WO2023054019A1 - 圧電フィルムおよび積層圧電素子 - Google Patents
圧電フィルムおよび積層圧電素子 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/80—Constructional details
- H10N30/85—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive active materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R17/00—Piezoelectric transducers; Electrostrictive transducers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/01—Manufacture or treatment
- H10N30/07—Forming of piezoelectric or electrostrictive parts or bodies on an electrical element or another base
- H10N30/072—Forming of piezoelectric or electrostrictive parts or bodies on an electrical element or another base by laminating or bonding of piezoelectric or electrostrictive bodies
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/50—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices having a stacked or multilayer structure
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/80—Constructional details
- H10N30/85—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive active materials
- H10N30/852—Composite materials, e.g. having 1-3 or 2-2 type connectivity
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/80—Constructional details
- H10N30/88—Mounts; Supports; Enclosures; Casings
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
- H10N30/80—Constructional details
- H10N30/88—Mounts; Supports; Enclosures; Casings
- H10N30/883—Additional insulation means preventing electrical, physical or chemical damage, e.g. protective coatings
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a piezoelectric film used for an electroacoustic conversion film, etc., and a laminated piezoelectric element obtained by laminating this piezoelectric film.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a polymer composite piezoelectric body (piezoelectric layer) formed by dispersing piezoelectric particles in a viscoelastic matrix made of a polymer material having viscoelasticity at room temperature, and describes an electroacoustic conversion film (piezoelectric film) having a thin film electrode (electrode layer) provided on the surface of the thin film electrode and a protective layer provided on the surface of the thin film electrode.
- Patent Document 1 by dispersing piezoelectric particles in a viscoelastic matrix made of a polymer material having viscoelasticity at room temperature, the internal loss at a frequency of 1 Hz in a dynamic viscoelasticity test becomes 0.1 or more. It is described that the maximum value exists at room temperature (0 to 50°C), so that it exhibits extremely excellent flexibility against slow deformation from the outside and can be mounted on flexible devices. ing. Further, in Patent Document 1, in order to achieve excellent flexibility and piezoelectric properties, the thin film electrode layer and the protective layer should be as thin as possible.
- a resin film such as polypropylene, and a thin film electrode layer, a copper layer and an aluminum layer formed by vapor phase deposition using a protective layer as a base material by sputtering, vapor deposition or the like is described as being preferable.
- a piezoelectric film using a polymer composite piezoelectric material having a matrix of a polymer material having viscoelasticity at room temperature as a piezoelectric layer has mechanical properties such as elastic modulus, etc. depending on the environment.
- mechanical properties such as elastic modulus, etc. depending on the environment.
- electrical characteristics such as capacitance change.
- the external environment, particularly humidity changes the mechanical and electrical properties.
- a piezoelectric film comprising a piezoelectric layer containing piezoelectric particles in a matrix containing a polymer material and having an electrode layer and a protective layer provided on both sides of the piezoelectric layer.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a piezoelectric film and a laminated piezoelectric element capable of reducing changes in mechanical properties and electrical properties due to the external environment.
- the present invention has the following configurations.
- a laminated piezoelectric element obtained by laminating a plurality of layers of the piezoelectric film according to any one of [1] to [7].
- the laminated piezoelectric element according to [8] which is obtained by laminating a plurality of piezoelectric films by folding the piezoelectric film once or more.
- a piezoelectric film in which electrode layers and protective layers are provided on both sides of a piezoelectric layer containing piezoelectric particles in a matrix containing a polymer material, changes in mechanical properties and electrical properties due to the humidity of the external environment are suppressed. It is possible to provide a piezoelectric film and a laminated piezoelectric element that can be made smaller.
- FIG. 1 is a conceptual diagram of an example of a piezoelectric film of the present invention
- FIG. FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram of another example of the piezoelectric film of the present invention
- It is a conceptual diagram for explaining an example of a method of manufacturing a piezoelectric film.
- It is a conceptual diagram for explaining an example of a method of manufacturing a piezoelectric film.
- It is a conceptual diagram for explaining an example of a method of manufacturing a piezoelectric film.
- 1 is a conceptual diagram of an example of a laminated piezoelectric element of the present invention
- FIG. FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram of another example of the laminated piezoelectric element of the present invention
- the piezoelectric film of the present invention is A piezoelectric layer containing piezoelectric particles in a matrix containing a polymer material, electrode layers provided on both sides of the piezoelectric layer, and a protective layer provided on the side of the electrode layer opposite to the piezoelectric layer.
- a piezoelectric film having The protective layer has a resin substrate and at least one inorganic layer provided on the resin substrate, The piezoelectric film has a water vapor permeability of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 g/(m 2 ⁇ day) or less.
- FIG. 1 conceptually shows an example of the piezoelectric film of the present invention.
- the piezoelectric film 10 includes a piezoelectric layer 12 , a first electrode layer 14 laminated on one surface of the piezoelectric layer 12 , and a first electrode layer 14 laminated on the surface of the first electrode layer 14 . It has a protective layer 17 , a second electrode layer 16 laminated on the other surface of the piezoelectric layer 12 , and a second protective layer 19 laminated on the surface of the second electrode layer 16 . That is, the piezoelectric film 10 has such a structure that the piezoelectric layer 12 is sandwiched between electrode layers, and a protective layer is laminated on the surface of the electrode layer that is not in contact with the piezoelectric layer.
- the piezoelectric layer 12 contains piezoelectric particles 26 in a matrix 24 containing a polymeric material, as conceptually shown in FIG. As will be described later, the piezoelectric film 10, that is, the piezoelectric layer 12 is preferably polarized in the thickness direction.
- the first protective layer 17 has the first resin substrate 18 and the first inorganic layer 28 provided on the first resin substrate 18, and the second protection
- the layer 19 has a second resin base material 20 and a second inorganic layer 30 provided on the second resin base material 20 .
- the first inorganic layer 28 and the second inorganic layer 30 act as layers that impart water vapor barrier properties.
- the piezoelectric film 10 of the present invention has a water vapor transmission rate of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 g/(m 2 ⁇ day) or less by including an inorganic layer in the protective layer.
- the first inorganic layer 28 is arranged between the piezoelectric layer 12 and the first resin base material 18, and the second inorganic layer 30 is arranged between the piezoelectric layer 12 and the second resin base material. It is arranged between the substrate 20 . That is, the piezoelectric film 10 includes the first resin substrate 18, the first inorganic layer 28, the first electrode layer 14, the piezoelectric layer 12, the second electrode layer 16, the second inorganic layer 30, and the second resin substrate. 20 in that order.
- the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16, the first resin substrate 18 and the second resin substrate 20, the first inorganic layer 28 and the second inorganic layer 30, and the first protective layer First and second in 17 and second protective layer 19 are attached for convenience in order to distinguish two similar members that piezoelectric film 10 has. That is, the first and second designations attached to the constituent elements of the piezoelectric film 10 have no technical significance. Therefore, the paint for forming the piezoelectric layer 12, which will be described later, may be applied to either the first electrode layer 14 or the second electrode layer 16.
- the piezoelectric film using a polymer composite piezoelectric material with a polymer material as a piezoelectric layer has mechanical properties such as elastic modulus and capacitance change depending on the environment. It turned out that the problem that electrical characteristics, such as, will change arises. As a result of further investigation by the present inventors on this point, it was found that the mechanical and electrical properties of the piezoelectric film change depending on the external environment (humidity).
- polymer materials that have viscoelasticity at room temperature have a glass transition point near room temperature.
- polymer materials have a maximum dielectric constant near the glass transition point. capacitance, etc.) will change.
- cyanoresin a generic term for polymers having cyanoethyl groups in side chains
- the piezoelectric characteristics can be improved.
- both sides of the piezoelectric layer are covered with electrode layers and protective layers and sandwiched.
- a thin film electrode layer formed by sputtering or vapor deposition has a columnar structure in which crystal grain boundaries are formed in the film thickness direction.
- Such an electrode layer has low water vapor barrier properties because water molecules diffuse along the crystal grain boundaries.
- a protective layer made of a resin film has low water vapor barrier properties. Therefore, even if the piezoelectric layer is covered with the electrode layer and the protective layer, the penetration of water molecules into the piezoelectric layer cannot be suppressed, and the mechanical and electrical properties of the piezoelectric film change depending on the external environment.
- the protective layer has a resin substrate and at least one inorganic layer provided on the resin substrate, and the piezoelectric film has a water vapor transmission rate of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇
- the external environment humidity
- the external environment causes water molecules to It is possible to suppress the penetration or release into the piezoelectric layer, and it is possible to suppress the fluctuation of the glass transition point of the polymer material due to the external environment. change can be reduced.
- the water vapor transmission rate of the protective layer is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 g/(m 2 ⁇ day) or less, more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 g/(m 2 ⁇ day) or less. ⁇ 10 -5 g/(m 2 ⁇ day) or less is more preferable.
- the water vapor permeability of the piezoelectric film is more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 g/(m 2 ⁇ day) or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 g/(m 2 ⁇ day) or less. ⁇ 5 g/(m 2 ⁇ day) or less is more preferable.
- the water vapor transmission rate of the piezoelectric film and protective layer can be measured by the calcium corrosion method (method described in JP-A-2005-283561).
- FIG. 2 shows another example of the piezoelectric film of the present invention.
- the piezoelectric film 10b shown in FIG. 2 includes a first inorganic layer 28, a first resin substrate 18, a first electrode layer 14, a piezoelectric layer 12, a second electrode layer 16, a second resin substrate 20, and a second It has inorganic layers 30 in this order. That is, in the piezoelectric film 10b, the inorganic layer is arranged on the surface of the resin substrate opposite to the electrode layer.
- the inorganic layer may be arranged on the surface of the resin base material opposite to the electrode layer.
- the inorganic layer is arranged on the surface of the resin base material opposite to the electrode layer, a path is created through which water molecules enter the piezoelectric layer from the end of the resin base material. Therefore, the structure in which the inorganic layer is arranged between the resin base material and the piezoelectric layer is preferable because it can block water molecules entering from the end portion of the resin base material.
- the piezoelectric layer 12 is formed by dispersing the piezoelectric particles 26 in the matrix 24 containing the polymeric material. That is, the piezoelectric layer 12 is a polymer composite piezoelectric.
- the polymer composite piezoelectric body (piezoelectric layer 12) preferably satisfies the following requirements.
- normal temperature is 0 to 50°C.
