WO2022065443A1 - リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質およびその製造方法、リチウムイオン二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質およびその製造方法、リチウムイオン二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery, a method for producing the same, and a lithium ion secondary battery.
- a lithium ion secondary battery using a layered or spinel type lithium metal composite oxide as a positive electrode material is being put into practical use as a battery having a high energy density because a high voltage of 4V class can be obtained.
- Lithium metal composite oxides include lithium cobalt composite oxide (LiCoO 2 ), which is relatively easy to synthesize, lithium nickel composite oxide (LiNiO 2 ) using nickel, which is cheaper than cobalt, and lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide.
- Material LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2
- Lithium manganese composite oxide using manganese LiMn 2 O 4
- Lithium nickel manganese composite oxide LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.5 O) 2
- a lithium ion secondary battery is required to have high thermal stability when a non-aqueous electrolyte is used as a battery material. For example, when a short circuit occurs inside a lithium ion secondary battery, heat is generated due to a sudden current, so that higher thermal stability is required.
- lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2
- lithium nickel nickel manganese composite oxide having excellent thermal stability are attracting attention.
- the lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide is a layered compound like the lithium cobalt composite oxide and the lithium nickel composite oxide, and the composition ratio of nickel, cobalt, and manganese at the transition metal site is 1: 1: 1.
- the ratio is called a ternary positive electrode active material.
- a ternary positive electrode active material and a positive electrode active material having a high nickel ratio have been attracting attention with the aim of increasing the capacity.
- Hi-Ni positive electrode material a positive electrode active material having a high nickel ratio
- the increase in battery capacity due to the nickel ratio has a trade-off with the decrease in thermal stability, so it has high performance (high capacity, high cycle characteristics, high output, etc.), short-circuit resistance, and thermal stability as a lithium-ion secondary battery.
- a positive electrode active material that has both properties.
- Patent Document 1 proposes a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous secondary battery, which comprises a composition composed of at least one compound composed of lithium, nickel, cobalt, element M, niobium, and oxygen.
- a positive electrode active material having high thermal stability and a large discharge capacity can be obtained. Has been done.
- Patent Document 2 is a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery made of a lithium transition metal composite oxide obtained by a production method including a niobium coating step and a firing step, and has a porous structure.
- a positive electrode active material having a specific surface area of 2.0 to 7.0 m 2 / g has been proposed. By using this positive electrode active material, it is said that a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having high safety, battery capacity and excellent cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- Patent Document 3 describes a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having at least a layered structure of a lithium transition metal composite oxide, wherein the lithium transition metal composite oxide is a primary particle and an aggregate thereof.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte that exists in the form of particles consisting of one or both of certain secondary particles and has a compound having at least one selected from the group consisting of molybdenum, vanadium, tungsten, boron and fluorine on at least the surface of the particles.
- Positive electrode active materials for secondary batteries have been proposed. It is said that the conductivity is improved by having the above compound on the surface of the particles.
- Patent Document 4 contains a lithium transition metal compound having a function of inserting and removing lithium ions as a main component, and contains at least one element selected from B and Bi as a main component raw material.
- a lithium transition metal compound powder for a positive electrode material of a lithium secondary battery which is obtained by adding one compound and a compound containing at least one element selected from Mo, W, Ti, Ta and Re in combination, and then firing the compound. The body is proposed. By firing after adding the additive element in combination, the rate and output characteristics are improved, and a lithium-containing transition metal compound powder that is easy to handle and prepare the electrodes can be obtained.
- Patent Document 5 proposes a positive electrode composition for a non-aqueous electrolytic solution secondary battery containing a lithium transition metal composite oxide and a boron compound containing at least a boron element and an oxygen element.
- a positive electrode composition containing a lithium transition metal composite oxide that requires nickel and tungsten and a specific boron compound the output characteristics and cycle characteristics of the positive electrode composition using the lithium transition metal composite oxide are improved. It is said that it can be made to do.
- Patent Document 6 describes a positive electrode active material made of a lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide composed of a hexagonal lithium-containing composite oxide having a layered structure, and has an average particle size of 2 to 8 ⁇ m and a particle size.
