WO2023127679A1 - 金属の表面処理液 - Google Patents
金属の表面処理液 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023127679A1 WO2023127679A1 PCT/JP2022/047292 JP2022047292W WO2023127679A1 WO 2023127679 A1 WO2023127679 A1 WO 2023127679A1 JP 2022047292 W JP2022047292 W JP 2022047292W WO 2023127679 A1 WO2023127679 A1 WO 2023127679A1
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- surface treatment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/04—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D183/00—Coating compositions based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing silicon, with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon only; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
- C09D183/04—Polysiloxanes
- C09D183/08—Polysiloxanes containing silicon bound to organic groups containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/04—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B15/08—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G77/04—Polysiloxanes
- C08G77/22—Polysiloxanes containing silicon bound to organic groups containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
- C08G77/26—Polysiloxanes containing silicon bound to organic groups containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen and oxygen nitrogen-containing groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
- C09D5/002—Priming paints
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
- C09D7/40—Additives
- C09D7/60—Additives non-macromolecular
- C09D7/61—Additives non-macromolecular inorganic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
- C09D7/40—Additives
- C09D7/60—Additives non-macromolecular
- C09D7/63—Additives non-macromolecular organic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
- C09J5/00—Adhesive processes in general; Adhesive processes not provided for elsewhere, e.g. relating to primers
- C09J5/02—Adhesive processes in general; Adhesive processes not provided for elsewhere, e.g. relating to primers involving pretreatment of the surfaces to be joined
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
- C23C22/06—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
- C23C22/48—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 not containing phosphates, hexavalent chromium compounds, fluorides or complex fluorides, molybdates, tungstates, vanadates or oxalates
- C23C22/52—Treatment of copper or alloys based thereon
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K1/00—Printed circuits
- H05K1/02—Details
- H05K1/09—Use of materials for the conductive, e.g. metallic pattern
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
- H05K3/22—Secondary treatment of printed circuits
- H05K3/28—Applying non-metallic protective coatings
- H05K3/285—Permanent coating compositions
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
- H05K3/38—Improvement of the adhesion between the insulating substrate and the metal
- H05K3/389—Improvement of the adhesion between the insulating substrate and the metal by the use of a coupling agent, e.g. silane
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits covered by H05K3/00
- H05K2203/07—Treatments involving liquids, e.g. plating, rinsing
- H05K2203/0779—Treatments involving liquids, e.g. plating, rinsing characterised by the specific liquids involved
- H05K2203/0786—Using an aqueous solution, e.g. for cleaning or during drilling of holes
- H05K2203/0789—Aqueous acid solution, e.g. for cleaning or etching
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a metal surface treatment liquid. More particularly, the present invention relates to a metal surface treatment liquid capable of producing an organic coating placed on the metal surface to improve the adhesion between the metal and the resin.
- Patent Document 1 describes a film-forming composition for forming a film for improving adhesion with a resin on the surface of copper or a copper alloy in a printed wiring board. Specifically, attempts have been made to improve the adhesion between copper and resin by adjusting the type of silane coupling agent, copper ion concentration, Cu/Si molar ratio, and pH contained in the film-forming composition.
- Patent Document 2 describes a copper surface treatment agent containing a tin compound, a complexing agent, and a silane coupling agent. More specifically, attempts have been made to improve the adhesion between metal and resin by surface treatment agents by including tin compounds or complexing agents or by adjusting the pH of the solution.
- Patent Document 3 describes a surface treatment liquid containing a specific silane coupling agent, specific organic acid ions, inorganic acid ions, alkali metal ions and/or ammonium ions, and copper ions. Specifically, attempts have been made to improve the adhesion between metal and resin by including a combination of the above components in the surface treatment liquid.
- the inventors of the present invention have found that the above-described conventional techniques still do not provide sufficient adhesion between metal and resin. For example, when a resin layer is formed on the surface of an organic film and the resin is heat-cured, or when HAST treatment (high-temperature and high-humidity treatment) is further performed after heat-curing, sufficient adhesion between the metal and the resin is obtained. It wasn't. They also found that the chemical resistance of the organic coating is not sufficient when a resin layer formed on a metal with an organic coating interposed therebetween is immersed in a chemical (for example, a basic solution, an acidic solution, or an organic solvent).
- a chemical for example, a basic solution, an acidic solution, or an organic solvent
- the organic film dissolves in chemicals, a space may appear between the metal and the resin, and/or peeling may occur at the bonded portion between the metal and the resin. Furthermore, the inventors have also found that, for example, if the surface treatment liquid is left to stand during preparation or after preparation, a precipitate is generated in the surface treatment liquid, and an organic film having a sufficient thickness cannot be obtained.
- adheresiveness refers to the surface of an organic film formed on a metal surface, even if the resin (layer) is heat-cured or HAST-treated after heat-curing, It refers to the property that the resin (layer) adheres to each other with sufficiently high strength.
- Chemical resistance refers to the property that the organic film is difficult to dissolve even when it comes into contact with a basic solution (especially a strongly basic solution such as a desmear solution), an acidic solution, or an organic solvent.
- storage stability refers to the property that deposits due to the silane coupling agent are less likely to occur in the surface treatment liquid even after the surface treatment liquid has been prepared and stored.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a surface treatment liquid having excellent storage stability, capable of forming an organic film having sufficiently excellent adhesion between metal and resin and having excellent chemical resistance. do.
- the present invention is capable of obtaining sufficient adhesion between a metal and a resin even after full curing of the resin and after HAST (high-temperature, high-humidity treatment) of an adhesive structure between the metal and the resin, and To provide a surface treatment liquid excellent in storage stability, capable of forming an organic film having excellent chemical resistance to basic solutions (especially strong basic solutions such as desmear solutions), acidic solutions or organic solvents. aim.
- the present invention A metal surface treatment liquid for forming an organic film on a metal surface, the surface treatment liquid containing a silane coupling agent and an acid, and having a pH of 1.9 or less. Regarding.
- the metal surface treatment liquid according to the present invention is capable of forming an organic film having sufficiently excellent adhesion between metal and resin and excellent chemical resistance.
- the surface treatment liquid of the present invention has excellent storage stability.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an example of an organic film produced using the metal surface treatment liquid of the present invention
- FIG. FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an example of an organic film produced using the metal surface treatment liquid of the present invention, and is a partially enlarged view showing an enlarged vicinity of a convex portion.
- 1 is a microscopic photograph (SEM photograph) based on a cross-sectional view of a test piece in Example 1, which is an example of an SEM photograph (secondary electron image) showing protrusions that an organic film has on a surface opposite to a metal.
- SEM photograph is a microscopic photograph (SEM photograph) based on a cross-sectional view of the test piece in Example 2, which is an example of a SEM photograph (secondary electron image) showing protrusions that the organic film has on the surface opposite to the metal.
- SEM photograph based on a plan view of the test piece in Example 2, which is an example of an SEM photograph (secondary electron image) showing convex portions that the organic coating has on the surface opposite to the metal (30,000 times).
- a microscopic photograph (SEM photograph) based on a plan view of the test piece in Example 2 which is an example of an SEM photograph (secondary electron image) showing convex portions that the organic coating has on the surface opposite to the metal (5,000 times).
- a microscope photograph (SEM photograph) based on a plan view of the test piece in Example 2 an example of an SEM photograph (backscattered electron image) showing a convex portion that the organic coating has on the surface opposite to the metal (5,000 times ).
- a metal surface treatment liquid according to the present invention is a metal surface treatment liquid for forming an organic film on a metal surface, the surface treatment liquid containing a silane coupling agent and an acid, and It is an aqueous solution with the following pH.
- the silane coupling agent precipitates and aggregates on the surface of the metal, resulting in the formation of an organic film having protrusions. Therefore, the organic film is composed of deposits or aggregates containing a silane coupling agent, and contributes to improving the adhesion between metal and resin. If the pH of the surface treatment liquid is higher than 1.9, it is impossible to obtain an organic film having protrusions.
- the pH of the surface treatment liquid is 1.9 or less (especially -1.0 or more and 1.9 or less), for example, a range of -1.0 or more and less than 1.0 (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “range A” ) and a range of 1.0 to 1.9 (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “range B”).
- range A a range of -1.0 or more and less than 1.0
- range B a range of 1.0 to 1.9
- “less than 1.0” means a numerical range smaller than 1.0 and not including 1.0.
- the pH of the surface treatment solution is preferably -1.0 or more and 1.5 or less, more preferably -1.0 or more and 1.5 or less, from the viewpoint of further improving the adhesion between metal and resin, chemical resistance and storage stability, and the formation of convex portions.
- the above range A more preferably -0.7 or more and less than 1.0, particularly preferably -0.7 or more and 0.55 or less, sufficiently preferably -0.5 or more and 0.5 or less, more preferably - 0.4 or more and 0.5 or less, most preferably -0.35 or more and -0.05 or less.
- the pH range "-1.0 or more and 1.5 or less” includes the range of -1.0 or more and less than 1.0 (that is, the above "range A”) and the range of 1.0 or more and 1.5 or less (hereinafter, "range (sometimes referred to as B')).
- the pH of the surface treatment liquid is preferably from the viewpoint of further improving the adhesion between metal and resin, chemical resistance and storage stability. is -1.0 or more, more preferably -0.5 or more, more preferably -0.4 or more, particularly preferably -0.2 or more, sufficiently preferably -0.1 or more, most preferably 0.1 That's it.
- the upper limit of the pH is usually 1.9, and the pH is preferably 1.5 or less from the viewpoint of further improving the adhesion between metal and resin, chemical resistance and storage stability.
- the pH of the surface treatment liquid is preferably ⁇ 1.0 or more, more preferably ⁇ 0.8 or more, and still more preferably ⁇ 0.4 or more.
- the upper limit of the pH is usually 1.9, and the pH is preferably 1.5 or less from the viewpoint of further improving the adhesion between metal and resin, chemical resistance and storage stability. It is more preferably less than 1.0, still more preferably 0.9 or less, particularly preferably 0.6 or less, fully preferably 0.2 or less, and much more preferably ⁇ 0.15 or less.
- the pH of the surface treatment liquid can be controlled by adjusting the type and content of acid and base.
- the pH value measured by a pH meter (HM-30R manufactured by Toa DKK) is used.
- a pH meter manufactured by Toa DKK
- three types of pH standard solutions pH 1.68 standard solution, pH 4.01 standard solution, pH 6.86 standard solution
- the pH meter was calibrated.
- the pH of the surface treatment liquid was measured at 20°C ⁇ 0.2°C.
- the metal to be surface-treated using the surface treatment liquid of the present invention is not particularly limited, and examples include copper, aluminum, titanium, nickel, tin, iron, silver, gold, and alloys thereof.
- Specific examples of alloys include copper alloys, which are not particularly limited as long as they contain copper.
- alloys include aluminum alloys (Al--Si alloys), nickel alloys (Ni--Cr alloys), iron alloys (Fe--Ni alloys, stainless steel, steel), and the like.
- Al--Si alloys aluminum alloys
- Ni--Cr alloys nickel alloys
- iron alloys Fe--Ni alloys
- stainless steel steel
- the metal may in particular be a metal circuit (especially a copper circuit) of a printed wiring board.
- Metal is also commonly referred to as a "metal substrate” and may have any shape.
- the surface roughness of the metal surface with which the surface treatment liquid of the present invention is in contact is not particularly limited.
- Ra (arithmetic mean roughness) may be 0.20 ⁇ m or less, preferably 0.10 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.10 ⁇ m or less, from the viewpoint of preventing deterioration of electrical characteristics (transmission loss) due to the skin effect of metal.
- 05 ⁇ m or less 0.05 ⁇ m or less.
- Rz maximum height roughness
- Rz maximum height roughness
- ⁇ Sa (arithmetic mean height) may be 0.16 ⁇ m or less, and from the viewpoint of preventing deterioration of electrical characteristics (transmission loss) due to the skin effect of metal, preferably 0.08 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.04 ⁇ m It is below. Sa is usually 0.001 ⁇ m or more.
- - Sq root mean square height
- ⁇ Sz maximum height
- Sz is usually 0.01 ⁇ m or more.
- ⁇ Sp maximum peak height
- ⁇ Sv maximum valley depth
- Sv maximum valley depth
- - Ssk (skewness (bias)) is preferably -0.5 or more and 0.5 or less, preferably -0.3 or more from the viewpoint of preventing deterioration of electrical characteristics (transmission loss) due to the skin effect of metal, It is 0.3 or less, more preferably -0.2 or more and 0.2 or less.
- - Sku (kurtosis) is preferably 2 or more and 10 or less, more preferably 2.5 or more and 8 or less.
- Std the direction of the surface shape
- the Sdq root mean square slope
- the Sdq may be 0.5 ⁇ m or less, preferably 0.2 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.2 ⁇ m or less from the viewpoint of preventing deterioration of electrical characteristics (transmission loss) due to the skin effect of metal.
- Sdq is usually 0.01 ⁇ m or more.
- - Sdr development area ratio of the interface
- Sdr is usually 0.0001 ⁇ m or more
- ⁇ Sk level difference in the core portion
- Sk is usually 0.01 ⁇ m or more.
- - Spk may be preferably 0.3 ⁇ m or less, preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or less from the viewpoint of preventing deterioration of electrical characteristics (transmission loss) due to the skin effect of metal is 0.05 ⁇ m or less.
- Spk is typically 0.001 ⁇ m or greater.
- ⁇ Svk protruding valley height
- Svk is typically 0.001 ⁇ m or greater.
- - Smr1 loaded area ratio separating the projecting peak portion and the core portion
- - Smr2 loaded area ratio separating protruding troughs and cores
- ⁇ Sxp pole height (difference between the height of the load area ratio of 2.5% and the height of the load area ratio of 50%)) is preferably 0.002 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.005 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less, More preferably, it is 0.010 ⁇ m or more and 3 ⁇ m or less.
- ⁇ Vvv (void volume in the valley) may be preferably 20 ⁇ L/m 2 or less, and more preferably 15 ⁇ L/m 2 or less from the viewpoint of preventing deterioration of electrical characteristics (transmission loss) due to the skin effect of metal. , more preferably 2 ⁇ L/m 2 or less. Vvv is typically 0.1 ⁇ L/m 2 or greater.
- ⁇ Vvc (void volume of the core portion) may be preferably 300 ⁇ L/m 2 or less, and more preferably 50 ⁇ L/m 2 or less from the viewpoint of preventing deterioration of electrical characteristics (transmission loss) due to the skin effect of metal. , more preferably 20 ⁇ L/m 2 or less. Vvc is typically 1 ⁇ L/m 2 or greater.
- ⁇ Vmp (substantial volume of peaks) may be preferably 10 ⁇ L/m 2 or less, and more preferably 3 ⁇ L/m 2 or less from the viewpoint of preventing deterioration of electrical characteristics (transmission loss) due to the skin effect of metal. , more preferably 1 ⁇ L/m 2 or less. Vmp is typically 0.1 ⁇ L/m 2 or higher.
- ⁇ Vmc (substantial volume of the core portion) may be preferably 200 ⁇ L/m 2 or less, and more preferably 100 ⁇ L/m 2 or less from the viewpoint of preventing deterioration of electrical characteristics (transmission loss) due to the skin effect of metal. , more preferably 20 ⁇ L/m 2 or less.
- Vmc is typically 1 ⁇ L/m 2 or greater.
- Spd peak density of peaks (counting peaks higher than 5% of maximum amplitude)
- the decrease in electrical properties due to the skin effect of metals From the viewpoint of preventing transmission loss, it is preferably 4 ⁇ 10 6 /mm 2 or less, more preferably 3.5 ⁇ 10 6 /mm 2 or less.
- Spd is usually 0.5 ⁇ 10 6 /mm 2 or more.
- - Spc (arithmetic mean curvature of peaks (only curvature of peaks higher than 5% height of maximum amplitude)) may preferably be 20 x 103 /m or less, which may reduce electrical properties due to the skin effect of metals. From the viewpoint of preventing a decrease (transmission loss), it is preferably 10 ⁇ 10 3 /m or less, more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 3 /m or less.
- Spc is usually 0.1 ⁇ 10 3 /m or more.
- the parameter of the surface roughness (surface roughness) of the metal uses an average value measured by the following method at arbitrary five points.
- Apparatus laser microscope VK-X3000 (manufactured by Keyence Corporation) Measurement magnification: 50x objective lens, 3x zoom Measurement area: 6800 ⁇ m 2
- Surface filter treatment Surface filter treatment with a Gaussian filter and an L filter (cutoff wavelength of 0.01 mm) was performed as necessary to remove noise and surface shape of the underlying copper, and the surface roughness was measured.
- a silane coupling agent is an organic silane compound having a silyl group containing at least one hydroxyl or alkoxy group.
- Such a silane coupling agent is a silane containing a nitrogen atom in the molecule from the viewpoint of further improving adhesion between metal and resin (especially adhesion between metal and organic film), chemical resistance and storage stability. Coupling agents are preferred.
- the nitrogen atoms are contained in at least one of the substituents and the heterocyclic skeleton.
- the nitrogen atom may be contained only in the substituent (e.g., amino group), may be contained only in the heterocyclic skeleton, or may be contained in the substituent ( for example, an amino group) and a heterocyclic skeleton.
- the nitrogen atom is preferably contained in at least the heterocyclic skeleton, more preferably a substituent (for example, amino group) and the heterocyclic skeleton.
- Substituents containing a nitrogen atom include amino, amido, cyano, nitro, azo, diazo, carbamide, ureido, azide, and guanidino groups.
- Amino groups include unsubstituted amino groups, monosubstituted amino groups, and disubstituted amino groups. Unsubstituted amino groups include —NH 2 .
- the monosubstituted amino group includes methylamino group, ethylamino group, n-propylamino group, n-aminohexylamino group, 2-aminoethylamino group, phenylamino group and the like.
- a disubstituted amino group includes a dimethylamino group, a diethylamino group, an ethylmethylamino group, a diphenylamino group, and the like.
- the substituent containing a nitrogen atom is preferably an amino group, more preferably an unsubstituted amino group or a monosubstituted amino group, from the viewpoint of further improving the adhesion between a metal and a resin (especially the adhesion between a metal and an organic film). , an unsubstituted amino group is more preferred.
- Heterocyclic skeletons containing nitrogen atoms include pyrrole, pyrazole, diazole (imidazole), triazole, tetrazole, oxazole, oxadiazole, isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, furazane, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, tetrazine.
- the heterocyclic skeleton containing a nitrogen atom is preferably an aromatic ring, specifically diazole, triazole, tetrazole, benzotriazole, or triazine, more preferably triazole, benzotriazole, or tetrazole. More preferred are benzotriazole and tetrazole.
- silane coupling agents in which a nitrogen atom is contained only in a substituent include 3-aminopropyldimethylmethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyldimethoxymethylsilane, 3-aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane, 3 -aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propylmethyldimethoxysilane, 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propylmethyldiethoxysilane, 3-(2-amino Ethylamino)propyltrimethoxysilane, 3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyltriethoxysilane, 3-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyltrimethoxysilane, [3-(6-aminohexyl amino)
- silane coupling agents having at least a nitrogen atom in the heterocyclic skeleton include azole silane coupling agents and triazine silane coupling agents.
- the silane coupling agent is preferably an azole silane coupling agent, more preferably a triazole silane compound and a tetrazole silane compound, from the viewpoint of further improving adhesion between metal and resin, chemical resistance and storage stability.
- Silane coupling agents containing nitrogen atoms in both the substituent (eg, amino group) and the heterocyclic skeleton include, for example, amino group-containing azole silane coupling agents and amino group-containing triazine silane coupling agents.
- the azole silane coupling agent is one or more azole silane compounds selected from the group consisting of monoazole silane compounds, diazole silane compounds, triazole silane compounds and tetrazole silane compounds.
- the azole silane coupling agent is preferably selected from the group consisting of triazole silane compounds and tetrazole silane compounds from the viewpoint of further improving adhesion between metal and resin, chemical resistance and storage stability. It contains one or more azole silane compounds, more preferably a tetrazole silane compound.
- triazole silane compound is a five-membered heterocyclic compound containing three nitrogen atoms (that is, a triazole compound), and as a substituent in one molecule, one silyl group-containing alkyl group (for example, - (CH 2 ) m -Si(OR) 3-n (OH) n group).
- the atom to which the silyl group-containing alkyl group is bonded is an atom constituting the triazole ring, and may be, for example, a nitrogen atom or a carbon atom.
- the atom to which the silyl group-containing alkyl group is bonded is preferably a nitrogen atom from the viewpoint of further improving the adhesion between metal and resin, chemical resistance and storage stability.
- the triazole ring constituting the triazole silane compound may be a 1,2,4-triazole ring or a 1,2,3-triazole ring.
- the triazole ring is preferably a 1,2,4-triazole ring from the viewpoint of further improving adhesion between metal and resin, chemical resistance and storage stability.
- triazole silane compounds include triazole silane compounds represented by general formulas (Ia) and (Ib).
- the compounds represented by formulas (Ia) and (Ib) are sometimes referred to as triazolesilane compound (Ia) and triazolesilane compound (Ib), respectively.
- X 1 and X 2 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, a benzyl group, an amino group, or 1 to 1 carbon atoms. represents the alkylthio group of 6.
- alkyl groups include methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, isobutyl group, sec-butyl group, tert-butyl group, n-pentyl group and n-hexyl group.
- alkylthio groups include methylthio, ethylthio, n-propylthio, isopropylthio, n-butylthio, isobutylthio, sec-butylthio, tert-butylthio, n-pentylthio, n- A hexylthio group and the like can be mentioned.
- X 1 and X 2 may be the same or different, preferably the same.
