preferably 70 nm or less, and even more preferably 50 nm or less. From the viewpoint of reducing the volume resistivity of the carbon nanotubes and obtaining good electrical conductivity of the molded body containing the carbon nanotubes, the peak top pore diameter Z is more preferably 3 nm or more, more preferably 4 nm or more. Furthermore, the pore size of the carbon nanotube serves as an indicator of the degree of pulverization of the raw material carbon nanotube, and can be used to evaluate the state in which the raw material carbon nanotube is excessively pulverized and the carbon nanotube aggregates.
- the peak top pore diameter Z is 3 nm or more, or 4 nm or more, aggregation of the carbon nanotubes is suppressed, and the dispersibility of the carbon nanotubes in the aqueous liquid medium can be improved.
- the electrical conductivity of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery can be further enhanced.
- the initial viscosity may rise sharply due to an increase in the amount taken into the aqueous liquid medium due to swelling of the carbon nanotube aggregates at the initial stage of dispersion.
- the dispersibility of carbon nanotubes was examined, attention was paid to the pore size of the peak top in the pore size distribution of carbon nanotubes and the cumulative frequency in the pore size distribution. It was found that dispersibility is improved. That is, this effect can be obtained when the peak top pore diameter Z (nm) satisfies 3 ⁇ Z ⁇ 80 and the condition (A) or condition (B) is satisfied. Conditions (A) and (B) will be described in detail below.
- the carbon nanotube of the first embodiment satisfies the condition (A).
- the carbon nanotube of the first embodiment preferably satisfies the above condition (A), and the pore diameter Z (nm) at the peak top in the pore diameter distribution satisfies the following formula 6-1.
- (Formula 6-1) 40 ⁇ Z ⁇ 80
- Carbon nanotubes that satisfy formula 6-1 can moderately incorporate a solvent into pores in an aqueous liquid medium, suppress an increase in initial viscosity, improve dispersibility, and maintain dispersibility for a long time and are storage stable. can improve sexuality.
- by controlling the size of the pores of the carbon nanotubes it is possible to reduce the volume resistivity and obtain good electrical conductivity in the carbon nanotube powder and the molded article using the same.
- the peak top pore diameter Z is preferably 80 nm or less, more preferably 70 nm or less, and even more preferably 50 nm or less. From the viewpoint of reducing the volume resistivity of carbon nanotubes and obtaining good electrical conductivity of a molded body containing carbon nanotubes, the peak top pore diameter Z is more preferably 40 nm or more, and even more preferably 45 nm or more. Furthermore, the pore size of the carbon nanotube serves as an indicator of the degree of pulverization of the raw material carbon nanotube, and can be used to evaluate the state in which the raw material carbon nanotube is excessively pulverized and the carbon nanotube aggregates.
- the peak top pore diameter Z is 40 nm or more, or 45 nm or more, the aggregation of the carbon nanotubes is suppressed, and the dispersibility of the carbon nanotubes in the aqueous liquid medium can be improved.
- the electrical conductivity of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery can be further enhanced.
- the integrated value of the pore volume in the pore size range of 10 nm or more and 80 nm or less is 50% or more with respect to the integrated value of the pore volume in the pore size range of 2 nm or more and 200 nm or less. It is more preferable to have The ratio of the integral value of the pore volume in the pore diameter range of 10 nm or more and 80 nm or less is obtained by measuring the nitrogen adsorption isotherm and calculating the BJH plot from the nitrogen adsorption isotherm, in the same manner as the pore diameter Z at the peak top. , can be obtained from the BJH plot.
- the ratio of the integral value of the pore volume in the pore diameter range of 10 nm or more and 80 nm or less is large, the pores of the carbon nanotubes easily absorb the aqueous liquid medium, and the dispersibility of the carbon nanotubes and long-term storage stability. can be improved. From this point of view, the ratio of the integrated value of the pore volume in the pore diameter range of 10 nm or more and 80 nm or less is preferably 50% or more, more preferably 55% or more, and even more preferably 60% or more.
- the carbon nanotubes in these ranges can be evaluated as having controlled pore diameters by moderate pulverization or the like, suppressing aggregation of the carbon nanotubes and improving the dispersibility of the carbon nanotubes in the aqueous liquid medium. be able to.
- the ratio of the integrated value of the pore volume in the pore diameter range of 10 nm or more and 80 nm or less is not particularly limited, it is 90% or less, 80% or less, or 70% or less due to the availability of carbon nanotubes. you can
- the pore volume of carbon nanotubes is the total pore volume obtained from the nitrogen adsorption amount when the relative pressure (p/p0) is 0.99.
- the pore volume can be determined from the nitrogen adsorption amount when the relative pressure (p/p0) is 0.99 on the nitrogen adsorption isotherm by measuring the nitrogen adsorption isotherm in the same manner as the peak top pore diameter Z. can.
- the pore volume of carbon nanotubes is preferably 1.10 to 2.20 cm 3 /g.
- the pore volume of the carbon nanotubes is 2.20 cm 3 /g or less, more preferably 2.10 cm 3 /g or less, still more preferably 2.00 cm 3 /g or less, so that the carbon nanotubes can be finely divided in an aqueous liquid medium. It is possible to reduce the amount of the aqueous liquid medium taken into the pores, increase the amount of the aqueous liquid medium that contributes to fluidity, and lower the viscosity of the carbon nanotube dispersion. For example, even a high-concentration carbon nanotube dispersion with a reduced amount of aqueous liquid medium can be made to have a low viscosity.
- the carbon nanotubes have a pore volume of 1.10 cm 3 /g or more, more preferably 1.15 cm 3 /g or more, and even more preferably 1.20 cm 3 /g or more, so that the carbon nanotubes are wetted by the aqueous liquid medium. It is possible to avoid a significant decrease in the properties and to suppress a decrease in the dispersibility.
- the carbon nanotubes are finely dispersed in the electrode film obtained using the carbon nanotube dispersion. , the conductivity of the electrode film can be increased.
- the carbon nanotube of the second embodiment satisfies condition (B).
- the carbon nanotube of the second embodiment preferably satisfies the above condition (B), and the pore diameter Z (nm) at the peak top in the pore diameter distribution satisfies the following formula 6-2.
- Carbon nanotubes that satisfy formula 6-2 can moderately incorporate a solvent into the pores in an aqueous liquid medium, suppress the increase in initial viscosity, improve dispersibility, and maintain dispersibility for a long time and are storage stable. can improve sexuality.
- by controlling the size of the pores of the carbon nanotubes it is possible to reduce the volume resistivity and obtain good electrical conductivity in the carbon nanotube powder and the molded article using the same.
- the peak top pore diameter Z is preferably 20 nm or less, more preferably 15 nm or less, and even more preferably 10 nm or less. From the viewpoint of reducing the volume resistivity of the carbon nanotubes and obtaining good electrical conductivity of the molded body containing the carbon nanotubes, the peak top pore diameter Z is more preferably 3 nm or more, more preferably 4 nm or more. Furthermore, the pore size of the carbon nanotube serves as an indicator of the degree of pulverization of the raw material carbon nanotube, and can be used to evaluate the state in which the raw material carbon nanotube is excessively pulverized and the carbon nanotube aggregates.
- the peak top pore diameter Z is 3 nm or more, or 4 nm or more, aggregation of the carbon nanotubes is suppressed, and the dispersibility of the carbon nanotubes in the aqueous liquid medium can be improved.
- the electrical conductivity of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery can be further enhanced.
- the integrated value of the pore volume in the pore size range of 3 nm or more and 20 nm or less is 50% or more with respect to the integrated value of the pore volume in the pore size range of 2 nm or more and 200 nm or less. It is more preferable to have The ratio of the integrated value of the pore volume in the pore diameter range of 3 nm or more and 20 nm or less is obtained by measuring the nitrogen adsorption isotherm and calculating the BJH plot from the nitrogen adsorption isotherm, in the same manner as the pore diameter Z at the peak top. , can be obtained from the BJH plot.
- the ratio of the integral value of the pore volume in the pore diameter range of 3 nm or more and 20 nm or less is large, the pores of the carbon nanotubes easily absorb the aqueous liquid medium, and the dispersibility of the carbon nanotubes and long-term storage stability. can be improved. From this point of view, the ratio of the integral value of the pore volume in the pore diameter range of 3 nm or more and 20 nm or less is preferably 50% or more, more preferably 55% or more, and even more preferably 60% or more.
- the carbon nanotubes in these ranges can be evaluated as having controlled pore diameters by moderate pulverization or the like, suppressing aggregation of the carbon nanotubes and improving the dispersibility of the carbon nanotubes in the aqueous liquid medium. be able to.
- the ratio of the integral value of the pore volume in the pore diameter range of 3 nm or more and 20 nm or less is not particularly limited, but is 90% or less, 80% or less, or 70% or less due to the availability of carbon nanotubes. you can
- the pore volume of carbon nanotubes is preferably 0.80 to 1.90 cm 3 /g.
- the pore volume of the carbon nanotubes is 1.90 cm 3 /g or less, more preferably 1.80 cm 3 /g or less, still more preferably 1.70 cm 3 /g or less, so that the carbon nanotubes can be finely divided in an aqueous liquid medium. It is possible to reduce the amount of the aqueous liquid medium taken into the pores, increase the amount of the aqueous liquid medium that contributes to fluidity, and lower the viscosity of the carbon nanotube dispersion. For example, even a high-concentration carbon nanotube dispersion with a reduced amount of aqueous liquid medium can be made to have a low viscosity.
- the carbon nanotubes have a pore volume of 0.80 cm 3 /g or more, more preferably 0.90 cm 3 /g or more, and even more preferably 1.00 cm 3 /g or more, so that the carbon nanotubes are wetted by the aqueous liquid medium. It is possible to avoid a significant decrease in the properties and to suppress a decrease in the dispersibility.
- the carbon nanotubes are finely dispersed in the electrode film obtained using the carbon nanotube dispersion. , the conductivity of the electrode film can be increased.
- the peak top pore diameter Z (nm) is 3 ⁇ Z ⁇ 80, and the condition (A) or condition (B) is satisfied, so that carbon nanotube aggregates are formed at the initial stage of dispersion. It is possible to reduce the intake of the aqueous liquid medium caused by the swelling of the resin and suppress the increase in the initial viscosity. Moreover, by satisfying this condition, aggregation of the carbon nanotubes can be suppressed also from the degree of fibrillation of the carbon nanotubes.
- the carbon nanotubes have the maximum solvent absorption capacity defined by the following formula 5 as Y Assuming that the bulk density is X (g/cm 3 ), it is preferable to satisfy the following formulas 1 to 4. That is, in the present embodiment, when the peak top pore diameter Z (nm) is 3 ⁇ Z ⁇ 80 and at least one of the conditions (A) and (B) is satisfied, the following formulas 1 to 4 are satisfied. preferably fulfilled.
- the maximum solvent absorption capacity Y of carbon nanotubes is defined by Equation 5 above.
- the maximum solvent absorption capacity Y is the maximum mass of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone absorbed by the carbon nanotube per mass of the carbon nanotube when the carbon nanotube absorbs N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
- the maximum mass of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone absorbed by carbon nanotubes is the maximum mass of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone that is added to the carbon nanotube powder until just before N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone flows out of the carbon nanotube powder. is the total mass of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
- Vg carbon nanotube powder
- N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone was left to stand. is dropped onto the surface of the carbon nanotube powder at 1 minute intervals. Observe whether the droplets of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone start flowing onto the surface of the carbon nanotube powder without being absorbed by the carbon nanotube powder.
- W be the total mass (g) of the dropped N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone until just before the drops of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone begin to flow out onto the surface of the carbon nanotube powder.
- the bulk density X of carbon nanotubes is the loose bulk density when loosely packed.
- Bulk density X is obtained by letting the carbon nanotubes fall freely into a container with an upper opening of a predetermined capacity until it overflows, leaving the container standing still, and then scraping off the carbon nanotube powder on the upper end face with a scraping plate, measuring the mass of the carbon nanotube, It is obtained by dividing the mass of the carbon nanotube by the volume of the container.
- the carbon nanotube powder is allowed to fall freely and stored in a 30 ml stainless steel cylindrical container. , can be obtained by dividing by the volume of the container. In order to break up the aggregates formed during storage of the carbon nanotube powder and allow the resulting sample to flow freely into the measurement container until it overflows, a sufficient amount of the sample to be tested is 0.5 mm thick. Prepare through a sieve.
- Formulas 1 to 4 will be described below.
- the maximum solvent absorption capacity Y and the bulk density X obtained above preferably satisfy the following formulas 1 to 4. Within the range specified by Formulas 1 to 4, the dispersibility and storage stability of carbon nanotubes can be further enhanced.
- (Formula 1) Y ⁇ -110X + 32.35 (Formula 2) Y ⁇ 180X ⁇ 19.95 (Formula 3) Y ⁇ 200X+27 (Formula 4) Y ⁇ 200X+7
- the maximum solvent absorption capacity Y is the maximum mass of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone absorbed by the carbon nanotube, but is not limited to the type of aqueous liquid medium. It tends to suppress the increase in the initial viscosity of the carbon nanotubes and contribute to the improvement of dispersibility.
- bulk density X is a factor that affects the dispersibility and storage stability of carbon nanotubes in aqueous liquid media. Although it cannot be generalized, if the bulk density X is increased, the carbon nanotubes are likely to precipitate in the aqueous liquid medium, and if the bulk density X is decreased, the wettability of the carbon nanotubes in the aqueous liquid medium is reduced, resulting in dispersibility. tends to decrease.
- the maximum solvent absorption capacity Y and the bulk density X interact with each other, focusing on the fact that they affect the dispersibility and storage stability of carbon nanotubes in an aqueous liquid medium.
- 4 identifies carbon nanotubes.
- the peak top pore diameter Z of the carbon nanotubes the pore volume in the pore diameter range of 10 nm or more and 80 nm or less or the pore diameter range of 3 nm or more and 20 nm or less
- the carbon nanotubes by the above formulas 1 to 4 together with the ratio of the integrated value of and the pore volume.
- the carbon nanotube has a maximum solvent absorption capacity defined by the following formula 5 as Y and a bulk density as X (g/cm 3 ). , preferably satisfies the following formulas 1-1 to 4-1. Within the ranges specified by the formulas 1-1 to 4-1, the dispersibility and storage stability of the carbon nanotubes can be further enhanced.
- formulas 1-1 to 4-1 are carbon nanotubes that satisfy the following formulas 1a to 4a and 6a.
- (Formula 1a) Y ⁇ -200X+37 (Formula 2a) Y ⁇ 200X ⁇ 17 (Formula 3a) Y ⁇ 200X+28, more preferably (Formula 3a′) Y ⁇ 200X+30 (Formula 4a) Y ⁇ 200X-4 (Formula 6a) 40 ⁇ Z ⁇ 80
- formulas 1-1 to 4-1 is a carbon nanotube that satisfies formulas 1b to 4b and 6b below.
- (Formula 4b) Y ⁇ 200X-5 (Formula 6b) 40 ⁇ Z ⁇ 80
- formulas 1-1 to 4-1 is a carbon nanotube that satisfies formulas 1c to 4c and 6c below.
- formulas 1-1 to 4-1 is a carbon nanotube that satisfies formulas 1d to 4d and 6d below.
- Equation 1d Y ⁇ -200X+33
- Equation 2d Y ⁇ 200X ⁇ 4
- Formula 3d Y ⁇ 200X+28
- Formula 4d Y ⁇ 200X+7
- Formula 6d 40 ⁇ Z ⁇ 80
- 40 ⁇ Z ⁇ 80 is more preferably 40 ⁇ Z ⁇ 70, and further preferably 45 ⁇ Z ⁇ 50.
- the individual numerical ranges of the maximum solvent absorption capacity Y and the bulk density X are not particularly limited.
- the maximum solvent absorption capacity Y can be 5-22, 5-18, or 14-18.
- the bulk density X can be 0.05-0.135, 0.065-0.105, or 0.065-0.085.
- the maximum solvent uptake capacity Y may be 5-12, or 14-22.
- bulk density X may be between 0.05 and 0.080, or between 0.100 and 0.135.
- the carbon nanotube has a maximum solvent absorption capacity defined by the following formula 5 as Y and a bulk density as X (g/cm 3 ). , preferably satisfies the following formulas 1-2 to 4-2. Within the range specified by Formulas 1-2 to 4-2, the dispersibility and storage stability of carbon nanotubes can be further enhanced.
- Carbon nanotubes satisfying the following formulas 1-2a to 4-2a and 6-2a are more preferable examples of formulas 1-2 to 4-2.
- the peak top pore diameter Z is preferably 3 ⁇ Z ⁇ 20, more preferably 4 ⁇ Z ⁇ 20.
- the individual numerical ranges of the maximum solvent absorption capacity Y and the bulk density X are not particularly limited.
- the maximum solvent absorption capacity Y may be 6-23, 7-23, 11-16, or 12-16, and may be 11-14.
- the bulk density X is 0.055-0.22, 0.055-0.18, 0.075-0.17, 0.075-0.135, or 0.125-0.135 Well, it can be between 0.125 and 0.17.
- a carbon nanotube has a shape in which flat graphite is rolled into a cylindrical shape.
- Carbon nanotubes may be single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, or a mixture thereof.
- a single-walled carbon nanotube has a structure in which a single layer of graphite is wound.
- Multi-walled carbon nanotubes have a structure in which two or more layers of graphite are wound.