- Flexibility For example, when gripping a loosely bent state like a document like a newspaper or magazine for portable use, it is constantly subjected to a relatively slow and large bending deformation of several Hz or less from the outside. become.
- the polymer composite piezoelectric body is required to have appropriate hardness in order to increase the transmission efficiency of vibration energy. Also, if the frequency characteristics of the speaker are smooth, the amount of change in sound quality when the lowest resonance frequency f 0 changes as the curvature changes becomes small. Therefore, the loss tangent of the polymer composite piezoelectric body is required to be moderately large.
- the lowest resonance frequency f 0 of the speaker diaphragm is given by the following equation.
- s is the stiffness of the vibration system and m is the mass.
- the flexible polymer composite piezoelectric material used for the electroacoustic conversion film is required to behave hard against vibrations of 20 Hz to 20 kHz and softly against vibrations of several Hz or less. Also, the loss tangent of the polymer composite piezoelectric body is required to be moderately large with respect to vibrations of all frequencies of 20 kHz or less.
- polymer solids have a viscoelastic relaxation mechanism, and as temperature rises or frequency falls, large-scale molecular motion causes a decrease (relaxation) in storage elastic modulus (Young's modulus) or a maximum loss elastic modulus (absorption). is observed as Among them, the relaxation caused by the micro-Brownian motion of the molecular chains in the amorphous region is called principal dispersion, and a very large relaxation phenomenon is observed.
- the temperature at which this primary dispersion occurs is the glass transition point (Tg), and the viscoelastic relaxation mechanism appears most prominently.
- the polymer composite piezoelectric body (piezoelectric layer 12), by using a polymer material having a glass transition point at room temperature, in other words, a polymer material having viscoelasticity at room temperature as a matrix, it is possible to suppress vibrations of 20 Hz to 20 kHz. This realizes a polymer composite piezoelectric material that is hard at first and behaves softly with respect to slow vibrations of several Hz or less.
- a polymer material having a glass transition point at room temperature ie, 0 to 50° C. at a frequency of 1 Hz, for the matrix of the polymer composite piezoelectric material, because this behavior is favorably expressed.
- the polymer material having viscoelasticity at room temperature can be used as the polymer material having viscoelasticity at room temperature. It is preferable to use a polymeric material having a maximum value of loss tangent Tan ⁇ at a frequency of 1 Hz in a dynamic viscoelasticity test at normal temperature, ie, 0 to 50° C., of 0.5 or more. As a result, when the polymer composite piezoelectric body is slowly bent by an external force, the stress concentration at the interface between the polymer matrix and the piezoelectric particles at the maximum bending moment is relaxed, and high flexibility can be expected.
- the polymer material having viscoelasticity at room temperature preferably has a storage elastic modulus (E') at a frequency of 1 Hz measured by dynamic viscoelasticity of 100 MPa or more at 0°C and 10 MPa or less at 50°C.
- E' storage elastic modulus
- the polymer material having viscoelasticity at room temperature has a dielectric constant of 10 or more at 25°C.
- a voltage is applied to the polymer composite piezoelectric material, a higher electric field is applied to the piezoelectric particles in the polymer matrix, so a large amount of deformation can be expected.
- the polymer material in consideration of ensuring good moisture resistance and the like, it is also suitable for the polymer material to have a dielectric constant of 10 or less at 25°C.
- polymeric materials having viscoelasticity at room temperature examples include cyanoethylated polyvinyl alcohol (cyanoethylated PVA), polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylidene chloride core acrylonitrile, polystyrene-vinylpolyisoprene block copolymer, and polyvinylmethyl.
- cyanoethylated polyvinyl alcohol cyanoethylated PVA
- polyvinyl acetate polyvinylidene chloride core acrylonitrile
- polystyrene-vinylpolyisoprene block copolymer examples include ketones and polybutyl methacrylate.
- Commercially available products such as Hybler 5127 (manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd.) can also be suitably used as these polymer materials.
- the polymer material it is preferable to use a material having a cyanoethyl group, and it is particularly preferable to use cyanoethylated PVA.
- these polymeric materials may be used alone or in combination (mixed).
- a polymer material having no viscoelasticity at room temperature may be added to the matrix 24, if necessary.
- the matrix 24 contains a polymer material having viscoelasticity at room temperature such as cyanoethylated PVA for the purpose of adjusting dielectric properties and mechanical properties, and if necessary, other dielectric polymer materials. You may add.
- dielectric polymer materials examples include polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene copolymer, and polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene copolymer.
- fluorine-based polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, vinylidene cyanide-vinyl acetate copolymer, cyanoethylcellulose, cyanoethylhydroxysaccharose, cyanoethylhydroxycellulose, cyanoethylhydroxypullulan, cyanoethylmethacrylate, cyanoethylacrylate, cyanoethyl Cyano groups such as hydroxyethylcellulose, cyanoethylamylose, cyanoethylhydroxypropylcellulose, cyanoethyldihydroxypropylcellulose, cyanoethylhydroxypropylamylose, cyanoethylpolyacrylamide, cyanoethylpolyacrylate, cyanoethylpullulan, cyanoethylpolyhydroxymethylene, cyanoethylglycidolpullul
- polymers having cyanoethyl groups and synthetic rubbers such as nitrile rubber and chloroprene rubber are exemplified. Among them, polymer materials having cyanoethyl groups are preferably used. Further, in the matrix 24 of the piezoelectric layer 12, the dielectric polymer added in addition to the material having viscoelasticity at room temperature such as cyanoethylated PVA is not limited to one type, and plural types may be added. .
- the matrix 24 also includes thermoplastic resins such as vinyl chloride resin, polyethylene, polystyrene, methacrylic resin, polybutene, and isobutylene for the purpose of adjusting the glass transition point Tg, and Thermosetting resins such as phenolic resins, urea resins, melamine resins, alkyd resins, and mica may be added. Furthermore, a tackifier such as rosin ester, rosin, terpene, terpene phenol, and petroleum resin may be added for the purpose of improving adhesiveness.
- thermoplastic resins such as vinyl chloride resin, polyethylene, polystyrene, methacrylic resin, polybutene, and isobutylene for the purpose of adjusting the glass transition point Tg
- Thermosetting resins such as phenolic resins, urea resins, melamine resins, alkyd resins, and mica may be added.
- a tackifier such as rosin ester, rosin
- the addition amount of the material other than the polymer material having viscoelasticity at room temperature such as cyanoethylated PVA is not particularly limited, but the proportion of the matrix 24 is 30 mass. % or less.
- the characteristics of the polymer material to be added can be expressed without impairing the viscoelastic relaxation mechanism in the matrix 24, so that the dielectric constant can be increased, the heat resistance can be improved, and the adhesion between the piezoelectric particles 26 and the electrode layer can be improved.
- favorable results can be obtained in terms of
- the piezoelectric layer 12 contains piezoelectric particles 26 in such a matrix 24 .
- the piezoelectric layer 12 is a polymeric composite piezoelectric body in which piezoelectric particles 26 are dispersed in such a matrix 24 .
- the piezoelectric particles 26 are made of ceramic particles having a perovskite or wurtzite crystal structure.
- Ceramic particles forming the piezoelectric particles 26 include lead zirconate titanate (PZT), lead zirconate lanthanate titanate (PLZT), barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ), zinc oxide (ZnO), and A solid solution (BFBT) of barium titanate and bismuth ferrite (BiFe 3 ) is exemplified. Only one kind of these piezoelectric particles 26 may be used, or a plurality of kinds thereof may be used together (mixed).
- the particle diameter of the piezoelectric particles 26 is not limited, and may be selected as appropriate according to the size and application of the piezoelectric film 10 .
- the particle size of the piezoelectric particles 26 is preferably 1 to 10 ⁇ m. By setting the particle size of the piezoelectric particles 26 within this range, favorable results can be obtained in that the piezoelectric film 10 can achieve both high piezoelectric characteristics and flexibility.
- the piezoelectric particles 26 in the piezoelectric layer 12 are irregularly dispersed in the matrix 24 in FIG. 1, the present invention is not limited to this. That is, the piezoelectric particles 26 in the piezoelectric layer 12 may be dispersed with regularity in the matrix 24 as long as they are preferably uniformly dispersed. Furthermore, the piezoelectric particles 26 may or may not have uniform particle diameters.
- the quantitative ratio of the matrix 24 and the piezoelectric particles 26 in the piezoelectric layer 12 is not limited, and the size and thickness of the piezoelectric film 10 in the plane direction, the application of the piezoelectric film 10, and It may be appropriately set according to the properties required for the piezoelectric film 10 .
- the volume fraction of the piezoelectric particles 26 in the piezoelectric layer 12 is preferably 30% to 80%, more preferably 50% or more, and therefore 50% to 80% is even more preferable.
- the thickness of the piezoelectric layer 12 is not particularly limited, and may be appropriately set according to the application of the piezoelectric film 10, the properties required of the piezoelectric film 10, and the like.
- the thickness of the piezoelectric layer 12 is preferably 8-300 ⁇ m, more preferably 8-200 ⁇ m, still more preferably 10-150 ⁇ m, particularly preferably 15-100 ⁇ m.
- the piezoelectric layer 12, that is, the piezoelectric film 10, is preferably polarized (poled) in the thickness direction.
- the polarization treatment will be detailed later.
- the illustrated piezoelectric film 10 has a first electrode layer 14 on one surface of the piezoelectric layer 12 and a first protective layer 17 on the surface thereof. 12 has a second electrode layer 16 on the other surface thereof, and a second protective layer 19 on the surface thereof.
- the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 form an electrode pair. That is, in the piezoelectric film 10 , both surfaces of the piezoelectric layer 12 are sandwiched between electrode pairs, that is, the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 , and this laminate is formed by the first protective layer 17 and the second protective layer 19 . It has a configuration sandwiched between. In such a piezoelectric film 10, the region sandwiched between the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 expands and contracts according to the applied voltage.
- the first protective layer 17 and the second protective layer 19 are each made of a resin base material and an inorganic layer.
- the first resin base material 18 and the second resin base material 20 support the first inorganic layer 28 and the second inorganic layer 30, respectively.
- the first resin base material 18 and the second resin base material 20 cover the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16, and provide the piezoelectric layer 12 with appropriate rigidity and mechanical strength. I am in charge. That is, in the piezoelectric film 10, the piezoelectric layer 12 made up of the matrix 24 and the piezoelectric particles 26 exhibits excellent flexibility against slow bending deformation, but depending on the application, the rigidity may increase. and mechanical strength may be insufficient.
