WO2022209062A1 - 二次電池 - Google Patents
二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022209062A1 WO2022209062A1 PCT/JP2021/047216 JP2021047216W WO2022209062A1 WO 2022209062 A1 WO2022209062 A1 WO 2022209062A1 JP 2021047216 W JP2021047216 W JP 2021047216W WO 2022209062 A1 WO2022209062 A1 WO 2022209062A1
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- Prior art keywords
- secondary battery
- positive electrode
- negative electrode
- gasket
- external terminal
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
- H01M50/572—Means for preventing undesired use or discharge
- H01M50/584—Means for preventing undesired use or discharge for preventing incorrect connections inside or outside the batteries
- H01M50/588—Means for preventing undesired use or discharge for preventing incorrect connections inside or outside the batteries outside the batteries, e.g. incorrect connections of terminals or busbars
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/102—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by their shape or physical structure
- H01M50/103—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by their shape or physical structure prismatic or rectangular
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/102—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by their shape or physical structure
- H01M50/107—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by their shape or physical structure having curved cross-section, e.g. round or elliptic
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/116—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings characterised by the material
- H01M50/117—Inorganic material
- H01M50/119—Metals
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/147—Lids or covers
- H01M50/148—Lids or covers characterised by their shape
- H01M50/152—Lids or covers characterised by their shape for cells having curved cross-section, e.g. round or elliptic
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/147—Lids or covers
- H01M50/155—Lids or covers characterised by the material
- H01M50/157—Inorganic material
- H01M50/159—Metals
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/10—Primary casings; Jackets or wrappings
- H01M50/172—Arrangements of electric connectors penetrating the casing
- H01M50/174—Arrangements of electric connectors penetrating the casing adapted for the shape of the cells
- H01M50/176—Arrangements of electric connectors penetrating the casing adapted for the shape of the cells for prismatic or rectangular cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
- H01M50/543—Terminals
- H01M50/547—Terminals characterised by the disposition of the terminals on the cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
- H01M50/543—Terminals
- H01M50/547—Terminals characterised by the disposition of the terminals on the cells
- H01M50/55—Terminals characterised by the disposition of the terminals on the cells on the same side of the cell
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
- H01M50/543—Terminals
- H01M50/552—Terminals characterised by their shape
- H01M50/553—Terminals adapted for prismatic, pouch or rectangular cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
- H01M50/543—Terminals
- H01M50/552—Terminals characterised by their shape
- H01M50/559—Terminals adapted for cells having curved cross-section, e.g. round, elliptic or button cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
- H01M50/543—Terminals
- H01M50/562—Terminals characterised by the material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
- H01M50/572—Means for preventing undesired use or discharge
- H01M50/584—Means for preventing undesired use or discharge for preventing incorrect connections inside or outside the batteries
- H01M50/59—Means for preventing undesired use or discharge for preventing incorrect connections inside or outside the batteries characterised by the protection means
- H01M50/593—Spacers; Insulating plates
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- This technology relates to secondary batteries.
- secondary batteries Due to the widespread use of various electronic devices such as mobile phones, secondary batteries are being developed as power sources that are compact, lightweight, and capable of obtaining high energy density.
- This secondary battery has a battery element housed inside an exterior member, and various studies have been made on the configuration of the secondary battery.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode are housed inside the battery case, and the resistance value when the positive electrode and the negative electrode are brought into contact with each other after charging is specified (see Patent Document 1, for example).
- a positive electrode terminal connected to the positive electrode is arranged at one end of the battery case, and a negative electrode terminal connected to the negative electrode is arranged at the other end of the battery case.
- a secondary battery includes an exterior member having a through hole, a battery element housed inside the exterior member, and an electrode terminal disposed outside the exterior member and shielding the through hole. and an insulating member that is arranged between the electrode terminal and the exterior member and does not shield the through hole.
- the exterior member includes a housing portion having an opening for housing the battery element inside, and a lid portion having a through hole and closing the opening. The container and the lid are joined together, the deflection temperature under load of the insulating member is 60° C. or more and 150° C. or less, and the thickness of the lid is smaller than the thickness of the container.
- the method for measuring the deflection temperature under load conforms to JIS K7191-2.
- the details of the method for measuring the deflection temperature under load will be described later.
- the battery element is housed inside the exterior member having the through hole, and the electrode terminals arranged outside the exterior member shield the through hole.
- the insulating member disposed between the electrode terminal and the exterior member does not shield the through-hole
- the exterior member includes a storage portion and a lid portion joined to each other, and the deflection temperature under load of the insulation member is Since the temperature is 60° C. or more and 150° C. or less and the thickness of the lid portion is smaller than the thickness of the storage portion, excellent safety can be obtained.
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view showing the configuration of the battery element shown in FIG. 1;
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view for explaining dimensional conditions of a secondary battery;
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view for explaining the operation of the secondary battery;
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view for explaining a method of manufacturing a secondary battery;
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of a secondary battery of a first comparative example;
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of a secondary battery of a second comparative example;
- 3 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of a secondary battery of Modification 1.
- FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of a secondary battery of Modification 2.
- FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of a secondary battery of Modification 3;
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing the configuration of an application example of a secondary battery;
- Secondary Battery 1-1 Configuration 1-2. Dimensional conditions 1-3. Operation 1-4. Manufacturing method 1-5. Action and effect 2 . Modification 3. Applications of secondary batteries
- the secondary battery described here has a columnar three-dimensional shape. As will be described later, this secondary battery has a pair of bottom portions facing each other and side wall portions connected to each of the pair of bottom portions.
- the secondary battery is a so-called cylindrical secondary battery, and the height of the secondary battery is larger than the outer diameter.
- the “outer diameter” is the diameter (maximum diameter) of each of the pair of bottoms, and the “height” is the distance (maximum distance) from one bottom to the other.
- This secondary battery includes an electrolyte together with a positive electrode and a negative electrode.
- the charge capacity of the negative electrode is larger than the discharge capacity of the positive electrode. That is, the electrochemical capacity per unit area of the negative electrode is set to be larger than the electrochemical capacity per unit area of the positive electrode. This is to prevent electrode reactants from depositing on the surface of the negative electrode during charging.
- the type of electrode reactant is not particularly limited, but specifically light metals such as alkali metals and alkaline earth metals.
- alkali metals are lithium, sodium and potassium
- alkaline earth metals are beryllium, magnesium and calcium.
- lithium ion secondary battery A secondary battery whose battery capacity is obtained by utilizing the absorption and release of lithium is a so-called lithium ion secondary battery.
- lithium ion secondary battery lithium is intercalated and deintercalated in an ionic state.
- FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional structure of a secondary battery.
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged sectional view of the battery element 20 shown in FIG.
- the positive electrode 21, the negative electrode 22, and the separator 23 each extend from the winding inner side toward the winding outer side, and the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 and the separator 23 are separated from each other.
- the upper side in FIG. 1 is the upper side of the secondary battery
- the lower side in FIG. 1 is the lower side of the secondary battery
- the cylindrical secondary battery described here has, as shown in FIG. 1, a three-dimensional shape in which the height H is greater than the outer diameter D, that is, a cylindrical (columnar) three-dimensional shape.
- the dimensions of the secondary battery are not particularly limited, for example, the outer diameter D is 14 mm to 26 mm and the height H is 49 mm to 70 mm.
- the ratio D/H of the outer diameter D to the height H is smaller than one.
- the lower limit of the ratio D/H is not particularly limited, it is specifically 0.28.
- this secondary battery includes an outer can 10, a battery element 20, an external terminal 30, a gasket 40, a positive electrode lead 51, a negative electrode lead 52, a pair of insulating plates 61, 62 and a sealant 70 .
- the exterior can 10 is a hollow exterior member for housing the battery element 20 and the like, and has a through hole 10K.
- the outer can 10 has a cylindrical three-dimensional shape according to the three-dimensional shape of the cylindrical secondary battery. Therefore, the outer can 10 has an upper bottom portion M1 and a lower bottom portion M2 facing each other, and a side wall portion M3.
- the side wall portion M3 is arranged between the upper base portion M1 and the lower base portion M2, and is connected to the upper base portion M1 and the lower base portion M2, respectively.
- the planar shape of each of the upper base portion M1 and the lower base portion M2 is circular, and the surface of the side wall portion M3 is an outwardly convex curved surface.
- the outer can 10 includes a storage portion 11 and a lid portion 12 that are joined together, and the storage portion 11 is sealed by the lid portion 12 .
- the storage portion 11 and the lid portion 12 are welded together.
- the housing portion 11 is a substantially cylindrical cylindrical member (lower bottom portion M2 and side wall portion M3) for housing the battery element 20 and the like therein.
- the storage portion 11 has a structure in which the lower bottom portion M2 and the side wall portion M3 are integrated with each other. Since the housing portion 11 has a hollow structure with an open upper end and a closed lower end, it has an opening 11K at its upper end.
- the lid portion 12 is a substantially disc-shaped member (upper bottom portion M1) that closes the opening portion 11K, and has the above-described through hole 10K.
- the through-hole 10K is used as a connection path for connecting the battery element 20 and the external terminal 30 to each other and as a heat transfer path to the gasket 40, as will be described later.
- the lid portion 12 has a recess portion 12U.
- the lid portion 12 is bent so as to be partially recessed toward the inside of the storage portion 11, so that a portion of the lid portion 12 is bent to form a downward step.
- the through-hole 10K is provided in the recessed portion 12U.
- the shape of the recessed portion 12U that is, the shape defined by the outer edge of the recessed portion 12U when the secondary battery is viewed from above is not particularly limited.
- the shape of the recessed portion 12U is circular.
- the inner diameter and depth of the recessed portion 12U are not particularly limited, they can be set arbitrarily.
- the armored can 10 is a can in which two members (the storage portion 11 and the lid portion 12) that are physically separated from each other are welded together. , the so-called welded can. As a result, since the outer can 10 is physically one member as a whole, it cannot be separated into two members (the storage portion 11 and the lid portion 12) afterwards.
- the outer can 10 which is a welded can, is a so-called crimpless can that is different from a crimped can formed using caulking. This is because the energy density per unit volume increases because the element space volume increases inside the outer can 10 .
- This “element space volume” is the volume (effective volume) of the internal space of the outer can 10 that can be used to house the battery element 20 .
- the armored can 10 which is a welded can, does not have a portion in which two or more members overlap each other, and does not have a portion in which two or more members overlap each other.
