WO2022219699A1 - 透過型電子顕微鏡 - Google Patents
透過型電子顕微鏡 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022219699A1 WO2022219699A1 PCT/JP2021/015266 JP2021015266W WO2022219699A1 WO 2022219699 A1 WO2022219699 A1 WO 2022219699A1 JP 2021015266 W JP2021015266 W JP 2021015266W WO 2022219699 A1 WO2022219699 A1 WO 2022219699A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/32—Gas-filled discharge tubes
- H01J37/32431—Constructional details of the reactor
- H01J37/3244—Gas supply means
- H01J37/32449—Gas control, e.g. control of the gas flow
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/02—Details
- H01J37/04—Arrangements of electrodes and associated parts for generating or controlling the discharge, e.g. electron-optical arrangement or ion-optical arrangement
- H01J37/153—Electron-optical or ion-optical arrangements for the correction of image defects, e.g. stigmators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/02—Details
- H01J37/18—Vacuum locks ; Means for obtaining or maintaining the desired pressure within the vessel
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/02—Details
- H01J37/20—Means for supporting or positioning the object or the material; Means for adjusting diaphragms or lenses associated with the support
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/26—Electron or ion microscopes; Electron or ion diffraction tubes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/26—Electron or ion microscopes; Electron or ion diffraction tubes
- H01J37/28—Electron or ion microscopes; Electron or ion diffraction tubes with scanning beams
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/26—Electron or ion microscopes; Electron or ion diffraction tubes
- H01J37/295—Electron or ion diffraction tubes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to transmission electron microscopes.
- In-situ refers to observation and measurement in the actual environment where the actual process (usage method) occurs.
- In-situ observation with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) uses conditions such as heating, cooling, and gas atmosphere inside the electron microscope to reproduce the behavior of the material in the same way as in the actual environment. can be observed at sub-angstrobe resolution.
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- differential exhaust diaphragms and environmental cell holders using diaphragms are commonly used as technologies to secure a closed space.
- a differential exhaust throttle can obtain exhaust conductance by using an orifice.
- the environmental cell holder can seal a limited space by using diaphragms above and below the sample.
- Patent document 1 provides a scanning electron microscope apparatus in which an electron gun is kept in a vacuum.
- the electron gun 2 in which the electron gun window 35 is provided with a metal film, a carbon film, a diamond film, or a diamond-like carbon film that transmits accelerated electrons and withstands the atmosphere, and the inside of the sealed container 33 is kept in a vacuum.
- a scanning electron microscope apparatus 1 is provided. (see abstract).
- Patent Document 2 states, "Realize a charged particle beam device capable of shielding X-rays with a simple configuration at low cost. ', 'When the electron gun chamber 1 and the focusing lens chamber 3 are separated in a vacuum state, a gate valve 6 is arranged on the passage of the electron beam. At this time, the electron beam is directed toward the gate valve, but the electron beam collides with the disk 12 inside the opening 11 .
- the collision of the electron beam with the disk 12 generates X-rays x, but since the disk 12 is made of, for example, carbon, the amount of X-rays generated is extremely small and the energy of the X-rays is Since it is small, the amount of X-rays that leak out of the lens barrel after being absorbed by components such as gate valves, the partition walls 4 and 5, or the walls of the lens barrel that form the electron gun chamber 1 and the focusing lens chamber 3 is negligible. to the extent possible. (see abstract).
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 are useful means for maintaining a gas atmosphere, but they have the following technical problems in transmission electron microscopes that observe transmission images. the inventor of the present invention has learned.
- Contrasts that form TEM images include scattering contrast, diffraction contrast, and phase contrast.
- Low-magnification observation which has been mainly used for in-situ observation so far, forms the contrast of TEM/STEM images by diffraction contrast or scattering contrast using transmitted waves or diffracted waves.
- image contrast is formed by phase contrast using transmitted waves and diffracted waves.
- a closed space is formed using, for example, a conductive silicon nitride film, the contrast of an amorphous portion such as an amorphous portion overlaps with the contrast of the actual sample. This makes it difficult to obtain a correct contrast as a TEM image.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems, and an object of the present invention is to alleviate the influence of phase contrast on an observed image in a transmission electron microscope, and to enable image observation with high magnification and high resolution. .