- the piezoelectric film 10 is provided with a first resin base material 18 and a second resin base material 20 to compensate for this.
- the first resin base material 18 and the second resin base material 20 are not limited, and various sheet-like materials can be used, and various resin films are preferably exemplified as an example.
- various resin films are preferably exemplified as an example.
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- PP polypropylene
- PS polystyrene
- PC polycarbonate
- PPS polyphenylene sulfite
- PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- PET polypropylene
- PS polystyrene
- PC polycarbonate
- PPS polyphenylene sulfite
- PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- PEI polyetherimide
- PI polyimide
- PEN polyethylene naphthalate
- TAC triacetyl cellulose
- cyclic olefin resins, and the like are preferably used.
- the thicknesses of the first resin base material 18 and the second resin base material 20 are also not limited. Moreover, although the thicknesses of the first resin base material 18 and the second resin base material 20 are basically the same, they may be different. Here, if the rigidity of the first resin base material 18 and the second resin base material 20 is too high, not only will the expansion and contraction of the piezoelectric layer 12 be restricted, but also the flexibility will be impaired. Therefore, the thinner the first resin base material 18 and the second resin base material 20, the better, except for the case where mechanical strength and good handling property as a sheet-like material are required.
- the thickness of the first resin base material 18 and the second resin base material 20 is not more than twice the thickness of the piezoelectric layer 12, it is possible to ensure both rigidity and appropriate flexibility. etc., favorable results can be obtained.
- the thickness of the piezoelectric layer 12 is 50 ⁇ m and the first resin substrate 18 and the second resin substrate 20 are made of PET, the thickness of the first resin substrate 18 and the second resin substrate 20 is 100 ⁇ m. The following is preferable, 50 ⁇ m or less is more preferable, and 25 ⁇ m or less is even more preferable.
- the first inorganic layer 28 and the second inorganic layer 30 are formed on the first resin substrate 18 and the second resin substrate 20, respectively.
- the first inorganic layer 28 and the second inorganic layer 30 are layers made of an inorganic compound and impart a water vapor barrier property.
- Materials for the first inorganic layer 28 and the second inorganic layer 30 are not limited, and various layers made of inorganic compounds exhibiting gas barrier properties can be used. Specifically, metal oxides such as aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, and indium tin oxide (ITO); metal nitrides such as aluminum nitride; metal carbides such as aluminum carbide; silicon oxide; silicon oxides such as silicon oxynitride, silicon oxycarbide, silicon oxynitride carbide; silicon nitrides such as silicon nitride, silicon nitride carbide; silicon carbides such as silicon carbide; hydrides thereof; mixtures of two or more of these; , and films made of inorganic compounds such as these hydrogen-containing substances.
- metal oxides such as aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, and indium tin oxide (ITO); metal nitrides such as aluminum nitride; metal
- metal oxides and nitrides specifically silicon nitrides, silicon oxides, silicon oxynitrides, aluminum oxides, and mixtures of two or more of these are preferably used because they can exhibit excellent water vapor barrier properties. be done.
- silicon nitride and mixtures containing silicon nitride are preferably used because of their excellent water vapor barrier properties and high flexibility.
- Formation of such an inorganic layer can be performed by CCP-CVD (capacitively-coupled plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition), ICP-CVD (inductively-coupled plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition), sputtering, etc., depending on the material used to form the inorganic layer.
- CCP-CVD capacively-coupled plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
- ICP-CVD inductively-coupled plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
- sputtering etc.
- a known vapor deposition method such as vacuum deposition.
- CVD is preferable as the method for forming the inorganic layer because the inorganic layer can be easily formed into an amorphous structure, which will be described later.
- the film thickness of the inorganic layer may be appropriately determined depending on the material so that the intended gas barrier property can be exhibited and the vibration of the piezoelectric film is not hindered. According to studies by the present inventors, the thickness of the inorganic layer is preferably 100 nm or less, more preferably 10 nm to 50 nm, and particularly preferably 10 nm to 30 nm. By setting the thickness of the inorganic layer to 10 nm or more, it is possible to form an inorganic layer that stably exhibits sufficient gas barrier performance. In addition, if the inorganic layer is too thick, the vibration of the piezoelectric film may be hindered, and cracks, cracks, peeling, etc. may occur. It is possible to suppress the hindrance and prevent the occurrence of cracks and the like.
- the thickness of the first inorganic layer 28 and the thickness of the second inorganic layer 30 may be the same or different. Also, the materials of the first inorganic layer 28 and the second inorganic layer 30 may be the same or different.
- the inorganic layer preferably has an amorphous structure.
- the inorganic layer has a polycrystalline structure, grain boundaries are present, so that water molecules easily pass along the grain boundaries, and high water vapor barrier properties may not be obtained.
- the inorganic layer has an amorphous structure, since there is no crystal grain boundary, it is difficult for water molecules to pass through, and higher water vapor barrier properties can be obtained.
- Whether or not the structure of the inorganic layer is amorphous can be determined by the presence or absence of peaks derived from the crystal structure of the inorganic layer in crystal structure analysis using an X-ray diffractometer.
- the inorganic layer is preferably an insulator.
- the inorganic layer When the inorganic layer is arranged in contact with the electrode layer as in the structure shown in FIG. 1, if the inorganic layer is a conductor, it acts as an electrode integrally with the electrode layer. However, when the inorganic layer, which is a conductor, comes into contact with water, it may undergo alteration such as oxidation, resulting in a change in resistance. Therefore, the piezoelectric characteristics of the piezoelectric film may change depending on the environment.
- the inorganic layer is an insulator, even if the inorganic layer is arranged in contact with the electrode layer, the inorganic layer does not act as an electrode, so the piezoelectric properties of the piezoelectric film change depending on the environment. can be prevented.
- the protective layer is composed of a resin base material and an inorganic layer, but is not limited to this.
- an organic layer serving as a base for the inorganic layer may be provided between the resin substrate and the inorganic layer.
- the organic layer By having the organic layer, the surface on which the inorganic layer is formed can be smoothed, and the water vapor barrier property of the inorganic layer can be further improved.
- the material of the organic layer is not limited, and known organic compounds can be used. Specifically, polyester, (meth)acrylic resin, methacrylic acid-maleic acid copolymer, polystyrene, transparent fluororesin, polyimide, fluorinated polyimide, polyamide, polyamideimide, polyetherimide, cellulose acylate, polyurethane, poly Thermoplastic resins such as ether ether ketone, polycarbonate, alicyclic polyolefin, polyarylate, polyether sulfone, polysulfone, fluorene ring-modified polycarbonate, alicyclic modified polycarbonate, fluorene ring-modified polyester, acrylic compound, polysiloxane, and other A film of an organosilicon compound can be mentioned.
- polyester (meth)acrylic resin, methacrylic acid-maleic acid copolymer, polystyrene, transparent fluororesin, polyimide, fluorinated polyimide, polyamide
- a radical curable compound and/or a cationic curable compound having an ether group as a functional group.
- acrylic resins and methacrylic resins mainly composed of polymers of acrylate and/or methacrylate monomers and oligomers are more preferable.
- a main component means the component with the largest content mass ratio among the components to contain.
- Such an organic layer may be formed (film-formed) by a known method for forming a layer made of an organic compound according to the organic layer to be formed. Examples include a coating method, flash vapor deposition, and the like.
- the protective layer is configured to have one inorganic layer, but is not limited to this, and may be configured to have two or more inorganic layers. Moreover, it may be configured to have two or more combinations of an inorganic layer and an organic layer serving as a base of the inorganic layer.
- the first electrode layer 14 is provided between the piezoelectric layer 12 and the first protective layer 17, and the second electrode layer 16 is provided between the piezoelectric layer 12 and the second protective layer 19. It is formed.
- the electrode layer may be formed on the inorganic layer side of the protective layer as in the example shown in FIG. 1, or may be formed on the resin substrate side of the protective layer as in the example shown in FIG. It may be a configuration that is formed.
- the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 are provided for applying voltage to the piezoelectric layer 12 (piezoelectric film 10).
- the materials for forming the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 are not limited, and various conductors can be used. Specifically, metals such as carbon, palladium, iron, tin, aluminum, nickel, platinum, gold, silver, copper, titanium, chromium and molybdenum, alloys thereof, laminates and composites of these metals and alloys, Also, indium tin oxide and the like are exemplified. Among them, copper, aluminum, gold, silver, platinum, and indium tin oxide are preferably exemplified as the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 .
- the method of forming the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 is not limited, and known methods can be used. Examples include film formation by a vapor phase deposition method (vacuum film formation method) such as vacuum deposition and sputtering, film formation by plating, and a method of adhering a foil formed of the materials described above. Among them, thin films of copper, aluminum, or the like formed by vacuum deposition are particularly preferably used as the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 because the flexibility of the piezoelectric film 10 can be ensured. be. Among them, a copper thin film formed by vacuum deposition is particularly preferably used.
- the thicknesses of the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 are not limited. Also, the thicknesses of the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 are basically the same, but may be different.
- the rigidity of the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 is too high, the expansion and contraction of the piezoelectric layer 12 will be restricted. Or the flexibility is also impaired. Therefore, the thinner the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16, the better, as long as the electrical resistance does not become too high.
- the product of the thickness of the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 and the Young's modulus is the product of the thickness of the first resin substrate 18 and the second resin substrate 20 and the Young's modulus. If it is less than that, flexibility is not greatly impaired, so it is preferable.
- the first resin base material 18 and the second resin base material 20 are made of PET (Young's modulus: about 6.2 GPa), and the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 are made of copper (Young's modulus: about 130 GPa).
- the thickness of the first resin base material 18 and the second resin base material 20 is 25 ⁇ m
- the thickness of the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 is preferably 1.2 ⁇ m or less, and 0.3 ⁇ m. The following are more preferable, and 0.1 ⁇ m or less is particularly preferable.
- the piezoelectric film 10 includes the piezoelectric layer 12 having the piezoelectric particles 26 in the matrix 24 containing a polymer material sandwiched between the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16, and furthermore, this laminate are sandwiched between the first protective layer 17 and the second protective layer 19 .
- the maximum value of the loss tangent (Tan ⁇ ) at a frequency of 1 Hz by dynamic viscoelasticity measurement preferably exists at room temperature, and the maximum value of 0.1 or more exists at room temperature. is more preferable.