- Does not have a portion folded over means that the outer can 10 is not processed (bent) so that a part of the outer can 10 is folded over. Further, “not having a portion where two or more members overlap each other” means that the outer can 10 is physically one member after the completion of the secondary battery. It literally means that it cannot be separated into two or more members. That is, the state of the outer can 10 in the secondary battery after completion is not a state in which two or more members are combined while overlapping each other so that they can be separated later.
- each of the storage portion 11 and the lid portion 12 has conductivity.
- the outer can 10 is electrically connected to the battery element 20 (negative electrode 22 to be described later) through the negative electrode lead 52 , and thus functions as an external connection terminal for the negative electrode 22 . Since the secondary battery does not need to be provided with an external connection terminal for the negative electrode 22 separately from the outer can 10, the decrease in the element space volume due to the presence of the external connection terminal for the negative electrode 22 is suppressed. is. As a result, the element space volume increases, so the energy density per unit volume increases.
- the outer can 10 contains one or more of conductive materials such as metal materials and alloy materials, and the conductive materials include iron, copper, nickel, stainless steel, These include iron alloys, copper alloys and nickel alloys.
- the type of stainless steel is not particularly limited, but specific examples include SUS304 and SUS316.
- the material for forming the storage portion 11 and the material for forming the lid portion 12 may be the same as or different from each other.
- the lid portion 12 is insulated via a gasket 40 from an external terminal 30 functioning as an external connection terminal for the positive electrode 21, as will be described later. This is because contact (short circuit) between the outer can 10 (terminal for external connection of the negative electrode 22) and the external terminal 30 (terminal for external connection of the positive electrode 21) is prevented.
- the thermal conductivity (W/m ⁇ K) of the lid portion 12 is not particularly limited, it is preferably higher than the thermal conductivity (W/m ⁇ K) of the gasket 40 . This is because when the battery element 20 generates heat, the heat generated in the battery element 20 is easily transmitted to the gasket 40 via the lid portion 12, so that the external terminal 30 can easily function as a thermally actuated on-off valve. . Details of the external terminal 30 functioning as the thermally actuated on-off valve will be described later.
- the battery element 20 is, as shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 2, the battery element 20 includes a positive electrode 21, a negative electrode 22, a separator 23, and an electrolytic solution (not shown) that is a liquid electrolyte.
- the battery element 20 described here is a so-called wound electrode body. That is, in the battery element 20, the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 are laminated with the separator 23 interposed therebetween, and the positive electrode 21, the negative electrode 22 and the separator 23 are wound. Accordingly, since the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 are wound while facing each other with the separator 23 interposed therebetween, the battery element 20 has a winding center space 20K that is a winding core.
- the positive electrode 21, the negative electrode 22 and the separator 23 are wound so that the negative electrode 22 is arranged on the outermost circumference.
- the battery element 20 has a three-dimensional shape similar to the three-dimensional shape of the outer can 10, and thus has a cylindrical three-dimensional shape. Compared to the case where the battery element 20 has a three-dimensional shape different from the three-dimensional shape of the outer can 10, when the battery element 20 is accommodated inside the outer can 10, dead space (the outer can 10 and the battery element 20) is less likely to occur, and the internal space of the outer can 10 is effectively used. As a result, the element space volume increases, so the energy density per unit volume increases.
- the positive electrode 21 includes a positive electrode current collector 21A and a positive electrode active material layer 21B, as shown in FIG.
- the positive electrode current collector 21A is a conductive support that supports the positive electrode active material layer 21B, and has a pair of surfaces on which the positive electrode active material layer 21B is provided.
- This positive electrode current collector 21A contains a conductive material such as a metal material, and the metal material is aluminum or the like.
- the positive electrode active material layer 21B is provided on both sides of the positive electrode current collector 21A, and contains one or more of positive electrode active materials capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium.
- the positive electrode active material layer 21B may be provided only on one side of the positive electrode current collector 21A on the side where the positive electrode 21 faces the negative electrode 22 .
- the positive electrode active material layer 21B may further contain one or more of materials such as a positive electrode binder and a positive electrode conductive agent.
- a method for forming the positive electrode active material layer 21B is not particularly limited, but a specific example is a coating method.
- the positive electrode active material contains a lithium compound. This is because a high energy density can be obtained.
- This lithium compound is a compound containing lithium as a constituent element, and more specifically, a compound containing lithium and one or more transition metal elements as constituent elements.
- the lithium compound may further contain one or more of other elements (elements other than lithium and transition metal elements).
- the type of lithium compound is not particularly limited, but specific examples include oxides, phosphoric acid compounds, silicic acid compounds and boric acid compounds.
- the crystal structure of the lithium compound is not particularly limited, but specific examples include a layered rock salt crystal structure, a spinel crystal structure, an olivine crystal structure, and the like.
- oxides having a layered rock salt crystal structure include LiNiO 2 and LiCoO 2 .
- a specific example of the oxide having a spinel crystal structure is LiMn 2 O 4 and the like.
- Specific examples of phosphoric acid compounds having an olivine-type crystal structure include LiFePO4 and LiMnPO4 .
- the positive electrode 21 preferably contains a positive electrode active material having an olivine-type crystal structure
- the lithium compound is preferably a phosphate compound having an olivine-type crystal structure. This is because the safety of the secondary battery is improved. Specifically, even if the secondary battery is overcharged, lithium is less likely to be released from the positive electrode 21, and thus the negative electrode 22 is less likely to be excessively charged. In addition, since the positive electrode 21 is less likely to generate heat during thermal runaway of the secondary battery, the temperature of the secondary battery is less likely to rise excessively, and gas due to the decomposition reaction of the electrolyte is less likely to be generated.
- the lithium compound is preferably an iron-based phosphate compound represented by the following formula (1). This is because the safety of the secondary battery is sufficiently improved.
- LiFe x My PO 4 ( 1) (M is one or more of Nb, Ni, Mg, Ti, Zn, Zr, Ta, W, Mo, Mn and Co. x and y are 0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1 and 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.5 are satisfied.)
- the positive electrode binder contains one or more of synthetic rubber and polymer compounds.
- the synthetic rubber is styrene-butadiene rubber and the like, and the polymer compound is polyvinylidene fluoride and the like.
- the positive electrode conductive agent contains one or more of conductive materials such as carbon materials, such as graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, and ketjen black.
- the conductive material may be a metal material, a polymer compound, or the like.
- the positive electrode active material layer 21B is provided only on part of the positive electrode current collector 21A in the winding direction (horizontal direction in FIG. 2). , is provided only in the central portion of the positive electrode current collector 21A in the winding direction.
- the positive electrode current collector 21A has an exposed portion 21AX, which is an end portion of the inner side of the winding not covered with the positive electrode active material layer 21B, and the outer side of the winding not covered with the positive electrode active material layer 21B. has an exposed portion 21AY which is an end portion of the .
- the negative electrode 22 includes a negative electrode current collector 22A and a negative electrode active material layer 22B, as shown in FIG.
- the negative electrode current collector 22A is a conductive support that supports the negative electrode active material layer 22B, and has a pair of surfaces on which the negative electrode active material layer 22B is provided.
- This negative electrode current collector 22A contains a conductive material such as a metal material, and the metal material is copper or the like.
- the negative electrode active material layer 22B is provided on both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector 22A, and contains one or more of negative electrode active materials capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium.
- the negative electrode active material layer 22B may be provided only on one side of the negative electrode current collector 22A on the side where the negative electrode 22 faces the positive electrode 21 .
- the negative electrode active material layer 22B may further contain a negative electrode binder, a negative electrode conductive agent, and the like. The details of the negative electrode binder and the negative electrode electrical conductor are the same as the details of the positive electrode binder and the positive electrode electrical conductor.
- the method of forming the negative electrode active material layer 22B is not particularly limited, but specifically, any one of a coating method, a vapor phase method, a liquid phase method, a thermal spraying method, a firing method (sintering method), or the like, or Two or more types.
- the negative electrode active material includes one or both of a carbon material and a metal-based material. This is because a high energy density can be obtained.
- Carbon materials include graphitizable carbon, non-graphitizable carbon and graphite (natural graphite and artificial graphite).
- a metallic material is a material containing as constituent elements one or more of metallic elements and semi-metallic elements capable of forming an alloy with lithium, and the metallic and semi-metallic elements are silicon and one or both of the tins, and so on.
- the metallic material may be a single substance, an alloy, a compound, a mixture of two or more thereof, or a material containing two or more phases thereof. Specific examples of metallic materials include TiSi 2 and SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2 or 0.2 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.4).
- the negative electrode active material layer 22B is provided only on part of the negative electrode current collector 22A in the winding direction (horizontal direction in FIG. 2). , is provided only in the central portion of the negative electrode current collector 22A in the winding direction.
- the negative electrode current collector 22A has an exposed portion 22AX, which is an end portion of the inner side of the winding not covered with the negative electrode active material layer 22B, and the outer side of the winding not covered with the negative electrode active material layer 22B. has an exposed portion 22AY which is the end of the .
- the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 are wound so that the negative electrode 22 is arranged on the outermost circumference.
- the exposed portion 22AY is separated from the outer can 10 without being connected to the outer can 10 .
- the length of the negative electrode active material layer 22B is longer than the length of the positive electrode active material layer 21B.
- the "length” described here is the dimension in the winding direction, and the same applies hereinafter.
- the negative electrode active material layer 22B extends to the inner side of the winding than the positive electrode active material layer 21B and extends to the outer side of the winding than the positive electrode active material layer 21B. This is to prevent lithium ions released from the positive electrode 21 from depositing on the surface of the negative electrode 22 .
- the separator 23 is an insulating porous film interposed between the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22, as shown in FIG. Allows lithium ions to pass through.
- This separator 23 contains a polymer compound such as polyethylene.
- the length of the separator 23 is longer than the length of each of the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 .
- the separator 23 extends further inside the winding than the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22, and extends further outside the winding than the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22, respectively. This is to prevent the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 from being short-circuited.
- the electrolyte is impregnated in each of the positive electrode 21, the negative electrode 22 and the separator 23 and contains a solvent and an electrolyte salt.
- the solvent contains one or more of non-aqueous solvents (organic solvents) such as a carbonate-based compound, a carboxylic acid ester-based compound, and a lactone-based compound, and includes the non-aqueous solvent.
- the electrolytic solution is a so-called non-aqueous electrolytic solution.
- the electrolyte salt contains one or more of light metal salts such as lithium salts.
- the external terminal 30 is an electrode terminal connected to an electronic device when the secondary battery is mounted on the electronic device, as shown in FIG.