- the carbon nanotubes may be bundled carbon nanotubes of single-walled carbon nanotubes.
- Carbon nanotubes are preferably multi-walled carbon nanotubes from the viewpoint of dispersibility in an aqueous liquid medium.
- the number of layers of the multi-walled carbon nanotubes is not particularly limited, but the number of layers is preferably 2 to 30 layers, more preferably 3 to 20 layers, and preferably 3 to 10 layers. more preferred.
- the side walls of the carbon nanotube need not have a graphite structure.
- carbon nanotubes with sidewalls having an amorphous structure can also be used as carbon nanotubes.
- carbon nanotubes encapsulating substances typified by organic compounds, metal atoms, or fullerenes can be used.
- the shape of carbon nanotubes is not limited. Such shapes include a variety of shapes including needles, cylindrical tubes, fish bones (fishbone or cup lamination), and coils. Among others, the shape of the carbon nanotube is preferably needle-like or cylindrical tube-like. Carbon nanotubes may be of a single shape or a combination of two or more shapes.
- Examples of forms of carbon nanotubes include, but are not limited to, graphite whiskers, filamentous carbon, graphite fibers, ultrafine carbon tubes, carbon tubes, carbon fibrils, carbon microtubes, and carbon nanofibers.
- the carbon nanotubes may have a single form or a form in which two or more of these forms are combined.
- the carbon nanotubes preferably have an average outer diameter of 5 to 25 nm, more preferably 5 to 20 nm, even more preferably 5 to 15 nm. Within the above range, the conductivity and toughness of the carbon nanotube can be further enhanced.
- the outer diameter and average outer diameter of carbon nanotubes are obtained as follows. First, a transmission electron microscope is used to observe and image the carbon nanotubes. Next, 300 arbitrary carbon nanotubes are selected in the observation photograph, and the outer diameter of each is measured. Next, the average outer diameter (nm) of the carbon nanotubes is calculated as the number average of the outer diameters.
- the volume resistivity of carbon nanotubes is preferably 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 to 3.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 ⁇ cm, more preferably 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 to 2.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 ⁇ cm. is more preferable.
- the volume resistivity of the carbon nanotube can be measured using a powder resistivity measuring device (manufactured by Nitto Seiko Analytech Co., Ltd.: Lorestar GP Powder Resistivity Measuring System MCP-PD-51).
- the BET specific surface area of the carbon nanotubes may be 100-1200 m 2 /g, 150-1000 m 2 /g, or 200-800 m 2 /g.
- the method for measuring the BET specific surface area is as described in Examples. For example, after vacuum-drying and pretreating the carbon nanotubes, the nitrogen adsorption isotherm of the carbon nanotubes obtained by the nitrogen adsorption method using a fully automatic specific surface area measuring device (Microtrac MRB, Belsorp MAX II) was analyzed by the BET method. can be calculated using
- the fiber length of carbon nanotubes is preferably 100 nm or more and 5000 nm or less, may be 200 nm or more and 2000 nm or less, or may be 500 nm or more and 1000 nm or less.
- a carbon nanotube having a fiber length of 100 nm or more can further increase conductivity and toughness.
- the carbon nanotube since the carbon nanotube has a fiber length of 1000 nm or less, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of agglomeration even if fibrillation progresses in the dispersion treatment, thereby further preventing an increase in the viscosity of the dispersion.
- Carbon nanotubes are evaluated by the G/D ratio (peak ratio of G-band and D-band).
- the G/D ratio of carbon nanotubes is determined by Raman spectroscopy.
- Carbon nanotubes have a G/D ratio of 0, where G is the maximum peak intensity in the range of 1560 to 1600 cm -1 in the Raman spectrum and D is the maximum peak intensity in the range of 1310 to 1350 cm -1 . It is preferably from 0.5 to 10, more preferably from 0.5 to 4.5, even more preferably from 0.5 to 2.0.
- the carbon purity of carbon nanotubes is expressed by the content of carbon atoms (% by mass) in the carbon nanotubes.
- the carbon purity is preferably 90% by mass or more, more preferably 95% by mass or more, and even more preferably 98% by mass or more with respect to 100% by mass of carbon nanotubes.
- the amount of metal contained in the carbon nanotube is preferably less than 10% by mass, more preferably less than 5% by mass, and even more preferably less than 2% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of the carbon nanotube.
- Metals contained in carbon nanotubes include metals and metal oxides used as catalysts when synthesizing carbon nanotubes. Specific examples include metals such as cobalt, nickel, aluminum, magnesium, silica, manganese and molybdenum, metal oxides thereof, and composite oxides thereof.
- the carbon nanotube of the first embodiment satisfies the condition (A), preferably satisfies the condition (A) and has a peak top pore diameter Z of 40 ⁇ Z ⁇ 80.
- the average outer diameter of the carbon nanotubes is preferably 5-20 nm, more preferably 8-15 nm.
- the BET specific surface area of the carbon nanotubes is preferably 150-350 m 2 /g, more preferably 200-330 m 2 /g.
- carbon nanotubes having excellent dispersibility and storage stability in an aqueous liquid medium by satisfying the condition (A) in the range where the pore diameter Z of the peak top satisfies 40 ⁇ Z ⁇ 80. can be done.
- a multi-walled carbon nanotube can be preferably used as the carbon nanotube that satisfies the condition (A).
- a surface area of 150 to 350 m 2 /g is preferred, or an average outer diameter of 8 to 15 nm and a BET specific surface area of 200 to 330 m 2 /g are preferred.
- the carbon nanotube of the second embodiment satisfies the condition (B), preferably satisfies the condition (B) and has a peak top pore size Z of 3 ⁇ Z ⁇ 20.
- the average outer diameter of the carbon nanotubes is preferably 4-8 nm, more preferably 5-7 nm.
- the BET specific surface area of the carbon nanotubes is preferably 600-900 m 2 /g, more preferably 700-800 m 2 /g.
- the carbon nanotube satisfies the condition (B) in the range where the peak top pore size Z satisfies 3 ⁇ Z ⁇ 20, thereby obtaining a carbon nanotube having excellent dispersibility and storage stability in an aqueous liquid medium.
- the carbon nanotube that satisfies the condition (B) a multi-walled carbon nanotube can be preferably used.
- a surface area of 600 to 900 m 2 /g is preferred, or an average outer diameter of 5 to 7 nm and a BET specific surface area of 700 to 850 m 2 /g are preferred.
- the carbon nanotube of the present embodiment is not limited by its manufacturing method, and can be specified by its physical properties.
- the carbon nanotubes of the present embodiment can be prepared by pretreating carbon nanotubes manufactured according to a normal manufacturing method or conventionally known carbon nanotubes.
- the pretreatment method for carbon nanotubes may be surface treatment using chemicals, heat treatment, pulverization treatment, or the like.
- the carbon nanotubes of this embodiment can be obtained by pulverizing carbon nanotubes with readily available physical properties.
- the pulverization treatment may be either wet pulverization or dry pulverization, media pulverization, or pulverization without media. Dry pulverization is preferred, and dry pulverization and media pulverization are more preferably combined because the physical properties of carbon nanotubes can be easily controlled. Examples of pulverizing devices include bead mills, ball mills, and attrition mills.
- the components to be put into the pulverizer may be only untreated carbon nanotubes, but optional components such as lubricants, dispersants, and surface treatment agents may also be added.
- a liquid medium may be introduced into the pulverizer together with the untreated carbon nanotubes, if desired.
- the pulverization process may be any of a batch method, a continuous dispersion method, a circulatory dispersion method, and the like. Treatment is preferred.
- desired carbon nanotubes can be obtained by controlling the mass of carbon nanotubes put into the pulverizer per unit time, the type, diameter, and amount of pulverization media.
- a continuous bead mill may be used to continuously feed the carbon nanotube raw material and dry-pulverize it.
- continuous bead mills examples include “Dynamic Mill” manufactured by Nippon Coke Kogyo Co., Ltd., “Dry Star” manufactured by Ajisawa Finetech Co., Ltd., and the like.
- preferred grinding media are zirconia, alumina, iron, etc., depending on the scale and type of the grinding apparatus.
- the media diameter is preferably 1 to 15 mm, more preferably 1 to 10 mm.
- the amount of carbon nanotubes charged may be set in consideration of the pulverization efficiency depending on the scale of the apparatus, and may be, for example, 1 to 100 kg/h.
- the untreated carbon nanotubes used as raw materials are not particularly limited, and carbon nanotubes produced by any method can be used.
- Carbon nanotubes can generally be produced by, but not limited to, laser ablation, arc discharge, thermal CVD, plasma CVD, and combustion methods.
- carbon nanotubes can be produced by contact-reacting a carbon source with a catalyst at 500 to 1000° C. in an atmosphere with an oxygen concentration of 1% by volume or less.
- the carbon source may be at least one of hydrocarbons and alcohols.
- any conventionally known raw material gas can be used as a carbon source for untreated carbon nanotubes.
- a raw material gas containing carbon hydrocarbons represented by methane, ethylene, propane, butane and acetylene, carbon monoxide, and alcohols can be used, but not limited thereto.
- hydrocarbons represented by methane, ethylene, propane, butane and acetylene, carbon monoxide, and alcohols can be used, but not limited thereto.
- Raw carbon nanotubes are usually present as secondary particles.
- the shape of the secondary particles may be, for example, a state in which carbon nanotubes, which are general primary particles, are intricately entangled. It may be an aggregate of straight carbon nanotubes. Secondary particles, which are aggregates of straight carbon nanotubes, are easier to loosen than tangled particles. Linear ones are more suitable for use as carbon nanotubes because they have better dispersibility than entangled ones. These untreated carbon nanotubes are preferably pulverized so as to satisfy desired physical properties.
- Carbon nanotubes may be surface-treated carbon nanotubes.
- the carbon nanotube may be a carbon nanotube derivative to which a functional group represented by a carboxyl group is added. When pulverization is performed, these treatments may be performed before, during, or after pulverization.
- the raw material, untreated carbon nanotubes have different distributions of fiber length, pore size, etc. depending on the type. Therefore, depending on the type of carbon nanotube, the compression of the carbon nanotube and the manner of folding of the carbon nanotube by dry pulverization or the like are different. Since the distribution of various properties of the obtained carbon nanotubes varies depending on the type of carbon nanotube, the processing method, etc., it is preferable to apply an appropriate processing method according to the type of carbon nanotube. For example, selection of a pulverizing apparatus as a treatment method, treatment time, etc. may be appropriately adjusted.
- the carbon nanotube dispersion of the present embodiment contains the above-described carbon nanotubes and an aqueous liquid medium.
- the details of the carbon nanotube are as described above.
- the aqueous liquid medium can be water, a water-soluble organic solvent, or a combination thereof.
- the carbon nanotube dispersion may further contain a dispersant to enhance the dispersibility of the carbon nanotubes.
- the aqueous liquid medium is not particularly limited as long as the carbon nanotubes can be dispersed therein, but is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of water and water-soluble organic solvents.
- the aqueous liquid medium preferably consists essentially of water or is a combination of water and a water-soluble organic solvent. If the carbon nanotube dispersion contains substantially no water, the aqueous liquid medium preferably consists substantially of the water-soluble organic solvent.
- the water content is preferably 50% by mass or more, preferably 95% by mass or more, more preferably 98% by mass or more, based on the total amount of the aqueous liquid medium.
- the aqueous liquid medium may consist only of water.
- Water-soluble organic solvents include alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol, secondary butanol, tertiary butanol, benzyl alcohol, etc.), polyhydric alcohols (ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, etc.).
- the carbon nanotube dispersion may contain substantially no water, and the aqueous liquid medium may consist only of a water-soluble organic solvent.
- the water-soluble organic solvent preferably contains an amide-based organic solvent, and may be a combination of an amide-based organic solvent and another water-soluble organic solvent.
- the amide-based organic solvent is preferably contained in an amount of 50% by mass or more, preferably 95% by mass or more, and more preferably 98% by mass or more, based on the total amount of the aqueous liquid medium. More preferably, the aqueous liquid medium may consist essentially of the amide organic solvent.
- the carbon nanotube dispersion may contain one or more amide-based organic solvents. As used herein, "substantially free of water” means that no water is intentionally added.
- Amide organic solvents include N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone (NEP), N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N,N-diethylacetamide, and N-methylcaprolactam. You may use these individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types. In particular, it preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone, and more preferably contains N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
- the aqueous liquid medium may consist essentially of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and N-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone, or may consist essentially of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
- the pH is preferably 7.0 or more and 10.5 or less, more preferably 9.0 or more and 10.5 or less. If the pH is below the above range, the carbon nanotube dispersion tends to gel. If the pH exceeds the above range, problems such as corrosion of various raw materials and exterior materials in the battery or gelation of the binder resin tend to occur. pH can be measured with a common pH meter.
- the "pH" of a carbon nanotube dispersion that does not substantially contain water as an aqueous liquid medium refers to the addition of water to the carbon nanotube dispersion, which reduces the solid content concentration before adding water to 100%. , means the value measured using a general pH meter after preparing so that the solid content concentration after adding water is 50%.
- a carbon nanotube dispersion having a solid content concentration of 5% is stirred with a disper or the like, and water is added so that the solid content concentration of the carbon nanotube dispersion becomes 2.5%.
- the pH of the carbon nanotube dispersion can be measured at 25° C. using a desktop pH meter (Seven Compact S220 Expert Pro, manufactured by Mettler Toledo).
- the pH of the carbon nanotube dispersion containing an amide-based organic solvent that does not substantially contain water as an aqueous liquid medium is preferably 9.0 or higher. Moreover, 12.0 or less are preferable and 11.0 or less are more preferable.
- the carbon nanotube dispersion may further contain a dispersant to further enhance the dispersibility of the carbon nanotubes.
- the dispersant is not particularly limited as long as it can stabilize the dispersion of carbon nanotubes, and surfactants, resin-type dispersants, and the like can be used.
- Surfactants are mainly classified as anionic, cationic, nonionic and amphoteric.
- a suitable type of dispersant can be used in a suitable blending amount depending on the properties required for dispersing the carbon nanotubes.
- the type is not particularly limited. Specifically, fatty acid salts, polysulfonates, polycarboxylates, alkyl sulfates, alkylarylsulfonates, alkylnaphthalenesulfonates, dialkylsulfonates, dialkylsulfosuccinates, alkyl phosphates, polyoxy ethylene alkyl ether sulfates, polyoxyethylene alkyl aryl ether sulfates, naphthalene sulfonate formalin condensates, polyoxyethylene alkyl phosphate sulfonates, glycerol borate fatty acid esters and polyoxyethylene glycerol fatty acid esters; It is not limited to these.
- More specific examples include sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium polyoxyethylene lauryl ether sulfate, polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether sulfate, sodium salt of ⁇ -naphthalenesulfonic acid formalin condensate, and the like. but not limited to these.
- representative cationic surfactants include alkylamine salts and quaternary ammonium salts. Specifically, stearylamine acetate, trimethylyac ammonium chloride, trimethyl tallow ammonium chloride, dimethyldioleyl ammonium chloride, methyloleyl diethanol chloride, tetramethylammonium chloride, laurylpyridinium chloride, laurylpyridinium bromide, laurylpyridinium disulfate, cetylpyridinium bromide.
- Amphoteric surfactants include, but are not limited to, aminocarboxylates and the like.
- nonionic surfactants include polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, polyoxyalkylene derivatives, polyoxyethylene phenyl ethers, sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters and alkylallyl ethers. It is not limited to these. Specific examples include, but are not limited to, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, sorbitan fatty acid ester, and polyoxyethylene octylphenyl ether.
- the selected surfactant is not limited to a single surfactant. Therefore, it is also possible to use a combination of two or more surfactants. For example, a combination of anionic and nonionic surfactants or a combination of cationic and nonionic surfactants can be used.
- the blending amount at that time is preferably a blending amount suitable for each surfactant component.
- a combination a combination of an anionic surfactant and a nonionic surfactant is preferred.
- the anionic surfactant is a polycarboxylate.
- the nonionic surfactant is polyoxyethylene phenyl ether.
- resin-type dispersants include cellulose derivatives (cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose butyrate, cyanoethyl cellulose, ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, nitrocellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, or salts thereof), polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylonitrile-based polymer (copolymer of polyacrylonitrile and acrylic acid, etc.), poly(meth)acrylic acid or Salts of these, poly(meth)acrylates, nitrile rubbers (acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, hydrogenated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, copolymers of hydrogenated nitrile rubber and hydrogenated butadiene-acrylonitrile, etc.), and the
- Polymers obtained by introducing other substituents into some of these polymers, modified polymers, and the like may also be used.
- methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, or salts thereof, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylonitrile-based polymers, copolymers of acrylonitrile and acrylic acid, (meth)acrylic acid or salts thereof, hydrogenated nitriles Rubber and hydrogenated butadiene acrylonitrile copolymers are preferred.
- the resin-type dispersant may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the resin type dispersant is preferably 5,000 to 250,000, more preferably 10,000 to 150,000.
- the carbon nanotube is preferably 0.5 to 15% by mass, more preferably 1.5 to 10% by mass, further preferably 2 to 10% by mass, based on the total amount of the carbon nanotube dispersion. ⁇ 7% by mass is more preferred, and 3 to 7% by mass is particularly preferred.
- the carbon nanotubes satisfying the condition (A) are preferably 2 to 10% by mass, particularly preferably 3 to 7% by mass, based on the total amount of the carbon nanotube dispersion.