- the piezoelectric film 10 of the present invention preferably has a storage elastic modulus (E') at a frequency of 1 Hz measured by dynamic viscoelasticity measurement of 10 to 30 GPa at 0°C and 1 to 10 GPa at 50°C. Accordingly, the piezoelectric film 10 can have a large frequency dispersion in the storage elastic modulus (E') at room temperature. That is, it can act hard against vibrations of 20 Hz to 20 kHz and soft against vibrations of several Hz or less.
- E' storage elastic modulus
- the product of the thickness and the storage elastic modulus (E') at a frequency of 1 Hz measured by dynamic viscoelasticity measurement is 1.0 ⁇ 10 6 to 2.0 ⁇ 10 6 at 0° C. It is preferably 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 to 1.0 ⁇ 10 6 N/m at 50° C. N/m. Note that this condition applies to the piezoelectric layer 12 as well. As a result, the piezoelectric film 10 can have appropriate rigidity and mechanical strength within a range that does not impair flexibility and acoustic properties.
- the piezoelectric film 10 preferably has a loss tangent (Tan ⁇ ) of 0.05 or more at 25° C. and a frequency of 1 kHz in a master curve obtained from dynamic viscoelasticity measurement. Note that this condition applies to the piezoelectric layer 12 as well. As a result, the frequency characteristics of the speaker using the piezoelectric film 10 are smoothed, and the amount of change in sound quality when the lowest resonance frequency f 0 changes as the curvature of the speaker changes can be reduced.
- Tan ⁇ loss tangent
- the storage elastic modulus (Young's modulus) and loss tangent of the piezoelectric film 10, piezoelectric layer 12, etc. may be measured by known methods.
- the dynamic viscoelasticity measuring device DMS6100 manufactured by SII Nanotechnology Co., Ltd. manufactured by SII Nanotechnology Co., Ltd.
- the measurement frequency is 0.1 Hz to 20 Hz (0.1 Hz, 0.2 Hz, 0.5 Hz, 1 Hz, 2 Hz, 5 Hz, 10 Hz and 20 Hz)
- the measurement temperature is -50 to 150 ° C.
- a heating rate of 2° C./min in a nitrogen atmosphere
- a sample size of 40 mm ⁇ 10 mm including the clamping area
- a distance between chucks of 20 mm may be measured by known methods.
- the measurement frequency is 0.1 Hz to 20
- the piezoelectric film 10 of the present invention covers the electrode lead-out portions for leading the electrodes from the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 and the area where the piezoelectric layer 12 is exposed.
- it may have an insulating layer or the like for preventing short circuits or the like.
- suitable methods for extracting electrodes include the method described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2014-209724 and the method described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2016-015354.
- each electrode layer is not limited to one electrode lead-out portion, and may have two or more electrode lead-out portions.
- three or more electrode lead-out portions are provided in order to ensure more reliable conduction of electricity. is preferred.
- the power supply connected to the piezoelectric film 10 is not limited, and may be a DC power supply or an AC power supply.
- the driving voltage may be appropriately set according to the thickness of the piezoelectric layer 12 of the piezoelectric film 10, the material used for forming the piezoelectric film 10, and the like, so that the piezoelectric film 10 can be properly driven.
- a sheet 34 having a second inorganic layer 30 and a second electrode layer 16 formed on a second resin base material 20 is prepared.
- This sheet material 34 is formed by forming a film or the like made of silicon nitride as the second inorganic layer 30 on the surface of the second resin base material 20 by CCP-CVD, ICP-CVD, sputtering, vacuum deposition, or the like.
- a copper thin film or the like may be formed as the second electrode layer 16 on the surface of the second inorganic layer 30 by vacuum deposition, sputtering, plating, or the like.
- the second resin base material 20 with a separator temporary support
- PET or the like having a thickness of 25 to 100 ⁇ m can be used as the separator.
- the separator may be removed after the second electrode layer 16 and the second resin base material 20 are thermocompression bonded and before laminating any member on the second resin base material 20 .
- a paint is prepared by dissolving a polymeric material such as cyanoethylated PVA in an organic solvent, adding piezoelectric particles 26, and stirring and dispersing the mixture.
- a polymeric material such as cyanoethylated PVA
- organic solvent there are no restrictions on the organic solvent, and various organic solvents such as dimethylformamide (DMF), methyl ethyl ketone and cyclohexanone can be used.
- the paint is cast (applied) on the second electrode layer 16 of the sheet 34 and dried by evaporating the organic solvent. Thereby, as shown in FIG. A laminated body 36 is produced by forming the piezoelectric layer 12 thereon.
- the method of casting this paint is not particularly limited, and all known coating methods (coating devices) such as slide coaters and doctor knives can be used.
- the viscoelastic material is heat-meltable, such as cyanoethylated PVA
- the viscoelastic material is heated and melted, and the piezoelectric particles 26 are added/dispersed to prepare a melt, which is then extruded.
- the second electrode layer 16 is formed on the second resin base material 20 as shown in FIG.
- a laminate 36 may be produced by forming the piezoelectric layer 12 on the second electrode layer 16 .
- the matrix 24 may be added with a dielectric polymer material such as polyvinylidene fluoride in addition to the viscoelastic material such as cyanoethylated PVA.
- a dielectric polymer material such as polyvinylidene fluoride
- the polymeric piezoelectric materials to be added to the above-described paint may be dissolved.
- the polymer piezoelectric material to be added may be added to the viscoelastic material melted by heating as described above and melted by heating.
- Calendering is performed by pressing the surface of the piezoelectric layer 12 with a heating roller or the like.
- the method of calendering is not limited, and known methods such as pressing with the above-described heating roller and processing with a press machine may be used.
- the calendering treatment may be performed after the polarization treatment described later. However, if the calendering process is performed after the polarization process, the piezoelectric particles 26 pushed in by the pressure will rotate, which may reduce the effect of the polarization process. Considering this point, the calendering treatment is preferably performed before the polarization treatment.
- the second inorganic layer 30 is provided on the second resin base material 20, the second electrode layer 16 is provided on the second inorganic layer 30, and the piezoelectric layer 12 is formed on the second electrode layer 16.
- the piezoelectric layer 12 is calendered, and then the piezoelectric layer 12 is subjected to polarization treatment (poling).
- the method of polarization treatment of the piezoelectric layer 12 is not limited, and known methods can be used.
- electric field poling in which a DC electric field is directly applied to an object to be polarized, is exemplified.
- the first electrode layer 14 may be formed before the polarization treatment, and the electric field poling treatment may be performed using the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16. .
- a sheet-like material 38 is prepared in which the first inorganic layer 28 is formed on the first resin base material 18 and the first electrode layer 14 is formed on the first inorganic layer 28 .
- This sheet material 38 is formed by forming a film or the like made of silicon nitride as the first inorganic layer 28 on the surface of the first resin base material 18 by CCP-CVD, ICP-CVD, sputtering, vacuum deposition, or the like. Then, a copper thin film or the like is formed as the first electrode layer 14 on the surface of the first inorganic layer 28 by vacuum deposition, sputtering, plating, or the like. That is, the sheet-like material 38 may be the same as the sheet-like material 34 described above.
- the sheet-like material 38 is laminated on the laminate 36 with the first electrode layer 14 facing the piezoelectric layer 12 . Further, the laminate of the laminate 36 and the sheet material 38 is thermocompression bonded by a heat press device, a pair of heat rollers, etc. while sandwiching the second resin base material 20 and the first resin base material 18. , the piezoelectric film 10 is produced. Alternatively, the piezoelectric film 10 may be produced by bonding the laminate 36 and the sheet-like material 38 together using an adhesive and preferably further pressing them together.
- Such a piezoelectric film 10 may be manufactured using a cut-sheet-like sheet-like material 34 and a sheet-like material 38 or the like, or may be manufactured using a roll-to-roll process. good too.
- the produced piezoelectric film may be cut into a desired shape according to various uses.
- the piezoelectric film 10 produced in this manner is polarized in the thickness direction rather than in the plane direction, and excellent piezoelectric properties can be obtained without stretching after the polarization treatment. Therefore, the piezoelectric film 10 has no in-plane anisotropy in piezoelectric properties, and expands and contracts isotropically in all directions in the plane direction when a driving voltage is applied.
- Such a piezoelectric film can be used in a piezoelectric speaker, in which the piezoelectric film itself is used as a vibrating diaphragm.
- Piezoelectric speakers can also be used as microphones, sensors, and the like. Furthermore, this piezoelectric speaker can also be used as a vibration sensor.
- the piezoelectric film can also be used as a so-called exciter that is attached to the diaphragm and vibrates the diaphragm.
- a piezoelectric film is used as an exciter, a laminated piezoelectric element formed by laminating piezoelectric films is preferable in order to obtain a higher output.
- the laminated piezoelectric element of the present invention is a laminated piezoelectric element formed by laminating a plurality of layers of the piezoelectric films described above.
- FIG. 7 shows a plan view schematically showing an example of the laminated piezoelectric element of the present invention.
- a laminated piezoelectric element 50 shown in FIG. 7 is obtained by laminating a plurality of piezoelectric films 10 .
- three piezoelectric films 10 are laminated.
- Adjacent piezoelectric films 10 are attached to each other by an adhesive layer 72 .
- the laminated piezoelectric element 50 is adhered to the diaphragm 76 by the adhesion layer 74 to constitute the electroacoustic transducer 70 .
- a power source PS is connected to each piezoelectric film 10 for applying a drive voltage.
- illustration of the protective layer of each piezoelectric film is omitted, but as shown in FIG. 1, each piezoelectric film has a protective layer.
- the piezoelectric film 10 expands and contracts in the plane direction. Stretches in the plane direction. Due to the expansion and contraction of the laminated piezoelectric element 50 in the plane direction, the diaphragm 76 is bent, and as a result, the diaphragm 76 vibrates in the thickness direction. This vibration in the thickness direction causes the diaphragm 76 to generate sound.
- the vibration plate 76 vibrates according to the magnitude of the driving voltage applied to the piezoelectric film 10 and generates sound according to the driving voltage applied to the piezoelectric film 10 . That is, the electroacoustic transducer 70 can be used as a speaker using the laminated piezoelectric element 50 as an exciter.
- the laminated piezoelectric element 50 shown in FIG. 1 is obtained by laminating three layers of the piezoelectric film 10, the present invention is not limited to this. That is, if the piezoelectric element is formed by laminating a plurality of piezoelectric films 10, the number of laminated piezoelectric films 10 may be two, or four or more. Regarding this point, the same applies to the laminated piezoelectric element 56 shown in FIG. 8 which will be described later.