- the external terminal 30 is arranged outside the outer can 10 and shields the through hole 10K.
- the external terminal 30 is supported by the outer can 10 via a gasket 40 . More specifically, the external terminal 30 is thermally welded to the lid portion 12 via a gasket 40, as will be described later. Thereby, the external terminal 30 is fixed to the lid portion 12 via the gasket 40 while being insulated from the lid portion 12 via the gasket 40 .
- the external terminal 30 is electrically connected to the battery element 20 (the positive electrode 21 described above) via the positive electrode lead 51, it functions as an external connection terminal for the positive electrode 21.
- the secondary battery is connected to the electronic device via the external terminal 30 (the terminal for external connection of the positive electrode 21) and the outer can 10 (the terminal for external connection of the negative electrode 22).
- the electronic device becomes operable using the secondary battery as a power source.
- the external terminal 30 is a substantially plate-shaped member. Although the three-dimensional shape of the external terminal 30 is not particularly limited, it is specifically a flat plate shape.
- the external terminal 30 is arranged inside the recess 12U. That is, the external terminal 30 is housed inside the recessed portion 12U so as not to protrude outside the recessed portion 12U. This is because the energy density per unit volume is increased because the height H of the secondary battery is smaller than when the external terminal 30 protrudes outward beyond the recessed portion 12U.
- the external terminal 30 Since the outer diameter of the external terminal 30 is smaller than the inner diameter of the recessed portion 12U, the external terminal 30 is separated from the lid portion 12 at its periphery. Thereby, the gasket 40 is arranged in only part of the space between the lid portion 12 and the external terminal 30 inside the recess portion 12U. The lid portion 12 and the external terminals 30 are arranged only at places where they can contact each other.
- the external terminal 30 includes one or more of conductive materials such as metal materials and alloy materials, and the conductive materials are aluminum and aluminum alloys. This is because the thermal conductivity of the external terminals 30 is improved. As a result, the heat generated in the battery element 20 can be easily transferred to the gasket 40 via the external terminal 30, so that the external terminal 30 can easily function as a thermally actuated on-off valve. Also, the weight of the external terminal 30 is reduced. This is because the energy density per unit weight of the secondary battery is thereby increased.
- the external terminal 30 may contain a clad material.
- This clad material includes an aluminum layer and a nickel layer in order from the side closer to the gasket 40, and the aluminum layer and the nickel layer are roll-bonded to each other.
- the clad material may contain a nickel alloy layer instead of the nickel layer.
- the external terminal 30 functions as a release valve that releases the internal pressure of the outer can 10 when the internal pressure increases.
- the cause of this increase in internal pressure is the generation of gas due to the decomposition reaction of the electrolyte during charging and discharging. These include secondary battery discharge due to heating and high current conditions.
- the external terminal 30 functions as a heat-activated open valve, unlike a safety valve mechanism 91 (see FIG. 6) that functions as a pressure-activated open valve, which will be described later. That is, the external terminal 30, which functions as a thermally actuated on-off valve, does not operate in response to an increase in pressure inside the outer can 10, but rather in response to an increase in the internal temperature of the outer can 10. Operate.
- the safety valve mechanism 91 which functions as a pressure-actuated open valve, does not operate in response to an increase in the internal temperature of the outer can 10, but rather when the pressure inside the outer can 10 rises. operates according to
- the external terminal 30 is thermally welded to the lid portion 12 via the gasket 40 as described above. Accordingly, in a normal state, the external terminal 30 is fixed to the lid portion 12 via the gasket 40, and thus the external terminal 30 shields the through hole 10K. That is, since the outer can 10 is hermetically sealed, the battery element 20 is sealed inside the outer can 10 .
- the fixing strength (sealing strength) of the external terminal 30 fixed to the lid portion 12 via the gasket 40 is reduced, so that the external terminal 30 is partially or wholly separated from the lid portion 12 . Therefore, a gap (an internal pressure release path) is formed between the lid portion 12 and the external terminal 30, and the internal pressure is released using the gap.
- the external terminals 30 are thermally welded to the lid portion 12 via the gasket 40. is lower than the fixing strength (welding strength) of the lid portion 12 to the storage portion 11 .
- the increase in the internal pressure is used to prevent the gasket 40 from being thermally damaged before the lid portion 12 is separated from the storage portion 11 .
- the deformation is used to separate the external terminal 30 from the lid portion 12 . Since the external terminal 30 functions as a release valve before the outer can 10 bursts, the outer can 10 is prevented from bursting.
- the thermal conductivity (W/m ⁇ K) of the external terminal 30 is not particularly limited, it is preferably higher than the thermal conductivity (W/m ⁇ K) of the gasket 40 . This is because the heat generated in the battery element 20 is easily transmitted to the gasket 40 via the external terminal 30, so that the external terminal 30 can easily function as a thermally actuated on-off valve.
- the gasket 40 is, as shown in FIG. 1, an insulating member arranged between the external terminal 30 and the outer can 10 so as not to block the through hole 10K. More specifically, the gasket 40 is arranged between the external terminal 30 and the lid portion 12 .
- this gasket 40 contains one or more of insulating and heat-fusible polymer compounds, the external terminal 30 is heat-sealed to the lid portion 12 via the gasket 40 . ing.
- the deflection temperature under load of the gasket 40 is a temperature corresponding to the heat generation temperature of the battery element 20 described above, and more specifically, 60°C to 150°C. is. This is because the gasket 40 becomes thermally deformable, so that the external terminal 30 can function as a thermally actuated open valve. In other words, the external terminal 30 is easily fixed to the lid portion 12 via the gasket 40 in normal times, and the external terminal 30 is separated from the lid portion 12 by utilizing the thermal deformation of the gasket 40 in the event of an abnormality. easier.
- the method for measuring the deflection temperature under load complies with JIS K7191-2 as described above.
- the gasket 40 may be analyzed (measured for the deflection temperature under load) after collecting the gasket 40 by disassembling the secondary battery.
- a material (polymeric compound) having physical properties similar to those of the gasket 40 is separately prepared. may be analyzed.
- the melting point of the gasket 40 is not particularly limited, it is preferably 130°C to 250°C. This is because the external terminal 30 can be easily separated from the lid portion 12 by using the melting of the gasket 40, so that the external terminal 30 can easily function as a thermally actuated open valve.
- polymer compound which is the material for forming the gasket 40
- examples include polypropylene and polyethylene.
- the gasket 40 does not block the through-hole 10K as described above, it has a ring-shaped planar shape having a through-hole at a location corresponding to the through-hole 10K.
- the planar shape of the gasket 40 is not particularly limited, it can be arbitrarily changed.
- the installation range of the gasket 40 is not particularly limited and can be set arbitrarily.
- the gasket 40 is arranged between the upper surface of the lid portion 12 and the lower surface of the external terminal 30 inside the recess portion 12U.
- the installation range of the gasket 40 may extend outside the space between the upper surface of the lid portion 12 and the lower surface of the external terminal 30 .
- the positive electrode lead 51 is housed inside the outer can 10 as shown in FIG. This positive electrode lead 51 is connected to the positive electrode current collector 21A and is also connected to the external terminal 30 via the through hole 10K.
- the secondary battery has one positive electrode lead 51 .
- the secondary battery may have two or more positive electrode leads 51 . This is because the electrical resistance of the battery element 20 decreases as the number of the positive electrode leads 51 increases.
- the details of the material forming the positive electrode lead 51 are the same as the details of the material forming the positive electrode current collector 21A. However, the material for forming the positive electrode lead 51 and the material for forming the positive electrode current collector 21A may be the same as or different from each other.
- the positive electrode lead 51 is physically separated from the positive electrode current collector 21A, and thus is separated from the positive electrode current collector 21A. However, since the positive electrode lead 51 is physically continuous with the positive electrode current collector 21A, it may be integrated with the positive electrode current collector 21A.
- the negative electrode lead 52 is, as shown in FIG.
- the negative electrode lead 52 is connected to the negative electrode current collector 22A and to the housing portion 11 .
- the secondary battery has one negative electrode lead 52 .
- the secondary battery may have two or more negative electrode leads 52 . This is because the electrical resistance of the battery element 20 decreases as the number of the negative electrode leads 52 increases.
- the details of the material forming the negative electrode lead 52 are the same as the details of the material forming the negative electrode current collector 22A. However, the material for forming the negative electrode lead 52 and the material for forming the negative electrode current collector 22A may be the same as or different from each other.
- the negative electrode lead 52 is separated from the negative electrode current collector 22A because it is physically separated from the negative electrode current collector 22A. However, since the negative electrode lead 52 is physically continuous with the negative electrode current collector 22A, it may be integrated with the negative electrode current collector 22A.
- the insulating plates 61 and 62 are arranged so as to sandwich the battery element 20 in the height direction as shown in FIG. This insulating plate 61 is arranged between the lid portion 12 and the battery element 20 .
- Each of insulating plates 61 and 62 includes one or more of insulating materials such as polyimide.
- the insulating plate 61 preferably has a through hole 61K at a position that overlaps part or all of the winding center space 20K.
- a through hole 61K at a position that overlaps part or all of the winding center space 20K.
- the sealant 70 is a member that protects the positive electrode lead 51 as shown in FIG.
- the sealant 70 includes an insulating material such as a polymeric compound, such as polyimide. Thereby, the positive electrode lead 51 is insulated from each of the lid portion 12 and the negative electrode 22 via the sealant 70 .
- FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of part of the cross-sectional configuration of the secondary battery shown in FIG. 1 in order to explain the dimensional requirements of the secondary battery.
- FIG. 3 shows the lid portion 12, the external terminal 30, and the gasket 40 together with part of the storage portion 11. As shown in FIG.
- the external terminal 30 functions as a thermally actuated on-off valve, as shown in FIG. It is In the following, dimensional conditions regarding the thickness T1 of the housing portion 11, the thickness T2 of the lid portion 12, the thickness T3 of the external terminals 30, and the thickness T4 of the gasket 40 will be described.
- the thickness T2 of the lid portion 12 is smaller than the thickness T1 of the storage portion 11 . This is because the external terminal 30 can easily function as a thermally actuated on-off valve while ensuring the shape stability of the outer can 10 .
- the rigidity of the storage portion 11 is higher than that of the lid portion 12.
- the rigidity of the housing portion 11, which occupies most of the outer can 10 is sufficiently increased, so that the physical strength of the outer can 10 as a whole is improved. This makes it difficult for the outer can 10 to deform due to the external pressure and the internal pressure, so that the shape stability of the outer can 10 is improved.
- the lid portion 12 is thinner than the storage portion 11.