- the carbon nanotubes satisfying the condition (B) are preferably 0.5 to 5% by mass, more preferably 1.0 to 4% by mass, and 1.5 to 3% by mass with respect to the total amount of the carbon nanotube dispersion. More preferred.
- the dispersant is preferably 10 to 200 parts by mass, more preferably 20 to 150 parts by mass, and 20 to 120 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the carbon nanotubes. is more preferred. Also, the dispersant may be 10 to 100 parts by weight, 20 to 80 parts by weight, or 20 to 50 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the carbon nanotube.
- the dispersant in the carbon nanotube dispersion using carbon nanotubes that satisfy the condition (A), is preferably 10 to 100 parts by mass, more preferably 20 to 80 parts by mass, with respect to 100 parts by mass of the carbon nanotubes. is more preferable, and 20 to 50 parts by mass is even more preferable.
- the dispersant in the carbon nanotube dispersion using carbon nanotubes that satisfy the condition (B), is preferably 10 to 200 parts by mass, and 20 to 150 parts by mass, with respect to 100 parts by mass of the carbon nanotubes. is more preferable, and 20 to 120 parts by mass is even more preferable.
- the carbon nanotube dispersion may optionally contain an amine compound, an inorganic base, a wetting agent, an antifoaming agent, a surfactant, a pH adjuster, a wet penetration agent, an antioxidant, an antiseptic, an antifungal agent, a leveling agent, etc. It may further contain other optional components.
- the carbon nanotube dispersion liquid may contain a conductive material other than the carbon nanotubes and a polymer component within a range that does not hinder the object of the present invention. These optional components can be added at any timing, such as before preparation of the carbon nanotube dispersion, during dispersion treatment, or after dispersion treatment.
- the carbon nanotube dispersion may further contain an amine compound, an inorganic base, or a combination thereof, preferably in combination with a dispersant.
- amine compounds primary amines (primary amines), secondary amines (secondary amines), and tertiary amines (tertiary amines) are used, and ammonia and quaternary ammonium compounds are not included.
- amine-based compound in addition to monoamine, amine-based compounds such as diamine, triamine, and tetramine having a plurality of amino groups in the molecule can be used.
- aliphatic primary amines such as methylamine, ethylamine, butylamine and octylamine
- aliphatic secondary amines such as dimethylamine, diethylamine and dibutylamine
- aliphatic groups such as trimethylamine, triethylamine and dimethyloctylamine.
- Tertiary amines alanine, methionine, proline, serine, asparagine, glutamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, amino acids such as cysteine, dimethylaminoethanol, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, methylethanolamine, triethanolamine, etc.
- Inorganic bases include alkali metal hydroxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, alkali metal carbonates, alkaline earth metal carbonates, alkali metal phosphates, alkaline earth metal phosphates. etc.
- alkali metal hydroxides include lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and the like.
- hydroxides of alkaline earth metals include calcium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide.
- Alkali metal carbonates include, for example, lithium carbonate, lithium hydrogencarbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, potassium carbonate, and potassium hydrogencarbonate.
- Alkaline earth metal carbonates include, for example, calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate.
- the amine compound and the inorganic base are included to improve the dispersibility and storage stability of the carbon nanotube dispersion, respectively. Or it may cause corrosion inside the battery. From these viewpoints, the total amount of the amine compound and the inorganic base is preferably 0.01 to 3% by mass, more preferably 0.02 to 1% by mass, relative to the total amount of the carbon nanotube dispersion. When the carbon nanotube dispersion contains a dispersant, the total amount of the amine compound and the inorganic base is preferably 0.1 to 40 parts by mass, and 0.5 to 30 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the dispersant. Parts by mass are more preferred.
- the total amount of the amine compound and the inorganic base may be 0.1 to 20 parts by weight, 0.5 to 15 parts by weight, or 1 to 10 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the dispersant.
- the total amount of the amine compound and the inorganic base is 0.1 to 20 parts per 100 parts by mass of the dispersant. It is preferably 0.5 to 15 parts by mass, even more preferably 1 to 10 parts by mass.
- the total amount of the amine compound and the inorganic base is 0.1 to 40 parts per 100 parts by mass of the dispersant. It is preferably 0.5 to 30 parts by mass, more preferably 0.5 to 30 parts by mass.
- An antifoaming agent may be contained in the carbon nanotube dispersion, and the antifoaming agent is preferably contained in combination with the dispersant.
- the antifoaming agent can be arbitrarily used as long as it has an antifoaming effect, such as commercially available antifoaming agents, wetting agents, hydrophilic organic solvents and water-soluble organic solvents. good too.
- alcohols for example, alcohols; ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, octyl alcohol, hexadecyl alcohol, acetylene alcohol, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, methyl cellosolve, butyl cellosolve, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, acetylene glycol, polyoxyalkylene glycol, propylene glycol, etc.
- Glycols fatty acid esters; diethylene glycol laurate, glycerin monoricinolate, alkenylsuccinic acid derivatives, sorbitol monolaurate, sorbitol trioleate, polyoxyethylene monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitol monolaurate, natural waxes, etc.
- Amide type polyoxyalkyleneamide, acrylate polyamine, etc., phosphate ester type; tributyl phosphate, sodium octyl phosphate, etc., metal soap type; aluminum stearate, calcium oleate, etc.; Mineral oil-based: kerosene, paraffin, etc., silicone-based; dimethyl silicone oil, silicone paste, silicone emulsion, organically modified polysiloxane, fluorosilicone oil, and the like.
- the content of the antifoaming agent in the carbon nanotube dispersion may be appropriately adjusted according to the formulation.
- the carbon nanotube dispersion preferably has a complex elastic modulus of 1 to 100 Pa, more preferably 3 to 70 Pa, and even more preferably 5 to 50 Pa at 25° C. and 1 Hz by dynamic viscoelasticity measurement. .
- Measurement of the complex elastic modulus of carbon nanotubes can be evaluated by dynamic viscoelasticity measurements. More specifically, the complex elastic modulus can be measured by the method described in Examples.
- the complex elastic modulus indicates the hardness of the carbon nanotube dispersion, and the better the dispersibility of the carbon nanotubes and the lower the viscosity of the carbon nanotube dispersion, the smaller it becomes.
- the complex elastic modulus may be high due to the structural viscosity of the carbon nanotube itself.
- a carbon nanotube dispersion having a complex elastic modulus within the above range has good dispersed particle size and dispersibility of carbon nanotubes, and is suitable, for example, as a carbon nanotube dispersion for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries.
- the dispersibility of the carbon nanotubes in the carbon nanotube dispersion can also be evaluated by the glossiness of the coating film. It is preferable that the gloss of the film obtained by coating the substrate with the carbon nanotube dispersion and drying it is 10 to 120 when measured at 60°. Specifically, the gloss is the gloss measured at 60° of the coating film obtained by coating on a smooth glass substrate and baking and drying, that is, the intensity of the reflected light at 60° to the incident angle. be. For example, 1 mL of the carbon nanotube dispersion is dropped onto a smooth glass substrate, and the No. 7 bar coater at 2 cm / sec, baked in a hot air oven at 140 ° C.
- the glossiness is preferably 10 or more, more preferably 30 or more, still more preferably 40 or more, and particularly preferably 50 or more.
- a carbon nanotube dispersion having an appropriate dispersion state can be obtained by setting the content within the above range. Below the above range, carbon nanotubes tend to exist in an aggregated state. On the other hand, when the above range is exceeded, a large number of finely cut carbon nanotubes are produced, making it difficult to form an efficient conductive network.
- the carbon nanotubes preferably have a 50% particle diameter (D50) of 0.1 to 20 ⁇ m, which is a particle diameter at which the cumulative frequency becomes 50% on a volume basis in a laser diffraction/scattering particle size distribution, 0.4 to 10 ⁇ m is more preferable, and 0.4 to 5 ⁇ m is even more preferable.
- the 50% particle size (D50) obtained from the particle size distribution of the laser diffraction/scattering method can estimate the particle size of the carbon nanotube aggregate particles from the scattered light intensity distribution by the particles, and evaluates the dispersibility of the carbon nanotube dispersion. It is one index to do.
- the 50% particle diameter (D50) is within the above range, it is possible to provide a carbon nanotube dispersion with good dispersibility. If the above range is exceeded, aggregated carbon nanotubes will be present, and if below the above range, a large number of finely cut carbon nanotubes will be produced, which may make it difficult to form an efficient conductive network.
- a specific method for measuring the 50% particle size (D50) is as described in Examples. For example, it can be measured using a particle size distribution analyzer, the measurement sample is diluted so that the transmittance of the red laser diode is 60 to 80%, and the particle size is 50% by volume. Particle size (D50) can be measured.
- the carbon nanotube dispersion is preferably in a state where no carbon nanotube sedimentation or separation is observed immediately after the dispersion treatment.
- the carbon nanotube dispersion preferably maintains the dispersed state for a long period of time immediately after the dispersion treatment.
- the carbon nanotube dispersion is gelled during storage, it becomes difficult to redisperse it, so it is preferable that gelation does not occur over a long period of time.
- the dispersibility of the carbon nanotube dispersion can also be evaluated by viscosity, and the lower the viscosity, the better the dispersibility.
- the viscosity of the carbon nanotube dispersion is preferably less than 10000 mPa s, more preferably less than 2000 mPa s, measured at 60 rpm using a Brookfield viscometer at 25°C. , less than 500 mPa ⁇ s.
- the viscosity may be 1 mPa ⁇ s or more, 10 mPa ⁇ s or more, or 100 mPa ⁇ s or more.
- a specific method for measuring the viscosity is as described in Examples.
- the viscosity can be measured at a Brookfield viscometer rotor speed of 60 rpm after sufficiently stirring the dispersion with a spatula at a CNT dispersion temperature of 25°C.
- the carbon nanotube dispersion of the present embodiment is not limited to its production method, but may be produced according to a normal production method.
- the method for producing a carbon nanotube dispersion liquid of the present embodiment it is preferable to perform a process of dispersing carbon nanotubes in an aqueous liquid medium.
- the dispersing device used for performing such treatment is not particularly limited.
- a dispersing machine that is commonly used for dispersing pigments can be used.
- mixers such as disper, homomixer, and planetary mixer, homogenizers ("Advanced Digital Sonifer (registered trademark), MODEL 450DA” manufactured by BRANSON, "Clairmix” manufactured by M Technique Co., Ltd., “Film Mix”, etc., Silverson's “Abramix”, etc.), paint conditioners (Red Devil), colloid mills (PUC's “PUC Colloid Mill”, IKA's “Colloid Mill MK”), cone mills ( IKA “Cone Mill MKO” etc.), Ball Mill, Sand Mill (Shinmaru Enterprises Co.
- a high shear mixer is used in the initial stage of dispersion, and then a high-pressure homogenizer is used from the viewpoint of dispersing while maintaining the fiber length of the carbon nanotubes. is preferred. Further, by dispersing with a bead mill after dispersing with a high-pressure homogenizer, it is possible to homogenize the dispersed state while maintaining the fiber length.
- the pressure when using a high-pressure homogenizer is preferably 60-150 MPa, more preferably 60-120 MPa.
- Dispersion methods using a dispersing device include batch-type dispersion, pass-type dispersion, circulation dispersion, etc., but any method may be used, and two or more methods may be combined.
- Batch-type dispersion is a method in which dispersion is carried out only by the main body of a dispersion device without using pipes or the like. Since it is easy to handle, it is preferable when manufacturing small quantities.
- Pass-type dispersion is a dispersing method in which a dispersing apparatus main body is provided with a tank for supplying a liquid to be dispersed and a tank for receiving the liquid to be dispersed through a pipe, and the dispersing apparatus main body is passed through.
- circulation type dispersion is a system in which the liquid to be dispersed that has passed through the main body of the dispersing device is returned to a tank that supplies the liquid to be dispersed, and is dispersed while being circulated.
- the longer the treatment time the more the dispersion progresses. Therefore, the pass or circulation may be repeated until the desired dispersion state is achieved, and the treatment amount can be increased by changing the size of the tank and the treatment time.
- Path-type dispersion is preferable in that it is easier to uniformize the dispersion state than circulation-type dispersion.
- the circulatory dispersion is preferable to the pass-type dispersion because it requires simpler operations and manufacturing equipment.
- dispersion process crushing of agglomerated particles, disintegration of carbon nanotubes, wetting, stabilization, etc., proceed sequentially or simultaneously, and the final dispersed state differs depending on the progress. Therefore, various evaluations of the dispersed state in each dispersion process It is preferably managed by using a method. For example, it can be managed by the method described in Examples.
- the carbon nanotube resin composition of the present embodiment may contain the carbon nanotube dispersion and a binder resin.
- the details of the carbon nanotube dispersion are as described above. That is, the carbon nanotube resin composition may contain carbon nanotubes, an aqueous liquid medium, and a binder resin.
- An aqueous liquid medium may comprise water, a water-soluble organic solvent, or a combination thereof.
- the carbon nanotube resin composition may further contain a dispersant and may further contain optional components. Details are as described above.
- the carbon nanotube resin composition can be used as a resin composition for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries.
- the binder resin is not particularly limited as long as it is usually used as a binder resin for paint, and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose.
- the binder resin may be a resin that bonds substances such as active materials, carbon nanotubes, and other conductive materials.
- Binder resins include, for example, ethylene, propylene, vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, vinyl alcohol, maleic acid, acrylic acid, acrylic acid ester, methacrylic acid, methacrylic acid ester, acrylonitrile, styrene, vinyl butyral, vinyl acetal, vinyl pyrrolidone, and the like.
- Homopolymer or copolymer containing as a structural unit polyurethane resin, polyester resin, phenol resin, epoxy resin, phenoxy resin, urea resin, melamine resin, alkyd resin, acrylic resin, formaldehyde resin, silicone resin, fluorine resin; carboxymethyl cellulose cellulose resins such as or salts thereof; elastomers such as hydrogenated or non-hydrogenated styrene-butadiene rubbers and fluororubbers; conductive resins such as polyaniline and polyacetylene. Modified products of these resins and copolymers of these resins may also be used.
- the binder resin may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- a homopolymer or copolymer having a fluorine atom in the molecule such as polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinyl Preferred are tetrafluoroethylene and other modified products and copolymers thereof.
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose or its salt
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose or its salt
- the binder resin is preferably 0.5 to 30% by mass, more preferably 0.5 to 25% by mass, based on the total nonvolatile content of the carbon nanotube resin composition.
- the mixture slurry of the present embodiment may contain the carbon nanotube dispersion, the binder resin, and the active material.
- a mixture slurry of another embodiment may contain the carbon nanotube resin composition and an active material.
- the details of the carbon nanotube resin composition are as described above. That is, the mixture slurry may contain carbon nanotubes, an aqueous liquid medium, a binder resin, and an active material.
- An aqueous liquid medium may comprise water, a water-soluble organic solvent, or a combination thereof.
- the mixture slurry may further contain a dispersant and may further contain optional components. Details are as described above.
- the active material may be either a positive electrode active material or a negative electrode active material.
- the mixed material slurry can be used as a mixed material slurry for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery electrode, and can be either a positive electrode mixed material slurry for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery or a negative electrode mixed material slurry for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the positive electrode active material is not particularly limited, but for lithium ion secondary battery applications, for example, metal compounds such as metal oxides and metal sulfides capable of reversibly doping or intercalating lithium ions can be used.
- metal compounds such as metal oxides and metal sulfides capable of reversibly doping or intercalating lithium ions can be used.
- lithium manganese composite oxide e.g. LixMn 2 O 4 or LixMnO 2
- lithium nickel composite oxide e.g.
- Li x NiO 2 lithium cobalt composite oxide (Li x CoO 2 ), lithium nickel cobalt composite oxide ( Li x Ni 1-y Co y O 2 ), lithium manganese cobalt composite oxides (eg Li x Mny Co 1-y O 2 ), lithium nickel manganese cobalt composite oxides (eg Li x Ni y Co z Mn 1 -yz O 2 ), spinel-type lithium-manganese-nickel composite oxides (eg Li x Mn 2-y Ni y O 4 ) and other composite oxide powders of lithium and transition metals, lithium phosphorous oxides having an olivine structure powders (eg Li x FePO 4 , Li x Fe 1-y Mn y PO 4 , Li x CoPO 4 etc.), manganese oxide, iron oxide, copper oxide, nickel oxide, vanadium oxide (eg V 2 O 5 , V 6 O 13 ), transition metal oxide powders such as titanium oxide, iron sulfate (Fe 2 (SO)
- the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited, but for example, a metal Li capable of reversibly doping or intercalating lithium ions, or an alloy thereof, a tin alloy, a silicon alloy negative electrode, LiXTiO 2 , LiXFe 2 O 3 , LiXFe 3 O 4 , metal oxides such as LiXWO2 , conductive polymers such as polyacetylene and poly-p-phenylene, artificial graphite such as highly graphitized carbon materials, or carbonaceous powders such as natural graphite, resin-baked carbon materials, etc. can be used.
- x is a number and 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.
- the content of carbon nanotubes in the mixture slurry is preferably 0.01% by mass or more, based on the mass of the active material (assuming the mass of the active material is 100% by mass), and 0.02% by mass or more. more preferably 0.03% by mass or more. Also, it is preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 5% by mass or less, and even more preferably 3% by mass or less.
- the content of the dispersant in the mixture slurry is 0.01% by mass or more based on the mass of the active material (assuming the mass of the active material is 100% by mass). is preferred, and 0.02% by mass or more is more preferred. Moreover, it is preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 5% by mass or less.