- the polarization directions of adjacent piezoelectric films 10 are opposite to each other. Therefore, in adjacent piezoelectric films 10, the first electrode layers 14 face each other and the second electrode layers 16 face each other. Therefore, the power supply PS always supplies power of the same polarity to the facing electrodes regardless of whether it is an AC power supply or a DC power supply.
- the second electrode layer 16 of the lowermost piezoelectric film 10 in the drawing and the second electrode layer 16 of the second (middle) piezoelectric film 10 are always the same.
- Electric power of the same polarity is always supplied to the first electrode layer 14 of the second layer piezoelectric film 10 and the first electrode layer 14 of the uppermost piezoelectric film 10 in the figure. Therefore, in the laminated piezoelectric element 50, even if the electrodes of the adjacent piezoelectric films 10 come into contact with each other, there is no risk of short-circuiting.
- the polarization direction of the piezoelectric film 10 can be detected by a d33 meter or the like.
- the polarization direction of the piezoelectric film 10 may be known from the polarization processing conditions described above.
- the polarization directions of adjacent piezoelectric films 10 are opposite to each other, but the present invention is not limited to this. good.
- a plurality of sheet-shaped piezoelectric films 10 are laminated, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- FIG. 8 shows another example of the laminated piezoelectric element.
- the laminated piezoelectric element 56 shown in FIG. 8 uses a plurality of the same members as the laminated piezoelectric element 50 described above.
- a laminated piezoelectric element 56 shown in FIG. 8 is obtained by laminating a plurality of piezoelectric films by folding a long piezoelectric film 10L in the longitudinal direction one or more times, preferably a plurality of times.
- the laminated piezoelectric element 56 adheres the piezoelectric film 10 ⁇ /b>L laminated by folding with the adhesive layer 72 .
- the polarization directions of the piezoelectric films adjacent (facing) in the stacking direction are as indicated by the arrows in FIG. going in the opposite direction.
- the laminated piezoelectric element 56 can be configured with only one long piezoelectric film 10L, only one power source PS is required for applying the drive voltage, and the electrodes from the piezoelectric film 10L can be connected. drawer is also good in one place. Therefore, according to the laminated piezoelectric element 56 shown in FIG. 8, the number of parts can be reduced, the configuration can be simplified, the reliability of the piezoelectric element (module) can be improved, and the cost can be reduced. .
- the core rod 58 into the folded portion of the piezoelectric film 10L in contact with the piezoelectric film 10L.
- the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 of the piezoelectric film 10L are formed of metal deposition films or the like. If the vapor-deposited metal film is bent at an acute angle, cracks or the like are likely to occur, which may lead to disconnection of the electrode. That is, in the laminated piezoelectric element 56 shown in FIG. 8, cracks or the like easily occur in the electrodes inside the bent portion.
- the first electrode layer 14 and the second electrode layer 16 are folded by inserting the core rod 58 into the folded portion of the piezoelectric film 10L. Therefore, it is possible to suitably prevent disconnection from occurring.
- Example 1 A piezoelectric film as shown in FIG. 1 was produced by the method shown in FIGS. First, cyanoethylated PVA (CR-V, manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) was dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF) at the following compositional ratio. After that, PZT particles as piezoelectric particles were added to this solution at the following composition ratio, and the mixture was stirred with a propeller mixer (rotation speed: 2000 rpm) to prepare a paint for forming a piezoelectric layer.
- CR-V cyanoethylated PVA
- DMF dimethylformamide
- ⁇ PZT particles ⁇ 300 parts by mass ⁇ Cyanoethylated PVA ⁇ 30 parts by mass ⁇ DMF ⁇ 70 parts by mass
- Mixed powder obtained by wet-mixing in a ball mill was fired at 800° C. for 5 hours and then pulverized.
- a 10 nm-thick silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) was formed on a 4 ⁇ m-thick PET film by plasma CVD, and a 0.1 ⁇ m-thick copper thin film was vacuum-deposited on the silicon nitride film.
- Two sheets of the sheet-shaped material formed by the above were prepared. That is, in this example, the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer are copper deposition thin films with a thickness of 0.1 m, and the first inorganic layer and the second inorganic layer are silicon nitride layers with a thickness of 10 nm. , the first resin substrate and the second resin substrate are PET films having a thickness of 4 ⁇ m.
- a resin substrate having a separator (PET film) with a thickness of 50 ⁇ m was used on the back side of the PET film with a thickness of 4 ⁇ m.
- a slide coater was used to apply the previously prepared paint for forming the piezoelectric layer onto the copper thin film (second electrode layer) of one sheet.
- the paint was applied so that the thickness of the coating film after drying was 30 ⁇ m.
- the sheet-like material coated with the paint was dried by heating on a hot plate at 120° C. to evaporate the DMF. As a result, it has a second inorganic layer made of silicon nitride on a second resin base material made of PET, a second electrode layer made of copper on the second inorganic layer, and a thickness of A laminate having a piezoelectric layer (polymer composite piezoelectric layer) of 30 ⁇ m was produced.
- Calendering was applied to the produced piezoelectric layer using a heating roller. Furthermore, the produced piezoelectric layer was subjected to a polarization treatment in the thickness direction.
- a silicon nitride layer was formed on a PET film, and a copper thin film was vacuum-deposited on the silicon nitride layer to laminate the same sheet on the polarized laminate, as shown in FIG.
- the laminated body and the sheet-like material are thermocompressed at 120° C. using a laminator device to bond the piezoelectric layer to the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer, thereby forming the piezoelectric layer. is sandwiched between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer, and this laminate is divided into the first protective layer (the first inorganic layer and the first resin base material) and the second protective layer (the second inorganic layer and the second resin A piezoelectric film as shown in FIG. After lamination, the separator attached to the PET film, which was the protective layer, was removed.
- the water vapor transmission rate of the produced piezoelectric film was measured by a calcium corrosion method and found to be 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 g/(m 2 ⁇ day). Crystal structure analysis using an X-ray diffractometer (Rint Ultima III manufactured by Rigaku) confirmed that the inorganic layer had an amorphous structure.
- Example 2 A piezoelectric film was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the inorganic layer was formed on the surface of the resin substrate opposite to the electrode layer (see FIG. 2).
- the sheet-like material was obtained by first forming an inorganic layer on the surface of a 4 ⁇ m thick PET film with a first separator, and then attaching a second separator to the surface of the inorganic layer. The separator was removed, and an electrode layer was formed on the side from which the separator was removed.
- the water vapor transmission rate of the produced piezoelectric film was measured by a calcium corrosion method and found to be 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 g/(m 2 ⁇ day). Crystal structure analysis using an X-ray diffractometer (Rint Ultima III manufactured by Rigaku) confirmed that the inorganic layer had an amorphous structure.
- Example 1 A piezoelectric film was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the inorganic layer was not provided.
- the vapor transmission rate of the piezoelectric film of Comparative Example 1 was 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 g/(m 2 ⁇ day).
- Example 2 A piezoelectric film was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the inorganic layer was changed to alumina (aluminum oxide). The aluminum oxide film was formed by sputtering. The vapor transmission rate of the piezoelectric film of Comparative Example 2 was 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 g/(m 2 ⁇ day). Also, it was confirmed that the inorganic layer had an amorphous structure.
- Measurement temperature range -20°C to 100°C Heating rate: 2°C/min
- Measurement frequency 0.1Hz, 0.2Hz, 0.5Hz, 1.0Hz, 2.0Hz, 5.0Hz, 10Hz, 20Hz
- Measurement mode tension measurement
- a change in temperature can be converted into a change in frequency, and the frequency distribution of Young's modulus at a constant temperature can be investigated.
- the curve created at this time is called a master curve.
- Young's modulus at a frequency of 1 kHz was determined from the master curve at 25°C. From the determined Young's modulus, the rate of change in Young's modulus after storage relative to the Young's modulus before storage was calculated.
- the piezoelectric film of the present invention has smaller changes in mechanical properties (Young's modulus) and electrical properties (capacitance) than the comparative examples. Also, from a comparison between Example 1 and Example 2, it is found that the inorganic layer is preferably arranged on the electrode side, that is, between the resin base material and the piezoelectric layer. From the above results, the effect of the present invention is clear.
- the piezoelectric film and laminated piezoelectric element of the present invention can be used, for example, in various sensors such as sound wave sensors, ultrasonic sensors, pressure sensors, tactile sensors, strain sensors and vibration sensors (in particular, infrastructure inspection such as crack detection and foreign matter detection).
- sensors such as sound wave sensors, ultrasonic sensors, pressure sensors, tactile sensors, strain sensors and vibration sensors (in particular, infrastructure inspection such as crack detection and foreign matter detection).
- acoustic devices such as microphones, pickups, speakers and exciters
- specific applications include noise cancellers (used in cars, trains, airplanes, robots, etc.), artificial vocal cords, vermin Intrusion prevention buzzers, furniture, wallpaper, photographs, helmets, goggles, headrests, signage, robots, etc.), automobiles, smartphones, smart watches, haptics used for games, ultrasonic probes and hydro Ultrasonic transducers such as phones, actuators used for preventing adhesion of water droplets, transportation, stirring, dispersion, polishing, etc., damping materials (dampers) used for containers, vehicles, buildings, sports equipment such as skis and rackets, and roads and floors , mattresses, chairs, shoes, tires, wheels, and personal computer keyboards.