- the heat generated in the battery element 20 is easily transferred to the gasket 40 through the lid portion 12, so that the gasket 40 is easily deformed thermally.
- the external terminal 30 can be easily separated from the lid portion 12, so that the external terminal 30 can easily function as a thermally actuated open valve.
- each of the thicknesses T1 and T2 is preferably 50 mm or more. This is because the heat conduction efficiency of each of the storage portion 11 and the lid portion 12 is sufficiently high while ensuring the rigidity of each of the storage portion 11 and the lid portion 12 .
- each of the thicknesses T1 and T2 is less than 50 mm, while heat is easily transferred from each of the storage portion 11 and the lid portion 12 to the gasket 40, each of the storage portion 11 and the lid portion 12 is rather Since heat is easily dissipated, the heat transfer efficiency tends to decrease.
- the thickness T4 of the gasket 40 is not particularly limited. Above all, it is preferable that the thickness T4 of the gasket 40 is smaller than the thickness T2 of the lid portion 12 . This is because the heat generated in the battery element 20 is easily transferred to the gasket 40 through the lid portion 12 , so that the external terminals 30 are easily separated from the lid portion 12 . Moreover, it is preferable that the thickness T4 of the gasket 40 is smaller than the thickness T3 of the external terminal 30 . This is because the heat generated in the battery element 20 is easily transferred to the gasket 40 via the external terminals 30 , so that the external terminals 30 are easily separated from the lid portion 12 .
- the thickness T3 of the external terminal 30 is not particularly limited, it is preferably larger than the thickness T2 of the lid portion 12. This is because the rigidity of the external terminal 30 is ensured, so excessive deformation of the external terminal 30 is suppressed. This prevents the external terminal 30 from unintentionally operating as a thermally actuated on-off valve, that is, from excessively operating as a thermally actuated on-off valve except when necessary.
- the thickness T1 is the average value of the thicknesses measured at five locations separated from each other. Such an average value also applies to each of the thicknesses T2 to T4.
- FIG. 4 shows a cross-sectional configuration corresponding to FIG. 1 in order to explain the operation of the secondary battery. The operation during charging and discharging will be described below, and then the operation when an abnormality occurs will be described.
- the heat generated in the battery element 20 is used to heat the gasket 40, so the gasket 40 is thermally deformed.
- the external terminals 30 are partially or wholly separated from the lid portion 12 , so that a gap G is formed between the lid portion 12 and the external terminals 30 .
- FIG. 4 shows a case where the external terminal 30 is partially separated from the lid portion 12 .
- the external terminal 30 operates as an on-off valve if the internal temperature of the armored can 10 rises sufficiently. As a result, the internal pressure is released before the outer can 10 bursts, so that the outer can 10 is effectively prevented from bursting.
- FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional structure corresponding to FIG. 1 in order to explain the manufacturing method of the secondary battery.
- FIG. 5 shows a state in which the storage portion 11 and the lid portion 12 are separated from each other.
- FIG. 1 to FIG. 3 already described will be referred to as needed along with FIG.
- the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 are prepared and the electrolytic solution is prepared according to the procedure illustrated below, and then the secondary battery is assembled using the positive electrode 21, the negative electrode 22 and the electrolytic solution. At the same time, the secondary battery after assembly is stabilized.
- a storage portion 11 and a lid portion 12 that are physically separated from each other are used to form the outer can 10 .
- the storage section 11 has the opening 11K.
- the lid portion 12 has the recess portion 12U, and the external terminal 30 is thermally welded to the lid portion 12 via the gasket 40 in advance.
- a paste-like positive electrode mixture slurry is prepared by putting a positive electrode mixture in which a positive electrode active material, a positive electrode binder, and a positive electrode conductor are mixed together into a solvent.
- This solvent may be an aqueous solvent or an organic solvent.
- the cathode active material layer 21B is formed by applying the cathode mixture slurry to both surfaces of the cathode current collector 21A.
- the cathode active material layer 21B is compression-molded using a roll press or the like. In this case, the positive electrode active material layer 21B may be heated and the compression molding may be repeated multiple times. As a result, the cathode active material layers 21B are formed on both surfaces of the cathode current collector 21A, so that the cathode 21 is produced.
- a paste-like negative electrode mixture slurry is prepared by putting a negative electrode mixture in which a negative electrode active material, a negative electrode binder, and a negative electrode conductor are mixed together into a solvent.
- the anode active material layer 22B is formed by applying the anode mixture slurry to both surfaces of the anode current collector 22A.
- the negative electrode active material layer 22B is compression-molded using a roll press or the like. The details of the compression molding of the negative electrode active material layer 22B are the same as the details of the compression molding of the positive electrode active material layer 21B. As a result, the negative electrode 22 is manufactured because the negative electrode active material layers 22B are formed on both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector 22A.
- the positive electrode lead 51 partially covered with the sealant 70 is connected to the positive electrode current collector 21A of the positive electrode 21 by welding or the like.
- the negative electrode lead 52 is connected to the negative electrode current collector 22A of the negative electrode 22 by using a welding method or the like.
- the welding method is one or more of resistance welding, laser welding, and the like. The details of the welding method described here are the same hereinafter.
- the positive electrode 21, the negative electrode 22 and the separator 23 are wound to form a wound body (not shown) having a winding center space 20K. ).
- This wound body has the same structure as the battery element 20 except that the positive electrode 21, the negative electrode 22 and the separator 23 are not impregnated with the electrolytic solution.
- the insulating plates 61 and 62 are arranged so as to face each other with the wound body interposed therebetween, the insulating plates 61 and 62 are stored together with the wound body inside the storage portion 11 through the opening 11K.
- a welding method or the like is used to connect the negative electrode lead 52 to the storage portion 11 .
- the electrolytic solution is injected into the storage portion 11 through the opening portion 11K.
- the wound body (the positive electrode 21, the negative electrode 22, and the separator 23) is impregnated with the electrolytic solution, so that the battery element 20 is produced.
- part of the electrolytic solution is supplied to the inside of the winding central space 20K, so that the electrolytic solution impregnates the wound body from the inside of the winding central space 20K.
- the lid 12 is joined to the storage portion 11. As shown in FIG.
- the lid portion 12 is welded to the storage portion 11 using a welding method.
- the positive electrode lead 51 is connected to the external terminal 30 via the through hole 10K using a welding method or the like.
- the gasket 40 is interposed between the lid portion 12 and the external terminal 30, and then the gasket 40 is heated.
- the heating temperature can be arbitrarily set according to conditions such as the material forming the gasket 40 .
- the storage part 11 and the lid part 12 are welded together, so that the outer can 10 is formed, and the battery element 20 and the like are accommodated inside the outer can 10, so that the secondary battery is assembled.
- the battery element 20 is housed inside the outer can 10 having the through hole 10K, and the external terminal 30 arranged outside the outer can 10 shields the through hole 10K.
- the gasket 40 arranged between the external terminal 30 and the outer can 10 does not block the through hole 10K, and the outer can 10 includes the storage portion 11 and the lid portion 12 joined together.
- the deflection temperature under load of the gasket 40 is 60.degree. C. to 150.degree. Therefore, excellent safety can be obtained for the reasons explained below.
- the secondary battery of the present embodiment and two types of secondary batteries of comparative examples are compared with each other to explain the difference in action and effect.
- FIG. 6 shows the cross-sectional structure of the secondary battery of the first comparative example, and corresponds to FIG.
- the secondary battery of this first comparative example has the same configuration as that of the secondary battery of the present embodiment shown in FIG. 1, except for the following description. there is
- the secondary battery of the first comparative example differs from the secondary battery of the present embodiment, which includes the outer can 10 that is a welded can (crimpless can) formed using a welding method. It has an outer can 80 which is a crimped can formed using a crimping process. This outer can 80 includes a storage portion 81 and a lid portion 82 .
- the secondary battery of the first comparative example also includes a safety valve mechanism 91 , a thermal resistance element (PTC element) 92 and a gasket 93 .
- PTC element thermal resistance element
- the storage section 81 has a configuration similar to that of the storage section 11 . That is, the storage portion 81 has a hollow columnar three-dimensional shape with an opening 81K.
- the material of the storage portion 81 is the same as the material of the storage portion 11 .
- the lid portion 82, the safety valve mechanism 91 and the PTC element 92 are crimped via a gasket 93, so that the opening 81K is closed. is closed by a lid portion 82 .
- the material of the lid portion 82 is the same as the material of the storage portion 81 .
- the safety valve mechanism 91 and the PTC element 92 are provided inside the lid portion 82 , and the safety valve mechanism 91 is electrically connected to the lid portion 82 via the PTC element 92 .
- Gasket 93 includes an insulating material such as polypropylene.
- the safety valve mechanism 91 when the internal pressure of the outer can 80 rises, the disk plate 91A is reversed, releasing the internal pressure and disconnecting the electrical connection between the battery element 20 and the lid portion 12. That is, the safety valve mechanism 91 functions as a pressure-actuated open valve. In order to prevent abnormal heat generation due to large current, the electrical resistance of the PTC element 92 increases as the temperature rises.
- FIG. 7 shows the cross-sectional structure of the secondary battery of the second comparative example, and corresponds to FIG.
- the secondary battery of this second comparative example has the same configuration as that of the secondary battery of the present embodiment shown in FIG. 1, except that gasket 140 is provided instead of gasket 40.
- the secondary battery of the first comparative example includes the safety valve mechanism 91 functioning as a pressure-activated open valve, as described above. However, since the safety valve mechanism 91 operates in response to an increase in internal pressure, the safety of the secondary battery is lowered depending on the internal conditions of the outer can 10 .
- the internal temperature of the outer can 10 rises faster than the inner pressure of the outer can 10 rises.
- the internal pressure of the armored can 10 reaches a pressure that can drive the safety valve mechanism 91, the internal temperature of the armored can 10 rises excessively.
- the outer can 10 becomes extremely hot.
- the temperature of the secondary battery rises when the battery element 20 generates heat, so it is difficult to obtain excellent safety.
- the positive electrode 21 contains a lithium compound (phosphoric acid compound) having an olivine-type crystal structure as a positive electrode active material, as described above, gas is less likely to be generated inside the outer can 10.
- the internal pressure of the can 10 becomes fundamentally difficult to rise. In this case, even if the secondary battery is provided with the safety valve mechanism 91, the temperature of the secondary battery is likely to drop significantly before the safety valve mechanism 91 operates, resulting in a significant reduction in safety.