- the transmission electron microscope according to the present invention can be switched between a first mode in which the inside of the lens barrel is hermetically sealed by a diaphragm between the electron beam source side and the stage side, and a second mode in which hermetic sealing is not performed. is configured to
- the transmission electron microscope according to the present invention it is possible to reduce the influence of phase contrast on the observed image and to observe an image with high magnification and high resolution.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic side view for explaining the configuration of a transmission electron microscope 1 according to Embodiment 1.
- FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of the vicinity of the pressure holding space 203.
- FIG. 2 is a side sectional view showing the structure of diaphragm 201.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart for explaining the operation procedure of the transmission electron microscope 1; 4 is a flowchart for explaining the procedure for correcting aberration using the aberration corrector 108.
- FIG. FIG. 11 is a schematic side view for explaining the configuration of a transmission electron microscope 1 according to Embodiment 4;
- FIG. 1 is a schematic side view illustrating the configuration of a transmission electron microscope 1 according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
- a pressure holding space 203 is arranged inside the lens barrel 100 . The vicinity of the pressure holding space 203 will be described later.
- An electron beam generated by an electron gun 101 is focused by irradiation lenses 102 to 104 and irradiated onto a sample (not shown) mounted on a sample stage 105 . Electrons that have passed through the sample are guided to the imaging surface of a CCD camera 114 via imaging lenses 110-113. An electronic image detected by the CCD camera 114 is captured by the main controller 121 and then imaged. The operator observes this image as a sample image.
- the sample stage 105 is controlled by an aperture control board 120 that receives commands from a main controller 121 .
- the illumination lenses 102 - 104 and imaging lenses 110 - 113 are controlled by a lens controller 122 which receives commands from a main controller 121 .
- An image formed by the main controller 121 is displayed on the display device 123 .
- the aberration corrector 108 will be described later.
- the inside of the lens barrel 100 is evacuated to about 10 ⁇ 5 Pa by the evacuation pump 131 .
- a vacuum gauge 106 measures the air pressure (degree of vacuum) inside the barrel 100 .
- the gas introduction mechanism 107 is controlled by a gas control device 124 that receives commands from a main control device 121 to control the flow rate of gas introduced into the lens barrel 100 .
- a gas introduction mechanism 107 is installed near the sample stage 105 and can inject gas to a sample (not shown) mounted on the sample stage 105 .
- a rare gas for example, can be used as the type of gas introduced into the lens barrel 100 from the gas introduction mechanism 107, but the type is not limited to this.
- the gas introduction mechanism 107 is installed near (immediately above) the sample stage 105 and can directly inject the introduction gas to the sample mounted on the sample stage 105 .
- in-situ observation is to observe how the sample reacts in the real environment, so it is necessary to make the vicinity of the sample close to the real environment.
- the atmosphere in the vicinity of the sample can be brought closer to the atmospheric pressure at which the sample actually reacts.
- By adjusting the amount of gas introduced it is possible to create an atmosphere of any atmospheric pressure, so that various samples can be observed in the in-situ mode.
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of the vicinity of the pressure holding space 203.
- FIG. A pressure holding space 203 using a differential exhaust diaphragm 204 is arranged between the electron gun 101 and the irradiation lens 102 . Due to the action of the pressure holding space 203, even if the gas is introduced near the sample, the influence of the gas on the electron gun 101 can be minimized.
- the inside of the lens barrel 100 is divided into a space on the electron gun 101 side (first space) and a space on the stage side (second space). , hermetically seals between the two spaces. Thereby, the influence of gas can be further suppressed.
- the diaphragm 201 is attached to the tip of the diaphragm insertion/extraction mechanism 202 .
- Diaphragm 201 can incorporate a vacuum seal 205 to maintain the pressure differential in pressure holding space 203 .
- the vacuum seal portion 205 can maintain a pressure difference between the top and bottom of the differential exhaust diaphragm 204 (the electron gun 101 side and the irradiation lens 102 side). Maintaining the pressure difference means that even if one space bounded by the diaphragm 201 is at atmospheric pressure and the other space is at about 10 ⁇ 5 Pa, the respective spaces are not affected by the differential pressure. show.