- a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery which is characterized by having a hollow structure composed of the above, has been proposed. It is said that this positive electrode active material has a high capacity, good cycle characteristics, and high output when used in a non-aqueous secondary battery.
- Patent Document 7 by adding 1 to 10% of zirconium to the lithium cobalt composite oxide in a molar ratio with respect to cobalt, the surface of the lithium cobalt composite oxide particles becomes zinc oxide or a composite oxide of lithium and zirconium.
- this lithium cobalt composite oxide is covered and used for the positive electrode of a secondary battery, it is said that the decomposition reaction and crystal destruction of the electrolytic solution at high potential are suppressed, and excellent cycle characteristics and storage characteristics are exhibited.
- the present invention has been made in view of these circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to provide a positive electrode active material capable of obtaining a lithium ion secondary battery having both excellent battery capacity and high thermal stability at a high level. It is something to do. Another object of the present invention is to provide a method capable of easily producing such a positive electrode active material in industrial scale production.
- the present invention is a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery containing a lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide composed of secondary particles in which a plurality of primary particles are aggregated.
- the lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide has a hexagonal layered structure, and lithium (Li), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), Co, V, Mg, Mo, Ca, Cr, Ta, and so on. It contains the element M (M), which is at least one element selected from Na, W, Fe, Zn, B, Si, P, Zr, Nb and Al, and titanium (Ti), and the amount of the substance of each element.
- the ratio of Li: Ni: Mn: M: Ti a: (1-x ⁇ y—z): x: y: z (where 0.97 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.25, 0.03 ⁇ x ⁇ 0 .15, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.15, 0.01 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.05), which is the strongest hexagonal layered structure in the XRD measurement of the positive electrode active material and in the XRD measurement of the positive electrode active material.
- the ratio of the total amount of the peak intensity of the strongest line of the titanium compound to the (003) diffraction peak intensity of the line is 0.2 or less, and the (003) plane crystallite diameter by XRD measurement is 80 nm or more and less than 160 nm.
- the specific surface area measured by the BET method is 0.7 m 2 / g or more and 4.0 m 2 / g or less.
- a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery is provided.
- [(D90-D10) / Mv] showing the variation index of the particle size calculated by the volume-based D90 and D10 and the volume average particle size (Mv) in the particle size distribution by the laser diffraction / scattering method is 0. It is preferably 80 or more and 1.20 or less. Further, it is preferable that the volume average particle size Mv is 8 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less. Further, it is preferable that the amount of lithium eluted in water when immersed in water is 0.2% by mass or less with respect to the entire positive electrode active material.
- a second aspect of the present invention is a method for producing a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery containing a lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide composed of secondary particles in which a plurality of primary particles are aggregated, wherein at least nickel is used.
- a firing step of obtaining a nickel-manganese composite oxide a washing step of mixing 100 parts by mass of lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide with a ratio of 50 parts by mass or more and 200 parts by mass or less of water, stirring, and then solid-liquid separation. It comprises a drying step of drying the lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide after washing with water, and the nickel-manganese composite compound includes nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), and Co, V, Mg, Mo, Ca, Cr, Ta. , Na, W, Fe, Zn, B, Si, P, Zr, Nb and element M (M) which is at least one element selected from Al, and the ratio of the amount of each element is Ni :.
- the ratio (Li / Me) of the substance amount (Li) of lithium to the total substance amount (Me) of manganese, element M, and titanium is 0.97 or more and 1.25 or less, and the substance amount of titanium.
- the ratio (Ti / Me) of (Ti) is 0.01 or more and 0.05 or less, and titanium with respect to the (003) diffraction peak intensity, which is the strongest line of the hexagonal layered structure in the XRD measurement of the positive electrode active material.
- a method for producing a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery wherein the ratio of the total amount of peak intensities of the strongest rays of the compound is 0.2 or less, and the (003) plane crystallite diameter by XRD measurement is 80 nm or more and less than 160 nm. Is provided.
- the volume average particle size Mv of the titanium compound is 0.01 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less. Further, it is preferable that the titanium compound is a titanium acid compound or titanium oxide.