- the gasket 140 contains glass having a high deflection temperature under load, the temperature at which the gasket 140 is thermally deformed is higher than the heat generation temperature of the battery element 20 . In this case, even if the battery element 20 generates heat, the temperature of the gasket 140 does not reach the temperature at which the gasket 140 can be thermally deformed. As a result, the external terminal 30 cannot substantially function as a thermally actuated on-off valve, so that if the internal pressure of the outer can 10 rises excessively, the outer can 10 bursts.
- the outer can 10 is likely to burst when the battery element 20 heats up, making it difficult to obtain excellent safety.
- the external terminal 30 is thermally welded to the lid portion 12 via the gasket 40, so the external terminal 30 functions as a thermally actuated open valve.
- the temperature at which the gasket 40 is thermally deformed is approximately the same as the heat generation temperature of the battery element 20. Become. In this case, when the battery element 20 generates heat, the temperature of the gasket 40 reaches a temperature at which the gasket 40 can be thermally deformed, so that the external terminal 30 is separated from the lid portion 12 . This allows the external terminal 30 to function substantially as a thermally actuated on-off valve, thereby releasing the internal pressure before the outer can 10 bursts. Moreover, since the inside of the armored can 10 is cooled as the internal pressure is released, the internal temperature of the armored can 10 is less likely to rise excessively.
- the thickness T2 of the lid portion 12 is smaller than the thickness T1 of the housing portion 11, the heat generated in the battery element 20 is easily transmitted to the gasket 40 through the lid portion 12, and the outer can 10 is large.
- the rigidity of the storage part 11 occupying the part is greater than the rigidity of the lid part 12 which is a part of the outer can 10 .
- the outer can 10 is less likely to be damaged when the internal pressure rises, and the external terminal 30 is more likely to function as a thermally actuated on-off valve.
- the temperature of the outer can is less likely to rise, and the outer can 10 is less likely to burst, so excellent safety can be obtained.
- the thickness T4 of the gasket 40 is smaller than the thickness T3 of the external terminal 30, the heat generated in the battery element 20 is easily transferred to the gasket 40 via the external terminal 30. Therefore, since the gasket 40 is easily deformed thermally, a higher effect can be obtained.
- the thickness T3 of the external terminal 30 is larger than the thickness T2 of the lid portion 12, excessive deformation of the external terminal 30 is suppressed. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the external terminal 30 functioning as a thermally actuated on-off valve from operating unintentionally, that is, from malfunctioning of the external terminal 30, so that a higher effect can be obtained.
- the melting point of the gasket 40 is 130° C. to 250° C., the melting of the gasket 40 is used to make the external terminal 30 more likely to function as a thermally actuated open valve, so that a higher effect can be obtained. .
- the thermal conductivity of the lid portion 12 is higher than the thermal conductivity of the gasket 40 , the heat generated in the battery element 20 is easily transferred to the gasket 40 via the lid portion 12 . Therefore, since the gasket 40 is easily deformed thermally, a higher effect can be obtained.
- the thermal conductivity of the external terminals 30 is higher than the thermal conductivity of the gasket 40 , the heat generated in the battery element 20 is easily transferred to the gasket 40 via the external terminals 30 . Therefore, since the gasket 40 is easily deformed thermally, a higher effect can be obtained.
- the external terminal 30 contains one or both of aluminum and an aluminum alloy, the heat conductivity of the external terminal 30 is improved and the weight energy density of the secondary battery is increased, resulting in a higher effect. can be obtained.
- the external terminal 30 functioning as a thermally actuated open valve, it is possible to use one or both of aluminum and aluminum alloy, which are lightweight but have low physical strength, as the material for forming the external terminal 30. Also, the bursting of the outer can 10 is effectively suppressed, so the safety can be improved from this point of view as well.
- the external terminal 30 functions as an external connection terminal for the positive electrode 21.
- the outer can 10 functions as a terminal for external connection of the negative electrode 22 .
- the lid portion 12 has the recessed portion 12U and the external terminals 30 are arranged inside the recessed portion 12U, the volumetric energy density increases according to the increase in the element space volume, resulting in a higher effect. can be obtained.
- the positive electrode 21 contains a positive electrode active material having an olivine-type crystal structure, even if the internal pressure of the outer can 10 is fundamentally difficult to increase when the battery element 20 generates heat, Since the internal pressure is sufficiently released using the functioning external terminals 30, a higher effect can be obtained.
- the secondary battery is a lithium-ion secondary battery
- a sufficient battery capacity can be stably obtained by utilizing the absorption and release of lithium, so a higher effect can be obtained.
- the positive electrode 21 is connected to the external terminal 30 via the positive lead 51
- the negative electrode 22 is connected to the housing 11 via the negative lead 52 .
- the external terminal 30 functions as an external connection terminal for the positive electrode 21
- the outer can 10 functions as an external connection terminal for the negative electrode 22 .
- the positive electrode 21 is connected to the housing portion 11 via the positive electrode lead 51, and the negative electrode 22 is connected to the external terminal 30 via the negative electrode lead 52.
- the outer can 10 may function as an external connection terminal for the positive electrode 21 and the external terminal 30 may function as an external connection terminal for the negative electrode 22 .
- the external terminal 30 contains one or more of conductive materials such as a metal material and an alloy material in order to function as a terminal for external connection of the negative electrode 22, and its conductivity Materials include iron, copper, nickel, stainless steel, iron alloys, copper alloys and nickel alloys.
- the outer can 10 (accommodating portion 11 and lid portion 12) contains one or more of conductive materials such as a metal material and an alloy material in order to function as an external connection terminal for the positive electrode 21.
- the conductive material is aluminum, aluminum alloy and stainless steel.
- the secondary battery can be connected to an electronic device via the external terminal 30 (terminal for external connection of the negative electrode 22) and the outer can 10 (terminal for external connection of the positive electrode 21). It is possible to obtain the same effect as in the case of
- the outer can 10 contains one or both of aluminum and an aluminum alloy, the thermal conductivity of the outer can 10 is improved and the weight energy density of the secondary battery is significantly increased. do. Therefore, higher effects can be obtained.
- the negative electrode current collector 22A may be directly electrically connected to the outer can 10. .
- a connection area between the exposed portion 22AY and the storage portion 11 can be arbitrarily set.
- the heat generated in the battery element 20 is transmitted to the outer can 10 via the exposed portion 22AY, so that the heat is easily transmitted to the gasket 40 via the lid portion 12. Therefore, the external terminal 30 can easily function as a thermally actuated on-off valve, and a higher effect can be obtained.
- the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 are wound so that the positive electrode 21 is disposed on the outermost periphery, and the exposed end portion of the positive electrode current collector 21A on the outer side of the winding. Since the portion 21AY is connected to the storage portion 11 , the positive electrode current collector 21A may be directly electrically connected to the outer can 10 . The connection area between the exposed portion 21AY and the storage portion 11 can be arbitrarily set.
- the entire negative electrode current collector 22A is covered with the negative electrode active material layer 22B, so that the negative electrode current collector 22A is not connected to the exposed portions 22AX and 22AY. It does not have to contain each of the
- the heat generated in the battery element 20 is transmitted to the outer can 10 via the exposed portion 21AY, so that the heat is easily transmitted to the gasket 40 via the lid portion 12. Therefore, the external terminal 30 can easily function as a thermally actuated on-off valve, and a higher effect can be obtained.
- the battery structure of the secondary battery may be a coin type (or button type).
- the configuration of this coin-shaped secondary battery is similar to the configuration of the cylindrical secondary battery, except that the three-dimensional shape of the secondary battery is flat and columnar because the ratio D/H is different. be.
- the dimensions of the coin-shaped secondary battery are not particularly limited as long as the ratio D/H is greater than 1.
- the upper limit of the ratio D/H is not particularly limited, the ratio D/H is preferably 25 or less.
- This coin-shaped secondary battery can also achieve the same effects as the cylindrical secondary battery.
- a laminated separator includes a porous membrane having a pair of surfaces and a polymer compound layer provided on one or both sides of the porous membrane. This is because the adhesiveness of the separator to each of the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 is improved, so that the winding misalignment of the battery element 20 is suppressed. As a result, even if a decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution occurs, the secondary battery is less likely to swell.
- the polymer compound layer contains a polymer compound such as polyvinylidene fluoride. This is because polyvinylidene fluoride or the like has excellent physical strength and is electrochemically stable.
- One or both of the porous film and the polymer compound layer may contain one or more of a plurality of insulating particles. This is because the plurality of insulating particles dissipate heat when the secondary battery generates heat, thereby improving the safety (heat resistance) of the secondary battery.
- the insulating particles include one or both of inorganic particles and resin particles. Specific examples of inorganic particles are particles such as aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, boehmite, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, magnesium oxide and zirconium oxide. Specific examples of resin particles are particles of acrylic resins, styrene resins, and the like.
- the precursor solution is applied to one or both sides of the porous membrane.
- the porous membrane may be immersed in the precursor solution.
- a plurality of insulating particles may be contained in the precursor solution.
- the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 are laminated with the separator 23 and the electrolyte layer interposed therebetween, and the positive electrode 21, the negative electrode 22, the separator 23 and the electrolyte layer are wound.
- This electrolyte layer is interposed between the positive electrode 21 and the separator 23 and interposed between the negative electrode 22 and the separator 23 .
- the electrolyte layer may be interposed only between the positive electrode 21 and the separator 23 or may be interposed only between the negative electrode 22 and the separator 23 .
- the electrolyte layer contains a polymer compound together with an electrolytic solution, and the electrolytic solution is held by the polymer compound. This is because leakage of the electrolytic solution is prevented.
- the composition of the electrolytic solution is as described above.
- Polymer compounds include polyvinylidene fluoride and the like.
- the secondary battery includes a wound battery element 20 (wound electrode body).
- the secondary battery may include a laminated battery element (laminated electrode body).
- the laminated battery element has the same configuration as the wound battery element 20, except for the following description.
- a laminated battery element includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator, and the positive electrode and the negative electrode are alternately laminated with the separator interposed therebetween. Therefore, a laminated battery element includes one or more positive electrodes, one or more negative electrodes, and one or more separators.
- the configurations of the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator are the same as the configurations of the positive electrode 21, the negative electrode 22, and the separator 23, respectively.
- the laminated battery element When the laminated battery element includes a plurality of positive electrodes and a plurality of negative electrodes, a positive electrode lead is connected to the positive electrode current collector of each of the plurality of positive electrodes, and the negative electrode of each of the plurality of negative electrodes is connected. Since the negative lead is connected to the current collector, the secondary battery has a plurality of positive leads and a plurality of negative leads. The plurality of positive leads are connected to the external terminal 30 while being joined together, and the plurality of negative leads are connected to the storage portion 11 while being joined to each other.