- This numerical value is an example, and for example, a differential pressure between atmospheric pressure and ultra-high vacuum (atmospheric pressure of less than 10 ⁇ 5 Pa) may be maintained.
- the diaphragm insertion/extraction mechanism 202 has a position (first position) where the diaphragm 201 airtightly seals the pressure holding space 203 and allows the electron beam to pass through, and a position where the diaphragm 201 does not airtightly seal the pressure holding space 203 and does not collide with the electron beam. (second position), the diaphragm 201 can be moved.
- the diaphragm insertion/extraction mechanism 202 can move the diaphragm 201 in both the horizontal direction (the direction in the plane perpendicular to the optical axis of the electron beam) and the vertical direction (the direction parallel to the optical axis of the electron beam).
- a DC motor, a stepping motor, an air cylinder, or the like can be used as the moving mechanism.
- FIG. 3 is a side sectional view showing the structure of the diaphragm 201.
- the diaphragm 201 is composed of a conductive film 211 and a base 212 .
- the conductive film 211 is made of a material that allows at least part of the electron beam 213 to pass therethrough and can withstand the pressure difference that occurs on both sides of the conductive film 211 .
- the base 212 has a hole through which the electron beam 213 passes, and the conductive film 211 is arranged so as to block the hole.
- the film thickness of the conductive film 211 is, for example, several nanometers to several hundred nanometers in consideration of the holding pressure difference and transmission of the electron beam 213 .
- the relation between the transmission of the electron beam 213 and the holding pressure is a trade-off relation between the film thickness and the size of the base 212 .
- a thinner film is more advantageous for transmitting the electron beam 213, but the holding pressure capability is lowered.
- the film thickness of the conductive film 211 is several tens of nm.
- the diaphragm 201 incorporates an O-ring for the purpose of holding vacuum. Since the conductive film 211 is a thin film of several tens of nanometers, it may be damaged when the diaphragm 201 is moved. Therefore, in order to suppress the vibration of the diaphragm 201, an O-ring is used to isolate the vibration.
- the diaphragm 201 and the diaphragm insertion/extraction mechanism 202 are arranged above the irradiation lens 102 (closer to the electron gun 101). This makes it possible to reduce the influence of scattering in accordance with the diameter of the spot using the reduction action of the irradiation lenses 102 to 104, thereby reducing the influence on the diameter of the spot.
- the conductive film 211 alone can hold the pressure difference, but when installed in the lens barrel 100, a vacuum seal is required between the diaphragm 201 and the sealing surface.
- the vacuum seal portion 205 is a member for this purpose.
- the vacuum seal portion 205 does not need to seal the space on the side of the diaphragm insertion/extraction mechanism 202, and may seal the space on the side of the differential exhaust throttle 204, for example.
- the vacuum seal part 205 may be arranged in a place where it is necessary to maintain a vacuum with the installation of the diaphragm 201 .
- ⁇ Embodiment 1 About the mode of diaphragm 201>
- a silicon nitride film or the like is used as the conductive film 211
- a phenomenon occurs in which the contrast of an amorphous portion such as an amorphous portion is superimposed on the contrast of an actual sample on a TEM observation image, resulting in a correct TEM image. Contrast cannot be obtained. Therefore, in the first embodiment, the first mode (mode in which the diaphragm 201 is arranged at the first position) in which the diaphragm 201 is arranged on the optical axis of the electron beam and the second mode (in which the diaphragm 201 is arranged away from the optical axis) are used. mode) in which the diaphragm 201 is placed at the second position.
- the diaphragm insertion/extraction mechanism 202 can switch between the first mode and the second mode according to a command from the main controller 121 .
- the diaphragm 201 is inserted on the optical axis of the electron beam.
- the diaphragm 201 holds the differential pressure between the upper and lower sides of the pressure holding space 203 , and the sample is irradiated with the electron beam that has passed through the conductive film 211 .
- the transmitted electron beams are imaged by imaging lenses 110 to 113, imaged on CCD camera 114, and an observed image is displayed on display device 123 via main controller 121.
- the diaphragm 201 is removed from the optical axis of the electron beam, and the differential pressure above and below the pressure holding space 203 is held only by the differential exhaust diaphragm 204 .