- Reference Signs List 10 10b, 10L piezoelectric film 12 piezoelectric layer 14 first electrode layer 16 second electrode layer 17 first protective layer 18 first resin substrate 19 second protective layer 20 second resin substrate 24 matrix 26 piezoelectric particles 28 First inorganic layer 30 Second inorganic layer 34, 38 Sheet material 36 Laminated body 50, 56 Laminated piezoelectric element 58 Core rod 70 Electroacoustic transducer 72, 74 Adhering layer
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Abstract
Description
このようなフレキシブルディスプレイを、テレビジョン受像機等のように画像と共に音声を再生する画像表示装置兼音声発生装置として使用する場合、音声を発生するための音響装置であるスピーカーが必要である。
ここで、従来のスピーカー形状としては、漏斗状のいわゆるコーン型、および、球面状のドーム型等が一般的である。しかしながら、これらのスピーカーを上述のフレキシブルディスプレイに内蔵しようとすると、フレキシブルディスプレイの長所である軽量性や可撓性を損なう虞れがある。また、スピーカーを外付けにした場合、持ち運び等が面倒であり、曲面状の壁に設置することが難しくなり美観を損ねる虞れもある。
例えば、特許文献1には、常温で粘弾性を有する高分子材料からなる粘弾性マトリックス中に圧電体粒子を分散してなる高分子複合圧電体(圧電体層)、高分子複合圧電体の両面に設けられた薄膜電極(電極層)、および、薄膜電極の表面に設けられる保護層、を有する電気音響変換フィルム(圧電フィルム)が記載されている。
[1] 高分子材料を含むマトリックス中に圧電体粒子を含む圧電体層と、圧電体層の両面に設けられる電極層と、電極層の圧電体層とは反対側の面に設けられる保護層と、を有する圧電フィルムであって、
保護層は、樹脂基材と、樹脂基材上に設けられた少なくとも1層の無機層とを有し、
圧電フィルムの水蒸気透過率が1×10-4g/(m2×day)以下である、圧電フィルム。
[2] 保護層の水蒸気透過率が1×10-4g/(m2×day)以下である、[1]に記載の圧電フィルム。
[3] 無機層が、圧電体層と、樹脂基材との間に配置される、[1]または[2]に記載の圧電フィルム。
[4] 無機層が、アモルファスな構造を有する、[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の圧電フィルム。
[5] 無機層が、絶縁体である、[1]~[4]のいずれかに記載の圧電フィルム。
[6] 無機層が、窒化ケイ素からなる、[1]~[5]のいずれかに記載の圧電フィルム。
[7] 無機層の厚さが、100nm以下である、[1]~[6]のいずれかに記載の圧電フィルム。
[8] [1]~[7]のいずれかに記載の圧電フィルムを、複数層、積層してなる積層圧電素子。
[9] 圧電フィルムを、1回以上、折り返すことにより、圧電フィルムを、複数層、積層したものである、[8]に記載の積層圧電素子。
本明細書において、「~」を用いて表される数値範囲は、「~」の前後に記載される数値を下限値および上限値として含む範囲を意味する。
また、以下に示す図は、いずれも、本発明を説明するための概念的な図であって、各層の厚さ、圧電体粒子の大きさ、および、構成部材の大きさ等は、実際の物とは異なる。
本発明の圧電フィルムは、
高分子材料を含むマトリックス中に圧電体粒子を含む圧電体層と、圧電体層の両面に設けられる電極層と、電極層の圧電体層とは反対側の面に設けられる保護層と、を有する圧電フィルムであって、
保護層は、樹脂基材と、樹脂基材上に設けられた少なくとも1層の無機層とを有し、
圧電フィルムの水蒸気透過率が1×10-4g/(m2×day)以下である、圧電フィルムである。
図1に示すように、圧電フィルム10は、圧電体層12と、圧電体層12の一方の面に積層される第1電極層14と、第1電極層14の表面に積層される第1保護層17と、圧電体層12の他方の面に積層される第2電極層16と、第2電極層16の表面に積層される第2保護層19とを有する。すなわち、圧電フィルム10は、このような圧電体層12を電極層とで挟持し、電極層の圧電体層が接触していない面に保護層が積層された構成を有する。
第1無機層28および第2無機層30は、水蒸気バリア性を付与する層として作用するものである。本発明の圧電フィルム10は、保護層が、無機層を有することにより、水蒸気透過率を1×10-4g/(m2×day)以下としたものである。
なお、以下の説明において、第1および第2の区別をする必要がない場合には、それぞれ単に電極層、樹脂基材、無機層、および、保護層ともいう。
図2に本発明の圧電フィルムの他の一例を示す。
ここで、高分子複合圧電体(圧電体層12)は、次の用件を具備したものであるのが好ましい。なお、本発明において、常温とは、0~50℃である。
(i) 可撓性
例えば、携帯用として新聞や雑誌のように書類感覚で緩く撓めた状態で把持する場合、絶えず外部から、数Hz以下の比較的ゆっくりとした、大きな曲げ変形を受けることになる。この時、高分子複合圧電体が硬いと、その分大きな曲げ応力が発生し、高分子マトリックスと圧電体粒子との界面で亀裂が発生し、やがて破壊に繋がる恐れがある。従って、高分子複合圧電体には適度な柔らかさが求められる。また、歪みエネルギーを熱として外部へ拡散できれば応力を緩和することができる。従って、高分子複合圧電体の損失正接が適度に大きいことが求められる。
(ii) 音質
スピーカーは、20Hz~20kHzのオーディオ帯域の周波数で圧電体粒子を振動させ、その振動エネルギーによって振動板(高分子複合圧電体)全体が一体となって振動することで音が再生される。従って、振動エネルギーの伝達効率を高めるために高分子複合圧電体には適度な硬さが求められる。また、スピーカーの周波数特性が平滑であれば、曲率の変化に伴い最低共振周波数f0が変化した際の音質の変化量も小さくなる。従って、高分子複合圧電体の損失正接は適度に大きいことが求められる。
このとき、圧電フィルムの湾曲程度すなわち湾曲部の曲率半径が大きくなるほど機械的なスチフネスsが下がるため、最低共振周波数f0は小さくなる。すなわち、圧電フィルムの曲率半径によってスピーカーの音質(音量、周波数特性)が変わることになる。
高分子複合圧電体(圧電体層12)において、ガラス転移点が常温にある高分子材料、言い換えると、常温で粘弾性を有する高分子材料をマトリックスに用いることで、20Hz~20kHzの振動に対しては硬く、数Hz以下の遅い振動に対しては柔らかく振舞う高分子複合圧電体が実現する。特に、この振舞いが好適に発現する等の点で、周波数1Hzでのガラス転移点が常温、すなわち、0~50℃にある高分子材料を、高分子複合圧電体のマトリックスに用いるのが好ましい。
これにより、高分子複合圧電体が外力によってゆっくりと曲げられた際に、最大曲げモーメント部における高分子マトリックスと圧電体粒子との界面の応力集中が緩和され、高い可撓性が期待できる。
これにより、高分子複合圧電体が外力によってゆっくりと曲げられた際に発生する曲げモーメントが低減できると同時に、20Hz~20kHzの音響振動に対しては硬く振る舞うことができる。
しかしながら、その反面、良好な耐湿性の確保等を考慮すると、高分子材料は、比誘電率が25℃において10以下であるのも、好適である。
なお、マトリックス24において、これらの高分子材料は、1種のみを用いてもよく、複数種を併用(混合)して用いてもよい。
すなわち、マトリックス24には、誘電特性や機械的特性の調節等を目的として、シアノエチル化PVA等の常温で粘弾性を有する高分子材料に加え、必要に応じて、その他の誘電性高分子材料を添加しても良い。
中でも、シアノエチル基を有する高分子材料は、好適に利用される。
また、圧電体層12のマトリックス24において、シアノエチル化PVA等の常温で粘弾性を有する材料に加えて添加される誘電性ポリマーは、1種に限定はされず、複数種を添加してもよい。
さらに、粘着性を向上する目的で、ロジンエステル、ロジン、テルペン、テルペンフェノール、および、石油樹脂等の粘着付与剤を添加しても良い。
これにより、マトリックス24における粘弾性緩和機構を損なうことなく、添加する高分子材料の特性を発現できるため、高誘電率化、耐熱性の向上、圧電体粒子26および電極層との密着性向上等の点で好ましい結果を得ることができる。
圧電体粒子26は、ペロブスカイト型またはウルツ鉱型の結晶構造を有するセラミックス粒子からなるものである。
圧電体粒子26を構成するセラミックス粒子としては、例えば、チタン酸ジルコン酸鉛(PZT)、チタン酸ジルコン酸ランタン酸鉛(PLZT)、チタン酸バリウム(BaTiO3)、酸化亜鉛(ZnO)、および、チタン酸バリウムとビスマスフェライト(BiFe3)との固溶体(BFBT)等が例示される。
これらの圧電体粒子26は、1種のみを用いてもよく、複数種を併用(混合)して用いてもよい。
圧電体粒子26の粒径は、1~10μmが好ましい。圧電体粒子26の粒径をこの範囲とすることにより、圧電フィルム10が高い圧電特性とフレキシビリティとを両立できる等の点で好ましい結果を得ることができる。
すなわち、圧電体層12中の圧電体粒子26は、好ましくは均一に分散されていれば、マトリックス24中に規則性を持って分散されていてもよい。
さらに、圧電体粒子26は、粒径が揃っていても、揃っていなくてもよい。
圧電体層12中における圧電体粒子26の体積分率は、30~80%が好ましく、50%以上がより好ましく、従って、50~80%がさらに好ましい。
マトリックス24と圧電体粒子26との量比を上記範囲とすることにより、高い圧電特性とフレキシビリティとを両立できる等の点で好ましい結果を得ることができる。
圧電体層12が厚いほど、いわゆるシート状物のコシの強さなどの剛性等の点では有利であるが、同じ量だけ圧電フィルム10を伸縮させるために必要な電圧(電位差)は大きくなる。
圧電体層12の厚さは、8~300μmが好ましく、8~200μmがより好ましく、10~150μmがさらに好ましく、15~100μmが特に好ましい。
圧電体層12の厚さを、上記範囲とすることにより、剛性の確保と適度な柔軟性との両立等の点で好ましい結果を得ることができる。
ここで、第1電極層14と第2電極層16とは、電極対を形成する。すなわち、圧電フィルム10は、圧電体層12の両面を電極対、すなわち、第1電極層14および第2電極層16で挟持し、この積層体を、第1保護層17および第2保護層19で挟持してなる構成を有する。
このような圧電フィルム10において、第1電極層14および第2電極層16で挾持された領域は、印加された電圧に応じて伸縮される。
中でも、優れた機械的特性および耐熱性を有するなどの理由により、ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)、ポリプロピレン(PP)、ポリスチレン(PS)、ポリカーボネート(PC)、ポリフェニレンサルファイト(PPS)、ポリメチルメタクリレート(PMMA)、ポリエーテルイミド(PEI)、ポリイミド(PI)、ポリエチレンナフタレート(PEN)、トリアセチルセルロース(TAC)、および、環状オレフィン系樹脂等からなる樹脂フィルムが、好適に利用される。