- X 1 and X 2 are each independently preferably a hydrogen atom, a linear or branched chain having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, from the viewpoint of further improving the adhesion between metal and resin, chemical resistance and storage stability.
- a linear alkyl group (especially a straight or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms), a phenyl group, or an amino group, more preferably a hydrogen atom, or a straight or branched chain having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or an amino group, more preferably an amino group.
- m represents an integer of 1-12.
- m is preferably 1 to 10, more preferably 1 to 5, and still more preferably Represents an integer from 2 to 5.
- n represents an integer of 0-3.
- R represents a methyl group or an ethyl group. From the viewpoint of improving the working environment, R preferably represents an ethyl group.
- a triazole silane compound (Ia) in which at least one of X 1 and X 2 in formula (Ia) is an amino group is included in the aforementioned amino group-containing azole silane coupling agents.
- m, n and R are respectively the same as m, n and R in Formula (Ia).
- the other group may be selected from groups within the same range as X 1 and X 2 in formula (Ia).
- X 1 , X 2 , m, n and R are respectively the same as X 1 , X 2 , m, n and R in formula (Ia).
- X 1 and X 2 are each independently preferably a hydrogen atom having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, from the viewpoint of further improving adhesion between metal and resin, chemical resistance and storage stability. represents a linear or branched alkyl group (especially a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms), a phenyl group, or an amino group, more preferably a hydrogen atom, having 1 to 5 carbon atoms It represents a linear or branched alkyl group or an amino group, more preferably an amino group.
- X 1 and X 2 are alkyl groups in formula (Ib)
- X 1 and X 2 are bonded to each other and have 6 to 10 carbon atoms condensed with the triazole ring in formula (Ib).
- a ring especially a benzene ring or a naphthalene ring (preferably a benzene ring)
- the number of carbon atoms in the carbocyclic ring includes the number of carbon atoms shared with the triazole ring fused to the carbocyclic ring.
- m is preferably 1 to 10, more preferably 1, from the viewpoint of improving the solubility of the azole silane compound and further improving the adhesion between metal and resin, chemical resistance and storage stability. represents an integer of ⁇ 5, more preferably 2-5.
- n represents an integer of 0-3.
- R represents a methyl group or an ethyl group. From the viewpoint of improving the working environment, R preferably represents an ethyl group.
- the silyl group-containing alkyl group (that is, —(CH 2 ) m —Si(OR) 3-n (OH) n ) is bonded to the 1-position nitrogen atom, but the 2-position nitrogen atom may be connected to Specifically, in the triazole silane compound (Ib) represented by the general formula (Ib), the silyl group-containing alkyl group in the general formula (Ib) is bonded to the nitrogen atom at the 2-position instead of the nitrogen atom at the 1-position. Includes triazole silane compounds.
- a triazole silane compound in which a silyl group-containing alkyl group is bonded to the nitrogen atom at the 1- or 2-position is referred to as a "triazole silane compound (Ib) 1-position bond” or a “triazole silane compound (Ib) 2-position conjugate”.
- a triazole silane compound (Ib) in which at least one of X 1 and X 2 in formula (Ib) is an amino group is included in the aforementioned amino group-containing azole silane coupling agents.
- m, n and R are respectively the same as m, n and R in Formula (Ib).
- the other group may be selected from groups within the same range as X 1 and X 2 in formula (Ib).
- the triazole silane compound (Ia) includes triazole silane compounds represented by general formulas (Ia-1) to (Ia-4).
- the compounds represented by general formulas (Ia-1) to (Ia-4) are respectively triazole silane compound (Ia-1), triazole silane compound (Ia-2), triazole silane compound (Ia-3), and triazole silane. It is sometimes referred to as compound (Ia-4).
- X 1 , X 2 , m and R are respectively the same as X 1 , X 2 , m and R in formula (Ia).
- Preferred X 1 , X 2 , m and R in formulas (Ia-1) to (Ia-4) are also the same as preferred X 1 , X 2 , m and R in formula (Ia), respectively.
- Triazole silane compounds (Ia-1) to (Ia-4) in which at least one of X 1 and X 2 in formulas (Ia-1) to (Ia-4) is an amino group are the amino group-containing azole silane cups described above. Included in ring agents. At this time, m and R are the same as m and R in formulas (Ia-1) to (Ia-4), respectively. When one of X 1 or X 2 is an amino group, the other group may be selected from groups within the same range as X 1 and X 2 in formulas (Ia-1) to (Ia-4).
- the triazole silane compound (Ia-1) is a triazole silane compound (trialkoxy compound) when n is 0 in the general formula (Ia).
- triazole silane compound (Ia-2) is a triazole silane compound when n is 1
- triazole silane compound (Ia-3) is a triazole silane compound when n is 2
- triazole Silane compound (Ia-4) is a triazole silane compound where n is 3.
- triazole silane compound (Ia) examples include, for example, the triazole silane compound (Ia-1) illustrated below, and the triazole silane compound (Ia-1) having 1 to 3 alkoxy groups (e.g., methoxy group and/or or ethoxy group) is hydrolyzed (or converted) to a hydroxyl group, and triazole silane compounds (Ia-2) to (Ia-4) include: 1-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-1,2,4-triazole, 1-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]-1,2,4-triazole, 3-methyl-1-[2-(triethoxysilyl)ethyl]-1,2,4-triazole, 5-methyl-1-[4-(trimethoxysilyl)butyl]-1,2,4-triazole, 3-ethyl-1-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-1,2,4-triazole, 3-eth
- the triazole silane compound (Ia-1) can be synthesized according to WO2018/186476, US Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0021232, and WO2019/058773. Specifically, as shown in the following reaction scheme (E), a triazole compound represented by the general formula (Ia-x) (herein sometimes referred to as a triazole compound (Ia-x)), a general A halogenated alkylsilane compound represented by formula (Ia-y) (herein sometimes referred to as a halogenated alkylsilane compound (Ia-y)) is added to an appropriate amount of a reaction solvent in the presence of a dehydrohalogenating agent. It is possible to synthesize with a high yield in general by conducting the reaction at an appropriate reaction temperature and reaction time.
- a triazole compound represented by the general formula (Ia-x) herein sometimes referred to as a triazole compound (Ia-x)
- the triazole silane compounds (Ia) to (Ia-4) are obtained by hydrolyzing the trialkoxy triazole silane compound (Ia-1) in contact with an appropriate amount of water. , can be synthesized.
- the triazole silane compound (Ia) may be a mixture of triazole silane compounds (Ia-1) to (Ia-4).
- the triazole silane compound (Ib) includes triazole silane compounds represented by general formulas (Ib-1) to (Ib-4).
- the compounds represented by general formulas (Ib-1) to (Ib-4) are respectively triazole silane compound (Ib-1), triazole silane compound (Ib-2), triazole silane compound (Ib-3), and triazole silane. It is sometimes referred to as compound (Ib-4).
- X 1 , X 2 , m and R are respectively the same as X 1 , X 2 , m and R in formula (Ib).
- Preferred X 1 , X 2 , m and R in formulas (Ib-1) to (Ib-4) are respectively the same as preferred X 1 , X 2 , m and R in formula (Ib).
- the silyl group-containing alkyl group (that is, —(CH2) m —Si(OR) 3-n (OH) n ) is bonded to the nitrogen atom at the 1-position. may be bonded to the nitrogen atom at the 2-position.
- triazole silane compounds (Ib-1) to (Ib-4) represented by general formulas (Ib-1) to (Ib-4) are respectively represented by general formulas (Ib-1) to (Ib-4) includes triazole silane compounds in which a silyl group-containing alkyl group is bonded to the nitrogen atom at the 2-position instead of the nitrogen atom at the 1-position.
- Triazole silane compounds (Ib-1) to (Ib-4) in which at least one of X 1 or X 2 in formulas (Ib-1) to (Ib-4) is an amino group are the amino group-containing azole silane cups described above. Included in ring agents. At this time, m and R are respectively the same as m and R in formulas (Ib-1) to (Ib-4). When one of X 1 or X 2 is an amino group, the other group may be selected from groups within the same range as X 1 and X 2 in formulas (Ib-1) to (Ib-4).
- the triazole silane compound (Ib-1) is a triazole silane compound (trialkoxy compound) in which n is 0 in the general formula (Ib).
- triazole silane compound (Ib-2) is a triazole silane compound when n is 1
- triazole silane compound (Ib-3) is a triazole silane compound when n is 2
- triazole Silane compound (Ib-4) is a triazole silane compound where n is 3.
- triazole silane compound (Ib) examples include, for example, the triazole silane compound (Ib-1) illustrated below, and the triazole silane compound (Ib-1) having 1 to 3 alkoxy groups (e.g., methoxy group and/or or ethoxy group) are hydrolyzed (or converted) to hydroxyl groups (Ib-2) to (Ib-4): 1-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl"-1,2,3-triazole, 1-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl"-1,2,3-triazole, 4-methyl-1-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]-1,2,3-triazole, 4-ethyl-1-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]-1,2,3-triazole, 4-propyl-1-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]-1,2,3-triazole, 4-isopropyl-1-[3-(
- the triazole silane compound (Ib-1) is a triazole compound (in this specification, triazole Except for using the compound (Ib-x), it can be synthesized in generally high yield by the same method as in the reaction scheme (E) described above.
- triazole silane compounds (Ib) to (Ib-4) are obtained by hydrolyzing the trialkoxy triazole silane compound (Ib-1) in contact with an appropriate amount of water. , can be synthesized.
- the triazole silane compound (Ib) may be a mixture of triazole silane compounds (Ib-1) to (Ib-4).
- the triazole silane compound (Ib) may particularly be a mixture of a "triazole silane compound (Ib) 1-position conjugate” and a "triazole silane compound (Ib) 2-position conjugate".
- the ratio of the mixture is not particularly limited, and for example, the molar ratio of "triazole silane compound (Ib) 1-position bond":"triazole silane compound (Ib) 2-position bond” is preferably 10:90 to 90:10. may be from 20:80 to 80:20, more preferably from 30:70 to 70:30.
- the monoazole silane compound is a five-membered heterocyclic compound containing one nitrogen atom (i.e., monoazole compound), in which one silyl group-containing alkyl group (e.g., —(CH 2 ) m —Si(OR) 3-n (OH) n group).
- the atom to which the silyl group-containing alkyl group is bonded is an atom constituting a monoazole ring, and may be, for example, a nitrogen atom or a carbon atom.
- the monoazole silane compound may further have a substituent (for example, the same groups as X 1 and X 2 in general formula (Ia)).
- the atom to which the substituent is bonded is an atom constituting a monoazole ring, and may be, for example, a nitrogen atom or a carbon atom.
- the monoazole silane compound has an amino group as a substituent
- the monoazole silane compound is included in the aforementioned amino group-containing azole silane coupling agent.
- the diazole silane compound is a five-membered heterocyclic compound containing two nitrogen atoms (that is, a diazole compound), in which one silyl group-containing alkyl group (for example, - (CH 2 ) m —Si(OR) 3-n (OH) n group).
- the atom to which the silyl group-containing alkyl group is bonded is an atom constituting a diazole ring, and may be, for example, a nitrogen atom or a carbon atom.
- the atom to which the silyl group-containing alkyl group is bonded is preferably a nitrogen atom from the viewpoint of further improving the adhesion between metal and resin, chemical resistance and storage stability.
- the diazole silane compound may further have a substituent (for example, the same groups as X 1 and X 2 in general formula (Ia)).
- the atom to which the substituent is bonded is an atom constituting a diazole ring, and may be, for example, a nitrogen atom or a carbon atom.
- the diazole silane compound has an amino group as a substituent
- the diazole silane compound is included in the aforementioned amino group-containing azole silane coupling agent.
- a tetrazolesilane compound is a five-membered heterocyclic compound containing four nitrogen atoms (ie, a tetrazole compound), in which one silyl group-containing alkyl group (for example, - (CH 2 ) m —Si(OR) 3-n (OH) n group).
- the atom to which the silyl group-containing alkyl group is bonded is an atom constituting a tetrazole ring, and may be, for example, a nitrogen atom or a carbon atom.
- the atom to which the silyl group-containing alkyl group is bonded is preferably a nitrogen atom from the viewpoint of further improving the adhesion between metal and resin, chemical resistance and storage stability.
- the tetrazolesilane compound may further have a substituent (for example, the same group as X1 in the general formula (Ia)).
- the atom to which the substituent (e.g., the same group as X 1 in the general formula (Ia)) is bonded is an atom constituting a tetrazole ring, and may be, for example, a nitrogen atom or a carbon atom. It may be an atom.
- tetrazole silane compound examples include, for example, the tetrazole silane compound represented by general formula (Ic).
- the compound represented by general formula (Ic) is sometimes referred to as tetrazolesilane compound (Ic).
- X 1 , m, n and R are respectively the same as X 1 , m, n and R in formula (Ia).
- X 1 is preferably a hydrogen atom, or a linear or branched chain having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, from the viewpoint of further improving adhesion between metal and resin, chemical resistance and storage stability. It represents an alkyl group (especially a straight or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms), a phenyl group, or an amino group, more preferably a phenyl group or an amino group, still more preferably an amino group.
- m represents an integer of preferably 1 to 10, more preferably 1 to 5, still more preferably 2 to 5, from the viewpoint of improving the solubility of the azolesilane compound.
- n represents an integer of 0-3.
- R represents a methyl group or an ethyl group. From the viewpoint of improving the working environment, R preferably represents an ethyl group.
- the silyl group-containing alkyl group (that is, —(CH 2 ) m —Si(OR) 3-n (OH) n ) is bonded to the nitrogen atom at the 2-position, but the nitrogen atom at the 1-position may be connected to Specifically, in the tetrazolesilane compound (Ic) represented by the general formula (Ic), the silyl group-containing alkyl group is bonded to the nitrogen atom at the 1-position instead of the nitrogen atom at the 2-position in the general formula (Ic). Includes tetrazole silane compounds.
- tetrazolesilane compound (Ic) 1-position bond a tetrazolesilane compound in which a silyl group-containing alkyl group is bonded to the nitrogen atom at the 1- or 2-position is referred to as "tetrazolesilane compound (Ic) 1-position bond” or "tetrazolesilane compound (Ic) 2-position conjugate”.
- a tetrazole silane compound (Ic) in which X 1 in formula (Ic) is an amino group is included in the aforementioned amino group-containing azole silane coupling agents.
- m, n and R are respectively the same as m, n and R in Formula (Ic).
- the tetrazole silane compound (Ic) includes tetrazole silane compounds represented by general formulas (Ic-1) to (Ic-4).
- the compounds represented by general formulas (Ic-1) to (Ic-4) are respectively tetrazolesilane compound (Ic-1), tetrazolesilane compound (Ic-2), tetrazolesilane compound (Ic-3), and tetrazolesilane. It is sometimes referred to as compound (Ic-4).
- the silyl group-containing alkyl group is bonded to the nitrogen atom at position 2, but is bonded to the nitrogen atom at position 1 as in formula (Ic). may
- X 1 , m and R are respectively the same as X 1 , m and R in formula (Ia).
- Preferred X 1 , m and R in formulas (Ic-1) to (Ic-4) are respectively the same as preferred X 1 , m and R in formula (Ic).
- the silyl group-containing alkyl group (that is, —(CH 2 ) m —Si(OR) 3-n (OH) n ) is bonded to the nitrogen atom at the 2-position. However, it may be bonded to the nitrogen atom at the 1-position.
- tetrazole silane compounds (Ic-1) to (Ic-4) represented by general formulas (Ic-1) to (Ic-4) are respectively represented by general formulas (Ic-1) to (Ic-4) includes tetrazolesilane compounds in which a silyl group-containing alkyl group is bonded to the 1-position nitrogen atom instead of the 2-position nitrogen atom.
- m and R are the same as m and R in formulas (Ic-1) to (Ic-4), respectively.
- the tetrazolesilane compound (Ic-1) is a tetrazolesilane compound (trialkoxy compound) in which n is 0 in the general formula (Ic).
- tetrazole silane compound (Ic-2) is a tetrazole silane compound where n is 1
- tetrazole silane compound (Ic-3) is a tetrazole silane compound where n is 2
- tetrazole Silane compound (Ic-4) is a tetrazole silane compound where n is 3.
- tetrazolesilane compound (Ic) include, for example, the tetrazolesilane compound (Ic-1) illustrated below, and the tetrazolesilane compound (Ic-1) having 1 to 3 alkoxy groups (e.g., a methoxy group and/or or ethoxy group) is hydrolyzed (or converted) to a hydroxyl group, and tetrazole silane compounds (Ic-2) to (Ic-4) include: 5-amino-2-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-2H-tetrazole, 5-amino-1-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-1H-tetrazole, 5-amino-2-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]-2H-tetrazole, 5-amino-1-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]-1H-tetrazole, 5-phen
- the tetrazole silane compound (Ic-1) is a tetrazole compound (in this specification, tetrazole Except for using the compound (Ic-x), it can be synthesized in generally high yield by the same method as in the reaction scheme (E) described above.
- X 1 is the same as X 1 in formula (Ia).
- tetrazolesilane compounds (Ic) to (Ic-4) are obtained by hydrolyzing the trialkoxy tetrazolesilane compound (Ic-1) in contact with an appropriate amount of water. , can be synthesized.
- the tetrazolesilane compound (Ic) may be a mixture of tetrazolesilane compounds (Ic-1) to (Ic-4).
- the tetrazolesilane compound (Ic) may in particular be a mixture of a "tetrazolesilane compound (Ic) 1-position bond" and a "tetrazolesilane compound (Ic) 2-position bond".
- the ratio of the mixture is not particularly limited, and for example, the molar ratio of "tetrazole silane compound (Ic) 1-position bond”: "tetrazole silane compound (Ic) 2-position bond” is 10:90 to 90:10. from the viewpoint of further improving the adhesion between metal and resin, chemical resistance and storage stability, preferably 20:80 to 80:20, more preferably 30:70 to 70:30, still more preferably 35 :65 to 45:55.
- Azolesilane coupling agents are hydrolyzed on contact with water, as described above. This hydrolysis mode is shown in scheme (F).
- the silyl group of the azole silane coupling agent is hydrolyzed, that is, the trialkoxysilyl group (a) is gradually converted into a dialkoxyhydroxysilyl group (b), a dihydroxyalkoxy A change to a silyl group (c) and a trihydroxysilyl group (d) is shown.
- X in the group represented by the chemical formula (e) is an integer representing the number of repeating units.
- azole silane compounds having hydroxysilyl groups generated in the surface treatment liquid gradually react with each other in the surface treatment liquid to undergo dehydration condensation, and the hydroxysilyl groups form siloxane bonds (Si—O—Si ) (see formula (e) in scheme (F) above), which may be converted to a sparingly water-soluble silane oligomer.
- the surface treatment liquid suppresses the amount of silane oligomers produced and has transparency.
- the triazine silane coupling agent has one silyl group-containing alkylamino group (for example, —NH—(CH 2 ) m —Si(OR) 3-n ( OH) n group, where m and n are the same as m and n in formula (Ia).
- the atom to which the silyl group-containing alkylamino group is bonded is a carbon atom that constitutes the triazine ring.
- the triazinesilane coupling agent may further have a substituent (for example, the same groups as X 1 and X 2 in formula (Ia)). Atoms to which the substituents are bonded are carbon atoms constituting the triazine ring.
- the triazinesilane coupling agent has an amino group as a substituent
- the triazinesilane coupling agent is included in the aforementioned amino group-containing triazinesilane coupling agent.
- triazine silane coupling agents include, for example, triazine silane coupling agents exemplified below: N-trimethoxysilanylmethyl-[1,3,5]triazine-2,4,6-triamine, N-(2-trimethoxysilanyl-ethyl)-[1,3,5]triazine-2,4,6-triamine, N-(3-trimethoxysilanyl-propyl)-[1,3,5]triazine-2,4,6-triamine, N-(4-trimethoxysilanyl-butyl)-[1,3,5]triazine-2,4,6-triamine, N-(6-trimethoxysilanyl-hexyl)-[1,3,5]triazine-2,4,6-triamine, N-(8-trimethoxysilanyl-octyl)-[1,3,5]triazine-2,4,6-triamine, N-(10-trimethoxysilany
- a substance having an alkoxysilyl group in its molecule is known to act as a silane coupling agent. Therefore, it is considered that a silane coupling agent containing a nitrogen atom in the molecule exerts the following actions when forming an organic film: For example, taking the adhesion between copper and resin materials as an example, the silane coupling agent has a nitrogen atom and an alkoxysilyl group (—Si—OR) in the molecule, and the nitrogen atom is the resin and the metal. (especially copper) to form chemical bonds.
- —Si—OR alkoxysilyl group
- the alkoxysilyl group undergoes hydrolysis and is converted to a hydroxysilyl group (--Si--OH), and this hydroxysilyl group is the metal oxide (especially copper oxide) scattered on the surface of the resin and metal (especially copper). ). Therefore, by bringing a metal (especially copper) into contact with a surface treatment liquid containing the silane coupling agent, the silane is formed on the surface of the metal (especially copper) by bonding with nitrogen atoms and hydroxysilyl groups. An organic film derived from the coupling agent is formed.
- the metal especially copper
- Adhesiveness with a resin material can be improved.
- an azole silane coupling agent or triazine silane coupling agent exerts the following actions in the formation of the organic film:
- an azole silane coupling agent or triazine silane coupling agent in adhesion between copper and a resin material, has an azole ring or triazine ring and an alkoxysilyl group (--Si--OR) in the molecule.
- the azole or triazine rings interact with resins and metals (particularly copper) to form chemical bonds.