- the electron beam is irradiated onto the sample without being affected by the conductive film 211, and an image is formed in the same manner as in the first mode.
- the second mode is the same as in a general transmission electron microscope, in which there is nothing on the electron beam optical axis. Therefore, high-resolution image observation is possible without being affected by electron beam scattering and phase contrast in the diaphragm 201 .
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart for explaining the operating procedure of the transmission electron microscope 1.
- FIG. 4 When the transmission electron microscope 1 shifts to the in-situ observation mode, this flowchart is started. For example, an operator inputs an instruction to shift to the spot observation mode to the main controller 121 via an appropriate interface. Each step in FIG. 4 will be described below.
- FIG. 4 Step S401
- Main controller 121 instructs diaphragm insertion/extraction mechanism 202 to place diaphragm 210 in the first position (the position when the first mode is performed).
- the diaphragm insertion/extraction mechanism 202 moves the diaphragm 201 according to the instruction.
- the main controller 121 controls the gas introduction mechanism 107 so as to introduce gas into the lens barrel 100 . Since the diaphragm 201 is in the first mode position at this time, the pressure holding space 203 is hermetically sealed.
- Fig. 4 Step S404
- the main controller 121 acquires measurement results from the vacuum gauge 106 . After confirming that the degree of vacuum is a value suitable for the first mode (a state in which the pressure in the vicinity of the sample is relatively increased due to gas introduction), the process proceeds to step S405. If the degree of vacuum is too low (the gas flow rate is too high), at least one of reducing the amount of gas introduced and increasing the evacuation capacity of the evacuation pump 131 is implemented. If the degree of vacuum is too high (the flow rate of gas is too low), at least one of increasing the amount of gas introduced and decreasing the evacuation capacity of the evacuation pump 131 is implemented. This step is continued until the degree of vacuum reaches a value suitable for the first mode.
- FIG. 4 Steps S405-S406
- Main controller 121 acquires an observation image of the sample mainly at low magnification while maintaining diaphragm 201 at the first position (S405) (S406).
- Main controller 121 controls gas introduction mechanism 107 to stop gas introduction. This is because the second mode is a mode in which the sample is observed while the degree of vacuum is increased, so it is desirable that the gas concentration in the vicinity of the sample is low. Instead of stopping gas introduction, the degree of vacuum in the vicinity of the sample may be increased by increasing the exhaust capacity of the evacuation pump 131 compared to that in the first mode. These may be used together.
- step S410 The main controller 121 acquires measurement results from the vacuum gauge 106 . After confirming that the degree of vacuum is a value suitable for the second mode (the pressure in the vicinity of the sample is relatively low), the process proceeds to step S410. If the degree of vacuum is too low (the pressure is too high), this step is continued until the evacuation pump 131 evacuates the vicinity of the sample. If the degree of vacuum is too high (the pressure is too low), at least one of restarting the gas introduction and lowering the evacuation capacity of the evacuation pump 131 is implemented. This step is continued until the degree of vacuum reaches a value suitable for the second mode.
- the main controller 121 moves the diaphragm 201 to the second position (S410), and mainly acquires a high-resolution observation image of the sample (S411).
- the first mode may be used to observe the gas reaction of the sample, and then the second mode may be used for observation with high resolution.
- the first mode and the second mode may be combined.
- various analyzers such as energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) can be used.
- the transmission electron microscope 1 includes a first mode in which the diaphragm 201 hermetically seals the pressure holding space 203 and transmits electron beams, and a first mode in which the diaphragm 201 does not hermetically seal the pressure holding space 203 and allows electron beams to pass through. and a second mode that does not collide.
- the first mode priority is given to observation in a state where the pressure in the vicinity of the sample is increased over the resolution of the observed image, and in the second mode, the phase contrast of the diaphragm 201 and the contrast of the actual sample are superimposed.
- high-resolution observations can be prioritized. Therefore, in-situ observation can be performed appropriately according to the characteristics of the observation target.
- the diaphragm 201 When the transmission electron microscope 1 according to Embodiment 1 shifts to the in-situ observation mode, the diaphragm 201 is moved to the position of the first mode, and gas introduction into the lens barrel 100 is started. When carrying out the first mode, the diaphragm 201 is held at the first position, and an observation image is obtained using a transmitted electron beam in a state in which the degree of vacuum has reached a value suitable for the first mode. Thereby, the user can automatically perform an operation mode suitable for spot observation and obtain an observation image simply by designating the observation mode.