ここで、第1樹脂基材18および第2樹脂基材20の剛性が高過ぎると、圧電体層12の伸縮を拘束するばかりか、可撓性も損なわれる。そのため、機械的強度やシート状物としての良好なハンドリング性が要求される場合を除けば、第1樹脂基材18および第2樹脂基材20は、薄いほど有利である。
例えば、圧電体層12の厚さが50μmで第1樹脂基材18および第2樹脂基材20がPETからなる場合、第1樹脂基材18および第2樹脂基材20の厚さは、100μm以下が好ましく、50μm以下がより好ましく、25μm以下がさらに好ましい。
本発明において、第1無機層28および第2無機層30は、無機化合物からなる層であり、水蒸気バリア性を付与する層である。
具体的には、酸化アルミニウム、酸化マグネシウム、酸化タンタル、酸化ジルコニウム、酸化チタン、酸化インジウムスズ(ITO)などの金属酸化物; 窒化アルミニウムなどの金属窒化物; 炭化アルミニウムなどの金属炭化物; 酸化ケイ素、酸化窒化ケイ素、酸炭化ケイ素、酸化窒化炭化ケイ素などのケイ素酸化物; 窒化ケイ素、窒化炭化ケイ素などのケイ素窒化物; 炭化ケイ素等のケイ素炭化物; これらの水素化物; これら2種以上の混合物; および、これらの水素含有物等の、無機化合物からなる膜が挙げられる。また、これらの2種以上の混合物も、利用可能である。
特に、金属酸化物および窒化物、具体的には、窒化ケイ素、酸化ケイ素、酸窒化ケイ素、酸化アルミニウム、これらの2種以上の混合物は、優れた水蒸気バリア性を発現できる点で、好適に利用される。中でも特に、窒化ケイ素、および、窒化ケイ素を含む混合物は、優れた水蒸気バリア性に加え、柔軟性も高いため好適に利用される。
無機層の厚さを10nm以上とすることにより、十分なガスバリア性能を安定して発現する無機層が形成できる。また、無機層が厚過ぎると、圧電フィルムの振動を阻害したり、割れ、ヒビおよび剥がれ等を生じる可能性が有るが、無機層の厚さを100nm以下とすることにより、圧電フィルムの振動を阻害することを抑制し、割れ等が発生することを防止できる。
図1に示す構成のように、無機層が電極層に接して配置される構成の場合に、無機層が導体であると、電極層と一体的に電極として作用する。しかしながら、導体である無機層は水に触れると酸化するなど変質して、抵抗が変化してしまうおそれがある。そのため、環境によって圧電フィルムの圧電特性が変化してしまうおそれがある。
これに対して、無機層が絶縁体であると、無機層が電極層に接して配置される構成であっても、無機層が電極として作用しないため、環境によって圧電フィルムの圧電特性が変化することを防止できる。
具体的には、ポリエステル、(メタ)アクリル樹脂、メタクリル酸-マレイン酸共重合体、ポリスチレン、透明フッ素樹脂、ポリイミド、フッ素化ポリイミド、ポリアミド、ポリアミドイミド、ポリエーテルイミド、セルロースアシレート、ポリウレタン、ポリエーテルエーテルケトン、ポリカーボネート、脂環式ポリオレフィン、ポリアリレート、ポリエーテルスルホン、ポリスルホン、フルオレン環変性ポリカーボネート、脂環変性ポリカーボネート、フルオレン環変性ポリエステル、アクリル化合物、などの熱可塑性樹脂、ポリシロキサンや、その他の有機ケイ素化合物の膜が挙げられる。これらは、複数を併用してもよい。中でも、ラジカル硬化性化合物および/またはエーテル基を官能基に有するカチオン硬化性化合物を用いるのがより好ましい。特に、アクリレートおよび/またはメタクリレートのモノマーやオリゴマーの重合体を主成分とするアクリル樹脂やメタクリル樹脂を用いるのがより好ましい。主成分とは、含有する成分のうち、最も含有質量比が大きい成分をいう。
第1電極層14および第2電極層16は、圧電体層12(圧電フィルム10)に電圧を印加するために設けられる。
中でも特に、圧電フィルム10の可撓性が確保できる等の理由で、真空蒸着によって成膜された銅およびアルミニウム等の薄膜は、第1電極層14および第2電極層16として、好適に利用される。中でも特に、真空蒸着による銅の薄膜は、好適に利用される。
ここで、前述の第1樹脂基材18および第2樹脂基材20と同様に、第1電極層14および第2電極層16の剛性が高過ぎると、圧電体層12の伸縮を拘束するばかりか、可撓性も損なわれる。そのため、第1電極層14および第2電極層16は、電気抵抗が高くなり過ぎない範囲であれば、薄いほど有利である。
例えば、第1樹脂基材18および第2樹脂基材20がPET(ヤング率:約6.2GPa)で、第1電極層14および第2電極層16が銅(ヤング率:約130GPa)からなる組み合わせの場合、第1樹脂基材18および第2樹脂基材20の厚さが25μmだとすると、第1電極層14および第2電極層16の厚さは、1.2μm以下が好ましく、0.3μm以下がより好ましく、中でも0.1μm以下とするのが好ましい。
このような本発明の圧電フィルム10は、動的粘弾性測定による周波数1Hzでの損失正接(Tanδ)の極大値が常温に存在するのが好ましく、0.1以上となる極大値が常温に存在するのがより好ましい。
これにより、圧電フィルム10が外部から数Hz以下の比較的ゆっくりとした、大きな曲げ変形を受けたとしても、歪みエネルギーを効果的に熱として外部へ拡散できるため、高分子マトリックスと圧電体粒子との界面で亀裂が発生するのを防ぐことができる。
これにより、常温で圧電フィルム10が貯蔵弾性率(E’)に大きな周波数分散を有することができる。すなわち、20Hz~20kHzの振動に対しては硬く、数Hz以下の振動に対しては柔らかく振る舞うことができる。
これにより、圧電フィルム10が可撓性および音響特性を損なわない範囲で、適度な剛性と機械的強度を備えることができる。
これにより、圧電フィルム10を用いたスピーカーの周波数特性が平滑になり、スピーカーの曲率の変化に伴って最低共振周波数f0が変化した際における音質の変化量も小さくできる。
測定条件としては、一例として、測定周波数は0.1Hz~20Hz(0.1Hz、0.2Hz、0.5Hz、1Hz、2Hz、5Hz、10Hzおよび20Hz)が、測定温度は-50~150℃が、昇温速度は2℃/分(窒素雰囲気中)が、サンプルサイズは40mm×10mm(クランプ領域込み)が、チャック間距離は20mmが、それぞれ、例示される。
第1電極層14および第2電極層16から電極の引き出し方法には、制限はなく、公知の各種の方法が利用可能である。
好適な電極の引き出し方法として、特開2014-209724号公報に記載される方法、および、特開2016-015354号公報に記載される方法等が例示される。
なお、各電極層において、電極引出し部は1つには制限されず、2以上の電極引出し部を有していてもよい。特に、保護層の一部を除去して孔部に導電性材料を挿入して電極引出し部とする構成の場合には、より確実に通電を確保するために、電極引出し部を3以上有するのが好ましい。
第2樹脂基材20が非常に薄く、ハンドリング性が悪い時などは、必要に応じて、セパレータ(仮支持体)付きの第2樹脂基材20を用いても良い。なお、セパレータとしては、厚さ25~100μmのPET等を用いることができる。セパレータは、第2電極層16および第2樹脂基材20を熱圧着した後、第2樹脂基材20に何らかの部材を積層する前に、取り除けばよい。
有機溶剤には制限はなく、ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)、メチルエチルケトン、シクロヘキサノン等の各種の有機溶剤が利用可能である。
シート状物34を準備し、かつ、塗料を調製したら、この塗料をシート状物34の第2電極層16にキャスティング(塗布)して、有機溶剤を蒸発して乾燥する。これにより、図4に示すように、第2樹脂基材20の上に第2無機層30を有し、第2無機層30の上に第2電極層16を有し、第2電極層16の上に圧電体層12を形成してなる積層体36を作製する。
なお、粘弾性材料がシアノエチル化PVAのように加熱溶融可能な物であれば、粘弾性材料を加熱溶融して、これに圧電体粒子26を添加/分散してなる溶融物を作製し、押し出し成形等によって、図3に示すシート状物34の上にシート状に押し出し、冷却することにより、図4に示すような、第2樹脂基材20の上に第2電極層16を有し、第2電極層16の上に圧電体層12を形成してなる積層体36を作製してもよい。
マトリックス24に、これらの高分子圧電材料を添加する際には、上述した塗料に添加する高分子圧電材料を溶解すればよい。または、上述した加熱溶融した粘弾性材料に、添加する高分子圧電材料を添加して加熱溶融すればよい。
カレンダー処理の方法には、制限はなく、上述した加熱ローラによる押圧、および、プレス機による処理等の公知の方法で行えばよい。
なお、カレンダー処理は、後述する分極処理の後に行ってもよい。しかしながら、分極処理を行った後にカレンダー処理を行うと、押圧によって押し込まれた圧電体粒子26が回転してしまい、分極処理の効果が低下する可能性がある。この点を考慮すると、カレンダー処理は、分極処理の前に行うのが好ましい。
また、本発明の圧電フィルム10を製造する際には、分極処理は、圧電体層12の面方向ではなく、厚さ方向に分極を行うのが好ましい。
さらに、この積層体36とシート状物38との積層体を、第2樹脂基材20と第1樹脂基材18とを挟持するようにして、加熱プレス装置および加熱ローラ対等で熱圧着して、圧電フィルム10を作製する。
あるいは、積層体36とシート状物38とを、接着剤を用いて貼り合わせて、好ましくは、さらに圧着して、圧電フィルム10を作製してもよい。
このようにして作製される圧電フィルム10は、面方向ではなく厚さ方向に分極されており、かつ、分極処理後に延伸処理をしなくても大きな圧電特性が得られる。そのため、圧電フィルム10は、圧電特性に面内異方性がなく、駆動電圧を印加すると、面方向では全方向に等方的に伸縮する。
本発明の積層圧電素子は、上述した圧電フィルムを、複数層、積層してなる積層圧電素子である。
図7に示す積層圧電素子50は、圧電フィルム10を複数、積層したものである。図7に示す例では、3枚の圧電フィルム10が積層されている。隣接する圧電フィルム10同士は、貼着層72によって貼着されている。また、図7に示す例では、積層圧電素子50は、貼着層74によって振動板76に貼着され、電気音響変換器70を構成している。各圧電フィルム10には駆動電圧を印加するための電源PSが接続されている。なお、図7に示す例では、各圧電フィルムの保護層の図示は省略しているが、図1に示すように、各圧電フィルムは保護層を有している。
この積層圧電素子50の面方向の伸縮によって、振動板76が撓み、その結果、振動板76が、厚さ方向に振動する。この厚さ方向の振動によって、振動板76は、音を発生する。振動板76は、圧電フィルム10に印加した駆動電圧の大きさに応じて振動して、圧電フィルム10に印加した駆動電圧に応じた音を発生する。
すなわち、この電気音響変換器70は、積層圧電素子50をエキサイターとして用いるスピーカーとして用いることができる。
厚さ方向に分極された長尺な1枚の圧電フィルム10Lを、折り返して積層することで、積層方向に隣接(対面)する圧電フィルムの分極方向は、図8中に矢印で示すように、逆方向になる。
そのため、図8に示す積層圧電素子56によれば、部品点数を低減し、かつ、構成を簡略化して、圧電素子(モジュール)としての信頼性を向上し、さらに、コストダウンを図ることができる。