- the content of the binder resin in the mixture slurry is preferably 0.5% by mass or more, based on the mass of the active material (assuming the mass of the active material is 100% by mass), and is preferably 0.5% by mass or more. It is more preferable to have Also, it is preferably 30% by mass or less, more preferably 25% by mass or less, and even more preferably 20% by mass or less.
- the amount of solids in the mixture slurry is preferably 30% by mass or more, more preferably 40% by mass or more, based on the mass of the mixture slurry (assuming the mass of the mixture slurry is 100% by mass). . Moreover, it is preferably 90% by mass or less, more preferably 80% by mass or less.
- the manufacturing method of the composite material slurry of the present embodiment is not limited, but it may be manufactured according to a normal manufacturing method.
- a method of adding an active material to a carbon nanotube dispersion and then adding a binder resin For example, a method of adding an active material to a carbon nanotube dispersion and then adding a binder resin; a method of adding a binder resin to a carbon nanotube dispersion and then adding an active material; a carbon nanotube dispersion a method in which an active material and a binder resin are simultaneously added to .
- the binder resin is preferably added and dispersed.
- a dispersing device used for dispersing is not particularly limited. The mixture slurry can be obtained using the dispersing device mentioned in the description of the carbon nanotube dispersion.
- the electrode film of the present embodiment is a coating film of the mixture slurry. That is, the electrode film may contain carbon nanotubes, a binder resin, and an active material.
- the active material may be either a positive electrode active material or a negative electrode active material.
- the electrode film may further contain a dispersant and may further contain optional components. Details are as described above.
- the electrode film can be used as an electrode film for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery electrode, and may be either an electrode film for a positive electrode film for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery or an electrode film for a negative electrode film for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the electrode film may be a coating film obtained using the mixture slurry, and can be formed, for example, by coating and drying the mixture slurry.
- An electrode can be provided using an electrode film.
- the electrode may include a current collector and an electrode film.
- the electrode can be obtained by applying a mixture slurry to a current collector and drying it to form a coating film.
- An electrode film containing a positive electrode active material can be used to provide a positive electrode
- an electrode film containing a negative electrode active material can be used to provide a negative electrode. It can be provided as a negative electrode.
- the material and shape of the current collector are not particularly limited, and can be selected as appropriate for various non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries.
- Materials for the current collector include conductive metals or alloys such as aluminum, copper, nickel, titanium, and stainless steel.
- a flat foil is generally used, but a current collector with a roughened surface, a foil-like current collector with holes, and a mesh-like current collector can also be used.
- the thickness of the current collector is preferably about 0.5 to 30 ⁇ m.
- the method of applying the mixture slurry onto the current collector there are no particular restrictions on the method of applying the mixture slurry onto the current collector, and any known method can be used. Specific examples include a die coating method, a dip coating method, a roll coating method, a doctor coating method, a knife coating method, a spray coating method, a gravure coating method, a screen printing method, an electrostatic coating method, and the like.
- the drying method include, but are not limited to, drying by standing, or drying using a fan dryer, warm air dryer, infrared heater, far infrared heater, or the like.
- the electrode film after coating may be subjected to rolling treatment using a lithographic press, calendar rolls, or the like.
- the thickness of the formed electrode film is, for example, 1 ⁇ m or more and 500 ⁇ m or less, preferably 10 ⁇ m or more and 300 ⁇ m or less.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of this embodiment includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte, and at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode includes the electrode film.
- the positive and negative electrodes may each include a current collector and an electrode film. Details are as described above. More preferably, the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the electrolyte preferably contains a lithium salt and a non-aqueous solvent.
- the electrolyte is LiBF4 , LiClO4 , LiPF6, LiAsF6 , LiSbF6 , LiCF3SO3 , Li ( CF3SO2 ) 2N , LiC4F9SO3 , Li( CF3SO2 ) 3
- Examples include, but are not limited to, those containing lithium salts such as C, LiI, LiBr, LiCl, LiAlCl, LiHF2 , LiSCN, or LiBPh4 (where Ph is a phenyl group).
- Lithium salts may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- the electrolyte is preferably an electrolytic solution in which a lithium salt is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent.
- the nonaqueous solvent for the electrolyte is not particularly limited, but examples include carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate; ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone, and lactones such as ⁇ -octanoic lactone; tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxolane, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, 1,2-methoxyethane, 1,2-ethoxyethane, and glymes such as 1,2-dibutoxyethane; esters such as methyl formate, methyl acetate, and methyl propionate; sulfoxides such as dimethyl sulfoxide and sulfolane; and nitriles such as acetonitrile. .
- the non-aqueous solvent may be used singly or in combination
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery may further contain a separator.
- a separator is used to be placed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the separator is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include polyethylene nonwoven fabric, polypropylene nonwoven fabric, polyamide nonwoven fabric, porous polyethylene, porous polypropylene, porous polyamide, and the like, and those subjected to hydrophilic treatment.
- the structure of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is not particularly limited, but usually includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator provided as necessary, and may be paper type, cylindrical type, button type, laminated type, etc. depending on the purpose of use. It can be of various shapes.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of another example of the present embodiment is a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery containing the carbon nanotubes of the present embodiment described above.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of this example includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte, and the positive electrode, the negative electrode, the electrolyte, or a combination of two or more thereof includes the carbon nanotube of the present embodiment described above. you can The details of the carbon nanotube are as described above.
- it may be a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery in which the electrode films of the positive electrode and the negative electrode are obtained using the mixture slurry of the present embodiment described above.
- At least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode may include an intermediate layer between the current collector and the electrode film, and the intermediate layer may contain the carbon nanotube of the present embodiment described above.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising an electrode film obtained by adding the carbon nanotubes or the carbon nanotube dispersion of the present embodiment later to the mixture slurry that does not contain the carbon nanotubes of the present embodiment. It's okay.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present embodiment can be used for various applications, such as vehicles, electronic devices, small communication devices, large-capacity batteries, stationary storage batteries, and the like.
- a vehicle including the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of this embodiment can be provided.
- Vehicles include electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles, trains, motorcycles, electric bicycles, motorized bicycles, construction vehicles, and the like.
- electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, and plug-in hybrid vehicles are in increasing demand worldwide, so the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present embodiment can be preferably used for these vehicles.
- the carbon nanotubes of the present embodiment have good dispersibility and storage stability in the carbon nanotube dispersion, the carbon nanotube resin composition, and the mixture slurry, the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery obtained using these has a high rate. It has excellent properties and high cycle characteristics, and can be preferably used for various vehicles.
- the carbon nanotubes of the present embodiment are excellent in the dispersibility and storage stability of the carbon nanotubes in the aqueous liquid medium, the aggregation of the carbon nanotubes is suppressed in the molded article obtained by using these, and uniform conductivity and toughness are obtained. can be provided. Therefore, the carbon nanotubes of the present embodiment, the dispersion containing the carbon nanotubes and the aqueous liquid medium, and the composition containing the carbon nanotubes, the aqueous liquid medium, and the binder resin can be used in addition to the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries described above. , electronic materials, structural materials, paints, etc. Specifically, other electrode materials such as fuel cells and electric double layer capacitors, semiconductor materials, filler materials, short needle probes for microscopes, adsorption materials, filter materials etc. can be applied.
- other electrode materials such as fuel cells and electric double layer capacitors, semiconductor materials, filler materials, short needle probes for microscopes, adsorption materials, filter materials etc. can be applied.
- Table 1 shows details of the carbon nanotubes
- Table 2 shows details of the carbon nanotube dispersion
- Table 3 shows details of the positive electrode mixture slurry and the positive electrode
- Table 4 shows details of the negative electrode mixture slurry and the negative electrode.
- BT1003M LUCAN BT1003M, LG Chem Ltd. Co., Ltd., multilayer CNT, outer diameter 10 to 15 nm JENOTUBE10B: manufactured by JEIO, multilayer CNT, outer diameter 7 to 12 nm
- AMC registered trademark
- multilayer CNT, outer diameter 5 to 11 nm JENOTUBE6A manufactured by JEIO, multilayer CNT, outer diameter 5 to 7 nm
- Table 1 shows the types of carbon nanotubes and manufacturing conditions.
- Example 1 in a dynamic mill, zirconia beads with a diameter of 8 mm were charged as grinding media, BT1003M was supplied as carbon nanotubes at an operating condition of 10.0 kg / h, and processed at a peripheral speed of 5.0 m / s. A nanotube (1) was obtained.
- Example 2 to 16 and Comparative Examples 4, 5, 7 and 8, carbon nanotubes (2) to (16) were produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the types of carbon nanotubes and the production conditions shown in Table 1 were changed. ) and comparative carbon nanotubes (4), (5), (7) and (8).
- Comparative Examples 1 to 3 untreated comparative carbon nanotubes (1) to (3) were prepared without being pulverized.
- Comparative Example 6 10 parts of BT1003M as untreated carbon nanotubes and 200 parts of zirconia beads with a diameter of 2 mm were charged as grinding media in a paint shaker and ground for 40 minutes to obtain comparative carbon nanotubes (6). Using the obtained carbon nanotubes, the following physical property values were measured, and the results are shown in the table.
- the pore diameter Z (nm) at the peak top in the pore size distribution with a diameter of 2 nm or more and 200 nm or less calculated by the BJH method of carbon nanotubes is the maximum value within the pore diameter range of 2 nm or more and 200 nm or less by measuring the nitrogen adsorption isotherm. is the pore diameter (nm).
- the pore diameter Z (nm) at the peak top is defined as the one with the highest peak height.
- the procedure for measuring the pore size distribution of CNT is as follows.
- the carbon nanotubes were pretreated by vacuum drying at a pretreatment temperature of 305° C. for a pretreatment time of 18 to 21 hours. After the pretreatment, 0.04 to 0.07 g of CNT was weighed, and the nitrogen adsorption isotherm of CNT was measured by the nitrogen adsorption method using a fully automatic specific surface area measuring device (Microtrac MRB, Belsorp MAX II) under the following conditions. was measured. Adsorption temperature: 77K, adsorbate: nitrogen. From the nitrogen adsorption isotherm of CNT, a BJH plot was calculated using the FHH standard curve recommended by Microtrack Bell Co., Ltd., and the pore diameter Z (nm) at the peak top on the adsorption side was determined.
- the pore volume is the total pore volume obtained from the nitrogen adsorption amount when the relative pressure (p/p0) is 0.99.
- the pore volume was obtained from the nitrogen adsorption amount when the relative pressure (p/p0) was 0.99 on the nitrogen adsorption isotherm measured above.
- the maximum solvent absorption capacity Y is the maximum mass of solvent absorbed by the carbon nanotube per mass of the carbon nanotube when the carbon nanotube absorbs solvent.
- the maximum mass of the solvent absorbed by the carbon nanotubes is the total mass of the solvent dropped until just before the solvent flows out from the carbon nanotube powder when the solvent is dropped onto the carbon nanotube powder.
- the maximum solvent absorption capacity Y was measured by the following procedure. First, before the measurement, the carbon nanotubes are vacuum-dried and pretreated at a pretreatment temperature of 305° C. for a pretreatment time of 18 to 21 hours. Next, in a 25 ° C.
- Vg carbon nanotube powder
- a cylindrical polypropylene container with a diameter of 10 cm by gravity, and left to stand.
- 0.5 g per time was dropped on the surface of the carbon nanotube powder at intervals of 1 minute until just before the droplets of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone began to flow out onto the surface of the carbon nanotube powder without being absorbed by the carbon nanotube powder.
- the total mass (Wg) of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is determined.
- the maximum solvent absorption capacity is calculated from the following formula 5.
- ⁇ Bulk density X of CNT> Bulk density X was measured according to JIS K 5101-12-1 by the following procedure. First, before the measurement, the carbon nanotubes are vacuum-dried and pretreated at a pretreatment temperature of 305° C. for a pretreatment time of 18 to 21 hours. Next, a sufficient amount of the sample to be tested is added to zero to break up any agglomerates formed during storage of the carbon nanotube powder and allow the resulting sample to flow freely into the measurement container until it overflows. Prepare through a .5 mm sieve.
- the prepared carbon nanotube powder was allowed to fall freely in a 30 ml stainless steel cylindrical container and stored, and after scraping off the raised portion on the upper surface of the container, the mass of the carbon nanotube powder was obtained and divided by the volume of the container to obtain the bulk density. Obtain X (g/cm 3 ).
- the CNT dispersion was appropriately diluted, several ⁇ L was dropped onto the collodion film, dried at room temperature, and then observed using a direct transmission electron microscope (H-7650, manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd.). Observations were made at a magnification of 50,000 times, and multiple photographs containing 10 or more CNTs were taken in the field of view. nm).
- ⁇ Volume resistivity of CNT> Using a powder resistivity measuring device (manufactured by Nitto Seiko Analytech Co., Ltd.: Lorestar GP powder resistivity measuring system MCP-PD-51), the sample mass is 0.8 g, and a powder probe unit (four probes/rings Electrodes, electrode spacing 5.0 mm, electrode radius 1.0 mm, sample radius 12.5 mm), the applied voltage limiter was set to 90 V, and the volume resistivity [ ⁇ cm] of the conductive powder was measured under various pressures. The value of volume resistivity of CNT at a density of 1 g/cm 3 was evaluated.
- Example 1-1 Materials other than CNTs were added to and dissolved in a stainless steel container. After that, 2.0 parts by mass of CNT (1) was taken and added while stirring with a disper, a high shear mixer (L5M-A, manufactured by SILVERSON) was equipped with a square hole high shear screen, and the speed was 8,600 rpm. Batch-type dispersion was carried out until the whole became uniform and the dispersed particle size became 250 ⁇ m or less with a grind gauge. At this time, the dispersed particle size confirmed with a grind gauge was 220 ⁇ m.
- the liquid to be dispersed was supplied from the stainless container to a high-pressure homogenizer (Starburst Lab HJP-17007, manufactured by Sugino Machine Co., Ltd.) through a pipe, and circulating dispersion treatment was performed.
- the dispersion treatment was performed using a single nozzle chamber with a nozzle diameter of 0.25 mm and a pressure of 100 MPa.
- Example 1 to 2 to 16, 2-1 to 2-2, 3-1 to 3-16, 4-1 to 4-2, 5-1 to 5-2, 6-1 to 6-2, 7-1 to 7-2, 8-1 to 8-16, 9-1 to 9-16, 10-1 to 10-2, 11-1 to 11-2, Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-2, 2-1 to 2-2, 4-1, 5-1, 6-1, and 7-1 are also similar to Example 1-1, except that the formulations and manufacturing conditions shown in Table 2 are changed.
- a CNT dispersion was obtained.
- Example 1-17 a CNT dispersion was obtained by dispersing the CNTs dispersed by a high-pressure homogenizer in the same procedure as in Example 1-12 and then using a bead mill for additional dispersion.
- Example 1-1 For the bead mill, "SC100" manufactured by Nippon Coke Co., Ltd. was used, under the conditions of a bead diameter of 1.25 mm, a bead filling rate of 60%, a peripheral speed of 10 m/s, and a supply speed of 800 g/min.
- Comparative Examples 2-1 and 2-2 comparative CNT (2) was used instead of CNT (1) in Example 1-1, and the amount of comparative CNT (2) used was the same as that of Example 1-1. The amount of CNT (1) used was halved.
- Example 13-1 materials other than CNT were added to the stainless steel container and dissolved. After that, 0.5 parts by mass of CNT (13) was taken and added while stirring with a disper, and a high shear mixer (L5M-A, manufactured by SILVERSON) was equipped with a square hole high shear screen and at a speed of 8,600 rpm. Batch-type dispersion was carried out until the whole became uniform and the dispersed particle size became 250 ⁇ m or less with a grind gauge. At this time, the dispersed particle size confirmed with a grind gauge was 220 ⁇ m.
- a high shear mixer L5M-A, manufactured by SILVERSON
- the liquid to be dispersed was supplied from the stainless steel container to a high-pressure homogenizer (Starburst Lab HJP-17007, manufactured by Sugino Machine Co., Ltd.) through a pipe, and circulating dispersion treatment was performed.
- the dispersion treatment was performed using a single nozzle chamber with a nozzle diameter of 0.25 mm and a pressure of 100 MPa.
- the dispersants used in the preparation of the CNT dispersion are as follows.
- PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone "K-30” (manufactured by Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd.)
- PVA Kuraray Poval "PVA-403” (manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd.), polyvinyl alcohol (average degree of polymerization 300, degree of saponification 87.0 to 89.0 mol%)
- ZETPOLE2000L Hydrogenated nitrile rubber, manufactured by Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd.
- ZETPOLE2010L Hydrogenated nitrile rubber, manufactured by Nippon Zeon Co., Ltd.
- Therban3404 Hydrogenated butadiene acrylonitrile copolymer, manufactured by Lanxess Therban3406: Hydrogenated butadiene acrylonitrile copolymer, manufactured by Lanxess Therban 4307: hydrogenated butadiene acrylonitrile copolymer, manufactured by Lanxess CMC: carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt "Sunrose A APP-84" (manufactured by Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd., weight average molecular weight 17600)
- PAN Copolymer of acrylonitrile and acrylic acid, synthesized according to the following recipe
- PAA Polyacrylic acid, manufactured by Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., average molecular weight 25,000
- the additives used in making the CNT dispersion are 2-aminoethanol, NaOH, Na 2 CO 3 .