- the diaphragm 201 When the transmission electron microscope 1 according to Embodiment 1 shifts to the in-situ observation mode, the diaphragm 201 is moved to the position of the first mode, and gas introduction into the lens barrel 100 is started.
- the second mode After the gas is removed until the degree of vacuum is sufficiently increased, an observation image is obtained using an equivalent electron beam while the diaphragm 201 is moved to the second position. Thereby, the user can automatically perform an operation mode suitable for spot observation and obtain an observation image simply by designating the observation mode.
- the configuration for switching between the first mode and the second mode, as in the first embodiment, is useful in that the operation mode is switched according to the purpose of observation.
- Embodiment 2 The configuration for switching between the first mode and the second mode described in Embodiment 1 can also be used in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM).
- STEM can obtain various information by narrowing the electron beam and manipulating it on the sample.
- the HAADF image is a useful observation method because it can obtain a Z-contrast image.
- the electron beam probe diameter is directly linked to the resolution. High-resolution observation becomes possible by narrowing down the electron beam as much as possible.
- the gas introduced by the gas introduction mechanism 107 fills the irradiation system pipe 206 and the sample chamber 207 .
- these pressures are high (under high pressure)
- the electron beam emitted from the electron gun 101 is scattered and the spot diameter of the electron beam becomes large, which is not suitable for high-resolution observation by STEM. Therefore, as in the first embodiment, by selectively using the first mode and the second mode according to the purpose of observation, STEM image observation can be performed under appropriate observation conditions.
- the degree of vacuum and electron beam scattering are correlated, and can be controlled by the degree of vacuum. From this point of view as well, it is useful to selectively use the first mode and the second mode.
- the aberration corrector 108 can be used to reduce spherical aberration. As a result, the diameter of the probe can be narrowed down to enable high-resolution observation.
- a magnetic lens used in an electron microscope or the like an electron beam passing through a place away from the center of the lens is greatly refracted. As a result, the electron beam cannot be focused on one point on the sample surface, resulting in an increase in probe diameter.
- the aberration corrector 108 is used, the refraction caused by the magnetic lens can be canceled, and the probe diameter can be made small (thin) on the sample surface.
- the aberration corrector 108 When using the aberration corrector 108, it is necessary to correct existing aberrations in advance. For example, a method using an amorphous region and a transmission image (Ronchigram image) and a correction method using a real image are common.
- the aberration correction method using a transmission image is affected by the phase contrast in the same way as the TEM, and an optimum transmission image (Ronchigram image) cannot be observed.
- Spherical aberration cannot be corrected. This is because the amorphous contrast is superimposed on the transmission image.
- a method using a real image corrects aberration while observing an HAADF image or the like. In this case, other factors such as electron beam scattering in the diaphragm 201 affect the aberration, and the aberration cannot be corrected appropriately.
- the aberration is corrected by the aberration corrector 108 in the second mode with the diaphragm 201 removed, and after completion of the correction, an observed image is obtained in the first mode with the diaphragm 201 inserted.
- Other configurations are the same as those of the first and second embodiments.
- FIG. 5 is a flowchart for explaining the procedure for correcting aberration using the aberration corrector 108.
- main controller 121 starts this flowchart.
- the main controller 121 acquires the measurement result of the vacuum gauge 106 and confirms whether the degree of vacuum in the lens barrel 100 is a value suitable for the second mode (S501). If the degree of vacuum is not appropriate, wait until a proper degree of vacuum is obtained in the same manner as in FIG.
- Main controller 121 shifts to the second mode and moves diaphragm 201 to the second position (S502).
- Main controller 121 adjusts the aberration correction amount of aberration corrector 108 (S503). The adjustment method is as described above. After adjusting the correction amount, the process proceeds to the flowchart of FIG. 4 (S504).
- FIG. 6 is a schematic side view illustrating the configuration of a transmission electron microscope 1 according to Embodiment 4 of the present invention.
- the diaphragm 201 is installed in the pressure holding space 203 above the irradiation lens 102 .