- the alkoxysilyl group undergoes hydrolysis and is converted to a hydroxysilyl group (--Si--OH), and this hydroxysilyl group is the metal oxide (especially copper oxide) scattered on the surface of the resin and metal (especially copper). ). Therefore, by bringing a metal (especially copper) into contact with a surface treatment liquid containing an azole silane coupling agent or a triazine silane coupling agent, the surface of the metal (especially copper) is formed with an azole ring, triazine ring or hydroxyl ring. Bonding with silyl groups forms an organic coating derived from an azole silane coupling agent or a triazine silane coupling agent.
- the metal especially copper
- Adhesiveness with a resin material can be improved.
- the content of the silane coupling agent in the surface treatment liquid is not particularly limited as long as the organic film is formed, and may be, for example, 0.001 to 1.000 mol/L. from the viewpoint of further improvement of properties, chemical resistance and storage stability, preferably 0.005 to 0.500 mol/L, more preferably 0.005 to 0.100 mol/L, still more preferably 0.005 to 0.10 mol/L. 030 mol/L, particularly preferably 0.020 to 0.030 mol/L. Two or more silane coupling agents may be contained in combination, and in that case, the total content thereof should be within the above range.
- the acid contained in the surface treatment liquid is a compound that exhibits acidity when dissolved in water.
- an acid to the surface treatment solution having a strongly acidic composition with a pH within the above range, the amount of metal ions (especially copper ions) eluted from the metal (especially copper) surface can be dramatically increased. .
- the formation of a complex between the silane coupling agent and metal ions (especially copper ions) is promoted, and the strength of the organic film can be increased and the formation rate of the organic film can be dramatically increased.
- the formation speed of the organic film is dramatically increased, it is possible to form protrusions as aggregates containing the silane coupling agent on the organic film.
- the addition of acid promotes the dissolution of the silane coupling agent into the surface treatment liquid.
- the acid contained in the surface treatment liquid is not particularly limited as long as a specific organic film to be described later is formed, and from the viewpoint that the surface treatment liquid has the pH described above, one type may be used alone, or You may use it in combination of 2 or more types.
- the acid may be, for example, an acid having an acid dissociation constant (pKa) of 4.8 or less (especially -9 to 4.8), and the metal and resin From the viewpoint of further improving adhesiveness, chemical resistance and storage stability, it is preferably 3.0 or less (especially -5 to 3.0), more preferably 1.5 or less (especially -5 to 1.5), More preferably 0.0 or less (especially -5 to 0.0), particularly preferably -1.5 or less (especially -5 to -1.5), sufficiently preferably -2.5 or less (especially -5 to -2.5).
- pKa acid dissociation constant
- the acid When two or more acids are used in combination, as the acid, two or more acids selected from the above acids when one acid is used alone may be used, or one acid When used alone, one or more acids having an acid dissociation constant of greater than 4.8 may be used together with one or more acids selected from the above acids. If only an acid with an excessively large acid dissociation constant (for example, only an acid with a pKa of 4.9 or more) is used, an organic film having protrusions cannot be obtained.
- Such acid may be an organic acid or an inorganic acid in either case of using one type of acid alone or in the case of using two or more types in combination.
- the acid contained in the surface treatment liquid preferably has an acid dissociation constant (pKa) of -5 to 0.0, from the viewpoint of further improving the adhesion between metal and resin, chemical resistance and storage stability.
- pKa acid dissociation constant
- one or more acids are used which are very preferably chosen from -5 to -1.5, most preferably -5 to -2.5.
- organic acids examples include formic acid (pKa: 3.8), acetic acid (pKa: 4.7), propionic acid, butyric acid (pKa: 4.8), valeric acid (pKa: 4.8), and 2-ethylbutyric acid.
- the organic acid ion contained in the organic acid has an action of promoting dissolution of the silane coupling agent in the surface treatment liquid, for example, an action of promoting hydrolysis of the silane coupling agent.
- inorganic acids examples include sulfuric acid (pKa1: -3.0), nitric acid (pKa: -1.8), phosphoric acid (pKa1: 2.1), and hydrochloric acid (pKa: -3.7).
- the inorganic acid ion contained in the inorganic acid has the effect of improving the film formation speed of the organic film due to the salting-out effect.
- the acid is preferably selected from the group consisting of organic acids such as monocarboxylic acids and sulfonic acids; is selected, more preferably selected from the group consisting of sulfonic acids and sulfuric acid, more preferably selected from the group consisting of tosylic acid and sulfuric acid, and very preferably sulfuric acid is used.
- the content of the acid in the surface treatment liquid is not particularly limited as long as the surface treatment liquid has the pH described above, and may be, for example, 0.010 to 10.0 mol/L. , From the viewpoint of further improving chemical resistance and storage stability, it is preferably 0.10 to 8.0 mol / L, more preferably 0.10 to 5.0 mol / L, still more preferably 0.20 to 3 .5 mol/L, particularly preferably 0.50 to 2.5 mol/L). Two or more acids may be contained in combination, and in that case, the total content thereof should be within the above range.
- the total content of organic acid ions and inorganic acid ions contained in the surface treatment liquid is not particularly limited as long as the surface treatment liquid has the above-mentioned pH. It is preferably 0.10 to 8.0 mol/L, more preferably 0.10 to 5.0 mol/L, from the viewpoint of further improving the adhesion between metal and resin, chemical resistance and storage stability. , more preferably 0.20 to 3.5 mol/L, particularly preferably 0.50 to 2.5 mol/L.
- the concentrations of the silane coupling agent and the acid in the surface treatment liquid must be within the above ranges, and the concentration of the acid relative to the concentration of the silane coupling agent (in particular, the ratio of the concentration of the sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid to the concentration of the silane coupling agent) is preferably adjusted.
- the ratio of the total molar concentration of organic acid ions and inorganic acid ions to the molar concentration of Si derived from the silane coupling agent in the surface treatment liquid (acid concentration/Si) may be, for example, 1 to 1000.
- the ratio of the total molar concentration of S derived from sulfonic acids and sulfuric acid to the molar concentration of Si derived from the silane coupling agent in the surface treatment liquid (S/Si) may be, for example, 1 to 1000. , preferably 5 to 500, more preferably 10 to 250, still more preferably 20 to 150, from the viewpoint of further improving the formation rate of the organic film.
- the surface treatment liquid may contain other components such as a base, a copper-based compound, a halogen compound, a salt, an organic solvent, filler particles, etc., in addition to the silane coupling agent and acid described above.
- the surface treatment liquid may contain a base.
- a base is a compound that exhibits basic properties when dissolved in water.
- the base is useful for adjusting the pH of the surface treatment liquid to the range described above, and the addition of the base increases the amount of ions in the surface treatment liquid, thereby improving the film formation speed of the organic film due to the salting-out effect. Also, there is an effect of improving the storage stability of the surface treatment liquid.
- bases for example from hydrides, hydroxides and alkoxides of alkali metals or alkaline earth metals, as well as from ammonia or amine compounds (primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines or quaternary ammonium salts) one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of
- the base is preferably an alkali metal hydroxide or ammonia, more preferably sodium hydroxide or ammonia, from the viewpoint of further improving the adhesion between metal and resin, chemical resistance and storage stability.
- alkali metal hydrides such as lithium hydride, sodium hydride, potassium hydride; lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, hydroxide alkali metal hydroxides such as potassium; alkaline earth metal hydroxides such as magnesium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide; alkoxides such as sodium alkoxide and potassium alkoxide;
- ammonia or amine compounds primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines or quaternary ammonium salts
- ammonia methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, propylamine , isopropylamine, butylamine, pentylamine, hexylamine, heptylamine, octylamine, nonylamine, allylamine, ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, monopropanolamine, dipropanolamine, tripropanol Amines, monoisopropanolamine, diisopropanolamine, triisopropanolamine, 3-amino-1-propanol, 2-amino-1-propanol, N,N-dimethylethanolamine, cyclohexy
- alkali metal ions, alkaline earth metal ions, ammonium ions, primary ammonium ions, secondary ammonium ions, and tertiary ammonium ions form an organic film due to the salting-out effect. It has the effect of improving the film speed.
- the quaternary ammonium cation has the effect of improving the storage stability of the surface treatment liquid.
- the content of the base in the surface treatment liquid is not particularly limited as long as the surface treatment liquid has the pH described above, and may be, for example, 5.0 mol/L or less (especially 0 to 5.0 mol/L), From the viewpoint of further improving the adhesion between metal and resin, chemical resistance and storage stability, it is preferably 3.0 mol/L or less (especially 0 to 3.0 mol/L), more preferably 1.0 mol/L or less. (especially 0 to 1.0 mol/L), more preferably 0.50 mol/L or less (especially 0 to 0.50 mol/L). Two or more types of bases may be contained in combination, and in that case, the total content thereof may be within the above range.
- the total content of alkali metal ions, alkaline earth metal ions, ammonium ions, primary ammonium ions, secondary ammonium ions, tertiary ammonium ions and quaternary ammonium cations contained in the surface treatment solution is
- the treatment liquid is not particularly limited as long as it has the pH described above, for example, it may be 5.0 mol/L or less (especially 0 to 5.0 mol/L), and the adhesion between metal and resin, chemical resistance and From the viewpoint of further improving storage stability, it is preferably 3.0 mol/L or less (especially 0 to 3.0 mol/L), more preferably 1.0 mol/L or less (especially 0 to 1.0 mol/L). , more preferably 0.50 mol/L or less (especially 0 to 0.50 mol/L).
- the copper-based compound forms a complex with the silane coupling agent when the copper-based compound dissolves in the surface treatment solution and forms a copper ion. be able to.
- the valence of copper ions generated from the copper-based compound may be monovalent or divalent.
- Copper-based compounds such as metallic copper, copper sulfate (and its hydrate (especially pentahydrate)), copper formate (and its hydrate (especially tetrahydrate)), copper nitrate, and dichloride Copper, cupric chloride, copper acetate (and its hydrates (especially monohydrate)), copper hydroxide, copper oxide, copper sulfide, copper carbonate, cuprous bromide, cupric bromide, phosphorus Copper acid and copper benzoate are mentioned.
- copper-based compounds include copper sulfate (and its hydrate (especially pentahydrate)), copper formate (and its hydrate (especially tetrahydrate)), copper acetate (and its hydrates (especially the monohydrate)), cuprous chloride, or cupric chloride are preferred, copper sulfate (and its hydrates (especially the pentahydrate)), copper formate (and its hydrates (especially tetrahydrates)), or copper acetate (and hydrates thereof (especially monohydrates)).
- Copper-based compounds may also include compounds that act as acids or bases in water. Cuprous chloride, cupric chloride, cuprous bromide, and cupric bromide are also useful as halogen compounds described later.
- the copper ions in the surface treatment liquid may contain copper ions eluted from metallic copper or copper oxide contained in the copper circuit when the copper circuit is treated with the surface treatment liquid.
- the content of the copper-based compound in the surface treatment liquid is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, 1.00 mol/L or less (especially 0 mol/L or more and 1.00 mol/L or less). From the viewpoint of further improving adhesiveness, chemical resistance and storage stability, it is preferably 0.50 mol/L or less (especially 0 mol/L or more and 0.50 mol/L or less), more preferably 0.10 mol/L or less (especially 0 mol/L or more and 0.10 mol/L or less), more preferably 0.010 mol/L or less (especially 0 mol/L or more and 0.010 mol/L or less).
- the surface treatment liquid preferably contains a copper-based compound.
- the content of the copper-based compound may be more than 0 mol / L and 1.00 mol / L or less, and from the viewpoint of further improving the adhesion between metal and resin, chemical resistance and storage stability, it is preferable. is more than 0 mol/L and 0.50 mol/L or less, more preferably more than 0 mol/L and 0.10 mol/L or less, and still more preferably more than 0 mol/L and 0.010 mol/L or less.
- the content of copper ions generated by dissolving the copper-based compound in the surface treatment liquid is not particularly limited, and is, for example, 1.00 mol/L or less (especially 0 to 1.00 mol/L). from the viewpoint of further improving adhesion between metal and resin, chemical resistance and storage stability, preferably 0.50 mol/L or less (particularly 0 to 0.50 mol/L), more preferably 0.50 mol/L or less (especially 0 to 0.50 mol/L) It is 10 mol/L or less (especially 0 to 0.10 mol/L), more preferably 0.010 mol/L or less (especially 0 to 0.010 mol/L).
- the surface treatment liquid preferably contains copper ions.
- the copper ion content may be more than 0 mol/L and 1.00 mol/L or less, from the viewpoint of further improving the adhesion between the metal and the resin, the chemical resistance, and the storage stability of the surface treatment liquid. Therefore, it is preferably more than 0 mol/L and 0.50 mol/L or less, more preferably more than 0 mol/L and 0.10 mol/L or less, and still more preferably more than 0 mol/L and 0.010 mol/L or less.
- the concentrations of the silane coupling agent and copper ions in the surface treatment liquid are within the above ranges, and in addition to the concentration of copper with respect to the concentration of the silane coupling agent, You may adjust the ratio of the ion concentration.
- the ratio of the molar concentration of Cu ions to the molar concentration of Si derived from the silane coupling agent in the surface treatment liquid (Cu/Si) may be, for example, 0 to 10, and the adhesion between the metal and the resin, From the viewpoint of further improving chemical resistance and storage stability, it is preferably 0 to 5.0, more preferably 0 to 1.0, and even more preferably 0 to 0.50.
- a halogen compound is a salt containing halide ions, and the halide ions contained in the halogen compound exhibit the effect of uniformly forming a flat portion of the organic film.
- Halide ions include fluoride ions, chloride ions, bromide ions, iodide ions, and the like.
- Halogen compounds such as lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, lithium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, lithium bromide, sodium bromide, odor Potassium, magnesium bromide, calcium bromide, lithium iodide, sodium iodide, potassium iodide, magnesium iodide, calcium iodide, ammonium fluoride, ammonium chloride, ammonium bromide, ammonium iodide, cuprous chloride , cupric chloride, cuprous bromide, and cupric bromide.
- Halogen compounds may be contained as impurities in other components.
- Halogen compounds may also include compounds that act as acids or bases in water. Cuprous chloride, cupric chloride, cuprous bromide, and cupric bromide are also useful as copper-based compounds as described above.
- the content of the halogen compound in the surface treatment liquid is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, 0.10 mol/L or less (especially 0 to 0.10 mol/L). From the viewpoint of further improving chemical resistance and storage stability, it is preferably 0.050 mol/L or less (especially 0 to 0.050 mol/L), more preferably 0.020 mol/L or less (especially 0 to 0.020 mol/L ), more preferably 0.010 mol/L or less (especially 0 to 0.010 mol/L). Two or more halogen compounds may be contained in combination, and in that case, the total content thereof may be within the above range.
- the content of halide ions derived from the halogen compound in the surface treatment liquid is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, 0.10 mol/L or less (especially 0 to 0.10 mol/L). From the viewpoint of further improving the adhesiveness, chemical resistance and storage stability of the ⁇ 0.020 mol/L), more preferably 0.010 mol/L or less (especially 0 to 0.010 mol/L).
- the concentrations of the silane coupling agent and the "halogen compound or halide ion" in the surface treatment liquid are within the above range, and the silane
- the ratio of halide ion concentration to coupling agent concentration may be adjusted.
- the ratio of the molar concentration of halide ions to the molar concentration of Si derived from the silane coupling agent in the surface treatment liquid may be, for example, 0 to 20, and the adhesion between the metal and the resin , from the viewpoint of further improving chemical resistance and storage stability, it is preferably 0 to 10, more preferably 0 to 5.0, and still more preferably 0 to 1.0.
- the salt is a salt other than a copper-based compound and a halogen compound, and when the cations and/or anions contained in the salt dissolve in the surface treatment liquid, the amount of ions in the surface treatment liquid increases. There is an effect of improving the film formation speed of the organic film due to the analytical effect.
- cations contained in the salt include alkali metal ions such as lithium ion, sodium ion and potassium ion; alkaline earth metal ions such as magnesium ion and calcium ion; zinc ion, manganese ion, cobalt ion, nickel ion and iron ion.
- transition metal ions such as; ammonium ions
- anions contained in salts include sulfate ions, sulfite ions, nitrate ions, phosphate ions, monohydrogen phosphate ions, dihydrogen phosphate ions, carbonate ions, hydrogen carbonate ions, formate ions, acetate ions, and the like.
- Salts include sodium sulfate, sodium nitrate, potassium sulfate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium hydrogen carbonate, sodium formate, potassium formate, sodium acetate, potassium acetate, sodium phosphate, disodium monohydrogen phosphate, Water-soluble substances such as sodium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium formate, ammonium acetate, ammonium carbonate and ammonium nitrate can be mentioned.
- the content of the salt in the surface treatment liquid is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, 1.0 mol/L or less (especially 0 to 1.0 mol/L).
- Two or more salts may be contained in combination, and in that case, the total content thereof may be within the above range.
- organic solvents examples include methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, butanol, tert-butyl alcohol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1-ethoxy-2-propanol, 1-butoxy-2-propanol, Ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerin, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monoethyl ether, Propylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, triethylene glycol diethy
- the content of the organic solvent in the surface treatment liquid is not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of further improving chemical resistance and storage stability, it is preferably 3.0 mol/L or less (especially 0 to 3.0 mol/L), more preferably 2.0 mol/L or less (especially 0 to 2.0 mol/L ), more preferably 1.0 mol/L or less (especially 0 to 1.0 mol/L). Two or more organic solvents may be contained in combination, and in that case, the total content thereof should be within the above range.
- the surface treatment liquid may further contain filler particles. If the surface treatment liquid contains filler particles, the organic coating also contains filler particles.
- the silane coupling agent is preferably present on the surface of the filler particles, and more preferably the surface of the filler particles is covered with the silane coupling agent.
- the filler particles may be one or more particles selected from the group consisting of inorganic particles made of inorganic substances and organic particles made of organic substances.
- the filler particles form an organic film (especially precipitates or aggregates) on the surface of the metal together with the silane coupling agent, and can increase the adhesive strength between the metal (especially copper) and the resin.
- Examples of filler particles include inorganic particles such as silica, alumina, magnesia, titania and zirconia; and organic particles such as melamine and acrylic particles.
- the filler particles preferably comprise inorganic particles.
- the average particle size of the filler particles is, for example, 1 nm to 20 ⁇ m, preferably 5 nm to 15 ⁇ m, more preferably 10 nm to 15 ⁇ m.
- the silane coupling agent is present on the surface of the filler particles, and the surface of the filler particles is coated with the silane coupling agent.
- the silane coupling agent on the surface of the filler particles is not particularly limited, and may be a silane coupling agent included in the silane coupling agents constituting the organic coating and the surface treatment liquid in the present invention, or the silane coupling agent silane coupling agents other than (or mixtures thereof).
- the content of the filler particles in the surface treatment liquid is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, 10.0% by weight or less (especially 0 to 10.0% by weight or less), preferably 5.0% by weight or less. (especially 0 to 5.0 wt% or less), more preferably 3.0 wt% or less (especially 0 to 3.0 wt%), still more preferably 2.0 wt% or less (especially 0 to 2.0 wt% ), particularly preferably 1.0% by weight or less (especially 0 to 1.0% by weight).
- Two or more kinds of filler particles may be contained in combination, and in that case, the total content thereof should be within the above range.
- the present invention also provides a method for producing the surface treatment liquid described above.
- the method for producing a surface treatment liquid of the present invention is characterized by combining a silane coupling agent, an acid, and optionally other components, and water.
- “Combination” means that all the components may be mixed in any combination as long as the resulting surface treatment liquid finally contains all of the above components at a predetermined concentration. For example, all components may be mixed at once (batch mixing method), or after pre-mixing some of all components, the remaining components may be further mixed (divided mixing method ). In the divided mixing method, for example, the silane coupling agent may be dissolved in an organic solvent in advance and then mixed with the remaining components.
- the surface treatment liquid can be easily produced with a relatively short stirring time even at room temperature of 10-30°C. Stirring time is usually 10 to 30 minutes. Pure water such as ion-exchanged water, distilled water, and purified water can be used as the water used for producing the surface treatment liquid.
- Method for using metal surface treatment liquid By bringing the surface treatment liquid of the present invention into contact with the surface of a metal, an organic film having protrusions can be produced on the surface of the metal. Specifically, by bringing the surface treatment liquid of the present invention into contact with the surface of the metal, the silane coupling agent precipitates and aggregates on the surface of the metal, resulting in the formation of an organic film having protrusions. Therefore, the organic film is composed of deposits or aggregates containing a silane coupling agent, and contributes to improving the adhesion between metal and resin.
- the method of bringing the surface treatment liquid into contact with the metal surface is not particularly limited as long as direct contact is achieved between the surface treatment liquid and the metal surface, and examples thereof include spraying, dipping, coating, and the like. can be adopted.
- the time for contacting the surface treatment liquid with the metal surface is appropriately determined according to the desired thickness of the flat portion of the organic coating, the desired projection length of the protrusions 20, and the composition of the surface treatment liquid. may be Since the surface treatment liquid has a sufficiently high film formation rate, it is possible to form protrusions having a desired length of projection within a predetermined time.
- the time for contacting the surface treatment liquid with the metal surface is not particularly limited, and from the viewpoint of further improving the adhesiveness and chemical resistance between the metal and the resin, it may be 1 second to 10 minutes. It is preferably 5 seconds to 3 minutes, more preferably 20 seconds to 50 seconds. If the treatment time is 1 second or more, the organic film having the protrusions 20 can be sufficiently formed on the metal surface. As a result, when a resin layer (for example, an insulating resin layer) is formed on the surface of the organic film, a sufficiently high adhesive strength between the metal and the resin layer can be obtained.