- ⁇ PAN Synthesis of copolymer of acrylonitrile and acrylic acid>
- a reaction vessel equipped with a gas inlet tube, a thermometer, a condenser and a stirrer was charged with 100 parts of acetonitrile and purged with nitrogen gas.
- the inside of the reaction vessel is heated to 75 ° C., and 90.0 parts of acrylonitrile, 10.0 parts of acrylic acid, and 2,2'-azobis (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (manufactured by NOF Corporation "V- 65”) 5.0 parts of the mixture was added dropwise over 3 hours to carry out a polymerization reaction.
- the mixture was further reacted at 75°C for 1 hour, then 0.5 part of Perbutyl O was added, and the reaction was further continued at 75°C for 1 hour. Thereafter, it was confirmed that the conversion rate exceeded 98% by non-volatile measurement, and the dispersion medium was completely removed by vacuum concentration to obtain a copolymer of acrylonitrile and acrylic acid.
- the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the copolymer of acrylonitrile and acrylic acid was 45,000.
- the viscosity value is measured using a B-type viscometer ("BL" manufactured by Toki Sangyo Co., Ltd.), and the temperature of the CNT dispersion is 25 ° C., and the dispersion is sufficiently stirred with a spatula. It was carried out immediately at a rotor speed of 60 rpm.
- the rotor used for the measurement was No. 1 when the viscosity value was less than 100 mPA ⁇ s. 1, and No. when it is 100 or more and less than 500 mPa ⁇ s. 2, and No. when it is 500 or more and less than 2,000 mPa ⁇ s. 3, and No.
- ⁇ Method for measuring gloss> A sample for gloss measurement was obtained by dropping 1 mL of a CNT dispersion onto a smooth glass substrate. After coating at 2 cm/sec with a No. 7 bar coater, it was baked in a hot air oven at 140° C. for 10 minutes and allowed to cool. The coating area was approximately 10 cm x 10 cm. Using a gloss meter (gloss meter micro-gloss 60° manufactured by BYK Gardner), 3 locations in the coating film surface excluding the edges were selected at random, measured once, and the average value at 60° was taken as the gloss. Judgment criteria ⁇ : 50 or more ⁇ : 30 or more and less than 50 ⁇ : 10 or more and less than 30 ⁇ : less than 10
- the complex elastic modulus of the CNT dispersion was measured using a rheometer (RheoStress 1 rotary rheometer manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific Co., Ltd.) with a cone of 35 mm in diameter and 2°, at 25 ° C., a frequency of 1 Hz, and a strain rate of 0.01%. It was evaluated by performing dynamic viscoelasticity measurement in the range of from to 5%. Judgment criteria ⁇ : 5 Pa or more and less than 50 Pa ⁇ : 1 Pa or more and less than 5 Pa, or 50 Pa or more and 100 Pa or less ⁇ : less than 1 Pa or more than 100 Pa
- ⁇ 50% particle diameter (D50) of CNT dispersion> The 50% particle size was measured using a particle size distribution analyzer (Partical LA-960V2, manufactured by HORIBA, Ltd.).
- the operating conditions for circulation/ultrasound were as follows: circulation speed: 3; ultrasonic intensity: 7; ultrasonic duration: 1 minute; stirring speed: 1; stirring mode: continuous. Further, during air venting, ultrasonic operation was performed with an ultrasonic intensity of 7 and an ultrasonic duration of 5 seconds.
- NMP has a refractive index of 1.468, water has a refractive index of 1.333, and the carbon material has a refractive index of 1.92.
- the measurement was performed after diluting the measurement sample so that the transmittance of the red laser diode was 60 to 80%, and the particle size was based on the volume.
- Example 1-1 CNT dispersion 1-1 and NMP as the same medium as the CNT dispersion were added to a plastic container with a capacity of 150 cm 3 , and then a rotation/revolution mixer (stock ARE-310, manufactured by Thinky Co., Ltd.) was used to stir at 2,000 rpm for 30 seconds, then NMC was added as a positive electrode active material, and a rotation/revolution mixer (Thinky Co., Ltd., Awatori Mixer, ARE-310) and stirred at 2,000 rpm for 150 seconds.
- a rotation/revolution mixer stock ARE-310, manufactured by Thinky Co., Ltd.
- PVDF was added as a binder resin, and the mixture was stirred at 2,000 rpm for 30 seconds using a rotation/revolution mixer (Awatori Mixer, ARE-310, manufactured by Thinky Co., Ltd.) to obtain a positive electrode mixture slurry.
- the non-volatile content of the positive electrode mixture slurry was set to 75% by mass.
- the non-volatile matter ratio of active material:CNT:binder resin was 98.2:0.3:1.5.
- positive electrode mixture slurries were similarly obtained.
- the non-volatile content ratio of active material:CNT:binder resin was set to 98.25:0.25:1.5.
- the positive electrode mixture slurry of Example 1-1 was applied onto an aluminum foil having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m using an applicator, and then dried in an electric oven at 120° C. ⁇ 5° C. for 25 minutes to prepare an electrode film. . After that, the electrode film was rolled by a roll press (manufactured by Thank Metal Co., Ltd., 3t hydraulic roll press) to obtain a positive electrode (positive electrode 3a).
- the weight per unit of the composite layer was 20 mg/cm 2 and the density of the composite layer after rolling was 3.2 g/cc.
- Example 1-13 CNT dispersion 1-13 and water as a medium were added to a plastic container with a capacity of 150 cm 3 , and then a rotation/revolution mixer (Awatori Kneader manufactured by Thinky Co., Ltd.) was added. Taro, ARE-310), stir at 2,000 rpm for 30 seconds, then add LFP as a positive electrode active material, and use a rotation / revolution mixer (Awatori Mixer manufactured by Thinky Co., Ltd., ARE-310). and stirred at 2,000 rpm for 150 seconds.
- PTFE was added as a binder resin, and the mixture was stirred at 2,000 rpm for 30 seconds using a rotation/revolution mixer (Awatori Mixer, ARE-310, manufactured by Thinky Co., Ltd.) to obtain a positive electrode mixture slurry.
- the non-volatile content of the positive electrode mixture slurry was set to 50% by mass.
- the non-volatile matter ratio of active material:CNT:binder resin was 97.5:1.0:1.5.
- positive electrode mixture slurries were similarly obtained.
- the non-volatile content ratio of active material:CNT:binder resin was set to 97.2:0.8:1.5.
- the positive electrode mixture slurry of Example 1-13 was applied onto an aluminum foil having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m using an applicator, and then dried in an electric oven at 120° C. ⁇ 5° C. for 25 minutes to prepare an electrode film. . After that, the electrode film was rolled by a roll press (manufactured by Thank Metal Co., Ltd., 3t hydraulic roll press) to obtain a positive electrode (positive electrode 15a).
- the weight per unit of the composite material layer was 20 mg/cm 2 and the density of the composite material layer after rolling was 2.1/cc.
- positive electrodes were prepared in the same manner as positive electrode 3a except that the CNT dispersion was changed according to the recipe shown in Table 3 when the active material was NMC, and when the active material was LFP, the recipe shown in Table 3.
- a positive electrode 15a was prepared in the same manner as the positive electrode 15a, except that the CNT dispersion was changed according to .
- the components used are as follows.
- ⁇ Method for evaluating conductivity of positive electrode> The surface resistivity ( ⁇ / ⁇ ) of the composite material layer of the obtained positive electrode was measured using Loresta GP, MCP-T610 manufactured by Nitto Seiko Analytic Tech Co., Ltd. After the measurement, the thickness of the mixture layer was multiplied to obtain the volume resistivity ( ⁇ cm) of the positive electrode.
- the thickness of the composite layer is obtained by subtracting the thickness of the aluminum foil from the average value obtained by measuring three points in the electrode using a film thickness gauge (DIGIMICROMH-15M manufactured by NIKON Co., Ltd.), and the volume resistivity of the positive electrode. ( ⁇ cm). Criteria ⁇ : Less than 10 ⁇ cm ⁇ : 10 ⁇ cm or more and less than 20 ⁇ cm ⁇ : 20 ⁇ cm or more
- the non-volatile content of the negative electrode mixture slurry was set to 48% by mass.
- the non-volatile matter ratio of artificial graphite:silicon:CNT:CMC:SBR was 87:10:0.5:1:1.5.
- negative electrode mixture slurries were obtained.
- the ratio of nonvolatile contents of artificial graphite:silicon:CNT:CMC:SBR is 87.1:10:0.4:1.5.
- the obtained negative electrode mixture slurry is applied onto a copper foil having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m using an applicator, and then the coating film is dried in an electric oven at 120° C. ⁇ 5° C. for 25 minutes to form an electrode film. made. After that, the electrode film was rolled by a roll press (manufactured by Thank Metal Co., Ltd., 3t hydraulic roll press) to obtain a negative electrode (negative electrode 15a).
- the weight per unit weight of the composite layer was 10 mg/cm 2 and the density of the composite layer after rolling was 1.6 g/cc.
- LFP HED (trademark) LFP-400, manufactured by BASF, nonvolatile content 100%
- MAC500LC carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt Sunrose special type MAC500LC, manufactured by Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd., non-volatile content 100%