- a secondary battery used as a power source may be a main power source for electronic devices and electric vehicles, or may be an auxiliary power source.
- a main power source is a power source that is preferentially used regardless of the presence or absence of other power sources.
- An auxiliary power supply is a power supply that is used in place of the main power supply or that is switched from the main power supply.
- Secondary battery applications are as follows. Electronic devices such as video cameras, digital still cameras, mobile phones, laptop computers, headphone stereos, portable radios and portable information terminals. Backup power and storage devices such as memory cards. Power tools such as power drills and power saws. It is a battery pack mounted on an electronic device. Medical electronic devices such as pacemakers and hearing aids. It is an electric vehicle such as an electric vehicle (including a hybrid vehicle). It is a power storage system such as a home or industrial battery system that stores power in preparation for emergencies. In these uses, one secondary battery may be used, or a plurality of secondary batteries may be used.
- the battery pack may use a single cell or an assembled battery.
- An electric vehicle is a vehicle that operates (runs) using a secondary battery as a drive power source, and may be a hybrid vehicle that also includes a drive source other than the secondary battery.
- electric power stored in a secondary battery which is an electric power storage source, can be used to use electric appliances for home use.
- FIG. 11 shows the block configuration of the battery pack.
- the battery pack described here is a battery pack (a so-called soft pack) using one secondary battery, and is mounted in an electronic device such as a smart phone.
- This battery pack includes a power supply 101 and a circuit board 102, as shown in FIG.
- This circuit board 102 is connected to a power supply 101 and includes a positive terminal 103 , a negative terminal 104 and a temperature detection terminal 105 .
- the power supply 101 includes one secondary battery.
- the positive lead is connected to the positive terminal 103 and the negative lead is connected to the negative terminal 104 . Since this power source 101 can be connected to the outside through a positive terminal 103 and a negative terminal 104, it can be charged and discharged.
- the circuit board 102 includes a control section 106 , a switch 107 , a thermal resistance element (PTC element) 108 and a temperature detection section 109 . However, the PTC element 108 may be omitted.
- the control unit 106 includes a central processing unit (CPU), memory, etc., and controls the operation of the entire battery pack. This control unit 106 detects and controls the use state of the power source 101 as necessary.
- CPU central processing unit
- memory etc.
- the overcharge detection voltage is not particularly limited, but is specifically 4.2V ⁇ 0.05V, and the overdischarge detection voltage is not particularly limited, but is specifically 2.4V ⁇ 0.1V. is.
- the switch 107 includes a charge control switch, a discharge control switch, a charge diode, a discharge diode, and the like, and switches connection/disconnection between the power source 101 and an external device according to instructions from the control unit 106 .
- the switch 107 includes a field effect transistor (MOSFET) using a metal oxide semiconductor, etc., and the charge/discharge current is detected based on the ON resistance of the switch 107 .
- MOSFET field effect transistor
- the temperature detection unit 109 includes a temperature detection element such as a thermistor, measures the temperature of the power supply 101 using the temperature detection terminal 105 , and outputs the temperature measurement result to the control unit 106 .
- the measurement result of the temperature measured by the temperature detection unit 109 is used when the control unit 106 performs charge/discharge control when abnormal heat is generated and when the control unit 106 performs correction processing when calculating the remaining capacity.
- the secondary battery (cylindrical lithium ion secondary battery) shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 was produced by the procedure described below.
- This secondary battery has an external terminal 30 that functions as a thermally actuated open valve.
- a positive electrode active material 91 parts by mass of a positive electrode active material, 3 parts by mass of a positive electrode binder (polyvinylidene fluoride), and 6 parts by mass of a positive electrode conductive agent (graphite) were mixed together to obtain a positive electrode mixture.
- a positive electrode active material as shown in Table 1, LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 (NCA) and LiCoO 2 (LCO), which are lithium compounds (composite oxides) having a layered rock salt crystal structure, LiFePO 4 (LFP) having an olivine type crystal structure was used.
- the positive electrode mixture was put into a solvent (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as an organic solvent), the organic solvent was stirred to prepare a pasty positive electrode mixture slurry.
- a layer 21B was formed.
- the positive electrode current collector 21A was made to have the exposed portions 21AX and 21AY by adjusting the application range of the positive electrode mixture slurry.
- the positive electrode active material layer 21B was compression-molded using a roll press. Thus, the positive electrode 21 was produced.
- the positive electrode mixture slurry was applied to both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector 22A (a strip-shaped copper foil with a thickness of 15 ⁇ m) using a coating device.
- a material layer 22B is formed.
- the application range of the negative electrode mixture slurry was adjusted so that the negative electrode current collector 22A had exposed portions 22AX and 22AY.
- the negative electrode active material layer 22B was compression molded using a roll press. Thus, the negative electrode 22 was produced.
- the positive electrode lead 51 (aluminum) was welded to the positive electrode current collector 21A of the positive electrode 21 by resistance welding, and the negative electrode current collector 22A of the negative electrode 22 was welded to the negative electrode current collector 22A by resistance welding.
- a negative electrode lead 52 (aluminum) was welded.
- the material and thickness T1 (mm) of the storage portion 11 are as shown in Table 1.
- the material of the housing portion 11 is iron, and the positive electrode 21 is arranged on the outermost circumference.
- the material of the housing portion 11 was aluminum.
- the negative electrode lead 52 was welded to the housing portion 11 using a resistance welding method. Further, when the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 are wound so that the negative electrode 22 is disposed on the outermost periphery, the exposed portion 22AY is welded to the storage portion 11 using a resistance welding method, and the positive electrode 21 is wound on the outermost periphery. In the case where the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 were wound so as to be arranged, the exposed portion 21AY was welded to the storage portion 11 using a resistance welding method. When the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22 were wound so that the negative electrode 22 was disposed on the outermost periphery, the exposed portion 22AY was not welded to the storage portion 11 as necessary.
- the lid portion 12 to which the external terminals 30 are thermally welded via the gasket 40 was prepared.
- Materials of lid portion 12, external terminal 30, and gasket 40, thickness T2 (mm) of lid portion 12, thickness T3 (mm) of external terminal 30, and thickness T4 (mm) of gasket 40 as shown in Table 1.
- the material of the lid portion 12 was the same as the material of the storage portion 11 .
- the clad material is used as the material of the external terminal 30 and the positive electrode 21 is arranged on the outermost circumference.
- the clad material is a material in which an Al layer and a NiCu layer are laminated in order from the side closer to the lid portion 12, and the Al layer and the NiCu layer are roll-bonded to each other.
- the lid portion 12 was welded to the storage portion 11 using a laser welding method.
- the positive electrode lead 51 was welded to the external terminal 30 via the through hole 10K using resistance welding.
- the wound body was impregnated with the electrolytic solution, so that the battery element 20 was produced, and the lid portion 12 was joined to the storage portion 11, so that the outer can 10 was formed. Accordingly, since the battery element 20 and the like were sealed inside the outer can 10, the secondary battery was assembled.
- the secondary battery (cylindrical lithium ion secondary battery) shown in FIG. 6 was produced by the procedure described below.
- This secondary battery has a safety valve mechanism 91 that functions as a pressure-actuated open valve.
- the manufacturing procedure of the secondary battery with the safety valve mechanism 91 is the same as the manufacturing procedure of the secondary battery with the external terminal 30, except for the following description.
- the positive electrode lead 51 is welded to the safety valve mechanism 91, and the negative electrode is connected to the housing portion 81.
- the lead 52 was welded.
- the battery element 20 is manufactured by injecting the electrolytic solution into the interior of the housing portion 81, the lid portion 82, the safety valve mechanism 91 and the PTC element 92 are housed inside the housing portion 81 through the opening 81K.
- the housing portion 81 is crimped via the gasket 93 .
- the lid portion 82 was fixed to the storage portion 81 , so that the outer can 80 was formed, and the battery element 20 and the like were sealed inside the outer can 80 .
- the material of each of the storage portion 81, the lid portion 82 and the gasket 93, the thickness T1 (mm) of the storage portion 81 and the thickness T2 (mm) of the lid portion 82 are as shown in Table 1.
- Battery structure represents the type of secondary battery (cylindrical or coin type).
- Can type represents the type of the outer can 10, 80 (welded can or crimped can).
- Operaation method represents the operation method of the on-off valve. Specifically, “heat” refers to heat-activated, and “pressure” refers to pressure-activated.
- element connection represents connection between the storage unit 11 and the battery element 20 . Specifically, “negative collection” indicates that the exposed portion 22AY is connected to the storage portion 11, and “positive collection” indicates that the exposed portion 21AY is connected to the storage portion 11. ing.
- thermocouple When evaluating the internal pressure release characteristics, a thermocouple was used to measure the temperature at the center of the outer cans 10 and 80, and an overcharge test was performed on the secondary battery to examine the internal pressure release state.
- the secondary battery was overcharged by constant current charging at a current of 3C until the voltage reached 18V.
- the operating temperature (°C) of the on-off valve was investigated.
- the release valve operated means that the secondary battery operated as follows. In the secondary battery provided with the external terminal 30, which is a heat-activated release valve, the internal pressure was released because the external terminal 30 was separated from the lid portion 12 in response to the rise in the internal temperature of the outer can 10. means that In the secondary battery having the safety valve mechanism 91, which is a pressure-actuated release valve, the disk plate 91A reverses in response to the increase in the internal pressure of the outer can 80, which means that the internal pressure is released. .
- the outer can 10 did not burst or deform, and the battery element 20 was not released from the inside of the outer can 10 to the outside. Since the open valve was operated, the outer can 10 did not burst and the battery element 20 was not released from the inside of the outer can 10 to the outside. did.
- the open valve was actuated and the battery element 20 was not released from the inside of the outer can 10 to the outside, but the outer can 10 ruptured, it was judged as C. If the open valve did not operate, the outer can 10 did not rupture, and the battery element 20 was not released from the outer can 10 to the outside, but the outer can 10 was deformed, it was judged as D. did.
- the open valve did not operate and the outer can 10 ruptured, and the battery element 20 was released from the inside of the outer can 10 to the outside it was judged as E.
- the positive electrode active material contained a lithium compound (composite oxide) having a layered rock salt crystal structure (Comparative Example 4)
- a large amount of gas was generated after abnormal heat generation during overcharge.
- the internal pressure rose sufficiently, and the release valve was activated.