- a resin layer for example, an insulating resin layer
- the treatment time is longer than 10 minutes, there is no significant difference in the film thickness of the flat portion of the organic film and the protrusion length of the convex portion 20, so an increase in adhesive strength cannot be expected, and from the viewpoint of productivity, it is 10 minutes or less. is preferably treated with
- the temperature of the surface treatment liquid when adhering the surface treatment liquid to the surface of the metal is not particularly limited, and is preferably 5 to 50°C. It may be appropriately set in relation to the thickness and the projection length of the projection 20 .
- the surface treatment liquid After bringing the surface treatment liquid into contact with the surface of the metal, it is preferable to wash with water if necessary, and then dry the surface of the metal. Drying is preferably carried out at room temperature (eg, 20° C.) to 150° C., preferably 60 to 120° C., for 1 second to 10 minutes, preferably 10 seconds to 3 minutes. Pure water such as ion-exchanged water, distilled water, and purified water is preferable as the water used for washing. There are no particular restrictions on the method and time of washing with water, and an appropriate time by a method such as a spray method or an immersion method may be used.
- the dried organic coating may be treated with plasma, laser, ion beam, ozone, heating, humidification, etc. to modify the surface of the organic coating.
- mechanical polishing such as plasma, laser, ion beam, pumice brush, etc.
- processing methods such as drilling are used for the purpose of removing resin and ion residues on the metal surface. Washing may be performed.
- An aqueous solution containing copper ions may be brought into contact with the metal surface before and/or after the surface treatment liquid is brought into contact with the metal surface.
- This aqueous solution containing copper ions has the function of enhancing the film forming properties of the organic coating formed on the copper surface and the function of enhancing the adhesiveness between the metal and the resin.
- the valence of the copper ion is not particularly limited, and is monovalent or divalent copper ion.
- the copper ion source for the aqueous solution containing copper ions is not particularly limited as long as it is a copper salt that dissolves in the solvent used for the surface treatment liquid, and is copper sulfate, copper nitrate, cuprous chloride, cupric chloride, and copper formate. , copper acetate, cuprous bromide, cupric bromide, copper phosphate, and the like. Ammonia and/or hydrochloric acid or the like may be added to solubilize the copper salt in water.
- An acidic or basic aqueous solution may be brought into contact with the metal surface before and/or after the surface treatment liquid is brought into contact with the metal surface.
- This acidic aqueous solution or basic aqueous solution also has the function of enhancing the film-formability of the organic film formed on the surface of copper, like the aqueous solution containing copper ions.
- the acidic aqueous solution and the basic aqueous solution are not particularly limited. Examples of acidic aqueous solutions include aqueous solutions containing inorganic acids such as sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid, and aqueous solutions containing organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid and amino acids.
- Examples of basic aqueous solutions include aqueous solutions containing alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide, and amines such as ammonia, ethanolamine, monopropanolamine and tetramethylammonium hydroxide. be done.
- alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide
- amines such as ammonia, ethanolamine, monopropanolamine and tetramethylammonium hydroxide.
- plan view refers to an object (e.g., a metal having an organic coating) with its main surface (e.g., the surface having the maximum area and the organic coating disposed) as the upper surface (top surface). It is a state when the object is placed on a horizontal plane and viewed from above or below (especially above) along a direction perpendicular to the horizontal plane.
- object e.g., a metal having an organic coating
- main surface e.g., the surface having the maximum area and the organic coating disposed
- cross-sectional view means a state when viewed from a direction parallel to the horizontal plane.
- Up-down direction and “left-right direction” used directly or indirectly in this specification correspond to the up-down direction and left-right direction in the drawings, respectively.
- the same reference numerals or symbols indicate the same members/parts or the same meanings.
- the downward vertical direction that is, the direction in which gravity acts
- the opposite direction corresponds to the "upward direction”.
- an organic coating is an organic coating placed on a metal surface and is a surface treatment film formed by surface treatment of metal.
- the organic film 2 has an uneven shape on the side opposite to the metal 1 as shown in FIG.
- the organic film 2 includes convex portions 20 protruding on the side opposite to the metal 1 and concave portions 25 arranged between the convex portions 20 .
- the concave portion 25 is a portion of the organic film where no convex portion is formed, and may be a so-called flat portion.
- the organic film 2 contains a silane coupling agent and has an uneven shape (particularly, the convex portion 20).
- both the concave portions (that is, the flat portions) and the convex portions that constitute the organic coating 2 contain a silane coupling agent, and the convex portions are composed of aggregates containing the silane coupling agent.
- the anchor effect based on the uneven shape of the organic film 2 (especially the convex portions 20) and the adhesive effect based on the silane coupling agent work, and the metal and resin are bonded more firmly.
- the organic coating contains a silane coupling agent
- the adhesive effect of the organic coating itself works and the adhesiveness between the metal and the resin can be enhanced.
- the contact area between the silane coupling agent and the resin is increased, and the adhesion between the metal and the resin is sufficiently improved. can be done.
- the metal surface particularly, the metal circuit surface
- the effect of increasing the contact area with the resin can sufficiently improve the adhesiveness between the metal circuit and the insulating resin layer.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an example of an organic film obtained using the surface treatment liquid of the present invention.
- the protrusion 20 may have any shape as long as it protrudes on the side opposite to the metal 1 .
- the convex portion 20 may have a polygonal shape such as a triangular shape, a square shape, a trapezoidal shape, a circular shape, an elliptical shape, a mountain shape, an irregular shape, or the like in a cross-sectional view. It may have a tuft shape in which a plurality of particles are connected as indicated by the code "20A”, or an umbrella-opened shape like an umbrella as indicated by the codes "20B” and "20C” (for example mushroom shape), or a composite shape thereof.
- the convex portion 20 may have a porous shape containing pores.
- the protrusions 20 may be composed of aggregates containing the silane coupling agent, in which case the aggregates may be aggregates (secondary particles) of particles (primary particles) containing the silane coupling agent.
- the particles (primary particles) containing the silane coupling agent may have a spherical shape, a polyhedral shape, an irregular shape, or the like.
- the contact area between the organic film and the resin is sufficiently increased by having the protrusions in the form of aggregates containing the silane coupling agent. Therefore, the adhesiveness between the metal circuit and the resin layer can be sufficiently improved.
- Particles (primary particles) containing a silane coupling agent may contact or neck (bond) to form aggregates (secondary particles), and the aggregates (secondary particles) are porous containing pores. It may have a shape. Since the aggregates as convex portions have a porous shape with pores, not only the contact area between the organic film and the resin is sufficiently increased, but also the anchoring effect due to the entry of the resin into the pores is more sufficient. function. As a result, the adhesiveness between the metal circuit and the resin layer can be further improved sufficiently.
- the size of the particles (primary particles) containing the silane coupling agent is usually 1 to 1000 nm, preferably 5 to 500 nm, more preferably 5 to 500 nm, from the viewpoint of further improving the adhesion between metal and resin and chemical resistance. 10 to 250 nm, more preferably 20 to 200 nm.
- the size of the particles (primary particles) containing the silane coupling agent is the average maximum length of arbitrary 100 primary particles in plan view.
- the convex portion 20 may have a cross-sectional shape with a cut portion 200 in the width direction w. More specifically, the cross-sectional shape is a shape having a cut portion 200 cut in a direction in which the width is narrowed in the width direction w, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 .
- the notch 200 is typically formed at the base of the projection 20, as shown in FIGS.
- the base portion of the projection 20 is the root portion of the projection 20 , and may be the vicinity (or boundary portion) of the projection 20 with the recess (flat portion) 25 .
- the plurality of protrusions 20 are formed independently on the surface of the organic film 2. However, the upper portions of the protrusions 20 are connected to each other, for example, in FIGS.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an example of the organic film obtained by using the surface treatment of the present invention, and is a partially enlarged view showing the vicinity of the protrusions.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 are schematic cross-sectional views of an example of the organic film obtained by using the surface treatment of the present invention, and is a partially enlarged view showing the vicinity of the protrusions.
- 3B, 3C and 3D are micrographs (SEM photographs) based on plan view of a specimen having an organic coating obtained using the surface treatment of the present invention (secondary electron images at 30,000 ⁇ , respectively, 5 ,000-fold secondary electron image and 5,000-fold backscattered electron image), which are examples of SEM photographs showing protrusions that the organic film has on the surface opposite to the metal (Example 1).
- FIGS. 1 SEM photographs
- 4B, 4C, 4D and 4E are photomicrographs (SEM photographs) based on plan view of a specimen having an organic coating obtained using the surface treatment of the present invention (secondary electron 30,000x secondary electron image, 5,000x secondary electron image and 5,000x backscattered electron image) showing the protrusions the organic coating has on the surface opposite the metal. It is an example of a SEM photograph (Example 2).
- each projection 20 has cuts 200 on both sides in the width direction w, but has cuts 200 on only one side. may be Since the protrusions 20 have a tuft shape in which a plurality of particles are connected, the anchor effect functions more effectively, and the adhesion between the metal and the resin is further improved sufficiently. Since the protrusions 20 have a porous shape containing pores, the anchor effect functions more effectively, and the adhesion between the metal and the resin is further improved sufficiently.
- the protruding length of the protrusions 20 is usually 20 to 5000 nm, and from the viewpoint of further improving the adhesion between metal and resin and chemical resistance, preferably 50 to 800 nm, more preferably 70 to 600 nm, and even more preferably 100-500 nm, particularly preferably 310-460 nm, very preferably 350-450 nm.
- the projection length of the protrusions 20 is the difference between the average height of the protrusions 20 and the average height of the recesses 25 .
- the average height of the protrusions 20 is the length (distance) h1 from the metal-side surface 21 of the organic coating 2 to the organic coating surface 22 at the highest portion of the protrusions 20 in a cross-sectional view.
- the average height of the projections 20 is a value obtained by the following method.
- Each of the secondary electron images (30,000 magnification) in SEM observation of any three fields of view based on a cross-sectional view is divided into four regions that are even in the width direction.
- the maximum height h1 is measured when the convex portion 20 is confirmed in each region, and the average of h1 in the measurement regions where the convex portion 20 is confirmed is obtained.
- the average height of the recesses 25 corresponds to the thickness of the flat portion of the organic coating 2, and as shown in FIG. is the average value of the length (distance) h2 to one point.
- the average height of the recesses 25 uses values obtained by the following method.
- Each of the secondary electron images (100,000 magnification) in SEM observation of any three fields of view based on a cross-sectional view is divided into four equal regions in the width direction.
- the height h2 of the concave portion is measured at an arbitrary point in each region, and the average of 12 points in total is obtained.
- the average height of the concave portions 25 (the thickness of the flat portion of the organic coating 2) is not particularly limited, and is usually 10 to 300 nm. 10 to 100 nm, more preferably 15 to 80 nm, even more preferably 15 to 60 nm, particularly preferably 15 to 50 nm, fully preferably 15 to 40 nm, much more preferably 25 to 40 nm.
- the projection ratio of the projections 20 is usually 10 to 5000%, preferably 50 to 3000% (eg 100 to 3000%), more preferably 50 to 3000%, from the viewpoint of further improving the adhesion between metal and resin and chemical resistance. is 100 to 2000% (eg 200 to 2000%), more preferably 200 to 1500% (eg 500 to 1500%), particularly preferably 800 to 1500%, fully preferably 1000 to 1500%, more preferably 1200 to 1500%.
- the projection ratio of the projections 20 is the ratio of the projection length of the projections 20 to the average height of the recesses 25 .
- the convex portion 20 occupies a certain range in plan view of the organic film 2 .
- the protrusions 20 are interconnected at a portion higher than the base in plan view, and as shown in FIGS. 3B, 3C, 3D, 4B, 4C, 4D and 4E, at least It preferably has a partially (that is, partially or entirely) mesh-like or porous shape.
- the occupancy ratio of the protrusions 20 is not particularly limited as long as the effect of improving the adhesion between metal and resin is obtained, and may be, for example, 10 to 95%. From the viewpoint of further improving storage stability, it is preferably 20 to 90%, more preferably 40 to 85%, even more preferably 45 to 80%, and particularly preferably 50 to 80%.
- the regions not occupied by the convex portions 20 are usually composed of concave portions (that is, flat portions) 25 .
- the occupancy ratio of the protrusions 20 is the ratio of the protrusions 20 to the entire organic film 2 in plan view. . More specifically, values obtained by the following method are used for the occupancy ratio of the projections 20 . For each of the backscattered electron images (5,000 times) in SEM observation of arbitrary 5 fields based on planar view, binarization is performed based on the threshold determined by Yen's method, and the entire image is A ratio of the number of pixels of the convex portion 20 to the number of pixels is calculated to obtain the occupancy ratio of the convex portion. The average value of the occupancy ratio of the convex portions in each field of view is used as the occupancy ratio of the convex portions.
- the lower limit of the surface roughness (line roughness) represented by the roughness parameter based on JIS B0633:2001 of the organic coating 2 is not particularly limited, and from the viewpoint of further improving the adhesion between metal and resin, the following preferably as follows:
- Ra arithmetic mean roughness
- Rz maximum height roughness
- the upper limit of the surface roughness is not particularly limited, and from the viewpoint of further improving the adhesion between metal and resin and chemical resistance, it is preferably as follows:
- Ra is 0.50 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.30 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 0.25 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 0.23 ⁇ m or less.
- Rz is preferably 15.0 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 8.00 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 5.00 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 2.00 ⁇ m or less.
- the range of the surface roughness (surface roughness) of the organic coating 2 represented by the surface property parameter based on ISO 25178 is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of further improving the adhesion between the metal and the resin, the organic coating
- the following parameters related to the surface roughness of 2 are preferably within the following ranges: ⁇ Sa (arithmetic mean height) is preferably 0.01 ⁇ m or more and 0.5 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.03 ⁇ m or more and 0.3 ⁇ m or less, and still more preferably 0.05 ⁇ m or more and 0.25 ⁇ m.
- - Sq root mean square height
- - Sq root mean square height
- - Sz maximum height
- Sp maximum peak height
- - Sv maximum valley depth
- the Ssk skewness
- the Ssk is preferably ⁇ 1 or more and 1 or less, more preferably ⁇ 0.6 or more and 0.6 or less, and still more preferably ⁇ 0.4 or more and 0.4 or less.
- - Sku (kurtosis) is preferably 2 or more and 5 or less, more preferably 2.5 or more and 4 or less.
- Std the direction of the surface shape
- - Sdq root mean square slope
- - Sdr development area ratio of the interface
- - Sk level difference in the core portion
- ⁇ Spk (height of protruding peak) is preferably 0.02 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.04 ⁇ m or more and 3 ⁇ m or less, and still more preferably 0.05 ⁇ m or more and 1 ⁇ m or less.
- - Svk protruding valley height
- - Smr1 loaded area ratio separating the projecting peak portion and the core portion is preferably 5% or more and 20% or less, more preferably 7% or more and 15% or less.
- - Smr2 loaded area ratio separating protruding troughs and cores
- ⁇ Sxp pole height (difference between the height of the load area ratio of 2.5% and the height of the load area ratio of 50%)) is preferably 0.02 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.05 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less, More preferably, it is 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 3 ⁇ m or less.
- ⁇ Vvv void volume in valleys
- ⁇ Vvc core void volume
- ⁇ Vvc core void volume
- ⁇ Vmp (substantial volume of peaks) is preferably 1 ⁇ L/m 2 or more and 1000 ⁇ L/m 2 or less, more preferably 2 ⁇ L/m 2 or more and 500 ⁇ L/m 2 or less, and still more preferably 2.5 ⁇ L/m 2 or more. , 150 ⁇ L/m 2 or less.
- ⁇ Vmc (substantial volume of the core portion) is preferably 10 ⁇ L/m 2 or more and 3500 ⁇ L/m 2 or less, more preferably 30 ⁇ L/m 2 or more and 1500 ⁇ L/m 2 or less, and still more preferably 50 ⁇ L/m 2 or more and 500 ⁇ L. /m 2 or less.
- ⁇ Spd (mountain peak density (counting peaks higher than 5% of maximum amplitude)) is preferably 2 ⁇ 10 6 /mm 2 or more and 10 ⁇ 10 6 /mm 2 or less, more preferably 3 ⁇ 10 6 /mm 2 or more and 8 ⁇ 10 6 /mm 2 or less, more preferably 4 ⁇ 10 6 /mm 2 or more and 6 ⁇ 10 6 /mm 2 or less.
- ⁇ Spc (arithmetic mean curvature of peaks (only curvature of peaks higher than 5% of maximum amplitude)) is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 3 /m or more and 50 ⁇ 10 3 /m or less, more preferably 3 ⁇ 10 3 /m or more and 30 ⁇ 10 3 /m or less, more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 3 /m or more and 20 ⁇ 10 3 /m or less.
- the parameters of the surface roughness (surface roughness) of the organic film are average values measured by the following method at arbitrary five points.
- Apparatus laser microscope VK-X3000 (manufactured by Keyence Corporation) Measurement magnification: 50x objective lens, 3x zoom Measurement area: 6800 ⁇ m 2
- Surface filter treatment Surface filter treatment with a Gaussian filter and an L filter (cutoff wavelength 0.01 mm) was performed as necessary to remove noise and the underlying copper surface shape, and the surface roughness of only the organic film was measured. )
- both the convex portions 20 and the concave portions (that is, the flat portions) 25 contain a silane coupling agent (in particular, the convex portions 20 are composed of aggregates containing the silane coupling agent), have similar compositions.
- a silane coupling agent in particular, the convex portions 20 are composed of aggregates containing the silane coupling agent
- Elemental analysis by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) in cross section shows that elements (for example, C, Si, O) is detected (particularly, the point at which the peaks of those elements are sufficiently larger than those of other elements).
- both the protrusions 20 and the recesses (that is, the flat portions) 25 start to be formed almost at the same time simply by bringing a specific surface treatment liquid into contact with the surface of the metal.
- the organic coating 2 may be arranged in direct or indirect contact with the surface of the metal 1. Specifically, the organic coating 2 may be placed in direct contact with the metal 1 surface, as shown in FIGS. It may be arranged in indirect contact with one surface.
- metal 1 is the above-mentioned "metal to be surface-treated using the surface treatment liquid of the present invention”.
- a resin is usually placed on the side of the organic film 2 opposite to the metal 1 .
- the organic coating 2 is usually present between the metal 1 and the resin.
- the resin may have any shape, for example it may have a layered shape.
- resin materials include nylon, acrylate resin, epoxy resin, polybenzoxazole resin, silicone resin, polyimide resin, bismaleimide resin, maleimide resin, cyanate resin, polyphenylene ether resin, polyphenylene oxide resin, polybutadiene resin, Examples include olefin resins, fluorine-containing resins, polyetherimide resins, polyetheretherketone resins, and liquid crystal resins.
- the resin material may be a combination of these resin materials by mixing them or modifying them with each other.
- polyphenylene ether resins polyphenylene oxide resins, liquid crystal resins, acrylate resins, epoxy resins, olefin resins, polybenzoxazole resins, silicone resins and polyimide resins are preferred, and epoxy resins are particularly preferred.
- a resin material may contain a filler such as silica or alumina for the purpose of improving heat resistance or reducing CTE (coefficient of thermal expansion).
- the present invention also provides a concentrate of the metal surface treatment liquid.
- the concentrated liquid of the surface treatment liquid is a liquid (e.g., aqueous solution) (i.e., liquid before dilution) to be diluted with water (e.g., water only). It is a liquid from which the above-described surface treatment liquid is obtained by dilution (that is, a liquid before dilution).
- a concentrated surface treatment liquid is also referred to as a "surface treatment undiluted solution”.
- the concentrated liquid of the metal surface treatment liquid is a concentrated liquid for producing the metal surface treatment liquid described above by being diluted with water (for example, water only).
- the concentration of each of the above components in the concentrated solution of the metal surface treatment solution of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as the surface treatment solution obtained by dilution finally contains all the above components. It is preferred that the concentration be such that all of the above components can be included in the predetermined concentration. Therefore, the concentration of each component in the concentrated liquid of the surface treatment liquid of the present invention is set to a relatively high concentration according to the assumed dilution ratio.
- the dilution ratio is, for example, 1.1 to 10 times, preferably 1.1 to 8 times, more preferably 1.1 to 5 times.
- the dilution ratio is expressed by a value obtained by dividing the volume of the surface treatment liquid obtained after dilution by the volume of the concentrated liquid before dilution.
- the pH is not particularly limited, but it is preferable that the pH is such that the surface treatment liquid obtained by dilution with water (for example, only water) finally has the pH described above.
- Pure water such as ion-exchanged water, distilled water, and purified water is preferable as the water used for dilution.
- the water used for dilution may be water only.
- the present invention also provides a metal surface treatment liquid set.
- the metal surface treatment liquid set of the present invention comprises a first liquid and a second liquid.
- the first liquid and the second liquid are, for example, housed in separate containers, combined and distributed to the market.
- the first liquid and the second liquid are combined and distributed on the market not only when the first liquid and the second liquid are sold as a set, but also when the first liquid and the second liquid are sold as a set.
- a case in which the first liquid and the second liquid are distributed separately, but an instruction manual or the like suggests that they be used in combination with each other is also included.
- the metal surface treatment liquid described above is produced by mixing the first liquid and the second liquid with each other.
- the metal surface treatment liquid mentioned above is a metal surface treatment liquid containing a silane coupling agent, an acid, and optionally other components.
- the silane coupling agent is contained in the first liquid, and the acid and other components are each independently contained in the first liquid and/or the second liquid. contained in the liquid of Specifically, the acid and other components may each independently be contained in one of the first liquid or the second liquid, or may be contained in both.
- the first liquid and the second liquid are usually aqueous solutions.
- the concentration of each of the above components in the first liquid and the second liquid is not particularly limited as long as the surface treatment liquid obtained by mutual mixing finally contains all of the above components. It is preferred that the concentration be such that all of the above components can be included in the predetermined concentration.