- ⁇ Preparation of standard negative electrode> In a plastic container with a capacity of 150 ml, 0.5 parts by mass of acetylene black (Denka Black (registered trademark) HS-100, manufactured by Denka) and MAC500LC (carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt Sunrose special type MAC500LC, manufactured by Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd., nonvolatile content 100 %) and 98.4 parts by mass of water were added, and then stirred at 2,000 rpm for 30 seconds using a rotation/revolution mixer (Awatori Mixer, ARE-310 manufactured by Thinky Co., Ltd.).
- an electrolytic solution (ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 1:1:1 to prepare a mixed solvent, and as an additive, vinylene carbonate After adding 1 part by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass, 2 mL of a non-aqueous electrolyte in which LiPF 6 was dissolved at a concentration of 1 M) was injected, and then the aluminum laminate was sealed to form a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery. made.
- the obtained nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was placed in a constant temperature room at 25° C., and charge/discharge measurement was performed using a charge/discharge device (SM-8, manufactured by Hokuto Denko Co., Ltd.). After performing constant current constant voltage charging (cutoff current 1 mA (0.02 C)) at a charging current of 10 mA (0.2 C) and a charging end voltage of 4.3 V, discharge at a discharging current of 10 mA (0.2 C). Constant current discharge was performed at a final voltage of 3V.
- SM-8 charge/discharge device
- Rate characteristics 3C discharge capacity/third 0.2C discharge capacity x 100 (%) Judgment criteria ⁇ : 80% or more ⁇ : 60% or more and less than 80% ⁇ : less than 60%
- the obtained nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery was placed in a constant temperature room at 25° C., and charge/discharge measurement was performed using a charge/discharge device (SM-8, manufactured by Hokuto Denko Co., Ltd.).
- SM-8 charge/discharge device
- the positive electrode active material is NMC at a charging current of 25 mA (0.5 C)
- the charging end voltage is 4.3 V
- the positive electrode active material is LFP
- the charging end voltage is 3.8 V.
- 2.5 mA (0.05 C) constant current discharge was performed at a discharge current of 25 mA (0.5 C) and a discharge final voltage of 3 V. This operation was repeated 200 times.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries obtained using the CNT dispersions of Examples were excellent in rate characteristics and cycle characteristics.
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Abstract
Description
特許文献8では、カーボンナノチューブの乾式粉砕によって嵩密度を増加させ、嵩密度の高いカーボンナノチューブを用いることで、分散初期において分散液の粘度が徐々に高くなり分散処理が容易になるという開示から、カーボンナノチューブ分散液の初期粘度が改善される可能性はあるが、貯蔵安定性の改善については検討の余地がある。
特許文献9では、一般的な球形又は不定形の多孔質炭素粒子の細孔特性を特定するのみであり、カーボンナノチューブのように高アスペクト比の炭素材料において分散処理の前後において繊維が解繊されることで粘度が急上昇する問題については検討されていない。
特許文献10では、カーボンナノチューブ塗料の漆黒性及び光沢性に着目していることから、カーボンナノチューブ分散液の用途を広げる場合には、特許文献10に開示される粉砕処理の程度では、カーボンナノチューブ分散液の初期粘度及び貯蔵安定性をさらに改善する余地があり、特にカーボンナノチューブの貯蔵安定性の改善が望まれる。
さらに、水性液状媒体中でカーボンナノチューブの分散性が良好に維持されていても、カーボンナノチューブ分散液にバインダー樹脂及び活物質等が混合されて塗工膜等に成形されるまでの間にカーボンナノチューブの分散性が損なわれると、塗工膜等においてカーボンナノチューブ本来の特性、特に導電性が低下する可能性がある。
<1>カーボンナノチューブのBJH法により算出した直径2nm以上200nm以下の細孔径分布におけるピークトップの細孔径をZ(nm)とするとき、3≦Z≦80を満たし、
下記(A)又は(B)を満たす、カーボンナノチューブ。
(A)前記細孔径分布において、直径2nm以上200nm以下の細孔容積の積分値に対して、直径10nm以上80nm以下の細孔容積の積分値が50%以上であり、細孔容積が1.10~2.20cm3/gである。
(B)前記細孔径分布において、直径2nm以上200nm以下の細孔容積の積分値に対して、直径3nm以上20nm以下の細孔容積の積分値が50%以上であり、細孔容積が0.80~1.90cm3/gである。
<2>カーボンナノチューブの平均外径が5~20nmである、<1>に記載のカーボンナノチューブ。
<3>カーボンナノチューブの体積抵抗率が1.0×10-2~3.0×10-2Ω・cmである、<1>又は<2>に記載のカーボンナノチューブ。
<4>下記式5で定義される最大溶媒吸収能をYとし、嵩密度をX(g/cm3)とするとき、下記式1~式4を満たす、<1>~<3>のいずれかに記載のカーボンナノチューブ。
(式1)Y≦-110X+32.35
(式2)Y≧180X-19.95
(式3)Y≧-200X+27
(式4)Y≦200X+7
(式5)最大溶媒吸収能(Y)=(吸収されるN-メチル-2-ピロリドンの質量(W))/(カーボンナノチューブの質量(V))
(式5において、Vはカーボンナノチューブの質量(g)であり、Wは25℃環境下でVgのカーボンナノチューブにN-メチル-2-ピロリドンを滴下するときに、カーボンナノチューブに吸収されるN-メチル-2-ピロリドンの最大の質量(g)である。)
<6>下記式5で定義される最大溶媒吸収能をYとし、嵩密度をX(g/cm3)とするとき、下記式1-1~式4-1を満たす、<5>に記載のカーボンナノチューブ。
(式1-1)Y≦-200X+37
(式2-1)Y≧200X-17
(式3-1)Y≧-200X+27
(式4-1)Y≦200X+7
(式5)最大溶媒吸収能(Y)=(吸収されるN-メチル-2-ピロリドンの質量(W))/(カーボンナノチューブの質量(V))
(式5において、Vはカーボンナノチューブの質量(g)であり、Wは25℃環境下でVgのカーボンナノチューブにN-メチル-2-ピロリドンを滴下するときに、カーボンナノチューブに吸収されるN-メチル-2-ピロリドンの最大の質量(g)である。)
<8>下記式5で定義される最大溶媒吸収能をYとし、嵩密度をX(g/cm3)とするとき、下記式1-2~式4-2を満たす、<7>に記載のカーボンナノチューブ。
(式1-2)Y≦-110X+32.35
(式2-2)Y≧180X-19.95
(式3-2)Y≧-110X+23.55
(式4-2)Y≦180X+7.6
(式5)最大溶媒吸収能(Y)=(吸収されるN-メチル-2-ピロリドンの質量(W))/(カーボンナノチューブの質量(V))
(式5において、Vはカーボンナノチューブの質量(g)であり、Wは25℃環境下でVgのカーボンナノチューブにN-メチル-2-ピロリドンを滴下するときに、カーボンナノチューブに吸収されるN-メチル-2-ピロリドンの最大の質量(g)である。)
<10>分散剤をさらに含み、前記分散剤の含有量は、カーボンナノチューブ100質量部に対して、10~150質量部である、<9>に記載のカーボンナノチューブ分散液。
<11>上記<9>又は<10>に記載のカーボンナノチューブ分散液と、バインダー樹脂とを含む、カーボンナノチューブ樹脂組成物。
<12>上記<9>又は<10>に記載のカーボンナノチューブ分散液と、バインダー樹脂と、活物質とを含む、合材スラリー。
<13>上記<12>に記載の合材スラリーの塗工膜を含む、電極膜。
<14>正極と、負極と、電解質とを含み、前記正極及び前記負極の少なくとも一方は、<13>に記載の電極膜を含む、非水電解質二次電池。
<15>上記<1>~<8>のいずれかに記載のカーボンナノチューブを含む、非水電解質二次電池。
<16>上記<14>又は<15>に記載の非水電解質二次電池を含む、車両。
本実施形態のカーボンナノチューブは、カーボンナノチューブのBJH法により算出した直径2nm以上200nm以下の細孔径分布におけるピークトップの細孔径をZ(nm)とするとき、3≦Z≦80を満たし、下記(A)又は(B)を満たすことを特徴とする。
(A)上記細孔径分布において、直径2nm以上200nm以下の細孔容積の積分値に対して、直径10nm以上80nm以下の細孔容積の積分値が50%以上であり、細孔容積が1.10~2.20cm3/gである。
(B)上記細孔径分布において、直径2nm以上200nm以下の細孔容積の積分値に対して、直径3nm以上20nm以下の細孔容積の積分値が50%以上であり、細孔容積が0.80~1.90cm3/gである。
カーボンナノチューブの細孔径分布の測定手順は以下の通りである。
カーボンナノチューブの細孔径分布の測定の前に、前処理温度305℃、前処理時間18~21時間でカーボンナノチューブを真空乾燥して前処理する。
前処理したカーボンナノチューブを秤量し、窒素吸着法によって窒素吸着等温線を測定する。窒素吸着等温線の測定は、吸着温度:77K、吸着質:窒素で行う。窒素吸着等温線の測定には、全自動比表面積測定装置(Microtrac MRB社製、Belsorp MAX II)を用いることができる。
カーボンナノチューブの窒素吸着等温線から、BJHプロットを算出し、吸着側のピークトップの細孔径を求める。BJHプロットの算出は、マイクロトラック・ベル株式会社推奨のFHH基準曲線を用いて行うことができる。直径2nm以上200nm以下の細孔径範囲において極大値が2つ以上ある場合は、ピーク高さが高いものをピークトップの細孔径(nm)とする。
(式6)3≦Z≦80
式6を満たすカーボンナノチューブは、水性液状媒体中において溶媒を適度に細孔に取り込み、初期粘度の上昇が抑制され分散性を改善することができ、長期において分散性が維持されて貯蔵安定性を改善することができる。また、カーボンナノチューブの細孔の大きさを制御することで、カーボンナノチューブ粉体及びこれを用いる成形体において体積抵抗率を低減し良好な導電性を得ることができる。
以下、第1の実施形態について説明する。第1の実施形態のカーボンナノチューブは、条件(A)を満たすものである。第1の実施形態のカーボンナノチューブは、上記条件(A)を満たし、かつ細孔径分布におけるピークトップの細孔径Z(nm)が、下記式6-1を満たすことが好ましい。
(式6-1)40≦Z≦80
式6-1を満たすカーボンナノチューブは、水性液状媒体中において溶媒を適度に細孔に取り込み、初期粘度の上昇が抑制され分散性を改善することができ、長期において分散性が維持されて貯蔵安定性を改善することができる。また、カーボンナノチューブの細孔の大きさを制御することで、カーボンナノチューブ粉体及びこれを用いる成形体において体積抵抗率を低減し良好な導電性を得ることができる。
上記直径10nm以上80nm以下の細孔径範囲の細孔容積の積分値の割合は、上記ピークトップの細孔径Zと同様に、窒素吸着等温線を測定し、窒素吸着等温線からBJHプロットを算出し、BJHプロットから求めることができる。
上記直径10nm以上80nm以下の細孔径範囲の細孔容積の積分値の割合が多いことで、カーボンナノチューブの細孔に水性液状媒体が吸収されやすくなり、カーボンナノチューブの分散性とともに長期の貯蔵安定性を改善することができる。この観点から、上記直径10nm以上80nm以下の細孔径範囲の細孔容積の積分値の割合は、50%以上が好ましく、55%以上がより好ましく、60%以上がさらに好ましい。また、これらの範囲のカーボンナノチューブは、適度な粉砕等に細孔径が制御されていると評価することができ、カーボンナノチューブの凝集が抑制され、水性液状媒体中でカーボンナノチューブの分散性を向上させることができる。
上記直径10nm以上80nm以下の細孔径範囲の細孔容積の積分値の割合は、特に限定されないが、カーボンナノチューブの入手のしやすさから、90%以下、80%以下、又は70%以下であってよい。
カーボンナノチューブの細孔容積は2.20cm3/g以下、より好ましくは2.10cm3/g以下、さらに好ましくは2.00cm3/g以下であることで、水性液状媒体中においてカーボンナノチューブの細孔内に水性液状媒体が取り込まれる量を低減し、流動性に寄与する水性液状媒体の量を増加させ、カーボンナノチューブ分散体を低粘度化することができる。例えば、水性液状媒体の量を少なくした高濃度のカーボンナノチューブ分散体であっても低粘度化することができる。そのため、水性液状媒体中においてカーボンナノチューブの分散性が初期状態で良好であり、さらに分散性の低下が抑制されるため貯蔵安定性も良好である。
カーボンナノチューブの細孔容積は1.10cm3/g以上、より好ましくは1.15cm3/g以上、さらに好ましくは1.20cm3/g以上であることで、カーボンナノチューブへの水性液状媒体の濡れ性の著しい低下を避けることができ、分散性の低下を抑制することができる。カーボンナノチューブの細孔容積を1.10~2.20cm3/gの範囲としカーボンナノチューブの分散性を良好にすることで、カーボンナノチューブ分散液を用いて得られる電極膜においてカーボンナノチューブを微分散させ、電極膜の導電性を高めることができる。
以下、第2の実施形態について説明する。第2の実施形態のカーボンナノチューブは、条件(B)を満たすものである。第2の実施形態のカーボンナノチューブは、上記条件(B)を満たし、かつ細孔径分布におけるピークトップの細孔径Z(nm)が、下記式6-2を満たすことが好ましい。
(式6-2)3≦Z≦20
式6-2を満たすカーボンナノチューブは、水性液状媒体中において溶媒を適度に細孔に取り込み、初期粘度の上昇が抑制され分散性を改善することができ、長期において分散性が維持されて貯蔵安定性を改善することができる。また、カーボンナノチューブの細孔の大きさを制御することで、カーボンナノチューブ粉体及びこれを用いる成形体において体積抵抗率を低減し良好な導電性を得ることができる。
カーボンナノチューブの体積抵抗率の低減を図り、カーボンナノチューブを含む成形体の良好な導電性を得る観点から、ピークトップの細孔径Zは3nm以上がより好ましく、4nm以上がさらに好ましい。さらに、カーボンナノチューブの細孔径は、原料カーボンナノチューブの粉砕の程度の指標ともなり、原料カーボンナノチューブの粉砕が過度に進みカーボンナノチューブが凝集する状態の評価に用いることができる。ピークトップの細孔径Zが3nm以上、又は4nm以上であることで、カーボンナノチューブの凝集が抑制され、水性液状媒体中でカーボンナノチューブの分散性を向上させることができる。例えば、このカーボンナノチューブを含む分散液を用いることで、非水電解質二次電池の導電性をより高めることができる。
上記直径3nm以上20nm以下の細孔径範囲の細孔容積の積分値の割合は、上記ピークトップの細孔径Zと同様に、窒素吸着等温線を測定し、窒素吸着等温線からBJHプロットを算出し、BJHプロットから求めることができる。
上記直径3nm以上20nm以下の細孔径範囲の細孔容積の積分値の割合が多いことで、カーボンナノチューブの細孔に水性液状媒体が吸収されやすくなり、カーボンナノチューブの分散性とともに長期の貯蔵安定性を改善することができる。この観点から、上記直径3nm以上20nm以下の細孔径範囲の細孔容積の積分値の割合は、50%以上が好ましく、55%以上がより好ましく、60%以上がさらに好ましい。また、これらの範囲のカーボンナノチューブは、適度な粉砕等に細孔径が制御されていると評価することができ、カーボンナノチューブの凝集が抑制され、水性液状媒体中でカーボンナノチューブの分散性を向上させることができる。
上記直径3nm以上20nm以下の細孔径範囲の細孔容積の積分値の割合は、特に限定されないが、カーボンナノチューブの入手のしやすさから、90%以下、80%以下、又は70%以下であってよい。
カーボンナノチューブの細孔容積は1.90cm3/g以下、より好ましくは1.80cm3/g以下、さらに好ましくは1.70cm3/g以下であることで、水性液状媒体中においてカーボンナノチューブの細孔内に水性液状媒体が取り込まれる量を低減し、流動性に寄与する水性液状媒体の量を増加させ、カーボンナノチューブ分散体を低粘度化することができる。例えば、水性液状媒体の量を少なくした高濃度のカーボンナノチューブ分散体であっても低粘度化することができる。そのため、水性液状媒体中においてカーボンナノチューブの分散性が初期状態で良好であり、さらに分散性の低下が抑制されるため貯蔵安定性も良好である。
カーボンナノチューブの細孔容積は0.80cm3/g以上、より好ましくは0.90cm3/g以上、さらに好ましくは1.00cm3/g以上であることで、カーボンナノチューブへの水性液状媒体の濡れ性の著しい低下を避けることができ、分散性の低下を抑制することができる。カーボンナノチューブの細孔容積を0.80~1.90cm3/gの範囲としカーボンナノチューブの分散性を良好にすることで、カーボンナノチューブ分散液を用いて得られる電極膜においてカーボンナノチューブを微分散させ、電極膜の導電性を高めることができる。
本実施形態は、上記説明した通り、ピークトップの細孔径Z(nm)が3≦Z≦80であり、かつ条件(A)又は条件(B)を満たすことで、分散初期にカーボンナノチューブ凝集体の膨潤によって引き起こされる水性液状媒体の取り込み量を低減し、初期粘度の上昇を抑制することが可能である。また、この条件を満たすことで、カーボンナノチューブの解繊の程度からも、カーボンナノチューブの凝集を抑制することができる。
(式1)Y≦-110X+32.35
(式2)Y≧180X-19.95
(式3)Y≧-200X+27
(式4)Y≦200X+7
(式5)最大溶媒吸収能(Y)=(吸収されるN-メチル-2-ピロリドンの質量(W))/(カーボンナノチューブの質量(V))
(式5において、Vはカーボンナノチューブの質量(g)であり、Wは25℃環境下でVgのカーボンナノチューブにN-メチル-2-ピロリドンを滴下するときに、カーボンナノチューブに吸収されるN-メチル-2-ピロリドンの最大の質量(g)である。)
上記して求めた最大溶媒吸収能Y及び嵩密度Xは、下記式1~式4を満たすことが好ましい。この式1~式4によって特定される範囲において、カーボンナノチューブの分散性及び貯蔵安定性をより高めることができる。
(式1)Y≦-110X+32.35
(式2)Y≧180X-19.95
(式3)Y≧-200X+27
(式4)Y≦200X+7
(式1-1)Y≦-200X+37
(式2-1)Y≧200X-17
(式3-1)Y≧-200X+27
(式4-1)Y≦200X+7
(式5)最大溶媒吸収能(Y)=(吸収されるN-メチル-2-ピロリドンの質量(W))/(カーボンナノチューブの質量(V))