- the outer can 10 ruptured, the operating temperature increased, and more specifically, the operating temperature reached 200°C.
- the positive electrode active material contained a lithium compound (phosphate compound) having an olivine-type crystal structure (Comparative Example 5)
- a large amount of gas was not generated during overcharge.
- the release valve did not operate because the internal pressure did not rise sufficiently.
- the outer can 10 was deformed due to the generation of gas.
- the housing portion 11 is more easily deformed than the lid portion 12. Therefore, the deformation of the lid portion 12 is used to separate the external terminal 30 from the lid portion 12. Since the separating effect could not be obtained, the outer can 10 was likely to be ruptured and deformed.
- the gasket 40 in the cylindrical secondary battery contained silicone resin having a high deflection temperature under load (Comparative Example 2)
- the gasket 40 was not thermally deformed during overcharging.
- the external terminal 30 was not separated from the lid portion 12 .
- the internal pressure could not be released because the release valve could not operate.
- the open valve did not operate even when the internal pressure increased excessively, so that the outer can 10 ruptured and the battery element 20 was released from the inside of the outer can 10 to the outside.
- the gasket 40 has a sufficient thickness during overcharging. Depending on the amount of heat transferred, the gasket 40 was sufficiently heated. As a result, the open valve was actuated, and the internal pressure was released. Moreover, the operating temperature was kept below 200°C. The fact that the internal pressure could be released due to the sufficient heating of the gasket 40 in this manner is due to the fact that the thickness T2 of the lid portion 12 is smaller than the thickness T1 of the storage portion 11 in the coin-type secondary battery ( The same was true in Example 11).
- the open valve operated stably.
- the positive electrode 21 contained a lithium compound (phosphate compound) having an olivine-type crystal structure, the open valve operated stably.
- the electrode reactant is lithium
- the electrode reactant is not particularly limited.
- the electrode reactants may be other alkali metals such as sodium and potassium, or alkaline earth metals such as beryllium, magnesium and calcium, as described above.
- the electrode reactant may be other light metals such as aluminum.
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Abstract
Description
1.二次電池
1-1.構成
1-2.寸法条件
1-3.動作
1-4.製造方法
1-5.作用および効果
2.変形例
3.二次電池の用途
まず、本技術の一実施形態の二次電池に関して説明する。
図1は、二次電池の断面構成を表している。図2は、図1に示した電池素子20の断面構成を拡大している。
外装缶10は、図1に示したように、電池素子20などを収納する中空の外装部材であり、貫通口10Kを有している。
電池素子20は、図1に示したように、充放電反応を進行させる発電素子であり、外装缶10の内部に収納されている。この電池素子20は、図2に示したように、正極21、負極22およびセパレータ23と共に、液状の電解質である電解液(図示せず)を含んでいる。
正極21は、図2に示したように、正極集電体21Aおよび正極活物質層21Bを含んでいる。
(Mは、Nb、Ni、Mg、Ti、Zn、Zr、Ta、W、Mo、MnおよびCoのうちのいずれか1種類または2種類以上である。xおよびyは、0.5<x≦1および0≦y<0.5を満たしている。)
負極22は、図3に示したように、負極集電体22Aおよび負極活物質層22Bを含んでいる。
セパレータ23は、図2に示したように、正極21と負極22との間に介在している絶縁性の多孔質膜であり、その正極21と負極22との接触(短絡)を防止しながらリチウムイオンを通過させる。このセパレータ23は、ポリエチレンなどの高分子化合物を含んでいる。
電解液は、正極21、負極22およびセパレータ23のそれぞれに含浸されており、溶媒および電解質塩を含んでいる。溶媒は、炭酸エステル系化合物、カルボン酸エステル系化合物およびラクトン系化合物などの非水溶媒(有機溶剤)のうちのいずれか1種類または2種類以上を含んでおり、その非水溶媒を含んでいる電解液は、いわゆる非水電解液である。電解質塩は、リチウム塩などの軽金属塩のうちのいずれか1種類または2種類以上を含んでいる。
外部端子30は、図1に示したように、二次電池が電子機器に搭載される際に、その電子機器に接続される電極端子である。この外部端子30は、外装缶10の外側に配置されていると共に、貫通口10Kを遮蔽している。
ガスケット40は、図1に示したように、貫通口10Kを遮蔽しないように外部端子30と外装缶10との間に配置されている絶縁部材である。より具体的には、ガスケット40は、外部端子30と蓋部12との間に配置されている。
正極リード51は、図1に示したように、外装缶10の内部に収納されており、外部端子30に正極21を接続させる正極21用の接続配線である。この正極リード51は、正極集電体21Aに接続されていると共に、貫通口10Kを経由して外部端子30に接続されている。
負極リード52は、図1に示したように、外装缶10の内部に収納されており、外装缶10に負極22を接続させる負極22用の接続配線である。この負極リード52は、負極集電体22Aに接続されていると共に、収納部11に接続されている。
絶縁板61,62は、図1に示したように、高さ方向において電池素子20を挟むように配置されているため、その電池素子20を介して互いに対向している。この絶縁板61は、蓋部12と電池素子20との間に配置されている。絶縁板61,62のそれぞれは、ポリイミドなどの絶縁性材料のうちのいずれか1種類または2種類以上を含んでいる。
シーラント70は、図1に示したように、正極リード51を保護する部材であり、その正極リード51の周囲を被覆するチューブ状の構造を有している。このシーラント70は、高分子化合物などの絶縁性材料を含んでおり、その高分子化合物は、ポリイミドなどである。これにより、正極リード51は、シーラント70を介して蓋部12および負極22のそれぞれから絶縁されている。
図3は、二次電池の寸法条件を説明するために、図1に示した二次電池の断面構成の一部を拡大している。ただし、図3では、収納部11の一部と共に、蓋部12、外部端子30およびガスケット40を示している。
図4は、二次電池の動作を説明するために、図1に対応する断面構成を表している。以下では、充放電時の動作に関して説明したのち、異常発生時の動作に関して説明する。
充電時には、電池素子20において、正極21からリチウムが放出されると共に、そのリチウムが電解液を介して負極22に吸蔵される。一方、放電時には、電池素子20において、負極22からリチウムが放出されると共に、そのリチウムが電解液を介して正極21に吸蔵される。これらの充電時および放電時には、リチウムがイオン状態で吸蔵および放出される。
電池素子20が発熱すると、電解液の分解反応などに起因してガスが発生するため、外装缶10の内圧が上昇する。この場合には、外部端子30が熱作動式の開放弁として機能するため、外装缶10が破裂する前に内圧が開放される。
図5は、二次電池の製造方法を説明するために、図1に対応する断面構成を表している。図5では、収納部11と蓋部12とが互いに分離されている状態を示している。以下の説明では、随時、図5と共に、既に説明した図1~図3を参照する。
最初に、正極活物質、正極結着剤および正極導電剤が互いに混合された正極合剤を溶媒に投入することにより、ペースト状の正極合剤スラリーを調製する。この溶媒は、水性溶媒でもよいし、有機溶剤でもよい。ここで説明した溶媒に関する詳細は、以降においても同様である。続いて、正極集電体21Aの両面に正極合剤スラリーを塗布することにより、正極活物質層21Bを形成する。最後に、ロールプレス機などを用いて正極活物質層21Bを圧縮成型する。この場合には、正極活物質層21Bを加熱してもよいと共に、圧縮成型を複数回繰り返してもよい。これにより、正極集電体21Aの両面に正極活物質層21Bが形成されるため、正極21が作製される。
最初に、負極活物質、負極結着剤および負極導電剤が互いに混合された負極合剤を溶媒に投入することにより、ペースト状の負極合剤スラリーを調製する。続いて、負極集電体22Aの両面に負極合剤スラリーを塗布することにより、負極活物質層22Bを形成する。最後に、ロールプレス機などを用いて負極活物質層22Bを圧縮成型する。負極活物質層22Bの圧縮成型に関する詳細は、正極活物質層21Bの圧縮成型に関する詳細と同様である。これにより、負極集電体22Aの両面に負極活物質層22Bが形成されるため、負極22が作製される。
溶媒に電解質塩を投入する。これにより、溶媒中において電解質塩が分散または溶解されるため、電解液が調製される。
最初に、溶接法などを用いて、正極21のうちの正極集電体21Aに、シーラント70により周囲を部分的に被覆された正極リード51を接続させる。また、溶接法などを用いて、負極22のうちの負極集電体22Aに負極リード52を接続させる。溶接法は、抵抗溶接法およびレーザ溶接法などのうちのいずれか1種類または2種類以上である。ここで説明した溶接法に関する詳細は、以降においても同様である。
組み立て後の二次電池を充放電させる。環境温度、充放電回数(サイクル数)および充放電条件などの条件は、任意に設定可能である。これにより、電池素子20において正極21および負極22のそれぞれの表面に被膜が形成されるため、二次電池の状態が電気化学的に安定化する。
この二次電池によれば、以下で説明する作用および効果が得られる。
本実施形態の二次電池では、貫通口10Kを有する外装缶10の内部に電池素子20が収納されており、その外装缶10の外側に配置された外部端子30が貫通口10Kを遮蔽しており、その外部端子30と外装缶10との間に配置されたガスケット40が貫通口10Kを遮蔽しておらず、その外装缶10が互いに接合された収納部11および蓋部12を含んでおり、そのガスケット40の荷重たわみ温度が60℃~150℃であり、その蓋部12の厚さT2が収納部11の厚さT1よりも小さい。よって、以下で説明する理由により、優れた安全性を得ることができる。
図6は、第1比較例の二次電池の断面構成を表しており、図1に対応している。この第1比較例の二次電池は、図6に示したように、以下で説明することを除いて、図1に示した本実施形態の二次電池の構成と同様の構成を有している。