- the present invention also provides a method of bonding metal and resin material.
- the method of adhering the metal and the resin material is not particularly limited as long as the surface treatment liquid of the present invention is used.
- the following method can be used.
- the surface treatment solution of the present invention is brought into contact with the surface of the metal to form an organic film on the surface of the metal, and then a resin layer (for example, a base material) made of a resin material is formed on the surface of the metal through the organic film. do. After drying the organic film formed on the metal surface, a resin layer may be formed on the surface of the organic film.
- the method for forming the resin layer is not particularly limited as long as a resin layer made of a resin material is formed partially or entirely on the organic coating.
- a method of bonding with an adhesive sheet (film) and a method of combining these means are included.
- the organic coating is placed in direct contact with the surface of the metal, while the resin layer is placed in direct contact with the surface of the organic coating.
- the present invention also provides a printed wiring board and a method for manufacturing the same.
- the printed wiring board of the present invention contains the organic coating described above.
- the above bonding method is used. That is, the method for producing a printed wiring board of the present invention includes the step of bringing the surface treatment liquid of the present invention into contact with the surface of the metal circuit of the printed wiring board to form an organic coating.
- a metal circuit of a printed wiring board is a metal (that is, a wiring) forming a circuit on the printed wiring board.
- an organic film on the surface of a metal using the surface treatment liquid of the present invention it is possible to improve the adhesiveness with resin materials, so various electric and electronic parts and prints in which metal and resin materials are combined can be used. It can be suitably used for an electronic device having a wiring board or the like.
- the above-described organic film is arranged between the metal (particularly the metal circuit) and the resin (insulating resin layer).
- the surface treatment liquid of the present invention can be suitably used especially for substrates formed from copper or copper alloys.
- the surface treatment liquid of the present invention is, for example, a copper or copper alloy for the purpose of enhancing adhesion (adhesion) between a copper circuit (copper wiring layer) and a prepreg or solder resist (insulating resin layer). It is suitable for surface treatment, and in a printed wiring board having an insulating resin layer in contact with a copper wiring layer, the adhesion between the copper wiring layer and the insulating resin layer can be enhanced.
- the printed wiring board is prepared by bringing the surface treatment liquid of the present invention into contact with the surface of the copper wiring layer, then washing with water if necessary, and then drying, after which the insulating resin layer is formed on the surface of the copper wiring layer.
- the contact method is as described above, and immersion of the copper wiring layer in the surface treatment liquid or spraying of the treatment liquid onto the copper wiring layer is simple and reliable, and is therefore preferable.
- the method of washing with water is also not particularly limited, but immersing the copper wiring layer in washing water or spraying the surface of the copper wiring layer with washing water is simple and reliable, and is therefore preferred.
- a known method such as a method of attaching a semi-cured resin material or a method of applying a liquid resin material containing a solvent can be employed.
- a via hole is formed in order to conduct the upper and lower wiring.
- the copper wiring layer may be produced by methods such as electroless plating, electrolytic plating, vapor deposition, sputtering, damascene, etc., and may include inner via holes, through holes, connection terminals, and the like. good.
- the "copper” according to the present invention refers to foils (electrolytic copper foil, rolled copper foil, resin-coated copper foil, ultra-thin electrolytic copper foil, Electroless copper foil, sputtered copper foil, thin copper foil), plating film (electroless copper plating film, electrolytic copper plating film), thin films and grains formed by evaporation method, sputtering method, damascene method, etc., needles, fibers, It is used in applications and forms such as wire, rod, tube, and plate.
- the surface of copper is preferably a smooth surface with Ra (arithmetic mean roughness) of 0.1 ⁇ m or less.
- the copper surface may be plated with nickel, zinc, chromium, tin, or the like.
- the ultra-thin electrolytic copper foil treated with the surface treatment solution of the present invention is any one of the semi-additive method, the subtractive method, the partly additive method, the modified semi-additive method, the advanced modified semi-additive method and the primer semi-additive method.
- the ultra-thin electrodeposited copper foil may comprise a copper foil carrier, a release layer laminated on the copper foil carrier, and an ultra-thin copper layer laminated on the release layer.
- the copper surface may be subjected to at least one pretreatment selected from the group consisting of pickling treatment, roughening treatment, heat resistance treatment, rust prevention treatment or chemical conversion treatment.
- the roughened layer formed by roughening the surface of the copper foil consists of fine granular copper particles deposited on the surface of the copper foil of the copper-clad laminate. Since fine granular copper particles are deposited on the surface of the copper foil, it is possible to increase the distance between the irregularities formed on the surface of the copper foil (the distance between the peak and the valley of the irregularities). Also, the mechanical bonding strength between the copper foil layer and the insulating resin layer of the copper-clad laminate can be improved.
- the method of laminating the roughened layer is not particularly limited as long as the above effects are achieved, and known methods can be employed.
- fine granular copper particles can be deposited on the surface of a copper foil by appropriately adjusting the voltage applied using an electrolytic copper foil manufacturing apparatus and the concentration of an electrolytic solution composed of a sulfuric acid copper sulfate solution.
- Heat-resistant layer When a heat-resistant layer formed by applying a heat-resistant treatment to the surface of the copper foil is laminated, it is possible to suppress deterioration in adhesion between the copper foil and the insulating resin layer due to heat generated during reflow heating or the like. .
- the heat-resistant layer By forming the heat-resistant layer from at least one selected from nitrogen-containing compounds, nickel, zinc, chromium-zinc, nickel alloys, zinc alloys, and chromium alloys, the above functions can be exhibited.
- the method for laminating this heat-resistant layer is not particularly limited as long as the above effects are achieved, and known methods can be employed.
- a method is adopted in which the compound is dissolved in water or an organic solvent to prepare a treatment solution, and the treatment solution is brought into contact with the surface of the copper foil by means of spraying, immersion, or the like. be able to.
- electroplating, vapor deposition, and other methods can be employed.
- Antirust treatment layer When an antirust treatment layer formed by applying an antirust treatment to the surface of the copper foil is laminated, oxidation of the copper foil can be prevented.
- This antirust treatment layer can exhibit the above functions by forming it from a nitrogen-containing compound or by forming it by zinc-chromate or chromate treatment.
- the method for laminating the anticorrosion treatment layer is not particularly limited as long as the above effects are achieved, and known methods can be employed. Compounds containing nitrogen are as described above. Further, for example, by adopting an electric chromate treatment, a chromate film such as chromium oxide can be formed.
- the metal surface treatment liquid is applied to semiconductor circuits and protective films (e.g., photosensitive positive type, photosensitive negative type, non-photosensitive buffer coats and bump protective films) formed on semiconductor wafers. It is suitable for the surface treatment of semiconductor circuits for the purpose of increasing the adhesiveness (adhesion) between them. Further, for example, the metal surface treatment liquid is used for package substrates (WL-CSP, FO-WLP, PLP) forming rewiring layers on semiconductor wafers, 2.5-dimensional (2.5D) or 3-dimensional (3D) interconnects. It is suitable for the surface treatment of the copper circuit rewiring layer for the purpose of increasing the adhesiveness (adhesion) between the copper circuit rewiring layer and the insulating material in the poser substrate.
- semiconductor circuits and protective films e.g., photosensitive positive type, photosensitive negative type, non-photosensitive buffer coats and bump protective films
- the metal surface treatment liquid is used for package substrates (WL-CSP, FO-WLP, PLP) forming rewir
- the metal surface treatment liquid is applied to the metal surface in the lead frame preparation process or the frame after mounting the semiconductor chip (before and after the die bonding/pre-baking process).
- Adhesiveness It is suitable for surface treatment of lead frames for the purpose of improving adhesion.
- the metal surface treatment liquid is applied to the metal surface in the lead frame creation process or after temporarily placing the bonding material (solder, Au plating, Sn plating, etc.)
- Bonding material solder, Au plating, Sn plating, etc.
- Lead frame metal surface, frame metal surface after semiconductor chip mounting before and after alignment, chip mounting, baking process
- lead frame after main curing before and after processes such as reflow heating, thermocompression bonding, ultrasonic waves, plasma, etc.
- Suitable for surface treatment of lead frames to improve adhesiveness (adhesion) with sealing resin and semiconductor chip mounting on the metal surface and lead frame metal surface in the process of resin encapsulation. is.
- the surface treatment liquid for metal is 2.1-dimensional (2.1D) organic substrates, glass substrates, and semiconductor substrates. It is also suitable for the surface treatment of the copper circuit wiring layer for the purpose of increasing the adhesiveness (adhesion) between the copper circuit wiring layer and the insulating material in the built-in component embedded substrate (EPS substrate) and coreless substrate.
- the metal surface treatment liquid contains pattern wiring, laser via processing is performed on the upper and lower layers, and via fill plating is performed.
- Suitable for surface treatment of the copper circuit wiring layer for the purpose of increasing the adhesiveness (adhesion) between the copper circuit wiring layer and the insulating material when using a circuit embedded substrate (ETS substrate) using MIS using is.
- Azolesilane coupling agent AS-1 was synthesized by the following synthesis method.
- the synthesis method complied with WO2019/058773. Specifically, 93.6 g (0.275 mol) of a 20% sodium ethoxide ethanol solution was added to a solution of 23.4 g (0.275 mol) of 5-amino-1H-tetrazole and 220 mL of dehydrated N,N-dimethylformamide at room temperature. was added and stirred for 30 minutes. Subsequently, 66.3 g (0.275 mol) of 3-chloropropyltriethoxysilane was added dropwise at 70° C. over 1 hour, and stirred at 98-100° C. for 20 hours.
- the suspended reaction liquid was cooled to 7° C., insoluble matter was removed by filtration, and volatile matter (solvent, etc.) was distilled off under reduced pressure to obtain 91 g of a concentrate.
- This concentrate is diluted (dispersed/dissolved) with 220 mL of isopropyl acetate, washed with 220 mL of saturated brine three times, the organic layer is dried over magnesium sulfate, and the volatile matter (solvent, etc.) is distilled off under reduced pressure. 73.6 g of liquid concentrate were obtained.
- the light brown liquid obtained was 5-amino-1-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]-1H-tetrazole and 5-amino-2- It was found to be a mixture containing [3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]-2H-tetrazole at a ratio (mol %) of 40:60, respectively.
- Azolesilane coupling agent AS-2 was synthesized by the following synthesis method.
- the suspended reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to 90 g, the concentrate was diluted (dispersed/dissolved) with 100 mL of ethyl acetate, washed with 80 mL of saturated brine three times, and the organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate. , and volatile matter (solvent, etc.) was distilled off under reduced pressure to obtain 39.3 g (0.14 mol, yield 93.1%) of a colorless liquid.
- 1 H-NMR spectral data of the obtained colorless liquid were as follows.
- the obtained colorless liquids are represented by the following structural formulas: 1-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]-1H-benzotriazole and 2-[3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl]-2H-benzotriazole.
- Tosylic acid, sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, acetic acid or nitric acid were used.
- tosylic acid monohydrate (solid) sulfuric acid 70% sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid (liquid) manufactured by Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical, and camphor sulfone
- Camphorsulfonic acid (solid) manufactured by FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. was used as the acid
- 60% nitric acid was used as the nitric acid
- 80% acetic acid was used as the acetic acid.
- ⁇ base NaOH was used. A 48% NaOH aqueous solution was used as NaOH when preparing the surface treatment liquid.
- Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (EGBE) was used as an organic solvent. 98% ethylene glycol monobutyl ether was used as the ethylene glycol monobutyl ether when preparing the surface treatment liquid. Copper sulfate was used as the copper-based compound. Copper sulfate pentahydrate was used as copper sulfate when preparing the surface treatment liquid. Silica (SiO 2 ) particles manufactured by MADHU SILICA (model number MFIL-P(S), average particle size 12 ⁇ m) were used as filler particles.
- Examples 1 to 32 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5 (Method for preparing surface treatment liquid) A predetermined amount of silane coupling agent, acid and other components) is added to a beaker containing ion-exchanged water so that the concentration of each component in the surface treatment liquid is as shown in Table 1A or Table 1B, Stir until uniform. In Examples 5, 8, and 9 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2, a base was then added and the mixture was stirred until uniform to adjust the pH to a predetermined value, thereby obtaining a surface treatment liquid. The pH of the surface treatment liquid was as described in Table 1A or Table 1B.
- the surface roughness (Ra and Rz) of the copper surface of each pretreated copper sample was measured using a laser microscope VK-8710 (manufactured by Keyence Corporation).
- the electrolytic copper foil had Ra of 0.15 ⁇ m and Rz of 0.80 ⁇ m.
- the copper-clad laminate had an Ra of 0.05 ⁇ m and an Rz of 0.25 ⁇ m.
- a copper-clad laminate (thickness of copper: 35 ⁇ m) subjected to electrolytic copper plating was used to measure the surface roughness (surface roughness) of the metal and organic coating, and the surface roughness (surface roughness) of the copper surface was measured. It was measured using a laser microscope VK-X3000 (manufactured by Keyence Corporation).
- Each copper sample was immersed in a constant temperature surface treatment liquid (30° C.) (surface treatment). Treatment times (ie soak times) were as described in Table 1A or Table 1B. Then, each copper sample was washed with water to wash off the surface treatment liquid adhering to the surface of each copper sample, and then dried at 100° C. for 1 minute. Each copper sample obtained was subjected to evaluation.
- the surface roughness (Ra and Rz) of the organic coating of the copper sample (copper-clad laminate) after the surface treatment was measured using a laser microscope VK-8710 (manufactured by Keyence Corporation). Further, the surface roughness (surface roughness) of the organic coating of the copper sample (copper-clad laminate) after the surface treatment in Example 11 was measured using a laser microscope VK-X3000 (manufactured by Keyence Corporation).
- Precure Treatment A test substrate in which a copper foil, a resin, and a substrate were laminated was subjected to the following heat treatments (H1) and (H2) in order. (H1) heating at 100° C. for 30 minutes; (H2) Heat at 180° C. for 30 minutes.
- ⁇ Full cure treatment The following heat treatment (H3) was performed on the test substrate after the precuring treatment. (H3) Heat at 200° C. for 60 minutes. ⁇ : 0.62 ⁇ peel strength (best); ⁇ : 0.55 ⁇ peel strength ⁇ 0.62 (excellent); ⁇ : peel strength ⁇ 0.55 (impossible); XX: Evaluation could not be performed because the surface treatment liquid could not be prepared due to the formation of precipitates (impossible).
- ⁇ HAST treatment high temperature and high humidity treatment: A HAST treatment (high temperature and high humidity treatment) was performed on the test substrate after the full cure treatment.
- the HAST treatment is an accelerated test under a high-temperature and high-humidity environment, and was carried out by holding the fully cured test substrate at a humidity of 85% and a temperature of 130° C. for 50 hours.
- ⁇ 0.54 ⁇ peel strength (best); ⁇ : 0.45 ⁇ peel strength ⁇ 0.54 (excellent); ⁇ : peel strength ⁇ 0.45 (impossible);
- XX Evaluation could not be performed because the surface treatment liquid could not be prepared due to the formation of precipitates (impossible).
- the neutralized specimen was dried at 80°C for 5 minutes.
- the haloing width of the test piece after the drying treatment was measured using a laser microscope VK-8710 (manufactured by Keyence Corporation) at an observation magnification of 400 times.
- the distance from the end of the via to the permeated portion of the desmear liquid was measured as the haloing width when the periphery of the via of the test piece was viewed from above with a laser microscope.
- FIGS. 3A and 4A Examples of secondary electron images (magnification: 30,000) in SEM observation based on cross-sectional views of test pieces (copper-clad laminates) in Examples 1 and 2 are shown in FIGS. 3A and 4A, respectively.
- the secondary electron images based on these cross-sectional views were obtained by further forming a platinum deposition film and a carbon deposition film on the organic film 2 for the purpose of suppressing damage to the organic film during cross-sectional processing. It is a secondary electron image based on the cross-sectional view of the test piece.
- the platinum deposition film is a platinum deposition film and was formed using an auto fine coater JEC-3000FC (manufactured by JEOL Ltd.).
- the carbon deposition film is a carbon film and was formed by a focused ion beam processing/observation device JIB-4000 (manufactured by JEOL Ltd.).
- FIGS. 3B, 4B and 4C Examples of secondary electron images (30,000 times or 50,000 times) in SEM observation based on the planar view of the test pieces in Examples 1 and 2 are shown in FIGS. 3B, 4B and 4C.
- FIG. 3C and FIG. 4D show examples of secondary electron images (5,000 ⁇ ) in SEM observation based on planar view of the test pieces in Examples 1 and 2, respectively.
- Examples of backscattered electron images (5,000 magnification) in SEM observation based on planar view of the test pieces in Examples 1 and 2 are shown in FIG. 3D and FIG. 4E, respectively.
- the plurality of protrusions 20 in the organic coating 2 had a cross-sectional cut shape (base portion) and an umbrella opening shape (upper portion).
- the plurality of convex portions 20 in the organic coating 2 form aggregates (secondary particles) by necking (bonding) irregularly shaped particles (primary particles) of about 100 nm in plan view.
- the (secondary particles) were connected to each other in the upper part and had a porous shape containing mesh or voids as a whole.
- the plurality of protrusions 20 in the organic coating 2 had a cross-sectional cut shape (base portion) and a tuft shape (upper portion).
- the plurality of convex portions 20 in the organic coating 2 form aggregates (secondary particles) by necking (bonding) irregularly shaped particles (primary particles) of about 100 nm in plan view.
- the (secondary particles) were connected to each other in the upper part and had a porous shape containing mesh or voids as a whole.
- S4 SEM observation: The obtained cross section was observed with a SEM apparatus (S-4800: manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation), and an image (secondary electron image) was taken at an acceleration voltage of 3 kV and a pixel number of 640 ⁇ 448.
- the imaging magnification was 30,000 times (for convex portions) and 100,000 times (for concave portions (flat portions)). For each specimen, images of three arbitrary fields of view, each different for each magnification, were taken.
- ⁇ Method for measuring average height of protrusions A cross-sectional image taken at 30,000 times is divided into four areas evenly in the width direction, and the maximum height of the protrusions in each area (the height of the organic coating 2 is The length (distance) h1 (see FIG. 2) from the copper foil side surface 21 to the organic film surface 22 at the highest portion of the protrusion 20 was measured. Such measurements were performed for each of the images of the three fields of view, and the average height of the protrusions was obtained by calculating the average of h1 in the measurement areas where the protrusions 20 were confirmed among the total of 12 measurement areas.
- the projections having a projection length (h1-average height of recesses) of 20 nm or more were counted as projections 20, and h1 was measured. Specifically, protrusions with a protrusion length (h1 ⁇ average height of recesses) of less than 20 nm were not counted as protrusions 20 .
- the protrusion length (h1 - average height of recesses) is 20 nm.
- the protrusion length (h1-average height of recesses) is 20 nm.
- the protrusion length (h1 - average height of the recess) is 20 nm or more.
- One or more protrusions were confirmed.
- all the protrusions had a tuft shape in which a plurality of particles were connected, and also had a porous shape containing pores.
- the projections were formed from the aggregates containing the silane coupling agent (AS-1) and the silica particles during the formation of the organic film.
- T1 Imaging A surface-treated test piece is cut into a size (10 mm ⁇ 10 mm) that fits in an SEM device, and its planar image is captured by an SEM device (JSM-7610F: manufactured by JEOL Ltd.) at an acceleration voltage of 5 kV. , an image (backscattered electron image) was taken at an imaging magnification of 5,000 times and a pixel number of 1280 ⁇ 960. Arbitrary 5 fields of view were photographed for one test piece.
- JSM-7610F manufactured by JEOL Ltd.
- T2 Binarization processing: The image was binarized using image analysis software ImageJ. Specifically, the captured image is binarized based on the threshold determined by Yen's method, and an image in which the convex portion (aggregate portion) is black and the concave portion (flat portion) is white. Obtained. In addition, when the black and white of the convex portion and the concave portion were reversed after the binarization process, the image before binarization was inverted (Inverted) and then the binarization was performed.
- T3 Measurement By analyzing the image (Analyze > Measure), the number of pixels in the convex portion (aggregate portion or black portion) is calculated, and based on that value, the number of pixels in the entire image (1280 ⁇ 960 pixels) is convex. The ratio of the number of pixels in the part (aggregate part or black part) was calculated to obtain the occupancy ratio of the convex part. Such measurement of the occupancy ratio of the convex portions was performed for images of five fields of view taken in each of the examples and the comparative examples, and the average value of the occupancy ratio of the convex portions in each field of view was used as the occupancy ratio of the convex portions.
- Elemental analysis by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was performed using the surface of the test piece in Examples 1 to 11 as viewed from above (that is, the surface of the organic film including the protrusions and recesses) as the measurement area. rice field. Analysis conditions are as follows. In addition, a simple quantitative analysis was performed with C, N, O, Si, and Cu as target elements by the ZAF method.
- the components (C, N, Si, O) and copper ions (Cu) of the silane coupling agent (AS-1) were confirmed in both the convex and concave portions. From this result, it is clear that the organic film (especially the convex and concave portions) is substantially composed of a silane coupling agent as a main component, and the silane coupling agent and copper ions form a complex to form an organic film. It is presumed that it constitutes a coating (particularly convex and concave portions).
- Tables 5A and 5B show the measurement results of the surface roughness (surface roughness) parameters of the copper surface of the copper-clad laminate.
- Tables 6A and 6B are the measurement results of the surface roughness (surface roughness) parameters of the organic film of Example 11.