(式5において、Vはカーボンナノチューブの質量(g)であり、Wは25℃環境下でVgのカーボンナノチューブにN-メチル-2-ピロリドンを滴下するときに、カーボンナノチューブに吸収されるN-メチル-2-ピロリドンの最大の質量(g)である。)
(式1a)Y≦-200X+37
(式2a)Y≧200X-17
(式3a)Y≧-200X+28、より好ましくは(式3a’)Y≧-200X+30
(式4a)Y≦200X-4
(式6a)40≦Z≦80
(式1b)Y≦-200X+37
(式2b)Y≧200X-17
(式3b)Y≧-200X+28、より好ましくは(式3b’)Y≧-200X+30
(式4b)Y≦200X-5
(式6b)40≦Z≦80
(式1c)Y≦-200X+35、より好ましくは(式3c’)Y≦-200X+33
(式2c)Y≧200X-17
(式3c)Y≧-200X+27
(式4c)Y≦200X+7、より好ましくは(式4c’)Y≦200X-4、さらに好ましくは(式4c’’)Y≦200X-5
(式6c)40≦Z≦80
(式1d)Y≦-200X+33
(式2d)Y≧200X-4
(式3d)Y≧-200X+28
(式4d)Y≦200X+7
(式6d)40≦Z≦80
(式1-2)Y≦-110X+32.35
(式2-2)Y≧180X-19.95
(式3-2)Y≧-110X+23.55
(式4-2)Y≦180X+7.6
(式5)最大溶媒吸収能(Y)=(吸収されるN-メチル-2-ピロリドンの質量(W))/(カーボンナノチューブの質量(V))
(式5において、Vはカーボンナノチューブの質量(g)であり、Wは25℃環境下でVgのカーボンナノチューブにN-メチル-2-ピロリドンを滴下するときに、カーボンナノチューブに吸収されるN-メチル-2-ピロリドンの最大の質量(g)である。)
(式1-2a)Y≦-110X+31.35
(式2-2a)Y≧180X-18.95
(式3-2a)Y≧-110X+24.55
(式4-2a)Y≦180X+0.6
カーボンナノチューブは、平面的なグラファイトを円筒状に巻いた形状を有している。カーボンナノチューブは単層カーボンナノチューブ、多層カーボンナノチューブ、又はこれらが混在するものであってもよい。単層カーボンナノチューブは一層のグラファイトが巻かれた構造を有する。多層カーボンナノチューブは、二又は三以上の層のグラファイトが巻かれた構造を有する。カーボンナノチューブは、単層カーボンナノチューブの束型カーボンナノチューブであってもよい。カーボンナノチューブは、水性液状媒体での分散性の観点から多層カーボンナノチューブが好ましい。多層カーボンナノチューブの層数は特に限定されないが、層数が2層以上30層以下であることが好ましく、3層以上20層以下であることがさらに好ましく、3層以上10層以下であることがより好ましい。
条件(A)において、カーボンナノチューブの平均外径は、5~20nmであることが好ましく、8~15nmであることがより好ましい。
条件(A)において、カーボンナノチューブのBET比表面積は、150~350m2/gであることが好ましく、200~330m2/gであることがよりに好ましい。
条件(A)を満たすカーボンナノチューブとしては、多層カーボンナノチューブを好ましく用いることができ、その中でも、条件(A)を満たすカーボンナノチューブとしては、例えば、平均外径が5~20nmであり、かつBET比表面積が150~350m2/gであるものがよく、又は平均外径が8~15nmであり、かつBET比表面積が200~330m2/gであるものがよい。
条件(B)において、カーボンナノチューブの平均外径は、4~8nmであることが好ましく、5~7nmであることがより好ましい。
条件(B)において、カーボンナノチューブのBET比表面積は、600~900m2/gであることが好ましく、700~800m2/gであることがより好ましい。
条件(B)を満たすカーボンナノチューブとしては、多層カーボンナノチューブを好ましく用いることができ、その中でも、条件(B)を満たすカーボンナノチューブとしては、例えば、平均外径が4~8nmであり、かつBET比表面積が600~900m2/gであるものがよく、又は平均外径が5~7nmであり、かつBET比表面積が700~850m2/gであるものがよい。
本実施形態のカーボンナノチューブは、その製造方法に限定されず、その物性値によって特定され得るものである。本実施形態のカーボンナノチューブは、通常の製造方法にしたがって製造したカーボンナノチューブ、又は従来公知のカーボンナノチューブを前処理して用意することができる。カーボンナノチューブの前処理方法としては、薬剤を用いる表面処理、熱処理、粉砕処理等であってよい。
これらの未処理のカーボンナノチューブに所望の物性値を満たすように粉砕処理を施すことが好ましい。
本実施形態のカーボンナノチューブ分散液は、上記したカーボンナノチューブと水性液状媒体とを含むものである。カーボンナノチューブの詳細については上記した通りである。水性液状媒体は水、水溶性有機溶媒、又はこれらの組み合わせであってよい。カーボンナノチューブ分散液は、カーボンナノチューブの分散性を高めるために分散剤をさらに含んでもよい。
カーボンナノチューブ分散液が水を含む場合は、水性液状媒体全量に対し水を50質量%以上で含むとよく、95質量%以上であることが好ましく、98質量%以上であることがより好ましく、実質的に水性液状媒体が水のみからなってもよい。
固形分濃度5%のカーボンナノチューブ分散液を、ディスパーなどで撹拌しながら、カーボンナノチューブ分散液の固形分濃度が2.5%になるように水を添加する。均一に撹拌した後、25℃にて、卓上型pHメーター(セブンコンパクトS220Expert Pro、メトラー・トレド製)を用いることで、カーボンナノチューブ分散液のpHを測定することができる。
水性液状媒体として水を実質的に含まずアミド系有機溶媒を含むカーボンナノチューブ分散液のpHは、9.0以上が好ましい。また、12.0以下が好ましく、11.0以下がより好ましい。
分散剤は、カーボンナノチューブを分散安定化できる範囲で特に限定されず、界面活性剤、樹脂型分散剤等を使用することができる。界面活性剤は主にアニオン性、カチオン性、ノニオン性及び両性に分類される。カーボンナノチューブの分散に要求される特性に応じて適宜好適な種類の分散剤を、好適な配合量で使用することができる。
カーボンナノチューブ分散液を基材に塗工し乾燥して得られる膜の60°で測定する光沢が10~120であることが好ましい。具体的には、光沢は、平滑なガラス基材の上に塗工し、焼き付け乾燥させて得た塗膜の60°で測定する光沢、すなわち入射角に対して60°における反射光の強度である。例えば、カーボンナノチューブ分散液を平滑なガラス基板上に1mL滴下し、No.7のバーコーターにて2cm/秒で塗工した後、140℃の熱風オーブンで10分間焼き付け、放冷して得た塗膜を、光沢計(BYKGardner製光沢計microgross60°)を用い、端部を除く塗膜面内の3か所を無作為に選び、1回ずつ測定した平均値を60°における光沢とすることができる。塗膜に対して入射した光は、分散性が良好であるほど塗膜表面が平滑となるため、光沢が高くなる。逆に、分散性が悪いほど塗膜表面の凹凸によって光の散乱が起こるため、光沢が低くなる。より詳しくは、60°における光沢は、実施例に記載の方法により測定することができる。光沢は10以上が好ましく、30以上がより好ましく、40以上がさらに好ましく、50以上が特に好ましい。また、120以下が好ましく、100以下がより好ましい。上記範囲とすることで適切な分散状態のカーボンナノチューブ分散液を得ることができる。上記範囲を下回ると凝集した状態のカーボンナノチューブが存在しやすくなる。また、上記範囲を上回ると微細に切断されたカーボンナノチューブが多数生じることから、効率的な導電ネットワークの形成が難しくなる。
本実施形態のカーボンナノチューブ分散液は、その製造方法に限定されないが、通常の製造方法にしたがって製造したものであってよい。例えば、本実施形態のカーボンナノチューブ分散液の製造方法は、カーボンナノチューブを水性液状媒体に分散させる処理を行うことが好ましい。かかる処理を行うために使用される分散装置は特に限定されない。
本実施形態のカーボンナノチューブ樹脂組成物は、上記カーボンナノチューブ分散液と、バインダー樹脂とを含むものであってよい。カーボンナノチューブ分散液の詳細は上記した通りである。すなわち、カーボンナノチューブ樹脂組成物は、カーボンナノチューブと、水性液状媒体と、バインダー樹脂とを含むものであってよい。水性液状媒体は、水、水溶性有機溶媒、又はこれらの組み合わせを含むものであってよい。カーボンナノチューブ樹脂組成物は、分散剤をさらに含んでもよく、任意成分をさらに含んでよい。詳細については上記した通りである。カーボンナノチューブ樹脂組成物は、非水電解質二次電池用樹脂組成物として用いることができる。
本実施形態の合材スラリーは、上記カーボンナノチューブ分散液と、バインダー樹脂と、活物質とを含むものであってよい。他の実施形態の合材スラリーは、上記カーボンナノチューブ樹脂組成物と、活物質とを含むものであってよい。カーボンナノチューブ樹脂組成物の詳細は上記した通りである。すなわち、合材スラリーは、カーボンナノチューブと、水性液状媒体と、バインダー樹脂と、活物質とを含むものであってよい。水性液状媒体は水、水溶性有機溶媒、又はこれらの組み合わせを含むものであってよい。合材スラリーは、分散剤をさらに含んでもよく、任意成分をさらに含んでもよい。詳細については上記した通りである。活物質は、正極活物質及び負極活物質のいずれであってもよい。合材スラリーは、非水電解質二次電池電極用合材スラリーとして用いることができき、非水電解質二次電池用正極合材スラリー及び非水電解質二次電池用負極合材スラリーのいずれであってもよい。
本実施形態の電極膜は、上記合材スラリーの塗工膜である。すなわち、電極膜は、カーボンナノチューブと、バインダー樹脂と、活物質とを含むものであってよい。活物質は正極活物質及び負極活物質のいずれであってもよい。電極膜は、分散剤をさらに含んでもよく、任意成分をさらに含んでもよい。詳細については上記した通りである。電極膜は、非水電解質二次電池電極用電極膜として用いることができ、非水電解質二次電池正極用電極膜及び非水電解質二次電池負極用電極膜のいずれであってもよい。
電極膜は、上記合材スラリーを用いて得られる塗工膜であってよく、例えば合材スラリーを塗工し乾燥して形成することができる。
本実施形態の非水電解質二次電池は、正極と、負極と、電解質とを含み、正極及び負極の少なくとも一方が上記電極膜を含むものである。正極及び負極はそれぞれ集電体と電極膜とを含むものであってよい。詳細については上記した通りである。非水電解質二次電池はリチウムイオン二次電池であることがより好ましい。
実施例及び比較例において、用いた未処理のカーボンナノチューブは以下の通りである。
BT1003M:LUCAN BT1003M、LG Chem Ltd.社製、多層CNT、外径10~15nm
JENOTUBE10B:JEIO社製、多層CNT、外径7~12nm
AMC(登録商標):宇部興産株式会社製、多層CNT、外径5~11nm
JENOTUBE6A:JEIO社製、多層CNT、外径5~7nm
実施例2~16、比較例4、5、7及び8では、表1に示すカーボンナノチューブの種類と製造条件を変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして、カーボンナノチューブ(2)~(16)、比較カーボンナノチューブ(4)、(5)、(7)及び(8)を得た。
比較例1~3では、粉砕処理を行わず未処理の比較カーボンナノチューブ(1)~(3)を用意した。
比較例6では、ペイントシェーカーにて、未処理カーボンナノチューブとしてBT1003M10部、直径2mmのジルコニアビーズ200部を粉砕メディアとして仕込み、40分間粉砕処理し、比較カーボンナノチューブ(6)を得た。
得られたカーボンナノチューブを用いて下記物性値を測定し、結果を表中に示す。
カーボンナノチューブのBJH法により算出した直径2nm以上200nm以下の細孔径分布におけるピークトップの細孔径Z(nm)は、窒素吸着等温線を測定し、直径2nm以上200nm以下の細孔径範囲内において極大値を示す細孔径(nm)である。直径2nm以上200nm以下の細孔径範囲において極大値が2つ以上ある場合は、ピーク高さが高いものをピークトップの細孔径Z(nm)とする。CNTの細孔径分布の測定手順は以下の通りである。
まず、CNTの細孔径分布の測定の前に、前処理温度305℃、前処理時間18~21時間でカーボンナノチューブを真空乾燥して前処理した。
前処理後に、0.04~0.07gのCNTを秤量し、全自動比表面積測定装置(Microtrac MRB社製、Belsorp MAX II)を用いて窒素吸着法によって以下の条件でCNTの窒素吸着等温線を測定した。
吸着温度:77K、吸着質:窒素。
CNTの窒素吸着等温線から、マイクロトラック・ベル株式会社推奨のFHH基準曲線を用いてBJHプロットを算出し、吸着側のピークトップの細孔径Z(nm)を求めた。
細孔容積のd=10~80の積分値は、細孔径分布において、直径2nm以上200nm以下の細孔容積の積分値に対して、直径10nm以上80nm以下の細孔容積の積分値の割合である。細孔容積のd=10~80の積分値は、上記して測定した窒素吸着等温線において直径2nm以上200nm以下の細孔容積の積分値と、直径10nm以上80nm以下の細孔容積の積分値とを算出することで求めた。
細孔容積のd=3~20の積分値は、細孔径分布において、直径2nm以上200nm以下の細孔容積の積分値に対して、直径3nm以上20nm以下の細孔容積の積分値の割合である。細孔容積のd=3~20の積分値は、上記して測定した窒素吸着等温線において直径2nm以上200nm以下の細孔容積の積分値と、直径3nm以上20nm以下の細孔容積の積分値とを算出することで求めた。
細孔容積は、相対圧力(p/p0)が0.99であるときの窒素吸着量から求められる全細孔容積である。細孔容積は、上記して測定した窒素吸着等温線において相対圧力(p/p0)が0.99であるときの窒素吸着量から求めた。
最大溶媒吸収能Yは、カーボンナノチューブが溶媒を吸収するときに、カーボンナノチューブの質量当たりの、カーボンナノチューブが吸収する溶媒の最大質量である。カーボンナノチューブが吸収する溶媒の最大質量は、カーボンナノチューブ粉末に溶媒を滴下するときに、カーボンナノチューブ粉末から溶媒が流れ出す直前まで滴下した溶媒の合計質量である。最大溶媒吸収能Yは、次の手順で測定した。
まず、測定の前に、前処理温度305℃、前処理時間18~21時間でカーボンナノチューブを真空乾燥して前処理する。
次に、25℃環境下で、直径10cmの円筒状ポリプロピレン製容器に、5g(Vg)のカーボンナノチューブ粉末を自然落下にて収容し、静置した状態で、N-メチル-2-ピロリドンを1回当たり0.5g、1分間隔でカーボンナノチューブ粉末の表面に滴下し、N-メチル-2-ピロリドンの液滴がカーボンナノチューブ粉末に吸収されずにカーボンナノチューブ粉末の表面に流れ出し始める直前まで滴下したN-メチル-2-ピロリドンの合計質量(Wg)を測定する。下記式5から最大溶媒吸収能を算出する。
(式5)最大溶媒吸収能(Y)=(吸収されるN-メチル-2-ピロリドンの質量(W))/(カーボンナノチューブの質量(V))
式5において、Vはカーボンナノチューブの質量であり、Wは25℃環境下でVgのカーボンナノチューブにN-メチル-2-ピロリドンを滴下し、カーボンナノチューブに吸収されるN-メチル-2-ピロリドンの最大の質量である。
嵩密度XはJIS K 5101-12-1に準拠して、次の手順で測定した。
まず、測定の前に、前処理温度305℃、前処理時間18~21時間でカーボンナノチューブを真空乾燥して前処理する。次に、カーボンナノチューブ粉末を保存中に形成された凝集体を解砕し、得られた試料を測定用容器に溢れるまで自由に流入させるために、試験を行うのに十分な量の試料を0.5mmのふるいを通して用意する。
用意したカーボンナノチューブ粉末を30mlのステンレス製円筒容器に自由落下させて収容し、容器の上面に盛り上がった部分をすり切った後に、カーボンナノチューブ粉末の質量を求め、容器の容積で除して嵩密度X(g/cm3)を求める。
電子天秤(sartorius社製、MSA225S100DI)を用いて、450mLのSMサンプル瓶(株式会社三商製)にCNT0.2gを計量し、トルエン200mLを加えて、超音波ホモジナイザー(Advanced Digital Sonifer(登録商標)、MODEL 450DA、BRANSON社製)を使用し、振幅50%で5分間氷冷下分散処理を行い、測定用CNT分散液を作製した。その後、CNT分散液を適宜希釈し、コロジオン膜状に数μL滴下し、室温で乾燥させた後、直接透過型電子顕微鏡(H-7650、株式会社日立製作所製)を用いて、観察した。観察は5万倍の倍率で、視野内に10本以上のCNTが含まれる写真を複数撮り、任意に抽出した300本のCNTの外径を測定し、その平均値をCNTの平均外径(nm)とした。
粉体抵抗率測定装置(日東精工アナリテック株式会社製:ロレスターGP粉体抵抗率測定システムMCP-PD-51)を用い、試料質量0.8gとし、粉体用プローブユニット(四探針・リング電極、電極間隔5.0mm、電極半径1.0mm、試料半径12.5mm)により、印加電圧リミッタを90Vとして、種々加圧下の導電性粉体の体積抵抗率[Ω・cm]を測定した。1g/cm3の密度におけるCNTの体積抵抗率の値について評価した。
まず、CNTの細孔径分布の測定の前に、前処理温度305℃、前処理時間18~21時間でカーボンナノチューブを真空乾燥して前処理した。
前処理後に、0.04~0.07gのCNTを秤量し、全自動比表面積測定装置(Microtrac MRB社製、Belsorp MAX II)を用いて窒素吸着法によって以下の条件でCNTの窒素吸着等温線を測定した。
吸着温度:77K、吸着質:窒素。
CNTの窒素吸着等温線からBET法を用いて算出した。
表2に示す処方及び製造条件にしたがって、実施例1-1では、ステンレス容器にCNT以外の材料を添加し溶解した。その後、CNT(1)を2.0質量部とり、ディスパーで撹拌しながら添加して、ハイシアミキサー(L5M-A、SILVERSON製)に角穴ハイシアスクリーンを装着し、8,600rpmの速度で全体が均一になり、グラインドゲージにて分散粒度が250μm以下になるまでバッチ式分散を行った。このとき、グラインドゲージにて確認した分散粒度は220μmであった。続いて、ステンレス容器から、配管を介して高圧ホモジナイザー(スターバーストラボHJP-17007、株式会社スギノマシン製)に被分散液を供給し、循環式分散処理を行った。分散処理はシングルノズルチャンバーを使用し、ノズル径0.25mm、圧力100MPaにて行った。被分散液のB型粘度計(TOKISANGYO製、VISCOMETER、MODEL:BL)で測定した60rpmにおける粘度が3,000mPa・s以下となるまで循環を繰り返して分散した後、ディスパーで撹拌しながら、ステンレス容器に0.5質量部のCNT(1)をさらに添加し、再び高圧ホモジナイザーにより循環式分散処理を行った。高圧ホモジナイザーにより粘度が3,000mPa・s以下となるまで循環を繰り返して分散した後に、ディスパーで撹拌しながらステンレス容器に0.5質量部のCNT(1)を追加する作業を、合計で6回繰り返した(CNT(1)の合計添加量は5.0質量部である)。引き続き、高圧ホモジナイザーにて合計で30回になるまでパス式分散処理を行い、5.0質量部のCNTを含むCNT分散液1-1を得た。
PVP:ポリビニルピロリドン「K-30」(株式会社日本触媒製)
PVA:クラレポバール「PVA-403」(株式会社クラレ製)、ポリビニルアルコール(平均重合度300、ケン化度87.0~89.0モル%)
ZETPOLE2000L:水素化ニトリルゴム、日本ゼオン株式会社製
ZETPOLE2010L:水素化ニトリルゴム、日本ゼオン株式会社製
Therban3404:水素化ブタジエンアクリロニトリル共重合体、ランクセス社製
Therban3406:水素化ブタジエンアクリロニトリル共重合体、ランクセス社製
Therban4307:水素化ブタジエンアクリロニトリル共重合体、ランクセス社製
CMC:カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム塩「サンローズA APP-84」(日本製紙株式会社製、重量平均分子量17600)
PAN:アクリロニトリルとアクリル酸の共重合体、下記処方で合成したもの
PAA:ポリアクリル酸、富士フイルム和光純薬株式会社製、平均分子量25,000
CNT分散液の作製において用いた添加剤は、2-アミノエタノール、NaOH、Na2CO3である。
ガス導入管、温度計、コンデンサー、攪拌機を備えた反応容器に、アセトニトリル100部を仕込み、窒素ガスで置換した。反応容器内を75℃に加熱して、アクリロニトリル90.0部、アクリル酸10.0部、および2,2’-アゾビス(2,4-ジメチルバレロニトリル)を(日油株式会社製「V-65」)5.0部の混合物を3時間かけて滴下し、重合反応を行った。滴下終了後、さらに75℃で1時間反応させた後、パーブチルOを0.5部添加し、さらに75℃で1時間反応を続けた。その後、不揮発分測定にて転化率が98%超えたことを確認し、減圧濃縮して分散媒を完全に除去し、アクリロニトリルとアクリル酸の共重合体を得た。アクリロニトリルとアクリル酸の共重合体の重量平均分子量(Mw)は45,000であった。
粘度値の測定は、B型粘度計(東機産業株式会社製「BL」)を用いて、CNT分散液の温度25℃にて、分散液をヘラで十分に撹拌した後、B型粘度計ローター回転速度60rpmにて直ちに行った。測定に使用したローターは、粘度値が100mPA・s未満の場合はNo.1を、100以上500mPa・s未満の場合はNo.2を、500以上2,000mPa・s未満の場合はNo.3を、2,000以上10,000mPa・s未満の場合はNo.4のローターをそれぞれ用いた。低粘度であるほど分散性が良好であり、高粘度であるほど分散性が不良である。得られた分散液が明らかに分離又は沈降しているものは分散性不良とした。