- diaphragm 201 can be placed in sample chamber 207 as shown in FIG. From the viewpoint of electron beam scattering, it is desirable that the gas atmosphere region be as short as possible. Therefore, in Embodiment 4, the diaphragm 201 is provided right above the sample.
- Other configurations are the same as those of the first to third embodiments.
- the gas introduced from the gas introduction mechanism 107 in the first mode fills only the inside of the sample chamber 207 and does not affect the inside of the irradiation system pipe 206 . Therefore, the influence of electron beam scattering by the introduced gas can be minimized.
- the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, and includes various modifications.
- the above-described embodiments have been described in detail in order to explain the present disclosure in an easy-to-understand manner, and are not necessarily limited to those having all the described configurations.
- part of the configuration of one embodiment can be replaced with the configuration of another embodiment, and the configuration of another embodiment can be added to the configuration of one embodiment.
- the present invention can be applied to other charged particle beam devices including ion microscopes. That is, in a charged particle beam device in which the pressure holding space in the barrel must be hermetically sealed, the present invention can be used to switch between the first mode and the second mode.
- Lens barrel 101 Electron guns 102-104: Irradiation lens 105: Sample stage 106: Vacuum gauge 107: Gas introduction mechanism 108: Aberration corrector 110-113: Electron lens 114: CCD camera 120: Control board 121: Main control Device 122: Lens control device 123: Display device 124: Gas control device 201: Diaphragm 202: Diaphragm insertion/extraction mechanism 203: Pressure holding space 204: Differential exhaust diaphragm 205: Vacuum seal part 206: Irradiation system piping 207: Sample chamber 211: Conductive film 212: base
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Abstract
Description
図1は、本発明の実施形態1に係る透過型電子顕微鏡1の構成を説明する側面模式図である。鏡筒100の内部には、圧力保持空間203が配置されている。圧力保持空間203の近傍については後述する。