- the surface treatment liquid of the present invention improves the adhesion between metals such as metal circuits of printed wiring boards, electric wires and metal cores of tires, and resin layers (for example, insulating resin layers) formed on the surfaces thereof. It is useful as a surface treatment liquid for
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Abstract
Description
また「耐薬品性」は、有機被膜が塩基性溶液(特にデスミア液等の強塩基性溶液)、酸性溶液または有機溶媒と接触しても、溶解され難い特性をいうものとする。
また「保存安定性」は、表面処理液を調製後、保存しても表面処理液中にシランカップリング剤による析出物が発生しづらい特性をいうものとする。
金属表面の上に有機被膜を形成するための金属の表面処理液であって、該表面処理液はシランカップリング剤および酸を含み、かつ1.9以下のpHを有する、金属の表面処理液に関する。
本発明の表面処理液は保存安定性に優れている。
本発明に係る金属の表面処理液は、金属表面の上に有機被膜を形成するための金属の表面処理液であって、該表面処理液はシランカップリング剤および酸を含み、かつ1.9以下のpHを有する水溶液である。このような表面処理液を金属の表面に接触させることにより、金属の表面においてシランカップリング剤が析出および凝集し、結果として、凸部を有する有機被膜が形成される。従って、有機被膜は、シランカップリング剤を含む析出物または凝集物から構成され、金属と樹脂との接着性の向上に貢献する。表面処理液のpHが1.9よりも大きいと、凸部を有する有機被膜を得ることができない。
例えば、表面処理液が酸としてトシル酸(特にトシル酸のみ)を含む場合、表面処理液のpHは、金属と樹脂との接着性、耐薬品性および保存安定性のさらなる向上の観点から、好ましくは-1.0以上、より好ましくは-0.5以上、さらに好ましくは-0.4以上、特に好ましくは-0.2以上、十分に好ましくは-0.1以上、最も好ましくは0.1以上である。この場合における当該pHの上限値は通常、1.9であり、当該pHは、金属と樹脂との接着性、耐薬品性および保存安定性のさらなる向上の観点から、好ましくは1.5以下、より好ましくは1.0未満、さらに好ましくは0.6以下、特に好ましくは0.55以下、十分に好ましくは0.48以下、より十分に好ましくは0.42以下である。
また例えば、表面処理液が酸として硫酸(特に硫酸のみ)を含む場合、表面処理液のpHは、金属と樹脂との接着性、耐薬品性および保存安定性のさらなる向上の観点から、好ましくは-1.0以上、より好ましくは-0.8以上、さらに好ましくは-0.4以上である。この場合における当該pHの上限値は通常、1.9であり、当該pHは、金属と樹脂との接着性、耐薬品性および保存安定性のさらなる向上の観点から、好ましくは1.5以下、より好ましくは1.0未満、さらに好ましくは0.9以下、特に好ましくは0.6以下、十分に好ましくは0.2以下、より十分に好ましくは-0.15以下である。
装置:レーザー顕微鏡VK-8710(キーエンス社製)
条件:カットオフ波長0.8mm、倍率1000倍
・Sa(算術平均高さ)は0.16μm以下であってもよく、金属の表皮効果による電気特性の低下(伝送損失)を防ぐ観点から、好ましくは0.08μm以下、より好ましくは0.04μm以下である。Saは通常、0.001μm以上である。
・Sq(二乗平均平方根高さ)は0.2μm以下であってもよく、金属の表皮効果による電気特性の低下(伝送損失)を防ぐ観点から、好ましくは0.1μm以下、より好ましくは0.05μm以下である。Sqは通常、0.001μm以上である。
・Sz(最大高さ)は好ましくは2μm以下であってもよく、金属の表皮効果による電気特性の低下(伝送損失)を防ぐ観点から、好ましくは1μm以下、より好ましくは0.2μm以下である。Szは通常、0.01μm以上である。
・Sp(最大山高さ)は好ましくは1.5μm以下であってもよく、金属の表皮効果による電気特性の低下(伝送損失)を防ぐ観点から、好ましくは0.7μm以下、より好ましくは0.1μm以下である。Spは通常、0.01μm以上である。
・Sv(最大谷深さ)は好ましくは1.5μm以下であってもよく、金属の表皮効果による電気特性の低下(伝送損失)を防ぐ観点から、好ましくは0.7μm以下、より好ましくは0.1μm以下である。Svは通常、0.01μm以上である。
・Ssk(スキューネス(偏り度))は、好ましくは-0.5以上、0.5以下、金属の表皮効果による電気特性の低下(伝送損失)を防ぐ観点から、好ましくは-0.3以上、0.3以下、さらに好ましくは-0.2以上、0.2以下である。
・Sku(クルトシス(尖り度))は、好ましくは2以上、10以下、より好ましくは2.5以上、8以下である。
・Sal(最小自己相関長さ(s=0.2))は、好ましくは0.2μm以上、10μm以下、より好ましくは0.3μm以上、5μm以下、さらに好ましくは0.5μm以上、3μm以下である。
・Str(表面形状のアスペクト比(s=0.2))は、好ましくは0.4以上、1以下、より好ましくは0.5以上、1以下である。
・Std(表面形状の方向)は、偏りのない分布であることが好ましい。
・Sdq(二乗平均平方根傾斜)は、0.5μm以下であってもよく、金属の表皮効果による電気特性の低下(伝送損失)を防ぐ観点から、好ましくは0.2μm以下、より好ましくは0.05μm以下である。Sdqは通常、0.01μm以上である。
・Sdr(界面の展開面積比)は、0.5μm以下であってもよく、金属の表皮効果による電気特性の低下(伝送損失)を防ぐ観点から、好ましくは0.2μm以下、より好ましくは0.05μm以下である。Sdrは通常、0.0001μm以上である。
・Sk(コア部のレベル差)は、好ましくは0.5μm以下であってもよく、金属の表皮効果による電気特性の低下(伝送損失)を防ぐ観点から、好ましくは0.2μm以下、より好ましくは0.1μm以下である。Skは通常、0.01μm以上である。
・Spk(突出山部高さ)は、好ましくは0.3μm以下であってもよく、金属の表皮効果による電気特性の低下(伝送損失)を防ぐ観点から、好ましくは0.1μm以下、より好ましくは0.05μm以下である。Spkは通常、0.001μm以上である。
・Svk(突出谷部高さ)は、好ましくは0.3μm以下であってもよく、金属の表皮効果による電気特性の低下(伝送損失)を防ぐ観点から、好ましくは0.1μm以下、より好ましくは0.05μm以下である。Svkは通常、0.001μm以上である。
・Smr1(突出山部とコア部を分離する負荷面積率)は、好ましくは5%以上、20%以下、より好ましくは7%以上、15%以下である。
・Smr2(突出谷部とコア部を分離する負荷面積率)は、好ましくは80%以上、95%以下、より好ましくは85%以上、93%以下である。
・Sxp(極点高さ(負荷面積率2.5%と負荷面積率50%の高さの差))は、好ましくは0.002μm以上、10μm以下、より好ましくは0.005μm以上、5μm以下、さらに好ましくは0.010μm以上、3μm以下である。
・Vvv(谷部の空隙容積)は、好ましくは20μL/m2以下であってもよく、金属の表皮効果による電気特性の低下(伝送損失)を防ぐ観点から、より好ましくは15μL/m2以下、さらに好ましくは2μL/m2以下である。Vvvは通常、0.1μL/m2以上である。
・Vvc(コア部の空隙容積)は、好ましくは300μL/m2以下であってもよく、金属の表皮効果による電気特性の低下(伝送損失)を防ぐ観点から、より好ましくは50μL/m2以下、さらに好ましくは20μL/m2以下である。Vvcは通常、1μL/m2以上である。
・Vmp(山部の実体体積)は、好ましくは10μL/m2以下であってもよく、金属の表皮効果による電気特性の低下(伝送損失)を防ぐ観点から、より好ましくは3μL/m2以下、さらに好ましくは1μL/m2以下である。Vmpは通常、0.1μL/m2以上である。
・Vmc(コア部の実体体積)は、好ましくは200μL/m2以下であってもよく、金属の表皮効果による電気特性の低下(伝送損失)を防ぐ観点から、より好ましくは100μL/m2以下、さらに好ましくは20μL/m2以下である。Vmcは通常、1μL/m2以上である。
・Spd(山の頂点密度(最大振幅の5%の高さより高い山をカウント))は、好ましくは5×106/mm2以下であってもよく、金属の表皮効果による電気特性の低下(伝送損失)を防ぐ観点から、好ましくは4×106/mm2以下、より好ましくは3.5×106/mm2以下である。Spdは通常、0.5×106/mm2以上である。
・Spc(山頂の算術平均曲率(最大振幅の5%の高さより高い山頂の曲率のみ))は、好ましくは20×103/m以下、であってもよく、金属の表皮効果による電気特性の低下(伝送損失)を防ぐ観点から、好ましくは10×103/m以下、より好ましくは5×103/m以下である。Spcは通常、0.1×103/m以上である。
装置:レーザー顕微鏡VK-X3000(キーエンス社製)
計測倍率:対物レンズ50倍・ズーム3倍
計測面積:6800μm2
表面フィルター処理:ノイズ除去や下地銅表面形状除去のため必要に応じてガウシアンフィルターおよびLフィルター(カットオフ波長0.01mm)による表面フィルター処理を行い、面粗さを計測した。
シランカップリング剤は、少なくとも1つのヒドロキシル基またはアルコキシ基を含有するシリル基を有する有機系シラン化合物である。そのようなシランカップリング剤は、金属と樹脂との接着性(特に金属と有機被膜との接着性)、耐薬品性および保存安定性のさらなる向上の観点から、分子中に窒素原子を含むシランカップリング剤が好ましい。分子中に窒素原子を含むシランカップリング剤において、当該窒素原子は、置換基または複素環骨格の少なくとも一方に含有されている。詳しくは、そのようなシランカップリング剤において、窒素原子は、置換基(例えばアミノ基)のみに含有されていてもよいし、複素環骨格のみに含有されていてもよいし、または置換基(例えばアミノ基)および複素環骨格の両方に含有されていてもよい。窒素原子は、金属と樹脂との接着性(特に金属と有機被膜との接着性)のさらなる向上の観点から、少なくとも複素環骨格に含有されていることが好ましく、より好ましくは置換基(例えばアミノ基)および複素環骨格の両方に含有されている。
ミン、ビス[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]アミン等が挙げられる。
トリアゾールシラン化合物は、窒素原子を3つ含む複素5員環化合物(すなわちトリアゾール化合物)において、置換基として、1分子中、1つのシリル基含有アルキル基(例えば、後述の一般式(Ia)における-(CH2)m-Si(OR)3-n(OH)n基)を有する化合物である。シリル基含有アルキル基が結合している原子は、トリアゾール環を構成する原子であり、例えば、窒素原子であってもよいし、または炭素原子であってもよい。シリル基含有アルキル基が結合している原子は、金属と樹脂との接着性、耐薬品性および保存安定性のさらなる向上の観点から、窒素原子であることが好ましい。トリアゾールシラン化合物を構成するトリアゾール環は1,2,4-トリアゾール環であってもよいし、または1,2,3-トリアゾール環であってもよい。トリアゾール環は、金属と樹脂との接着性、耐薬品性および保存安定性のさらなる向上の観点から、1,2,4-トリアゾール環であることが好ましい。
式(Ia)中、mは1~12の整数を表す。mは、アゾールシラン化合物の溶解性の向上および金属と樹脂との接着性、耐薬品性および保存安定性のさらなる向上の観点から、好ましくは1~10、より好ましくは1~5、さらに好ましくは2~5の整数を表す。
式(Ia)中、nは0~3の整数を表す。
式(Ia)中、Rはメチル基またはエチル基を表す。Rは、作業環境の向上の観点から、好ましくはエチル基を表す。
式(Ib)中、X1およびX2は、金属と樹脂との接着性、耐薬品性および保存安定性のさらなる向上の観点から、それぞれ独立して、好ましくは水素原子、炭素数1~12の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキル基(特に炭素数1~8の直鎖状または分岐状のアルキル基)、フェニル基、またはアミノ基を表し、より好ましくは水素原子、炭素数1~5の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキル基、またはアミノ基を表し、さらに好ましくはアミノ基を表す。特に式(Ib)においてX1およびX2の両方がアルキル基である場合、X1およびX2は、相互に結合して、式(Ib)におけるトリアゾール環と縮合する炭素数6~10の炭素環(特にベンゼン環またはナフタレン環(好ましくはベンゼン環))を形成してもよい。当該炭素環の炭素数には、当該炭素環と縮合するトリアゾール環と共有される炭素原子の数も含まれる。
式(Ib)中、mは、アゾールシラン化合物の溶解性の向上および金属と樹脂との接着性、耐薬品性および保存安定性のさらなる向上の観点から、好ましくは1~10、より好ましくは1~5、さらに好ましくは2~5の整数を表す。
式(Ib)中、nは0~3の整数を表す。
式(Ib)中、Rはメチル基またはエチル基を表す。Rは、作業環境の向上の観点から、好ましくはエチル基を表す。
同様に、トリアゾールシラン化合物(Ia-2)は、nが1である場合のトリアゾールシラン化合物であり、トリアゾールシラン化合物(Ia-3)は、nが2である場合のトリアゾールシラン化合物であり、トリアゾールシラン化合物(Ia-4)は、nが3である場合のトリアゾールシラン化合物である。
1-[3-(トリメトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3-メチル-1-[2-(トリエトキシシリル)エチル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
5-メチル-1-[4-(トリメトキシシリル)ブチル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3-エチル-1-[3-(トリメトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3-プロピル-1-[3-(トリメトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3-イソプロピル-1-[10-(トリメトキシシリル)デシル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3-ブチル-1-[3-(トリメトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3-ヘキシル-1-[3-(トリメトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
5-メチル-3-オクチル-1-[3-(トリメトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3-ドデシル-1-[6-(トリエトキシシリル)ヘキシル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3,5-ジメチル-1-[3-(トリメトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3,5-ジイソプロピル-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3-フェニル-1-[3-(トリメトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3-メチル-5-フェニル-1-[3-(トリメトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3-エチル-5-フェニル-1-[3-(トリメトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3,5-ジフェニル-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3-ベンジル-1-[4-(トリエトキシシリル)ブチル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3-ベンジル-5-フェニル-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3-ヘキシルチオ-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3-ベンジル-5-プロピル-1-[6-(トリエトキシシリル)ヘキシル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3-アミノ-1-(トリエトキシシリル)メチル-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3-アミノ-1-[2-(トリメトキシシリル)エチル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3-アミノ-1-[3-(トリメトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
5-アミノ-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
5-アミノ-3-エチル-1-[6-(トリメトキシシリル)ヘキシル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3-アミノ-5-フェニル-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3-アミノ-5-ベンジル-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3-アミノ-1-[6-(トリメトキシシリル)ヘキシル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3-アミノ-1-[6-(トリエトキシシリル)ヘキシル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3-アミノ-1-[12-(トリメトキシシリル)ドデシル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3,5-ジアミノ-1-[1-(トリメトキシシリル)メチル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3,5-ジアミノ-1-[1-(トリエトキシシリル)メチル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3,5-ジアミノ-1-[3-(トリメトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3,5-ジアミノ-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3,5-ジアミノ-1-[6-(トリメトキシシリル)ヘキシル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3,5-ジアミノ-1-[12-(トリメトキシシリル)ドデシル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3-メチルチオ-1-[3-(トリメトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3-イソプロピルチオ-1-[3-(トリメトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3-ヘキシルチオ-1-[10-(トリエトキシシリル)デシル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3-エチルチオ-5-イソプロピル-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3,5-ビス(メチルチオ)-1-[3-(トリメトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
5-ヘキシルチオ-3-メチルチオ-1-[3-(トリメトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3-アミノ-5-メチルチオ-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
5-アミノ-3-メチルチオ-1-[3-(トリメトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
5-アミノ-3-メチルチオ-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
5-アミノ-3-イソプロピルチオ-1-[6-(トリエトキシシリル)ヘキシル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール、
3-アミノ-5-ヘキシルチオ-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,4-トリアゾール等。
同様に、トリアゾールシラン化合物(Ib-2)は、nが1である場合のトリアゾールシラン化合物であり、トリアゾールシラン化合物(Ib-3)は、nが2である場合のトリアゾールシラン化合物であり、トリアゾールシラン化合物(Ib-4)は、nが3である場合のトリアゾールシラン化合物である。
1-[3-(トリメトキシシリル)プロピル」-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル」-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
4-メチル-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
4-エチル-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
4-プロピル-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
4-イソプロピル-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
4-ブチル-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
4-ヘキシル-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
4-ドデシル-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
4,5-ジメチル-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
4-ベンジル-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
4-フェニル-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
4,5-ジフェニル-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
4-アミノ-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
4-メチルチオ-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
4-イソプロピルチオ-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
4-ヘキシルチオ-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
4-メチル-2-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
4-ヘキシル-2-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
4-メチルチオ-2-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
4-アミノ-2-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
4-メチル-3-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
4-ヘキシル-3-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
4-メチルチオ-3-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
4-アミノ-3-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
4-プロピル-1-[3-(トリメトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