- a lithium ion secondary battery which comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte, and the positive electrode contains the above-mentioned positive electrode active material.
- a positive electrode active material capable of obtaining a lithium ion secondary battery having both high battery capacity and high thermal stability at a high level. Further, according to the present invention, such a positive electrode active material can be easily produced in industrial scale production, and it can be said that the industrial value is extremely large.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing the maximum oxygen evolution peak intensities of the positive electrode active materials obtained in Comparative Examples 1 to 4 and Example 1, and the lower part of FIG. 1 is Comparative Examples 1 to 4 and Example 1. It is a graph which showed the graph of the initial discharge capacity of the positive electrode active material obtained in 1 and the titanium content, the peak intensity ratio and the presence / absence of washing with water of each.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing the initial discharge capacities of the positive electrode active materials obtained in Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the initial discharge capacity of the positive electrode active material obtained in Comparative Example 3 and Example 1.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an example of a method for producing a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to the present embodiment.
- 5 (A) and 5 (B) are views showing an example of a method for producing a nickel-manganese composite compound according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the coin-type battery used
- the present embodiment will be described with respect to a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery, a method for producing the same, and a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the embodiments described below do not unreasonably limit the content of the present invention described in the claims, and can be modified without departing from the gist of the present invention. Moreover, not all of the configurations described in the present embodiment are indispensable as the means for solving the present invention.
- the positive electrode active material for lithium ion secondary battery according to the present embodiment (hereinafter, also referred to as “positive electrode active material”) is composed of secondary particles in which a plurality of primary particles are aggregated. Contains lithium nickel manganese composite oxide. That is, the lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide is composed of particles having a polycrystalline structure.
- Lithium-nickel-manganese composite oxide has a hexagonal layered structure, and lithium (Li), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), Co, V, Mg, Mo, Ca, Cr, Ta, It contains the element M (M), which is at least one element selected from Na, W, Fe, Zn, B, Si, P, Zr, Nb and Al, and titanium (Ti) in a specific range.
- Lithium-ion secondary batteries are required to have particularly high thermal stability when a flammable non-aqueous electrolyte is used as a constituent material.
- a flammable non-aqueous electrolyte is used as a constituent material.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode are short-circuited due to the inclusion of metal foreign matter or the like, a short-circuit current is generated, and the positive electrode active material is decomposed by the heat generated by the short-circuit current to release oxygen from the crystal, and the electrolyte. It is known to cause a thermal runaway by reacting with.
- a method for improving the thermal stability of the secondary battery during charging a method of coating the surface of the positive electrode active material with an oxide such as SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Zr O 2 has been proposed.
- the initial capacitance decrease is large, or the coating layer becomes a resistance and the output characteristics are deteriorated.
- a method of adding dissimilar elements to the positive electrode active material to improve thermal stability during overcharging has also been proposed. Since cation mixing is likely to occur, it is necessary to lower the firing temperature compared to the positive electrode active material with a low nickel ratio, it is difficult for dissimilar elements to dissolve in the positive electrode active material, and when dissimilar elements are added, the battery capacity is high. It was difficult to improve the thermal stability during overcharging while maintaining the above.
- the present inventor added i) a specific amount of titanium to a lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide having a high nickel ratio and containing a specific amount of manganese, and created an atmosphere with a high oxygen concentration.
- a specific amount of titanium to a lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide having a high nickel ratio and containing a specific amount of manganese, and created an atmosphere with a high oxygen concentration.
- the present invention was completed based on the finding that the battery capacity is further improved by washing the lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide with water.
- FIGS. 1 to 3 are created based on the evaluation results of the positive electrode active material and the secondary battery obtained in Examples and Comparative Examples described later.
- FIG. 1 shows the evaluation results of the maximum oxygen evolution peak intensity and the initial discharge capacity using a lithium nickel-manganese-manganese composite oxide (positive electrode active material) having different titanium contents and distributions, and whether or not they were washed with water and dried after firing. It is a graph shown.