判定基準
◎:500mPa・s未満
〇:500mPa・s以上2000mPa・s未満
△:2000mPa・s以上10000mPa・s未満
×:10000mPa・s以上、沈降または分離
貯蔵安定性の評価は、CNT分散液を50℃にて7日間静置して保存した後の、液性状の変化から以下の判定基準で評価した。液性状の変化は、CNT分散液をヘラで撹拌した際の撹拌しやすさから判断した。
判定基準
◎:初期同等
〇:粘度がやや変化した
△:粘度は上昇しているがゲル化はしていない
×:ゲル化している
光沢測定用の試料は、CNT分散液を平滑なガラス基板上に1mL滴下し、No.7のバーコーターにて2cm/秒で塗工した後、140℃の熱風オーブンで10分間焼き付け、放冷して得た。塗工面積は約10cm×10cmとした。光沢計(BYK Gardner製光沢計 micro-gross60°)を用い、端部を除く塗膜面内の3か所を無作為に選び、1回ずつ測定して平均値を60°における光沢とした。
判定基準
◎:50以上
〇:30以上50未満
△:10以上30未満
×:10未満
CNT分散液の複素弾性率は、直径35mm、2°のコーンにてレオメーター(Thermo Fisher Scientific株式会社製RheoStress1回転式レオメーター)を用い、25℃、周波数1Hzにて、ひずみ率0.01%から5%の範囲で動的粘弾性測定を実施することで評価した。
判定基準
◎:5Pa以上50Pa未満
〇:1Pa以上5Pa未満、または50Pa以上100Pa以下
×:1Pa未満、または100Paを超える
50%粒子径は粒度分布測定装置(Partical LA-960V2、株式会社堀場製作所製)を用いて測定した。循環/超音波の動作条件は、循環速度:3、超音波強度:7、超音波時間:1分、撹拌速度:1、撹拌モード:連続とした。また、空気抜き中は超音波強度7、超音波時間5秒で超音波作動を行った。NMPの屈折率は1.468、水の屈折率は1.333、カーボン材料の屈折率は1.92とした。測定は、測定試料を赤色レーザーダイオードの透過率が60~80%となるように希釈した後行い、粒子径基準は体積基準とした。
判定基準
◎:0.4μm以上5μm以下
〇:5μm超過10μm以下
×:0.4μm未満、または10μmを超える
実施例1-1~1~17、2-1~2-2、3-1~3-16、4-1~4-2、5-1~5-2、6-1~6-2、7-1~7-2、8-1~8-16、9-1~9-16、10-1~10-2、11-1~11-2、比較例1―1~1-2、2-1~2-2、4-1、5-1、6-1、7-1(以下、実施例1~11及び比較例1~2、4~7と称することがある)のCNT分散液の作製において、高圧ホモジナイザーにより粘度が3,000mPa・s以下となるまで循環を繰り返して分散した後に、ディスパーで撹拌しながらステンレス容器に0.5質量部のCNTを追加する作業を繰り返す間において、6回目の循環が完了した時点で到達したCNT濃度から、以下の基準で仕込み性を評価した。6回目の循環が完了した時点でのCNT濃度がより高いことで、仕込み性がよいと判断される。
判定基準
◎:4質量部超
〇:3質量部超4質量部以下
△:2質量部超3質量部以下
×:2質量部以下
実施例12-1~12-2、13-1~13-16、14-1~14-16、15-1~15-2、16-1~16-2、比較例3-1、3-2、8-1(以下、実施例12~16及び比較例3、8と称することがある)のCNT分散液の作製において、高圧ホモジナイザーにより粘度が3,000mPa・s以下となるまで循環を繰り返して分散した後に、ディスパーで撹拌しながらステンレス容器に0.5質量部のCNTを追加する作業を繰り返す間において、10回目の循環が完了した時点で到達したCNT濃度から、以下の基準で仕込み性を評価した。10回目の循環が完了した時点でのCNT濃度がより高いことで、仕込み性がよいと判断される。
判定基準
◎:1.5質量部超
〇:1質量部超1.5質量部以下
△:0.5質量部超1質量部以下
×:0.5質量部以下
表3に示す処方にしたがって、実施例1-1では、容量150cm3のプラスチック容器にCNT分散液1-1と、CNT分散液と同じ媒体としてNMPとを加えた後、自転・公転ミキサー(株式会社シンキー製あわとり練太郎、ARE-310)を用いて、2,000rpmで30秒間撹拌し、その後、正極活物質としてNMCを添加し、自転・公転ミキサー(株式会社シンキー製あわとり練太郎、ARE-310)を用いて、2,000rpmで150秒間撹拌した。さらにその後、バインダー樹脂としてPVDFを添加し、自転・公転ミキサー(株式会社シンキー製あわとり練太郎、ARE-310)を用いて、2,000rpmで30秒間撹拌し、正極合材スラリーを得た。正極合材スラリーの不揮発分は75質量%とした。正極合材スラリーの不揮発分の内、活物質:CNT:バインダー樹脂の不揮発分比率は98.2:0.3:1.5とした。また、実施例12~16及び比較例3、8おいても同様に、正極合材スラリーを得た。実施例12~16及び比較例3、8における正極合材スラリーの不揮発分の内、活物質:CNT:バインダー樹脂の不揮発分比率は98.25:0.25:1.5とした。
用いた成分は以下の通りである。
活物質「NMC」:NCM523(日本化学工業株式会社製、組成:LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2、固形分100%)
活物質「LFP」:リン酸鉄リチウムHED(商標)LFP-400(BASF製、不揮発分100%)
バインダー樹脂「PVDF」:ポリフッ化ビニリデン(Solef#5130(Solvey株式会社製)、固形分100%)
バインダー樹脂「PTFE」:ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリフロン「PTFED-210C」(ダイキン工業株式会社製、不揮発分60%)
得られた正極を、日東精工アナリテック株式会社製:ロレスターGP、MCP-T610を用いて合材層の表面抵抗率(Ω/□)を測定した。測定後、合材層の厚みを乗算し、正極の体積抵抗率(Ω・cm)とした。合材層の厚みは、膜厚計(株式会社NIKON製、DIGIMICROMH-15M)を用いて、電極中の3点を測定した平均値から、アルミ箔の膜厚を減算し、正極の体積抵抗率(Ω・cm)とした。
判定基準
◎:10Ω・cm未満
〇:10Ω・cm以上20Ω・cm未満
×:20Ω・cm以上
表4に示す処方及び製造条件にしたがって、実施例1-13では、容量150cm3のプラスチック容器にCNT分散液と、CNT分散液と同じ媒体として水とを加えた後、自転・公転ミキサー(株式会社シンキー製あわとり練太郎、ARE-310)を用いて、2,000rpmで30秒間撹拌した。その後、負極活物質として人造黒鉛、シリコンを添加し、前記の自転・公転ミキサーを用いて、2,000rpmで150秒間撹拌した。さらにその後、CMC、SBRを加えて、前記の自転・公転ミキサーを用いて、2,000rpmで30秒間撹拌し、負極合材スラリーを得た。負極合材スラリーの不揮発分は48質量%とした。負極合材スラリーの不揮発分の内、人造黒鉛:シリコン:CNT:CMC:SBRの不揮発分比率は87:10:0.5:1:1.5とした。また、実施例12~16及び比較例3、8においても同様に、負極合材スラリーを得た。実施例12~16及び比較例3、8における負極合材スラリーの不揮発分の内、人造黒鉛:シリコン:CNT:CMC:SBRの不揮発分比率は87.1:10:0.4:1.5とした。
用いた成分は以下の通りである。
人造黒鉛:CGB-20(日本黒鉛工業株式会社製、不揮発分100%)
シリコン:一酸化珪素(株式会社大阪チタニウムテクノロジーズ製、SILICONMONOOXIDE、SiO 1.3C 5μm、不揮発分100%)
バインダー樹脂「CMC」:MAC500LC(カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム塩サンローズ特殊タイプMAC500LC、日本製紙株式会社製、不揮発分100%)
バインダー樹脂「SBR」:スチレン-ブタジエンゴムTRD2001(JSR株式会社製、不揮発分48%)
得られた負極を、アルミ箔の替わりに銅箔とした以外は負極と同様の方法で導電性評価した。
判定基準
◎:0.3Ω・cm未満
〇:0.3Ω・cm以上0.5Ω・cm未満
×:0.5Ω・cm以上
正極活物質としてLFP(HED(商標)LFP-400、BASF製、不揮発分100%)69.0質量部、アセチレンブラック(デンカブラック(登録商標)HS-100、デンカ製、不揮発分100%)3.0質量部、MAC500LC(カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム塩サンローズ特殊タイプMAC500LC、日本製紙株式会社製、不揮発分100%)1.2質量部を容量150mlのプラスチック容器に加えた後、ヘラを用いて粉末が均一になるまで混合した。その後、水を65.4質量部添加し、自転・公転ミキサー(株式会社シンキー製あわとり練太郎、ARE-310)を用いて、2,000rpmで30秒間撹拌した。その後、プラスチック容器内の混合物をヘラを用いて、均一になるまで混合し、前記の自転・公転ミキサーを用いて、PTFE(ダイキン製、不揮発分60質量%)3.0質量部を加え、2,000rpmで30秒間撹拌した。さらにその後、水を8.4質量部添加し、前記の自転・公転ミキサーを用いて、2,000rpmで30秒間撹拌した。最後に、高速撹拌機を用いて、3,000rpmで10分間撹拌し、標準正極合材スラリーを得た。標準正極合材スラリーの不揮発分は50質量%とした。
容量150mlのプラスチック容器にアセチレンブラック(デンカブラック(登録商標)HS-100、デンカ製)0.5質量部と、MAC500LC(カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウム塩サンローズ特殊タイプMAC500LC、日本製紙株式会社製、不揮発分100%)1質量部と、水98.4質量部とを加えた後、自転・公転ミキサー(株式会社シンキー製あわとり練太郎、ARE-310)を用いて、2,000rpmで30秒間撹拌した。さらに活物質として人造黒鉛(CGB-20、日本黒鉛工業株式会社製)を87質量部、シリコンを10質量部添加し、自転・公転ミキサー(株式会社シンキー製あわとり練太郎、ARE-310)を用いて、2,000rpmで150秒間撹拌した。続いてSBR(TRD2001、JSR製)を3.1質量部加えて、自転・公転ミキサー(株式会社シンキー製あわとり練太郎、ARE-310)を用いて、2,000rpmで30秒間撹拌し、標準負極合材スラリーを得た。標準負極合材スラリーの不揮発分は50質量%とした。
作製した負極および正極を使用して、各々50mm×45mm、45mm×40mmに打ち抜き、その間にセパレーター(多孔質ポリプロピレンフィルム)を挿入し、これらをアルミ製ラミネート袋に挿入し、電気オーブン中、70℃で1時間乾燥した。その後、アルゴンガスで満たされたグローブボックス内で、電解液(エチレンカーボネートとジメチルカーボネートとジエチルカーボネートを体積比1:1:1の割合で混合した混合溶媒を作製し、さらに添加剤として、ビニレンカーボネートを100質量部に対して1質量部加えた後、LiPF6を1Mの濃度で溶解させた非水電解液)を2mL注入した後、アルミ製ラミネートを封口して非水電解質二次電池をそれぞれ作製した。
得られた非水電解質二次電池を25℃の恒温室内に設置し、充放電装置(北斗電工株式会社製、SM-8)を用いて充放電測定を行った。充電電流10mA(0.2C)にて充電終止電圧4.3Vで定電流定電圧充電(カットオフ電流1mA(0.02C))を行った後、放電電流10mA(0.2C)にて、放電終止電圧3Vで定電流放電を行った。この操作を3回繰り返した後、充電電流10mA(0.2C)にて正極活物質がNMCの場合は充電終止電圧4.3Vで、正極活物質がLFPの場合は充電終止電圧3.8Vで定電流定電圧充電(カットオフ電流(1mA0.02C))を行い、放電電流0.2Cおよび3Cで放電終止電圧3.0Vに達するまで定電流放電を行って、それぞれ放電容量を求めた。レート特性は0.2C放電容量と3C放電容量の比、以下の数式1で表すことができる。
(数式1)レート特性=3C放電容量/3回目の0.2C放電容量×100(%)
判定基準
◎:80%以上
〇:60%以上80%未満
×:60%未満
得られた非水電解質二次電池を25℃の恒温室内に設置し、充放電装置(北斗電工株式会社製、SM-8)を用いて充放電測定を行った。充電電流25mA(0.5C)にて正極活物質がNMCの場合は充電終止電圧4.3Vで、正極活物質がLFPの場合は充電終止電圧3.8Vで定電流定電圧充電(カットオフ電流2.5mA(0.05C))を行った後、放電電流25mA(0.5C)にて、放電終止電圧3Vで定電流放電を行った。この操作を200回繰り返した。サイクル特性は25℃における3回目の0.5C放電容量と200回目の0.5C放電容量の比、以下の数式2で表すことができる。
(数式2)サイクル特性=3回目の0.5C放電容量/200回目の0.5C放電容量×100(%)
判定基準
◎:85%以上
〇:80%以上85%未満
×:80%未満
Claims (16)
- カーボンナノチューブのBJH法により算出した直径2nm以上200nm以下の細孔径分布におけるピークトップの細孔径をZ(nm)とするとき、3≦Z≦80を満たし、
下記(A)又は(B)を満たす、カーボンナノチューブ。
(A)前記細孔径分布において、直径2nm以上200nm以下の細孔容積の積分値に対して、直径10nm以上80nm以下の細孔容積の積分値が50%以上であり、細孔容積が1.10~2.20cm3/gである。
(B)前記細孔径分布において、直径2nm以上200nm以下の細孔容積の積分値に対して、直径3nm以上20nm以下の細孔容積の積分値が50%以上であり、細孔容積が0.80~1.90cm3/gである。 - カーボンナノチューブの平均外径が5~20nmである、請求項1に記載のカーボンナノチューブ。
- カーボンナノチューブの体積抵抗率が1.0×10-2~3.0×10-2Ω・cmである、請求項1又は2に記載のカーボンナノチューブ。
- 下記式5で定義される最大溶媒吸収能をYとし、嵩密度をX(g/cm3)とするとき、下記式1~式4を満たす、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載のカーボンナノチューブ。
(式1)Y≦-110X+32.35
(式2)Y≧180X-19.95
(式3)Y≧-200X+27
(式4)Y≦200X+7
(式5)最大溶媒吸収能(Y)=(吸収されるN-メチル-2-ピロリドンの質量(W))/(カーボンナノチューブの質量(V))
(式5において、Vはカーボンナノチューブの質量(g)であり、Wは25℃環境下でVgのカーボンナノチューブにN-メチル-2-ピロリドンを滴下するときに、カーボンナノチューブに吸収されるN-メチル-2-ピロリドンの最大の質量(g)である。) - 前記(A)を満たし、かつ40≦Z≦80を満たす、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載のカーボンナノチューブ。
- 下記式5で定義される最大溶媒吸収能をYとし、嵩密度をX(g/cm3)とするとき、下記式1-1~式4-1を満たす、請求項5に記載のカーボンナノチューブ。
(式1-1)Y≦-200X+37
(式2-1)Y≧200X-17
(式3-1)Y≧-200X+27
(式4-1)Y≦200X+7
(式5)最大溶媒吸収能(Y)=(吸収されるN-メチル-2-ピロリドンの質量(W))/(カーボンナノチューブの質量(V))
(式5において、Vはカーボンナノチューブの質量(g)であり、Wは25℃環境下でVgのカーボンナノチューブにN-メチル-2-ピロリドンを滴下するときに、カーボンナノチューブに吸収されるN-メチル-2-ピロリドンの最大の質量(g)である。) - 前記(B)を満たし、かつ3≦Z≦20を満たす、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載のカーボンナノチューブ。
- 下記式5で定義される最大溶媒吸収能をYとし、嵩密度をX(g/cm3)とするとき、下記式1-2~式4-2を満たす、請求項7に記載のカーボンナノチューブ。
(式1-2)Y≦-110X+32.35
(式2-2)Y≧180X-19.95
(式3-2)Y≧-110X+23.55
(式4-2)Y≦180X+7.6
(式5)最大溶媒吸収能(Y)=(吸収されるN-メチル-2-ピロリドンの質量(W))/(カーボンナノチューブの質量(V))
(式5において、Vはカーボンナノチューブの質量(g)であり、Wは25℃環境下でVgのカーボンナノチューブにN-メチル-2-ピロリドンを滴下するときに、カーボンナノチューブに吸収されるN-メチル-2-ピロリドンの最大の質量(g)である。) - 請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載のカーボンナノチューブと、水性液状媒体とを含む、カーボンナノチューブ分散液。
- 分散剤をさらに含み、前記分散剤の含有量は、カーボンナノチューブ100質量部に対して、10~150質量部である、請求項9に記載のカーボンナノチューブ分散液。
- 請求項9又は10に記載のカーボンナノチューブ分散液と、バインダー樹脂とを含む、カーボンナノチューブ樹脂組成物。
- 請求項9又は10に記載のカーボンナノチューブ分散液と、バインダー樹脂と、活物質とを含む、合材スラリー。
- 請求項12に記載の合材スラリーの塗工膜を含む、電極膜。
- 正極と、負極と、電解質とを含み、前記正極及び前記負極の少なくとも一方は、請求項13に記載の電極膜を含む、非水電解質二次電池。
- 請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載のカーボンナノチューブを含む、非水電解質二次電池。
- 請求項14又は15に記載の非水電解質二次電池を含む、車両。
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| WO2025023729A1 (ko) * | 2023-07-26 | 2025-01-30 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 탄소 나노튜브 분산액 및 이의 제조방법 |
| WO2025134992A1 (ja) * | 2023-12-19 | 2025-06-26 | 株式会社クラレ | カーボンナノチューブ分散液、樹脂組成物、合材スラリー、電極膜及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
| JP7528392B1 (ja) | 2024-03-29 | 2024-08-05 | 住友化学株式会社 | カーボンナノチューブ集合体、カーボンナノチューブ分散液、導電材料、電極、二次電池、平面状集合体、フィルター、電磁波シールド及び極端紫外線用ペリクル |
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| JP7785233B1 (ja) * | 2025-01-30 | 2025-12-12 | 住友化学株式会社 | カーボンナノチューブ集合体、導電材料、電極、二次電池、平面状集合体、積層体、フィルター、電磁波シールド、及び極端紫外線用ペリクル |
| JP7785235B1 (ja) * | 2025-03-27 | 2025-12-12 | 住友化学株式会社 | カーボンナノチューブ集合体、導電材料、電極、二次電池、平面状集合体、積層体、フィルター、電磁波シールド、極端紫外線用ペリクル、及び、平均曲率の測定方法 |
| JP7785234B1 (ja) * | 2025-03-27 | 2025-12-12 | 住友化学株式会社 | カーボンナノチューブ集合体、導電材料、電極、二次電池、平面状集合体、積層体、フィルター、電磁波シールド及び極端紫外線用ペリクル |
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| WO2025047828A1 (ja) * | 2023-09-01 | 2025-03-06 | artience株式会社 | カーボンナノチューブ分散組成物、合材スラリー、電極膜、および二次電池 |
| JP2025036305A (ja) * | 2023-09-01 | 2025-03-14 | artience株式会社 | カーボンナノチューブ分散組成物、合材スラリー、電極膜、および二次電池 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
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| US20250087696A1 (en) | 2025-03-13 |
| CA3242272A1 (en) | 2023-07-06 |
| KR20240105517A (ko) | 2024-07-05 |
| CN118591506A (zh) | 2024-09-03 |
| EP4458910A1 (en) | 2024-11-06 |
| JP2023098706A (ja) | 2023-07-10 |
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