4-アミノ-1-[3-(トリメトキシシリル)プロピル]-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
4-アミノ-1-[6-(トリエトキシシリル)ヘキシル]-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
4-アミノ-1-[10-(トリエトキシシリル)デシル]-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
4-アミノ-1-[12-(トリエトキシシリル)ドデシル]-1,2,3-トリアゾール、
1-[3-(トリメトキシシリル)プロピル]-1H-ベンゾトリアゾール、
1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1H-ベンゾトリアゾール、
2-[3-(トリメトキシシリル)プロピル]-2H-ベンゾトリアゾール、
2-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-2H-ベンゾトリアゾール。
モノアゾールシラン化合物は、窒素原子を1つ含む複素5員環化合物(すなわちモノアゾール化合物)において、置換基として、1分子中、1つのシリル基含有アルキル基(例えば、前記一般式(Ia)における-(CH2)m-Si(OR)3-n(OH)n基と同様の基)を有する化合物である。シリル基含有アルキル基が結合している原子は、モノアゾール環を構成する原子であり、例えば、窒素原子であってもよいし、または炭素原子であってもよい。モノアゾールシラン化合物は、置換基(例えば、前記一般式(Ia)におけるX1およびX2と同様の基)をさらに有していてもよい。当該置換基が結合している原子は、モノアゾール環を構成する原子であり、例えば、窒素原子であってもよいし、または炭素原子であってもよい。
ジアゾールシラン化合物は、窒素原子を2つ含む複素5員環化合物(すなわちジアゾール化合物)において、置換基として、1分子中、1つのシリル基含有アルキル基(例えば、前記一般式(Ia)における-(CH2)m-Si(OR)3-n(OH)n基と同様の基)を有する化合物である。シリル基含有アルキル基が結合している原子は、ジアゾール環を構成する原子であり、例えば、窒素原子であってもよいし、または炭素原子であってもよい。シリル基含有アルキル基が結合している原子は、金属と樹脂との接着性、耐薬品性および保存安定性のさらなる向上の観点から、窒素原子であることが好ましい。ジアゾールシラン化合物は、置換基(例えば、前記一般式(Ia)におけるX1およびX2と同様の基)をさらに有していてもよい。当該置換基が結合している原子は、ジアゾール環を構成する原子であり、例えば、窒素原子であってもよいし、または炭素原子であってもよい。
テトラゾールシラン化合物は、窒素原子を4つ含む複素5員環化合物(すなわちテトラゾール化合物)において、置換基として、1分子中、1つのシリル基含有アルキル基(例えば、後述の一般式(Ic)における-(CH2)m-Si(OR)3-n(OH)n基と同様の基)を有する化合物である。シリル基含有アルキル基が結合している原子は、テトラゾール環を構成する原子であり、例えば、窒素原子であってもよいし、または炭素原子であってもよい。シリル基含有アルキル基が結合している原子は、金属と樹脂との接着性、耐薬品性および保存安定性のさらなる向上の観点から、窒素原子であることが好ましい。テトラゾールシラン化合物は、置換基(例えば、前記一般式(Ia)におけるX1と同様の基)をさらに有していてもよい。当該置換基(例えば、前記一般式(Ia)におけるX1と同様の基)が結合している原子は、テトラゾール環を構成する原子であり、例えば、窒素原子であってもよいし、または炭素原子であってもよい。当該置換基(例えば、前記一般式(Ia)におけるX1と同様の基)が結合している原子は、金属と樹脂との接着性、耐薬品性および保存安定性のさらなる向上の観点から、炭素原子であることが好ましい。
式(Ic)中、X1は、金属と樹脂との接着性、耐薬品性および保存安定性のさらなる向上の観点から、好ましくは水素原子、炭素数1~12の直鎖状もしくは分岐状のアルキル基(特に炭素数1~8の直鎖状または分岐状のアルキル基)、フェニル基、またはアミノ基を表し、より好ましくはフェニル基またはアミノ基を表し、さらに好ましくはアミノ基を表す。
式(Ic)中、mは、アゾールシラン化合物の溶解性の向上の観点から、好ましくは1~10、より好ましくは1~5、さらに好ましくは2~5の整数を表す。
式(Ic)中、nは0~3の整数を表す。
式(Ic)中、Rはメチル基またはエチル基を表す。Rは、作業環境の向上の観点から、好ましくはエチル基を表す。
同様に、テトラゾールシラン化合物(Ic-2)は、nが1である場合のテトラゾールシラン化合物であり、テトラゾールシラン化合物(Ic-3)は、nが2である場合のテトラゾールシラン化合物であり、テトラゾールシラン化合物(Ic-4)は、nが3である場合のテトラゾールシラン化合物である。
5-アミノ-2-[3-(トリメトキシシリル)プロピル]-2H-テトラゾール、
5-アミノ-1-[3-(トリメトキシシリル)プロピル]-1H-テトラゾール、
5-アミノ-2-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-2H-テトラゾール、
5-アミノ-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1H-テトラゾール、
5-フェニル-2-[3-(トリメトキシシリル)プロピル]-2H-テトラゾール、
5-フェニル-1-[3-(トリメトキシシリル)プロピル]-1H-テトラゾール、
5-フェニル-2-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-2H-テトラゾール、
5-フェニル-1-[3-(トリエトキシシリル)プロピル]-1H-テトラゾール。
アゾールシランカップリング剤は、前述のとおり、水と接触すると加水分解される。この加水分解の態様をスキーム(F)に示す。このスキーム(F)においては、前記のアゾールシランカップリング剤の有するシリル基が加水分解される様、即ち、トリアルコキシシリル基(a)が、漸次、ジアルコキシヒドロキシシリル基(b)、ジヒドロキシアルコキシシリル基(c)、トリヒドロキシシリル基(d)に変化する様が示されている。なお、化学式(e)で示される基のXは、繰り返し単位の数を表す整数である。詳しくは、表面処理液中に生成したヒドロキシシリル基を有するアゾールシラン化合物(例えば前記したトリアゾールシラン化合物(Ia-2)~(Ia-4)、トリアゾールシラン化合物(Ib-2)~(Ib-4)およびテトラゾールシラン化合物(Ic-2)~(Ic-4))の一部は、表面処理液中において徐々に、互いに反応して脱水縮合し、ヒドロキシシリル基がシロキサン結合(Si-O-Si)を形成し(上記スキーム(F)における化学式(e)参照)、水に溶け難いシランオリゴマーに変換されてもよい。なお、表面処理液中におけるシランオリゴマーの生成量が多くなると、不溶解分が析出して、表面処理液が白濁し、処理品を汚染する恐れがある。このため、表面処理液はシランオリゴマーの生成量が抑制され、透明性を有することが好ましい。
トリアジンシランカップリング剤は、トリアジン環を有する化合物において、置換基として、1分子中、1つのシリル基含有アルキルアミノ基(例えば、-NH-(CH2)m-Si(OR)3-n(OH)n基。mおよびnは、式(Ia)におけるmおよびnと同様である。)を有する化合物である。シリル基含有アルキルアミノ基が結合している原子は、トリアジン環を構成する炭素原子である。トリアジンシランカップリング剤は、置換基(例えば、前記一般式(Ia)におけるX1およびX2と同様の基)をさらに有していてもよい。当該置換基が結合している原子は、トリアジン環を構成する炭素原子である。
N-トリメトキシシラニルメチル-[1,3,5]トリアジン-2,4,6-トリアミン、
N-(2-トリメトキシシラニル-エチル)-[1,3,5]トリアジン-2,4,6-トリアミン、
N-(3-トリメトキシシラニル-プロピル)-[1,3,5]トリアジン-2,4,6-トリアミン、
N-(4-トリメトキシシラニル-ブチル)-[1,3,5]トリアジン-2,4,6-トリアミン、
N-(6-トリメトキシシラニル-ヘキシル)-[1,3,5]トリアジン-2,4,6-トリアミン、
N-(8-トリメトキシシラニル-オクチル)-[1,3,5]トリアジン-2,4,6-トリアミン、
N-(10-トリメトキシシラニル-デシル)-[1,3,5]トリアジン-2,4,6-トリアミン、
N-(12-トリメトキシシラニル-ドデシル)-[1,3,5]トリアジン-2,4,6-トリアミン、
N-トリエトキシシラニルメチル-[1,3,5]トリアジン-2,4,6-トリアミン、
N-(2-トリエトキシシラニル-エチル)-[1,3,5]トリアジン-2,4,6-トリアミン、
N-(3-トリエトキシシラニル-プロピル)-[1,3,5]トリアジン-2,4,6-トリアミン、
N-(4-トリエトキシシラニル-ブチル)-[1,3,5]トリアジン-2,4,6-トリアミン、
N-(6-トリエトキシシラニル-ヘキシル)-[1,3,5]トリアジン-2,4,6-トリアミン、
N-(8-トリエトキシシラニル-オクチル)-[1,3,5]トリアジン-2,4,6-トリアミン、
N-(10-トリエトキシシラニル-デシル)-[1,3,5]トリアジン-2,4,6-トリアミン、
N-(12-トリエトキシシラニル-ドデシル)-[1,3,5]トリアジン-2,4,6-トリアミン。
例えば、銅と樹脂材料との接着を例に挙げると、当該シランカップリング剤は、分子中に窒素原子とアルコキシシリル基(-Si-OR)を有しており、窒素原子は、樹脂および金属(特に銅)と相互作用し、化学結合を形成する。
また、アルコキシシリル基は加水分解を受けて、ヒドロキシシリル基(-Si-OH)に変換され、このヒドロキシシリル基は樹脂および金属(特に銅)の表面に点在する金属酸化物(特に酸化銅)と化学結合する。
従って、金属(特に銅)と、当該シランカップリング剤を含有する表面処理液とを接触させることにより、該金属(特に銅)の表面には窒素原子やヒドロキシシリル基との結合により、当該シランカップリング剤に由来する有機被膜が形成される。その後、この有機被膜の表面に樹脂材料からなる絶縁樹脂層を形成させた場合には、金属(特に銅)の表面に直に絶縁樹脂層を形成させる場合に比べて、金属(特に銅)と樹脂材料との接着性を高めることができる。
例えば、銅と樹脂材料との接着を例に挙げると、アゾールシランカップリング剤またはトリアジンシランカップリング剤は、分子中にアゾール環またはトリアジン環とアルコキシシリル基(-Si-OR)を有しており、アゾール環またはトリアジン環は、樹脂および金属(特に銅)と相互作用し、化学結合を形成する。
また、アルコキシシリル基は加水分解を受けて、ヒドロキシシリル基(-Si-OH)に変換され、このヒドロキシシリル基は樹脂及び金属(特に銅)の表面に点在する金属酸化物(特に酸化銅)と化学結合する。
従って、金属(特に銅)と、アゾールシランカップリング剤またはトリアジンシランカップリング剤を含有する表面処理液とを接触させることにより、該金属(特に銅)の表面にはアゾール環またはトリアジン環やヒドロキシシリル基との結合により、アゾールシランカップリング剤またはトリアジンシランカップリング剤に由来する有機被膜が形成される。その後、この有機被膜の表面に樹脂材料からなる絶縁樹脂層を形成させた場合には、金属(特に銅)の表面に直に絶縁樹脂層を形成させる場合に比べて、金属(特に銅)と樹脂材料との接着性を高めることができる。
表面処理液に含まれる酸は、水に溶解したときに酸性を示す化合物である。酸の添加により、pHが前記範囲内の強酸性組成の表面処理液にすることで、金属(特に銅)表面からの金属イオン(特に銅イオン)の溶出量を飛躍的に増加させることができる。これにより、シランカップリング剤と金属イオン(特に銅イオン)の錯体の形成が促進され、有機被膜の強度を高めたり、有機被膜の形成速度を飛躍的に高めたりすることができる。特に、有機被膜の形成速度が飛躍的に高まることで、有機被膜上にシランカップリング剤を含む凝集物として凸部を形成させることができる。また、酸の添加により表面処理液へのシランカップリング剤の溶解が促進される。
表面処理液は、上記したシランカップリング剤および酸以外に、塩基、銅系化合物、ハロゲン化合物、塩、有機溶剤、フィラー粒子等の他の成分を含んでもよい。
本発明は上記した表面処理液の製造方法も提供する。
本発明の表面処理液の製造方法は、シランカップリング剤、酸、および所望により他の成分、ならびに水を組み合わせることを特徴する。「組み合わせる」とは、得られる表面処理液が最終的に上記の全成分を所定濃度で含む限り、全成分をあらゆる組み合わせで混合してもよいという意味である。例えば、全成分を一括して混合してもよいし(一括混合方式)、または全成分のうちの一部の成分を予め混合した後、残りの成分をさらに混合してもよい(分割混合方式)。分割混合方式において、例えば、シランカップリング剤は予め有機溶剤に溶解された後、残りの成分と混合されてもよい。
本発明の表面処理液を、金属の表面に接触させることにより、金属の表面に、凸部を有する有機被膜を製造することができる。詳しくは、本発明の表面処理液を金属の表面に接触させることにより、金属の表面においてシランカップリング剤が析出および凝集し、結果として、凸部を有する有機被膜が形成される。従って、有機被膜は、シランカップリング剤を含む析出物または凝集物から構成され、金属と樹脂との接着性の向上に貢献する。
図面を参照して、本発明の表面処理液により製造される一実施形態に係る有機被膜について具体的に説明する。図面における各種要素は、本発明の理解のために模式的かつ例示的に示したにすぎず、外観や寸法比等は実物とは異なり得る。本明細書でいう「平面視」とは、対象物(例えば有機被膜を有する金属)をその主面(例えば最大面積を有し、かつ有機被膜が配置された面)を上面(天面)として水平面に静置し、当該水平面に対して垂直な方向に沿って当該対象物を上側または下側(特に、上側)からみたときの状態のことである。又、本明細書でいう「断面視」とは、前記の水平面に対して平行な方向からみたときの状態のことである。本明細書で直接的または間接的に用いる“上下方向”および“左右方向”は、それぞれ図中における上下方向および左右方向に相当する。特記しない限り、同じ符号または記号は、同じ部材・部位または同じ意味内容を示すものとする。ある好適な態様では、鉛直方向下向き(すなわち、重力が働く方向)が「下方向」に相当し、その逆向きが「上方向」に相当すると捉えることができる。
シランカップリング剤を含む粒子(一次粒子)同士は接触またはネッキング(結合)して凝集体(二次粒子)を形成していてもよく、凝集体(二次粒子)は空孔を含む多孔質形状を有していてもよい。凸部としての凝集体が空孔を有する多孔質形状を有することにより、有機被膜と樹脂との接触面積がより十分に増加するだけでなく、空孔への樹脂の入り込みによるアンカー効果がより十分に機能する。これらの結果、金属回路と樹脂層との間の接着性をより一層、十分に向上させることができる。
凸部20が複数の粒子が連なった房形状を有することにより、アンカー効果がより一層有効に機能し、金属と樹脂との接着がより一層、十分に向上する。
凸部20が空孔を含む多孔質形状を有することにより、アンカー効果がより一層有効に機能し、金属と樹脂との接着がより一層、十分に向上する。
凸部20の平均高さは、詳しくは、以下の方法により得られた値を用いている。
断面視に基づく任意の3視野のSEM観察における二次電子像(30,000倍)の各々において、幅方向に均等な4つの領域に分ける。
各領域において凸部20が確認された場合に最大高さh1を測定し、凸部20が確認された測定領域におけるh1の平均を求める。
凹部25の平均高さは、詳しくは、以下の方法により得られた値を用いている。
断面視に基づく任意の3視野のSEM観察における二次電子像(100,000倍)の各々において、幅方向に均等な4つの領域に分ける。
各領域において任意の1点での凹部の高さh2を測定し、計12点の平均を求める。
凸部20の占有比率は、詳しくは、以下の方法により得られた値を用いている。
平面視に基づく任意の5視野のSEM観察における反射電子像(5,000倍)の各々について、Yenの方法(method)により定めた閾値(threshold)を基準に二値化を行い、画像全体のピクセル数に対する凸部20のピクセル数の割合を算出し、凸部の占有比率を得る。各視野における凸部の占有比率についての平均値を凸部の占有比率として用いる。
例えば、Ra(算術平均粗さ)は好ましくは0.08μm以上、より好ましくは0.09μm以上、さらに好ましくは0.10μm以上、特に好ましくは0.17μm以上である。
また例えば、Rz(最大高さ粗さ)は好ましくは0.70μm以上、より好ましくは0.80μm以上、さらに好ましくは0.90μm以上、特に好ましくは1.00μm以上である。
例えば、Raは0.50μm以下、より好ましくは0.30μm以下、さらに好ましくは0.25μm以下、特に好ましくは0.23μm以下である。
また例えば、Rzは好ましくは15.0μm以下、より好ましくは8.00μm以下、さらに好ましくは5.00μm以下、特に好ましくは2.00μm以下である。
装置:レーザー顕微鏡VK-8710(キーエンス社製)
条件:カットオフ波長0.8mm、倍率1000倍
・Sa(算術平均高さ)は好ましくは0.01μm以上、0.5μm以下、より好ましくは0.03μm以上、0.3μm以下、さらに好ましくは0.05μm以上、0.25μmである。
・Sq(二乗平均平方根高さ)は、好ましくは0.01μm以上、0.6μm以下、より好ましくは0.03μm以上、0.4μm以下、さらに好ましくは0.05μm以上、0.3μmである。
・Sz(最大高さ)は好ましくは0.2μm以上、15μm以下、より好ましくは0.3μm以上、8μm以下、さらに好ましくは0.5μm以上、5μm以下である。
・Sp(最大山高さ)は好ましくは0.1μm以上、10μm以下、より好ましくは0.15μm以上、5μm以下、さらに好ましくは0.2μm以上、3μm以下である。
・Sv(最大谷深さ)は好ましくは0.1μm以上、10μm以下、より好ましくは0.15μm以上、5μm以下、さらに好ましくは0.2μm以上、3μm以下である。
・Ssk(スキューネス(偏り度))は、好ましくは-1以上、1以下、より好ましくは-0.6以上、0.6以下、さらに好ましくは-0.4以上、0.4以下である。
・Sku(クルトシス(尖り度))は、好ましくは2以上、5以下、より好ましくは2.5以上、4以下である。
・Sal(最小自己相関長さ(s=0.2))は、好ましくは0.2μm以上、10μm以下、より好ましくは0.3μm以上、5μm以下、さらに好ましくは0.35μm以上、3μm以下である。
・Str(表面形状のアスペクト比(s=0.2))は、好ましくは0.4以上、1以下、より好ましくは0.5以上、1以下である。
・Std(表面形状の方向)は、偏りのない分布であることが好ましい。
・Sdq(二乗平均平方根傾斜)は、好ましくは0.1以上、5以下、より好ましくは0.2以上、3以下、さらに好ましくは0.3以上、2以下である。
・Sdr(界面の展開面積比)は、好ましくは0.01以上、2以下、より好ましくは0.02以上、1.5以下、さらに好ましくは0.05以上、1以下である。
・Sk(コア部のレベル差)は、好ましくは0.05μm以上、10μm以下、より好ましくは0.1μm以上、5μm以下、さらに好ましくは0.15μm以上、3μm以下である。
・Spk(突出山部高さ)は、好ましくは0.02μm以上、5μm以下、より好ましくは0.04μm以上、3μm以下、さらに好ましくは0.05μm以上、1μm以下である。
・Svk(突出谷部高さ)は、好ましくは0.02μm以上、5μm以下、より好ましくは0.04μm以上、3μm以下、さらに好ましくは0.05μm以上、1μm以下である。
・Smr1(突出山部とコア部を分離する負荷面積率)は、好ましくは5%以上、20%以下、より好ましくは7%以上、15%以下である。
・Smr2(突出谷部とコア部を分離する負荷面積率)は、好ましくは80%以上、95%以下、より好ましくは85%以上、93%以下である。
・Sxp(極点高さ(負荷面積率2.5%と負荷面積率50%の高さの差))は、好ましくは0.02μm以上、10μm以下、より好ましくは0.05μm以上、5μm以下、さらに好ましくは0.1μm以上、3μm以下である。
・Vvv(谷部の空隙容積)は、好ましくは2μL/m2以上、500μL/m2以下、より好ましくは4μL/m2以上、250μL/m2以下、さらに好ましくは5μL/m2以上、100μL/m2以下である。
・Vvc(コア部の空隙容積)は、好ましくは10μL/m2以上、3500μL/m2以下、より好ましくは30μL/m2以上、1500μL/m2以下、さらに好ましくは50μL/m2以上、500μL/m2以下である。
・Vmp(山部の実体体積)は、好ましくは1μL/m2以上、1000μL/m2以下、より好ましくは2μL/m2以上、500μL/m2以下、さらに好ましくは2.5μL/m2以上、150μL/m2以下である。
・Vmc(コア部の実体体積)は、好ましくは10μL/m2以上、3500μL/m2以下、より好ましくは30μL/m2以上、1500μL/m2以下、さらに好ましくは50μL/m2以上、500μL/m2以下である。
・Spd(山の頂点密度(最大振幅の5%の高さより高い山をカウント))は、好ましくは2×106/mm2以上、10×106/mm2以下、より好ましくは3×106/mm2以上、8×106/mm2以下、さらに好ましくは4×106/mm2以上、6×106/mm2以下である。
・Spc(山頂の算術平均曲率(最大振幅の5%の高さより高い山頂の曲率のみ))は、好ましくは1×103/m以上、50×103/m以下、より好ましくは3×103/m以上、30×103/m以下、さらに好ましくは5×103/m以上、20×103/m以下である。
装置:レーザー顕微鏡VK-X3000(キーエンス社製)
計測倍率:対物レンズ50倍・ズーム3倍
計測面積:6800μm2
表面フィルター処理:ノイズ除去や下地銅表面形状除去のため必要に応じてガウシアンフィルターおよびLフィルター(カットオフ波長0.01mm)による表面フィルター処理を行い、有機被膜のみの面粗さを計測した。)
・断面視におけるエネルギー分散型X線分光法(SEM-EDX)による元素分析において、凸部20および凹部(すなわち平坦部)25からシランカップリング剤の化合物を構成する元素(例えば、C,Si,O)のピークが検出される点(特に、それらの元素のピークが他の元素のピークに比べて十分大きく検出される点)。特に、分子中に窒素原子を含むシランカップリング剤を用いた場合には、凸部20および凹部(すなわち平坦部)25からシランカップリング剤の化合物を構成する元素(例えば、C,Si,O,N)のピークが検出される点、および分子中に窒素原子を含むシランカップリング剤と錯体を構成する金属イオンの元素(例えば、Cu)のピークが検出される点(特に、それらの元素のピークが他の元素のピークに比べて十分大きく検出される点);
・有機被膜の製造工程において、凸部20も凹部(すなわち平坦部)25も、特定の表面処理液を、金属の表面に接触させるだけで、ほぼ同時に形成され始める点。
本発明は、金属の表面処理液の濃縮液も提供する。
表面処理液の濃縮液は、水(例えば水のみ)で希釈して使用されるための液体(例えば水溶液)(すなわち、希釈前の液体)のことであり、詳しくは水(例えば水のみ)による希釈により、上記した表面処理液が得られる液体(すなわち、希釈前の液体)である。本発明においてはこのような表面処理液の濃縮液を「表面処理原液」とも称する。
本発明は、金属の表面処理液セットも提供する。
本発明の金属の表面処理液セットは第1の液および第2の液からなる。第1の液および第2の液は、例えば、別々の容器に収容されつつ、組み合わされて市場に流通される。第1の液および第2の液が組み合わされて市場に流通されるとは、第1の液および第2の液がセット販売されるなど、市場において一体的に取り扱われる場合だけでなく、第1の液および第2の液が別々に流通されているものの、取り扱い説明書等により、相互に組み合わされて使用されることが示唆されている場合も包含される。第1の液および第2の液が相互に混合されることにより、上記した金属の表面処理液が製造される。上記した金属の表面処理液とは、シランカップリング剤、酸および所望により含まれる他の成分を含む金属の表面処理液のことである。
本発明は、金属と樹脂材料との接着方法も提供する。金属と樹脂材料との接着方法としては、本発明の表面処理液を用いる限り特に限定されず、例えば、以下の方法により行うことができる。金属の表面に本発明の表面処理液を接触させて金属の表面に有機被膜を形成し、次いで、該有機被膜を介して、金属の表面に樹脂材料からなる樹脂層(例えば基材)を形成する。金属表面に形成された有機被膜は、乾燥後、該有機被膜の表面に樹脂層が形成されてもよい。樹脂層の形成方法は、有機被膜の一部または全体に、樹脂材料からなる樹脂層が形成される限り、特に限定されず、例えば、樹脂材料を塗布または圧着する方法、樹脂材料を接着剤または接着シート(フィルム)により接着する方法、およびこれらの手段を組み合わせる方法が挙げられる。有機被膜は、金属の表面と直接的に接して配置される一方で、樹脂層は当該有機被膜の表面と直接的に接して配置されることが好ましい。
本発明は、プリント配線板およびその製造方法も提供するものである。本発明のプリント配線板は上記した有機被膜を含む。本発明のプリント配線板の製造方法においては、上記接着方法を用いる。すなわち、本発明のプリント配線板の製造方法は、プリント配線板の金属回路の表面に、本発明の表面処理液を接触させて、有機被膜を形成する工程を含む。プリント配線板の金属回路とは、プリント配線板において回路を構成する金属(すなわち配線)のことである。