導電性膜211としてシリコン窒化膜などを用いた場合、TEM観察像上において、アモルファスなどの非晶質部分のコントラストが、実サンプルのコントラストと重畳してしまう現象が発生し、正しいTEM像としてのコントラストを得ることができない。そこで本実施形態1においては、隔膜201を電子線の光軸上に配置した第1モード(隔膜201を第1位置に配置するモード)と、隔膜201を光軸上から外した第2モード(隔膜201を第2位置に配置するモード)とを設ける。隔膜挿抜機構202は、主制御装置121からの指令にしたがって、第1モードと第2モードを切り替えることができる。
主制御装置121は、隔膜210を第1位置(第1モードを実施するときの位置)へ配置するように、隔膜挿抜機構202に対して指示する。隔膜挿抜機構202はその指示にしたがって隔膜201を移動させる。
主制御装置121は、鏡筒100内部へガスを導入するように、ガス導入機構107を制御する。この時点で隔膜201は第1モードの位置にあるので、圧力保持空間203は気密封止されている。
オペレータが第1モードを実施するように主制御装置121へ指示すると、主制御装置121はS403~S406(第1モード)を実施する。
主制御装置121は、真空計106による計測結果を取得する。真空度が第1モードに適した値(ガス導入によって試料近傍の圧力が比較的高まった状態)であることを確認した後、ステップS405へ進む。真空度が低すぎる(ガス流量が多過ぎる)場合は、ガス導入量を下げるかまたは真空排気ポンプ131の排気能力を上げるかのうち少なくともいずれかを実施する。真空度が高すぎる(ガス流量が少なすぎる)場合は、ガス導入量を上げるかまたは真空排気ポンプ131の排気能力を下げるかのうち少なくともいずれかを実施する。真空度が第1モードに適した値になるまで本ステップを継続する。
主制御装置121は、隔膜201を第1位置に維持したまま(S405)、主に低倍率で試料の観察像を取得する(S406)。
オペレータが第2モードを実施するように主制御装置121へ指示すると、主制御装置121はS407~S411(第2モード)を実施する。
主制御装置121は、ガス導入を停止するように、ガス導入機構107を制御する。第2モードは真空度を高めた状態で試料を観察するモードなので、試料近傍のガス濃度が低いことが望ましいからである。ガス導入を停止することに代えて、真空排気ポンプ131の排気能力を第1モード実施時よりも高めることにより、試料近傍の真空度を高めてもよい。これらを併用してもよい。
主制御装置121は、真空計106による計測結果を取得する。真空度が第2モードに適した値(試料近傍の圧力が比較的低い状態)であることを確認した後、ステップS410へ進む。真空度が低すぎる(圧力が高すぎる)場合は、本ステップを継続することにより、真空排気ポンプ131が試料近傍を真空排気するのを待つ。真空度が高すぎる(圧力が低すぎる)場合は、ガス導入を再開するかまたは真空排気ポンプ131の排気能力を下げるかのうち少なくともいずれかを実施する。真空度が第2モードに適した値になるまで本ステップを継続する。
主制御装置121は、隔膜201を第2位置に移動させ(S410)、主に試料の高分解能の観察像を取得する(S411)。
本実施形態1に係る透過型電子顕微鏡1は、隔膜201が圧力保持空間203を気密封止するとともに電子線を透過させる第1モードと、隔膜201が圧力保持空間203を気密封止せず電子線と衝突しない第2モードとを切り替える。これにより、第1モードにおいては観察像の分解能よりも試料近傍の圧力を高めた状態で観察することを優先し、第2モードにおいては隔膜201の位相コントラストと実サンプルのコントラストが重畳してしまう課題を回避することにより高分解能の観察を優先することができる。したがって、観察対象の特性に応じて、その場観察を適切に実施できる。
実施形態1において説明した第1モードと第2モードを切り替える構成は、走査透過型電子顕微鏡(STEM)においても用いることができる。STEMは、電子線を細く絞り、試料上を操作させることにより、様々な情報を得ることが可能である。特に、HAADF像は、Zコントラスト像を得られるので、有用な観察手法である。STEMにおいては、電子線のプローブ径が分解能に直結する。可能な限り電子線を細く絞ることにより、高分解能観察が可能となる。
STEM像観察においては、収差補正器108を用いて球面収差を低減することが可能である。これにより、プローブ径を細く絞り、高分解能観察が可能である。電子顕微鏡などで使用される磁場レンズにおいて、レンズの中心から離れた場所を通過する電子線は、大きく屈折される。これにより電子線は、試料面上の一点に集束することができず、プローブ径が大きくなってしまう。一方、収差補正器108を用いると、磁場レンズによって生じた屈折を打ち消すことが可能であり、試料面上でプローブ径を小さく(細く)することができる。
図6は、本発明の実施形態4に係る透過型電子顕微鏡1の構成を説明する側面模式図である。実施形態1~3においては、隔膜201を照射レンズ102上部の圧力保持空間203部に設置している。これに代えて隔膜201は、図6に示すように試料室207内に設置することも可能である。電子線散乱の観点からは、ガス雰囲気領域は可能な限り短い領域であることが望ましい。そこで本実施形態4においては試料直上に隔膜201を設けることとした。その他の構成は実施形態1~3と同様である。