圧電フィルム10Lの第1電極層14および第2電極層16は、金属の蒸着膜等で形成される。金属の蒸着膜は、鋭角で折り曲げられると、ヒビ(クラック)等が入りやすく、電極が断線してしまう可能性がある。すなわち、図8に示す積層圧電素子56では、屈曲部の内側において、電極にヒビ等が入り易い。
これに対して、長尺な圧電フィルム10Lを折り返した積層圧電素子56において、圧電フィルム10Lの折り返し部に芯棒58を挿入することにより、第1電極層14および第2電極層16が折り曲げられることを防止して、断線が生じることを好適に防止できる。
図3~図6に示す方法で、図1に示すような圧電フィルムを作製した。
まず、下記の組成比で、シアノエチル化PVA(CR-V、信越化学工業社製)をジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)に溶解した。その後、この溶液に、圧電体粒子としてPZT粒子を下記の組成比で添加して、プロペラミキサー(回転数2000rpm)で攪拌して、圧電体層を形成するための塗料を調製した。
・PZT粒子・・・・・・・・・・・300質量部
・シアノエチル化PVA・・・・・・・30質量部
・DMF・・・・・・・・・・・・・・70質量部
なお、PZT粒子は、主成分となるPb酸化物、Zr酸化物およびTi酸化物の粉末を、Pb=1モルに対し、Zr=0.52モル、Ti=0.48モルとなるように、ボールミルで湿式混合してなる混合粉を、800℃で5時間、焼成した後、解砕処理したものを用いた。
次いで、シート状物に塗料を塗布した物を、120℃のホットプレート上で加熱乾燥することでDMFを蒸発させた。これにより、PET製の第2樹脂基材の上に窒化ケイ素製の第2無機層を有し、第2無機層の上に銅製の第2電極層を有し、その上に、厚さが30μmの圧電体層(高分子複合圧電体層)を有する積層体を作製した。
さらに、作製した圧電体層を、厚さ方向に分極処理した。
次いで、積層体とシート状物との積層体を、ラミネータ装置を用いて120℃で熱圧着することで、圧電体層と第1電極層および第2電極層とを接着して、圧電体層を第1電極層と第2電極層とで挟持し、この積層体を、第1保護層(第1無機層および第1樹脂基材)と第2保護層(第2無機層および第2樹脂基材)とで挟持した、図1に示すような圧電フィルムを作製した。なお、ラミネート後、保護層であるPETフィルムに貼着されているセパレータを除去した。
また、X線回折装置(Rigaku社製 Rint Ultima III)を用いた結晶構造解析を行ったところ、無機層は、アモルファスな構造を有することを確認した。
無機層が樹脂基材の電極層とは反対側の面に形成される構成(図2参照)とした以外は、実施例1と同様にして圧電フィルムを作製した。
なお、実施例2においては、シート状物は、まず、第1セパレータ付きの厚さ4μmPETフィルムの表面に無機層を形成した後、この無機層表面に第2セパレーターを貼着した後、第1セパレータを除去し、セパレータを除去した側の面に電極層を形成して作製した。
また、X線回折装置(Rigaku社製 Rint Ultima III)を用いた結晶構造解析を行ったところ、無機層は、アモルファスな構造を有することを確認した。
無機層を有さない以外は実施例1と同様にして圧電フィルムを作製した。
比較例1の圧電フィルムの水蒸気透過率は、1×10-2g/(m2×day)であった。
無機層をアルミナ(酸化アルミニウム)に変更した以外は実施例1と同様にして圧電フィルムを作製した。酸化アルミニウム膜はスパッタリングにより形成した。
比較例2の圧電フィルムの水蒸気透過率は、5×10-4g/(m2×day)であった。また、無機層は、アモルファスな構造を有することを確認した。
作製した圧電フィルムについて、保存試験前後での機械特性(ヤング率)および電気特性(静電容量)の変化を評価した。
作製した各圧電フィルムから、1cm×4cmの短冊状に試験片を切り出した。切り出した直後、および、80℃、95%RHの雰囲気下に6時間保管した後のヤング率E’(GPa)を、動的粘弾性試験機(SIIナノテクノロジー DMS6100粘弾性スペクトロメーター)を使用して測定した。測定条件を以下に示す。
測定温度範囲:-20℃~100℃
昇温速度:2℃/分
測 定周波数:0.1Hz、0.2Hz、0.5Hz、1.0Hz、2.0Hz、5.0Hz、10Hz、20Hz
測定モード:引っ張り測定
一般に、動的粘弾性測定結果における周波数と温度の間には、「時間-温度換算則」に基づく一定の関係がある。例えば、温度の変化を周波数の変化に換算し、一定温度におけるヤング率の周波数分散を調べることができる。この時に作成されるカーブを、マスターカーブと呼ぶ。25℃でのマスターカーブから周波数1kHzでのヤング率を求めた。
求めたヤング率から、保管前のヤング率に対する保管後のヤング率の変化率を算出した。
作製した直後、および、80℃、95%RHの雰囲気下に6時間保管した後の静電容量を以下のようにして測定した。
圧電フィルムの第1電極層および第2電極層から配線を引出し、LCRメーター(NF社製 ZM2353)を使用して、以下の条件で静電容量を測定した。
測定条件:
周波数:1kHz
印加電圧:1V
求めた静電容量から、保管前の静電容量に対する保管後の静電容量の変化率を算出した。
結果を、表1に示す。
また、実施例1と実施例2との対比から、無機層は、電極側、すなわち、樹脂基材と圧電体層との間に配置することが好ましいことがわかる。
以上の結果より、本発明の効果は明らかである。
12 圧電体層
14 第1電極層
16 第2電極層
17 第1保護層
18 第1樹脂基材
19 第2保護層
20 第2樹脂基材
24 マトリックス
26 圧電体粒子
28 第1無機層
30 第2無機層
34,38 シート状物
36 積層体
50、56 積層圧電素子
58 芯棒
70 電気音響変換器
72、74 貼着層
Claims (9)
- 高分子材料を含むマトリックス中に圧電体粒子を含む圧電体層と、前記圧電体層の両面に設けられる電極層と、前記電極層の前記圧電体層とは反対側の面に設けられる保護層と、を有する圧電フィルムであって、
前記保護層は、樹脂基材と、樹脂基材上に設けられた少なくとも1層の無機層とを有し、
前記圧電フィルムの水蒸気透過率が1×10-4g/(m2×day)以下である、圧電フィルム。 - 前記保護層の水蒸気透過率が1×10-4g/(m2×day)以下である、請求項1に記載の圧電フィルム。
- 前記無機層が、前記圧電体層と、前記樹脂基材との間に配置される、請求項1に記載の圧電フィルム。
- 前記無機層が、アモルファスな構造を有する、請求項1に記載の圧電フィルム。
- 前記無機層が、絶縁体である、請求項1に記載の圧電フィルム。
- 前記無機層が、窒化ケイ素からなる、請求項1に記載の圧電フィルム。
- 前記無機層の厚さが、100nm以下である、請求項1に記載の圧電フィルム。
- 請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の圧電フィルムを、複数層、積層してなる積層圧電素子。
- 前記圧電フィルムを、1回以上、折り返すことにより、前記圧電フィルムを、複数層、積層したものである、請求項8に記載の積層圧電素子。
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| JP2007090803A (ja) * | 2005-09-30 | 2007-04-12 | Fujifilm Corp | ガスバリアフィルム、並びに、これを用いた画像表示素子および有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 |
| JP2012096432A (ja) * | 2010-11-01 | 2012-05-24 | Sony Corp | バリアフィルム及びその製造方法 |
| WO2019151495A1 (ja) * | 2018-02-02 | 2019-08-08 | 凸版印刷株式会社 | ガスバリア性フィルム及びその製造方法 |
| WO2020095812A1 (ja) * | 2018-11-08 | 2020-05-14 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 積層圧電素子および電気音響変換器 |
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| JP2007098655A (ja) * | 2005-09-30 | 2007-04-19 | Dainippon Printing Co Ltd | ガスバリアフィルム |
| JP5770122B2 (ja) * | 2012-02-15 | 2015-08-26 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 機能性フィルムの製造方法 |
| WO2016208385A1 (ja) * | 2015-06-23 | 2016-12-29 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 電気音響変換フィルムおよび電気音響変換器 |
| JP6450014B2 (ja) * | 2015-08-18 | 2019-01-09 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 電気音響変換フィルム、電気音響変換フィルムの製造方法および電気音響変換器 |
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| JPS6181000A (ja) * | 1984-09-28 | 1986-04-24 | Toshiba Corp | 積層高分子圧電型超音波探触子 |
| JP2007090803A (ja) * | 2005-09-30 | 2007-04-12 | Fujifilm Corp | ガスバリアフィルム、並びに、これを用いた画像表示素子および有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子 |
| JP2012096432A (ja) * | 2010-11-01 | 2012-05-24 | Sony Corp | バリアフィルム及びその製造方法 |
| WO2019151495A1 (ja) * | 2018-02-02 | 2019-08-08 | 凸版印刷株式会社 | ガスバリア性フィルム及びその製造方法 |
| WO2020095812A1 (ja) * | 2018-11-08 | 2020-05-14 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 積層圧電素子および電気音響変換器 |
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| WO2025135141A1 (ja) * | 2023-12-21 | 2025-06-26 | 株式会社クレハ | 積層圧電体及びその製造方法 |
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| CN117981357A (zh) | 2024-05-03 |
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