接触の方法については、前述のとおりであり、表面処理液中への銅配線層の浸漬または該処理液による銅配線層へのスプレー等が簡便かつ確実であり好ましい。
水洗の方法についても特に制限はないが、洗浄水中への銅配線層の浸漬または洗浄水による銅配線層表面へのスプレーが簡便かつ確実であり好ましい。
絶縁樹脂層の形成には、公知の方法、例えば半硬化の樹脂材料を貼り付ける方法や溶剤を含む液状の樹脂材料を塗布する方法等を採用することができる。
また、本発明の表面処理液で処理される極薄電解銅箔とは、セミアディティブ法、サブトラクティブ法、パートリーアディティブ法、モディファイドセミアディティブ法、アドバンスモディファイドセミアディティブ法又はプライマーセミアディティブ法の何れかの方法によって回路を形成する工程を含む方法により得られる、プリント配線板に使用される極薄電解銅箔である。極薄電解銅箔は、銅箔キャリアと、銅箔キャリア上に積層された剥離層と、剥離層の上に積層された極薄銅層とを備えていてもよい。銅表面に、酸洗処理、粗化処理、耐熱処理、防錆処理または化成処理からなる群から選択させる少なくとも1つの前処理を施しても良い。
前記銅箔表面に粗化処理を施すことにより形成される粗化処理層は、銅張積層板の銅箔の表面に析出させた微細な粒状の銅粒子からなる。銅箔の表面に微細な粒状の銅粒子が堆積するので、銅箔の表面に形成される凹凸の間隔(凹凸の頭頂部と谷部の距離)を大きくすることができる。そして、銅張積層板の銅箔層と絶縁樹脂層の機械的な結合力を向上させることができる。
前記銅箔表面に耐熱処理を施すことにより形成される耐熱処理層を積層させた場合には、リフロー加熱等において発生する熱による銅箔と絶縁樹脂層の接着性の低下を抑制することができる。耐熱処理層は、窒素を含む化合物、ニッケル、亜鉛、クロム亜鉛、ニッケル合金、亜鉛合金またはクロム合金から選択される少なくとも1種から形成させることにより、上記機能を発揮させることができる。
前記銅箔表面に防錆処理を施すことにより形成される防錆処理層を積層させた場合には、銅箔の酸化等を防止することができる。この防錆処理層は、窒素を含む化合物から形成させるか、または、亜鉛-クロメートもしくはクロメート処理により形成させることにより、上記機能を発揮させることができる。
また例えば、金属の表面処理液は、半導体ウェハ上に再配線層を形成するパッケージ基板(WL-CSP、FO-WLP、PLP)や2.5次元(2.5D)または3次元(3D)インターポーザー基板において、銅回路再配線層と絶縁材料との接着性(密着性)を高めることを目的とする銅回路再配線層の表面処理に好適である。
また例えば、金属の表面処理液は、パターン配線を内蔵し上下層をレーザービア加工し、ビアフィルめっきを行う場合や、上下層の導通はめっきで形成した銅ピラーを使用し、絶縁層はモールド樹脂を使用するMISを用いた回路埋め込み基板(ETS基板)を用いる場合において、銅回路配線層と絶縁材料との接着性(密着性)を高めることを目的とする銅回路配線層の表面処理に好適である。
・シランカップリング剤:
以下のアゾールシランカップリング剤AS-1およびAS-2を用いた。
アゾールシランカップリング剤AS-1を以下の合成方法により合成した。
詳しくは、5-アミノ-1H-テトラゾール23.4g(0.275mol)及び脱水N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド220mLからなる溶液に、室温下、20%ナトリウムエトキシドエタノール溶液93.6g(0.275mol)を加えて30分間撹拌した。続いて、70℃にて3-クロロプロピルトリエトキシシラン66.3g(0.275mol)を1時間かけて滴下し、98~100℃にて20時間撹拌した。懸濁状の反応液を7℃に冷却し、不溶物を濾去した後、揮発分(溶媒他)を減圧留去して、濃縮物91gを得た。この濃縮物を酢酸イソプロピル220mLで希釈(分散・溶解)して、飽和食塩水220mLで3回洗浄し、有機層を硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥した後、揮発分(溶媒他)を減圧留去して、液状の濃縮物73.6gを得た。この濃縮物をヘキサン220mLで洗浄し、揮発分(溶媒他)を減圧留去して、淡褐色液体65.8g(0.227mol、収率82.7%)を得た。
得られた淡褐色液体の1H-NMRスペクトルデータは、以下のとおりであった。
アゾールシランカップリング剤AS-2を以下の合成方法により合成した。
得られた無色液体の1H-NMRスペクトルデータは、以下のとおりであった。
トシル酸、硫酸、メタンスルホン酸、カンファースルホン酸、酢酸または硝酸を用いた。表面処理液の作成時には、トシル酸はトシル酸・1水和物(固体)を、硫酸は70%硫酸を、メタンスルホン酸は富士フイルム和光純薬製のメタンスルホン酸(液体)を、カンファースルホン酸は富士フイルム和光純薬製のカンファースルホン酸(固体)を、硝酸は60%硝酸を、酢酸は80%酢酸を用いた。
NaOHを用いた。表面処理液の作成時には、NaOHは48%NaOH水溶液を用いた。
有機溶剤としてエチレングリコールモノブチルエーテル(EGBE)を用いた。表面処理液の作成時には、エチレングリコールモノブチルエーテルは98%エチレングリコールモノブチルエーテルを用いた。
銅系化合物として硫酸銅を用いた。表面処理液の作成時には、硫酸銅は硫酸銅五水和物を用いた。
フィラー粒子としてMADHU SILICA社製のシリカ(SiO2)粒子(型番MFIL-P(S)、平均粒子径12μm)を用いた。
(表面処理液の作成方法)
イオン交換水を入れたビーカーに、シランカップリング剤、酸およびその他の成分)を、各成分の表面処理液中の濃度が表1Aまたは表1Bに示す濃度となるように、所定量投入し、均一になるまで撹拌した。実施例5,8,9および比較例1,2においては、その後、塩基を投入して均一になるまで撹拌することで所定のpHとなるように調整し、表面処理液を得た。
表面処理液のpHは表1Aまたは表1Bに記載の通りであった。
銅サンプルとして、ピール強度の測定には電解銅箔(銅厚み:35μm)を、SEM観察には電解銅メッキを行った銅張積層板(銅厚み:35μm)を用いた。各銅サンプルの表面を、前処理液として過硫酸カリウム系ソフトエッチング剤(GB-200:四国化成工業社製)を用いて清浄な状態にした。
各銅サンプル表面の水洗を行い、前処理液を充分に洗い流した。
エアナイフにより、各銅サンプル表面の水分を除去した。前処理後の各銅サンプルの銅表面の表面粗さ(RaおよびRz)をレーザー顕微鏡VK-8710(キーエンス社製)を用いて測定した。電解銅箔において、Raは0.15μm、Rzは0.80μmであった。銅張積層板において、Raは0.05μm、Rzは0.25μmであった。
次いで、各銅サンプルの水洗を行い、各銅サンプル表面に付着した表面処理液を洗い流した後、100℃にて1分間の乾燥を行った。得られた各銅サンプルを評価に供した。表面処理後の銅サンプル(銅張積層板)の有機被膜の表面粗さ(RaおよびRz)をレーザー顕微鏡VK-8710(キーエンス社製)を用いて測定した。また、実施例11における表面処理後の銅サンプル(銅張積層板)の有機被膜の表面粗さ(面粗さ)をレーザー顕微鏡VK-X3000(キーエンス社製)を用いて測定した。
<ピール強度の測定>
(銅サンプルと樹脂の接着)
処理した銅サンプル(銅箔)における表面処理面に、ビルドアップ配線板用樹脂(味の素ファインテクノ社製、品名「GX-T31」、エポキシ系樹脂、シート状)およびFR-4基板(厚み:1mm)をこの順に積層した。その後、以下のプレキュア処理を行うことで樹脂を半硬化させて銅箔、樹脂および基板を接着し、試験基板を作製した。
銅箔、樹脂および基板を積層した試験基板に対し、以下の加熱処理(H1)および(H2)を順次、行った。
(H1)100℃で30分間加熱;
(H2)180℃で30分間加熱。
プレキュア処理後の試験基板に対して、「JIS C6481(1996)」に従って、以下の処理(フルキュア処理またはHAST処理)を行った後、幅10mmに切り取ることでピール強度の測定用の試験片を作製し、銅箔のピール強度(引き剥がし強さ)(kN/m)を測定した。接着性の評価は3個の試験片に関する測定値の平均値に基づいて以下の基準に従って行った。
プレキュア処理後の試験基板に対し、以下の加熱処理(H3)を行った。
(H3)200℃で60分間加熱。
◎:0.62≦ピール強度(最良);
○:0.55≦ピール強度<0.62(優良);
×:ピール強度<0.55(不可);
××:析出物の生成により表面処理液の調製が出来なかったため、評価することが出来なかった(不可)。
フルキュア処理後の試験基板に対し、HAST処理(高温高湿処理)を行った。HAST処理は、高温高湿環境下での加速試験のことであり、フルキュア処理後の試験基板を湿度85%および温度130℃で50時間保持することにより行った。
◎:0.54≦ピール強度(最良);
○:0.45≦ピール強度<0.54(優良);
×:ピール強度<0.45(不可);
××:析出物の生成により表面処理液の調製が出来なかったため、評価することが出来なかった(不可)。
処理した銅サンプル(銅張積層板)における表面処理面に、ビルドアップ樹脂(味の素ファインテクノ社製、品名「GX-T31」、エポキシ系樹脂、シート状)を積層し、プレキュア処理を行うことで樹脂を半硬化させて耐薬品性試験の試験片を作製した。CO2レーザーを用いて直径50μmのビアを形成し、その後、以下の条件で試験片の脱脂処理、デスミア処理、中和処理、および乾燥処理を行った。
(デスミア処理)脱脂処理後の試験片を、80℃のデスミア液(奥野製薬工業社製、強塩基性溶液)に20分間浸漬した後、水洗処理を行った。
(中和処理)デスミア処理後の試験片を、40℃の中和液(奥野製薬工業社製)に5分間浸漬した後、水洗処理を行った。
(乾燥処理)中和処理後の試験片を80℃で5分間乾燥した。
乾燥処理後の試験片について、レーザー顕微鏡VK-8710(キーエンス社製)を用いて観察倍率400倍にてハローイング幅の計測を行った。レーザー顕微鏡にて試験片のビア周辺を平面視したときの、ビア端部からデスミア液が浸透した部分までの距離をハローイング幅として計測した。
○:6μm<ハローイング幅≦10μm(優良);
▲:10μm<ハローイング幅≦14μm(良);
△:14μm<ハローイング幅≦18μm(可);
×:18μm<ハローイング幅(不可);
××:析出物の生成により表面処理液の調製が出来なかったため、評価することが出来なかった(不可)。
表面処理液の調製中、および調製後に室温(20~30℃)で6時間、1日および1週間放置した後の液状態を目視により確認した。表面処理液の保存安定性が低い場合、表面処理液中にシランカップリング剤による析出物が発生し、十分な膜厚をもつ有機被膜を得ることができなくなる。
◎:表面処理液を調製してから1週間放置後に析出物は見られなかった(最良);
○:表面処理液を調製してから1日放置後に析出物は見られなかったが、1週間放置後には析出物が見られた(優良);
▲:表面処理液を調製してから6時間放置後に析出物は見られなかったが、1日放置後に析出物が見られた(良);
△:表面処理液を調製中に析出物が僅かに見られた(可);
×:表面処理液を調製中にシランカップリング剤がほぼ全て析出してしまい、表面処理液の調整が出来なかった(不可)。
接着性および耐薬品性ならびに保存安定性を総合的に評価した。詳しくは、上記したフルキュア処理後およびHAST処理後における接着性の評価結果、耐薬品性の評価結果ならびに表面処理液の保存安定性の評価結果のうち、最低位の評価結果を総合評価結果として用いた。なお、評価結果の順位は以下の順に低くなる:◎、○、▲、△、×、××。
実施例1,2における試験片(銅張積層板)の断面視に基づくSEM観察における二次電子像(30,000倍)の一例をそれぞれ図3Aおよび図4Aに示す。なお、これらの断面視に基づく二次電子像は、有機被膜2に対して、断面加工時の有機被膜へのダメージを抑制することを目的として、白金蒸着膜およびカーボンデポジション膜をさらに形成した試験片の断面視に基づく二次電子像である。白金蒸着膜は白金の蒸着膜であり、オートファインコーターJEC-3000FC(日本電子社製)を用いて形成した。カーボンデポジション膜は炭素の膜であり、集束イオンビーム加工観察装置JIB-4000(日本電子社製)により形成した。
まず、断面視に基づくSEM画像を得た後、次いで得られた画像より各種寸法の測定を行った。詳しくは、表面処理された試験片に対して、以下に示すS1~S5の処理を順次、行った後、各種寸法の測定を行った:
(S2)カーボンデポジション処理:試験片に炭素の膜を集束イオンビーム加工観察装置JIB-4000(日本電子社製)により形成した。
(S3)断面加工処理:試験片におけるその厚み方向に対して平行な断面を、イオンミリング装置(IM4000 PLUS:日立ハイテクノロジーズ社製)により加工した。断面加工条件は6kVおよび30分であった。
(S4)SEM観察:得られた断面をSEM装置(S-4800:日立ハイテクノロジーズ社製)により観察し、加速電圧3kVおよび画素数640×448にて画像(二次電子像)を撮影した。撮影倍率は30,000倍(凸部用)および100,000倍(凹部(平坦部)用)であった。各試験片について倍率ごとにそれぞれ異なる任意の3視野の画像を撮影した。
・凹部(平坦部)の平均高さの測定方法
100,000倍で撮影した断面視画像を幅方向に均等な4つの領域に分け、各領域において、任意の1点における凹部の高さ(有機被膜2の銅箔側表面21から凹部25の有機被膜表面22における任意の1点までの長さ(距離)h2(図2参照))を測定した。このような測定を、3視野の画像について行い、計12点の平均を求めることで凹部(平坦部)の平均高さを求めた。
30,000倍で撮影した断面視画像を幅方向に均等な4つの領域に分け、各領域における凸部の最大高さ(有機被膜2の銅箔側表面21から凸部20の最高部における有機被膜表面22までの長さ(距離)h1(図2参照))を測定した。このような測定を、3視野の画像の各々について行い、計12個の測定領域のうち凸部20が確認された測定領域におけるh1の平均を求めることで凸部の平均高さを求めた。なお、凸部は、突出長さ(h1-凹部の平均高さ)が20nm以上のものを凸部20としてカウントし、h1を測定した。詳しくは突出長さ(h1-凹部の平均高さ)が20nm未満の凸部は凸部20としてカウントしなかった。
上記の「凸部(凝集物)の平均高さの測定方法」における12個の測定領域のうち、2個以上の測定領域の各々で、突出長さ(h1-凹部の平均高さ)が20nm以上の凸部が1つ以上確認されたとき、「凸部あり」と評価した。他方、突出長さ(h1-凹部の平均高さ)が20nm以上の凸部が1つ以上確認された測定領域が1個以下しか存在しなかったとき、「凸部なし」と評価した。
なお、実施例1~32で撮影された断面画像(30,000倍)のいずれにおいても、当該12個の測定領域の各々において、突出長さ(h1-凹部の平均高さ)が20nm以上の凸部が1つ以上確認された。このとき、全ての凸部は、複数の粒子が連なった房形状を有しつつ、空孔を含む多孔質形状を有していた。
特に実施例32では、有機被膜の形成時に、シランカップリング剤(AS-1)を含む凝集物とシリカ粒子とから凸部が形成されたと考えられる。
凸部および凹部の平均高さを用いて、以下の式に基づいて、凸部の突出長さおよび突出比率を求めた。
まず、平面視に基づくSEM画像を得た後、次いで得られた画像の二値化処理を行った。詳しくは、表面処理された試験片に対して、以下に示すT1~T3の処理を順次、行った後、各種寸法の測定を行った:
実施例1における試験片の断面における凸部および凹部の各々の一部を測定領域として、エネルギー分散型X線分光法(SEM-EDX)による元素分析を行った。分析条件は以下の通りである。また、ZAF法により、C、N、O、Si、Cuを対象元素とした簡易定量分析を行った。
画素数:512×384
加速電圧:5.00kV
測定倍率:×50,000
デゥエルタイム:0.10msec.
スイープ回数:10
照射電流:7.47500nA
計数率:14205cps
エネルギ範囲:0-20keV
画素数:512×384
加速電圧:5.00kV
測定倍率:×50,000
デゥエルタイム:0.10msec.
スイープ回数:10
照射電流:7.47500nA
計数率:14205cps
エネルギ範囲:0-20keV
実施例1~11における試験片の平面視に基づく表面(すなわち、凸部および凹部を含む有機被膜の表面)を測定領域として、エネルギー分散型X線分光法(SEM-EDX)による元素分析を行った。分析条件は以下の通りである。また、ZAF法により、C、N、O、Si、Cuを対象元素とした簡易定量分析を行った。
加速電圧:15.00kV
測定倍率:×500
照射電流:7.47500nA
エネルギ範囲:0-20keV
表6Aおよび表6Bは、実施例11の有機被膜の表面粗さ(面粗さ)のパラメータの測定結果である。
Claims (17)
- 金属表面の上に有機被膜を形成するための金属の表面処理液であって、該表面処理液はシランカップリング剤および酸を含み、かつ1.9以下のpHを有する、金属の表面処理液。
- 前記酸は4.8以下の酸解離定数を有する酸を含む、請求項1に記載の金属の表面処理液。
- 前記表面処理液は前記酸解離定数を有する酸を0.010~10.0mol/Lで含む、請求項2に記載の金属の表面処理液。
- 前記酸解離定数を有する酸はスルホン酸類および硫酸から選択される、請求項2または3に記載の金属の表面処理液。
- 前記表面処理液は前記シランカップリング剤を0.001~1.000mol/Lで含む、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の金属の表面処理液。
- 前記有機被膜は前記金属とは反対側に突出する凸部を有する、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の金属の表面処理液。
- 前記凸部は、前記金属とは反対側に突出しつつ、多孔質形状を有している、請求項6に記載の金属の表面処理液。
- 前記凸部は20~5000nmの突出長さを有している、請求項6または7に記載の表面処理液。
- 前記凸部は10~5000%の突出比率を有している、請求項6~8のいずれかに記載の表面処理液。
- 前記有機被膜は、前記金属とは反対側において前記凸部を10~95%の占有比率で有する、請求項6~9のいずれかに記載の表面処理液。
- 前記有機被膜は平坦部および前記凸部を有し、
前記平坦部と前記凸部はシランカップリング剤を含み、かつ、前記凸部はシランカップリング剤を含む凝集物により構成されている、請求項6~10のいずれかに記載の表面処理液。 - 前記有機被膜の平坦部は10~300nmの厚みを有している、請求項11に記載の表面処理液。
- 前記有機被膜の表面がRa(算術平均粗さ)で0.08μm以上の表面粗さを有している、請求項1~12のいずれかに記載の金属の表面処理液。
- 前記有機被膜の表面がRz(最大高さ粗さ)で0.70μm以上の表面粗さを有している、請求項1~13のいずれかに記載の金属の表面処理液。
- 前記有機被膜における前記金属とは反対側に、樹脂が配置される、請求項1~14のいずれかに記載の表面処理液。
- 前記金属が銅または銅合金である、請求項1~15のいずれかに記載の表面処理液。
- 前記金属がプリント配線板の金属回路である、請求項1~16のいずれかに記載の表面処理液。
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| JP2023570928A JPWO2023127679A1 (ja) | 2021-12-28 | 2022-12-22 | |
| US18/724,349 US20250263580A1 (en) | 2021-12-28 | 2022-12-22 | Metal surface treatment liquid |
| EP22915902.5A EP4459006A4 (en) | 2021-12-28 | 2022-12-22 | METAL SURFACE TREATMENT LIQUID |
| CN202280085901.8A CN118475721A (zh) | 2021-12-28 | 2022-12-22 | 金属的表面处理液 |
| KR1020247021391A KR20240132012A (ko) | 2021-12-28 | 2022-12-22 | 금속의 표면 처리액 |
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| JP2021214947 | 2021-12-28 | ||
| JP2021-214973 | 2021-12-28 | ||
| JP2021-214947 | 2021-12-28 | ||
| JP2021214973 | 2021-12-28 | ||
| JP2022-118876 | 2022-07-26 | ||
| JP2022118876 | 2022-07-26 |
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| WO2023127679A1 true WO2023127679A1 (ja) | 2023-07-06 |
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| US (1) | US20250263580A1 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP4459006A4 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JPWO2023127679A1 (ja) |
| KR (1) | KR20240132012A (ja) |
| TW (1) | TW202332803A (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2023127679A1 (ja) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU2836237C1 (ru) * | 2024-06-14 | 2025-03-11 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Кубанский государственный университет" (ФГБОУ ВО "КубГУ") | Способ получения 1- и 2-(3-(триметоксисилил)пропил)бензотриазолов |
| JP7760779B1 (ja) * | 2024-06-27 | 2025-10-27 | 四国化成工業株式会社 | 表面処理液ならびにこれを用いた表面処理方法および接着方法 |
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- 2022-12-22 WO PCT/JP2022/047292 patent/WO2023127679A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2022-12-22 US US18/724,349 patent/US20250263580A1/en active Pending
- 2022-12-22 EP EP22915902.5A patent/EP4459006A4/en active Pending
- 2022-12-22 KR KR1020247021391A patent/KR20240132012A/ko active Pending
- 2022-12-22 TW TW111149349A patent/TW202332803A/zh unknown
- 2022-12-22 JP JP2023570928A patent/JPWO2023127679A1/ja active Pending
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Cited By (3)
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU2836237C1 (ru) * | 2024-06-14 | 2025-03-11 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Кубанский государственный университет" (ФГБОУ ВО "КубГУ") | Способ получения 1- и 2-(3-(триметоксисилил)пропил)бензотриазолов |
| JP7760779B1 (ja) * | 2024-06-27 | 2025-10-27 | 四国化成工業株式会社 | 表面処理液ならびにこれを用いた表面処理方法および接着方法 |
| WO2026004721A1 (ja) * | 2024-06-27 | 2026-01-02 | 四国化成工業株式会社 | 表面処理液ならびにこれを用いた表面処理方法および接着方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP4459006A4 (en) | 2025-12-24 |
| EP4459006A1 (en) | 2024-11-06 |
| JPWO2023127679A1 (ja) | 2023-07-06 |
| TW202332803A (zh) | 2023-08-16 |
| US20250263580A1 (en) | 2025-08-21 |
| KR20240132012A (ko) | 2024-09-02 |
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