本発明は、前述した実施形態に限定されるものではなく、様々な変形例が含まれる。例えば、上記した実施形態は本開示を分かりやすく説明するために詳細に説明したものであり、必ずしも説明した全ての構成を備えるものに限定されるものではない。また、ある実施形態の構成の一部を他の実施形態の構成に置き換えることが可能であり、また、ある実施形態の構成に他の実施形態の構成を加えることも可能である。また、各実施形態の構成の一部について、他の構成の追加・削除・置換をすることが可能である。
101:電子銃
102~104:照射レンズ
105:試料ステージ
106:真空計
107:ガス導入機構
108:収差補正器
110~113:電子レンズ
114:CCDカメラ
120:制御基板
121:主制御装置
122:レンズ制御装置
123:表示装置
124:ガス制御装置
201:隔膜
202:隔膜挿抜機構
203:圧力保持空間
204:差動排気絞り
205:真空シール部
206:照射系配管
207:試料室
211:導電性膜
212:ベース
Claims (9)
- 試料を透過した電子線を用いて前記試料を観察する透過型電子顕微鏡であって、
前記電子線を出射する電子線源、
前記試料を載置するステージ、
前記電子線源と前記ステージを収容する鏡筒、
前記鏡筒の内部における前記電子線源の側の第1空間と前記ステージの側の第2空間との間を気密封止する隔膜、
前記隔膜を移動させる機構、
を備え、
前記隔膜は、前記電子線の少なくとも一部を透過する透過部を有し、
前記機構は、
前記隔膜が前記第1空間と前記第2空間との間を気密封止するとともに前記電子線の少なくとも一部を透過する第1位置に、前記隔膜を配置する第1モード、
前記隔膜が前記第1空間と前記第2空間との間を気密封止せず前記電子線と衝突しない第2位置に、前記隔膜を配置する第2モード、
を切り替えることができるように構成されている
ことを特徴とする透過型電子顕微鏡。 - 前記透過型電子顕微鏡はさらに、前記試料を透過した前記電子線を用いて前記試料の観察像を生成する制御部を備え、
前記透過型電子顕微鏡はさらに、前記第2空間に配置され前記鏡筒の内部の真空度を計測する真空計を備え、
前記機構は、前記第1モードまたは前記第2モードを実施する前に、前記隔膜を前記第1位置に移動させ、
前記制御部は、前記第1モードにおいては、前記鏡筒の内部の真空度が第1真空度に達している時点において前記試料を透過した前記電子線を用いて、前記観察像を生成する
ことを特徴とする請求項1記載の透過型電子顕微鏡。 - 前記機構は、前記第1モードから前記第2モードへ移行する際には、前記鏡筒の内部の真空度が前記第1真空度よりも高真空の第2真空度に達している時点において、前記隔膜を前記第1位置から前記第2位置へ移動させ、
前記制御部は、前記第2モードにおいては、前記鏡筒の内部の真空度が前記第2真空度に達している時点において前記試料を透過した前記電子線を用いて、前記観察像を生成する
ことを特徴とする請求項2記載の透過型電子顕微鏡。 - 前記透過型電子顕微鏡はさらに、前記鏡筒の内部にガスを導入するガス導入機構を備え、
前記ガス導入機構は、前記機構が前記第1モードまたは前記第2モードを実施する前に、前記鏡筒の内部にガスを導入し、
前記ガス導入機構は、前記第2モードにおいては、前記機構が前記隔膜を前記第1位置から前記第2位置へ移動させる前に、前記ガスの導入を停止する
ことを特徴とする請求項1記載の透過型電子顕微鏡。 - 前記透過型電子顕微鏡はさらに、前記鏡筒の内部にガスを導入するガス導入機構を備え、
前記ガス導入機構は、前記機構が前記第1モードまたは前記第2モードを実施する前に、前記鏡筒の内部にガスを導入し、
前記透過型電子顕微鏡はさらに、前記鏡筒の内部を真空排気する排気装置を備え、
前記排気装置は、前記第2モードにおいては、前記機構が前記隔膜を前記第1位置から前記第2位置へ移動させる前に、前記第1モードにおける排気能力よりも高い排気能力で前記鏡筒の内部を真空排気する
ことを特徴とする請求項1記載の透過型電子顕微鏡。 - 前記透過型電子顕微鏡はさらに、前記電子線の収差を補正する収差補正器を備え、
前記透過型電子顕微鏡はさらに、前記収差補正器の補正量を制御する収差補正器制御部を備え、
前記機構は、前記収差補正器制御部が前記補正量を決定する前に、前記第2モードへ移行し、
前記収差補正器制御部は、前記第2モードにおいて前記試料を透過した前記電子線を用いて、前記補正量を決定する
ことを特徴とする請求項1記載の透過型電子顕微鏡。 - 前記透過型電子顕微鏡はさらに、前記電子線源と前記ステージとの間において前記電子線を偏向させる偏向器を備え、
前記隔膜は、前記電子線源と前記偏向器との間に配置されている
ことを特徴とする請求項1記載の透過型電子顕微鏡。 - 前記透過型電子顕微鏡はさらに、前記電子線源と前記ステージとの間において前記電子線を偏向させる偏向器を備え、
前記隔膜は、前記ステージと前記偏向器との間に配置されている
ことを特徴とする請求項1記載の透過型電子顕微鏡。 - 前記透過型電子顕微鏡はさらに、前記試料の表面上において前記電子線を走査する走査部を備える
ことを特徴とする請求項1記載の透過型電子顕微鏡。
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