図7は、第2比較例の二次電池の断面構成を表しており、図1に対応している。この第2比較例の二次電池は、ガスケット40の代わりにガスケット140を備えていることを除いて、図1に示した本実施形態の二次電池の構成と同様の構成を有している。このガスケット140は、高い荷重たわみ温度(=200℃超)を有するガラスを含んでおり、外部端子30は、ガスケット140を介して蓋部12に熱溶着されている。
第1比較例の二次電池は、上記したように、圧力作動式の開放弁として機能する安全弁機構91を備えている。しかしながら、安全弁機構91は内圧の上昇に応じて作動するため、外装缶10の内部状況によっては二次電池の安全性が低下する。
第2比較例の二次電池では、外部端子30がガスケット140を介して蓋部12に熱溶着されているため、その外部端子30が熱作動式の開放弁として機能し得るように思われる。
これに対して、本実施形態の二次電池では、外部端子30がガスケット40を介して蓋部12に熱溶着されているため、その外部端子30が熱作動式の開放弁として機能する。
本実施形態の二次電池では、特に、ガスケット40の厚さT4が蓋部12の厚さT2よりも小さくなっていれば、電池素子20において発生した熱が蓋部12を介してガスケット40に伝達されやすくなる。よって、ガスケット40が熱的に変形しやすくなるため、より高い効果を得ることができる。
上記した二次電池の構成は、以下で説明するように、適宜、変更可能である。ただし、以下で説明する一連の変形例のうちの任意の2種類以上は、互いに組み合わされてもよい。
図1では、正極21が正極リード51を介して外部端子30に接続されていると共に、負極22が負極リード52を介して収納部11に接続されている。これにより、外部端子30が正極21の外部接続用端子として機能すると共に、外装缶10が負極22の外部接続用端子として機能する。
図1では、負極22が最外周に配置されるように正極21および負極22が巻回されており、負極集電体22Aの巻外側の端部である露出部22AYが外装缶10から離隔されている。
図1に対応する図10に示したように、正極21が最外周に配置されるように正極21および負極22が巻回されており、正極集電体21Aの巻外側の端部である露出部21AYが収納部11に接続されているため、正極集電体21Aが外装缶10と直接的に電気的接続されていてもよい。露出部21AYと収納部11との接続面積は、任意に設定可能である。
図1では、比D/Hが1よりも小さいため、二次電池の電池構造が円筒型である。
多孔質膜であるセパレータ23を用いた。しかしながら、ここでは具体的に図示しないが、セパレータ23の代わりに、高分子化合物層を含む積層型のセパレータを用いてもよい。
液状の電解質である電解液を用いた。しかしながら、ここでは具体的に図示しないが、電解液の代わりに、ゲル状の電解質である電解質層を用いてもよい。
図1では、二次電池が巻回型の電池素子20(巻回電極体)を備えている。しかしながら、ここでは具体的に図示しないが、二次電池が積層型の電池素子(積層電極体)を備えていてもよい。
二次電池の用途(適用例)は、特に限定されない。電源として用いられる二次電池は、電子機器および電動車両などの主電源でもよいし、補助電源でもよい。主電源とは、他の電源の有無に関係なく、優先的に用いられる電源である。補助電源は、主電源の代わりに用いられる電源、または主電源から切り替えられる電源である。
二次電池を作製したのち、その二次電池の性能を評価した。
以下で説明する手順により、図1~図3に示した二次電池(円筒型のリチウムイオン二次電池)を作製した。この二次電池は、熱作動式の開放弁として機能する外部端子30を備えている。
最初に、正極活物質91質量部と、正極結着剤(ポリフッ化ビニリデン)3質量部と、正極導電剤(黒鉛)6質量部とを互いに混合させることにより、正極合剤とした。正極活物質としては、表1に示したように、層状岩塩型の結晶構造を有するリチウム化合物(複合酸化物)であるLiNi0.8 Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA)およびLiCoO2 (LCO)と、オリビン型の結晶構造を有するLiFePO4 (LFP)とを用いた。続いて、溶媒(有機溶剤であるN-メチル-2-ピロリドン)に正極合剤を投入したのち、その有機溶剤を撹拌することにより、ペースト状の正極合剤スラリーを調製した。続いて、コーティング装置を用いて正極集電体21A(帯状のアルミニウム箔,厚さ=12μm)の両面に正極合剤スラリーを塗布したのち、その正極合剤スラリーを乾燥させることにより、正極活物質層21Bを形成した。この場合には、正極合剤スラリーの塗布範囲を調整することにより、正極集電体21Aが露出部21AX,21AYを有するようにした。最後に、ロールプレス機を用いて正極活物質層21Bを圧縮成型した。これにより、正極21が作製された。
最初に、負極活物質(炭素材料である黒鉛および金属系材料であるSiO)95質量部と、負極結着剤(ポリフッ化ビニリデン)5質量部とを互いに混合させることにより、負極合剤とした。炭素材料と金属系材料との混合比(重量比)は、炭素材料:金属系材料=95:5とした。続いて、溶媒(有機溶剤であるN-メチル-2-ピロリドン)に負極合剤を投入したのち、その有機溶剤を撹拌することにより、ペースト状の負極合剤スラリーを調製した。続いて、コーティング装置を用いて負極集電体22A(帯状の銅箔,厚さ=15μmで)の両面に正極合剤スラリーを塗布したのち、その負極合剤スラリーを乾燥させることにより、負極活物質層22Bを形成した。この場合には、負極合剤スラリーの塗布範囲を調整することにより、負極集電体22Aが露出部22AX,22AYを有するようにした。最後に、ロールプレス機を用いて負極活物質層22Bを圧縮成型した。これにより、負極22が作製された。
溶媒(炭酸エチレンおよび炭酸ジエチル)に電解質塩(LiPF6 )を添加したのち、その溶媒を攪拌した。溶媒の混合比(重量比)は、炭酸エチレン:炭酸ジエチル=30:70としたと共に、電解質塩の含有量は、溶媒に対して1mol/kgとした。これにより、溶媒中において電解質塩が溶解または分散されたため、電解液が調製された。
最初に、抵抗溶接法を用いて、正極21のうちの正極集電体21Aに正極リード51(アルミニウム)を溶接したと共に、抵抗溶接法を用いて、負極22のうちの負極集電体22Aに負極リード52(アルミニウム)を溶接した。
常温環境中(温度=23℃)において、組み立て後の二次電池を1サイクル充放電させた。充電時には、0.1Cの電流で電圧が4.2Vに到達するまで定電流充電したのち、その4.2Vの電圧で電流が0.05Cに到達するまで定電圧充電した。放電時には、0.1Cの電流で電圧が3.0Vに到達するまで定電流放電した。0.1Cとは、電池容量(理論容量)を10時間で放電しきる電流値であると共に、0.05Cとは、電池容量を20時間で放電しきる電流値である。
比D/Hを変更したことを除いて、上記した円筒型の二次電池の作製手順と同様の手順により、二次電池(コイン型のリチウムイオン二次電池,外径D=16mm×高さH=5.4mm)を作製した。
比較のために、以下で説明する手順により、図6に示した二次電池(円筒型のリチウムイオン二次電池)を作製した。この二次電池は、圧力作動式の開放弁として機能する安全弁機構91を備えている。
二次電池の電池特性として、安全性を評価するための指標である内圧開放特性を調べたところ、表1に示した結果が得られた。
表1に示したように、内圧の開放状態は、二次電池の構成に応じて変動した。
表1に示した結果から、ガスケット40の荷重たわみ温度が60℃~150℃であり、その蓋部12の厚さT2が収納部11の厚さT1よりも小さいと、適正な作動温度において開放弁(外部端子30)が作動したため、内圧開放特性が改善された。よって、優れた安全性を得ることができた。
Claims (13)
- 貫通口を有する外装部材と、
前記外装部材の内部に収納された電池素子と、
前記外装部材の外側に配置されると共に前記貫通口を遮蔽する電極端子と、
前記電極端子と前記外装部材との間に配置されると共に前記貫通口を遮蔽しない絶縁部材と
を備え、
前記外装部材は、
開口部を有すると共に前記電池素子を内部に収納する収納部と、
前記貫通口を有すると共に前記開口部を閉塞する蓋部と
を含み、
前記収納部および前記蓋部は、互いに接合されており、
前記絶縁部材の荷重たわみ温度は、60℃以上150℃以下であり、
前記蓋部の厚さは、前記収納部の厚さよりも小さい、
二次電池。 - 前記絶縁部材の厚さは、前記蓋部の厚さよりも小さい、
請求項1記載の二次電池。 - 前記絶縁部材の厚さは、前記電極端子の厚さよりも小さい、
請求項1または請求項2に記載の二次電池。 - 前記電極端子の厚さは、前記蓋部の厚さよりも大きい、
請求項1ないし請求項3のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池。 - 前記絶縁部材の融点は、130℃以上250℃以下である、
請求項1ないし請求項4のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池。 - 前記蓋部の熱伝導率は、前記絶縁部材の熱伝導率よりも大きい、
請求項1ないし請求項5のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池。 - 前記電極端子の熱伝導率は、前記絶縁部材の熱伝導率よりも大きい、
請求項1ないし請求項6のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池。 - 前記電池素子は、正極および負極を含み、
前記正極は、正極集電体を含み、
前記負極は、負極集電体を含み、
前記正極集電体および前記負極集電体のうちのいずれか一方は、前記外装部材に接続されている、
請求項1ないし請求項7のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池。 - 前記外装部材および前記電極端子のうちのいずれか一方は、アルミニウムおよびアルミニウム合金のうちの少なくとも一方を含む、
請求項1ないし請求項8のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池。 - 前記電池素子は、正極および負極を含み、
前記正極および前記負極のうちの一方は、前記電極端子と電気的に接続されており、
前記正極および前記負極のうちの他方は、前記外装部材と電気的に接続されている、
請求項1ないし請求項9のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池。 - 前記蓋部は、窪み部を有し、
前記窪み部では、前記蓋部が前記収納部の内部に向かって部分的に窪むように屈曲しており、
前記電極端子は、前記窪み部の内部に配置されている、
請求項1ないし請求項10のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池。 - 前記電池素子は、正極を含み、
前記正極は、オリビン型の結晶構造を有する正極活物質を含む、
請求項1ないし請求項11のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池。 - リチウムイオン二次電池である、
請求項1ないし請求項12のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池。
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| WO2023063223A1 (ja) * | 2021-10-11 | 2023-04-20 | 株式会社村田製作所 | 二次電池 |
| JP2025044519A (ja) * | 2023-09-20 | 2025-04-02 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 蓄電セル |
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- 2021-12-21 CN CN202180096153.9A patent/CN117044013A/zh active Pending
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-
2023
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| JP2002042743A (ja) * | 2000-07-26 | 2002-02-08 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | 筒型二次電池及び組電池 |
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| WO2023063223A1 (ja) * | 2021-10-11 | 2023-04-20 | 株式会社村田製作所 | 二次電池 |
| JP2025044519A (ja) * | 2023-09-20 | 2025-04-02 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 蓄電セル |
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| US20240030570A1 (en) | 2024-01-25 |
| JPWO2022209062A1 (ja) | 2022-10-06 |
| JP7505641B2 (ja) | 2024-06-25 |
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