- the maximum oxygen evolution peak intensity is the relative intensity of oxygen evolution when the oxygen amount is measured when the lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide (positive electrode active material) is overcharged and the temperature is raised from room temperature to 450 ° C. Comparative Example 1 is 100), and the lower this value is, the smaller the amount of oxygen generated and the higher the thermal stability during overcharging.
- the positive electrode active materials of Comparative Examples 3, 4, and 1 containing titanium are compared with the positive electrode active materials of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 containing no titanium. Therefore, the maximum oxygen evolution peak intensity is reduced and the thermal stability is improved.
- the positive electrode active material of Example 1 containing titanium, having a peak intensity ratio of 0.2 or less, and being washed with water and dried contains titanium.
- the initial discharge capacity is significantly improved as compared with the positive electrode active material of Comparative Example 3 which has not been washed with water and dried and Comparative Example 4 in which the peak intensity ratio exceeds 0.2.
- the peak intensity ratio is the strongest diffraction peak derived from each titanium compound (titanium oxide, lithium titanate, etc.) with respect to the (003) diffraction peak intensity, which is the strongest line of the hexagonal layered structure.
- the ratio of the total amount of peak intensities of the line For example, as in Comparative Example 3 and Example 1 of FIG. 1, when the peak intensity ratio is 0.2 or less, it indicates that titanium is substantially solid-solved in the primary particles of the lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide. Further, for example, as in Comparative Example 4 of FIG. 1, when the peak intensity ratio exceeds 0.2, it is shown that the titanium compound is formed on the particle surface of the lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide.
- the positive electrode active material containing the lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide according to the present embodiment has i) high thermal stability despite a high nickel ratio, and ii) washing with water and drying after firing. By doing so, it is clear that the battery capacity is further improved, and that high battery capacity and high thermal stability can be achieved at a higher level.
- FIG. 2 shows the evaluation results of the initial discharge capacity using the positive electrode active materials of Comparative Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 which did not contain titanium and were obtained under the same production conditions except for the presence or absence of washing with water and drying.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing the evaluation results of the initial discharge capacity using the positive electrode active materials of Comparative Example 3 and Example 1 containing titanium and obtained under the same production conditions except for the presence or absence of washing with water and drying. It is a graph.
- the battery capacity in a lithium nickel-manganese-manganese composite oxide having a high nickel ratio and containing a specific amount of manganese, when titanium is not contained, the battery capacity (initial discharge) is obtained by washing with water and drying after firing. Capacity) is shown to decrease. Although the details of the reason for this are unknown, it is considered that the battery capacity is reduced because the lithium in the particle surface and the grain boundary of the lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide is eluted by washing with water and the reaction resistance is increased.
- the positive electrode active material according to the present embodiment contains a specific amount of titanium and manganese in the positive electrode active material having a high nickel ratio, and titanium is substantially dissolved in the primary particles, and further washed and dried. By doing so, it is possible to achieve both high battery capacity and high thermal stability at a higher level.
- the configuration of the positive electrode active material according to the present embodiment will be described in detail.
- the lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide contained in the positive electrode active material according to the present embodiment is composed of secondary particles in which a plurality of primary particles are aggregated.
- Lithium-nickel-manganese composite oxide has a hexagonal layered structure, and lithium (Li), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), Co, V, Mg, Mo, Ca, Cr, Ta, It contains the element M (M), which is at least one element selected from Na, W, Fe, Zn, B, Si, P, Zr, Nb and Al, and titanium (Ti).
- the positive electrode active material according to the present embodiment almost all diffraction peaks other than the hexagonal layered structure are not detected in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement, so that titanium is almost completely dissolved in the primary particles. It can be said that.
- the (003) plane crystallite diameter measured by XRD is 80 nm or more and less than 160 nm, and the specific surface area measured by the BET method is 0.7 m 2 / g or more and 4.0 m 2 / g or less.
- Such a positive electrode active material can be produced, for example, by appropriately adjusting the conditions of each step in the production method described later.
- the mixing step (S10) it is also effective to use a titanium compound having an average particle size within a specific range.
- the (003) plane crystallite diameter and the amount of lithium eluted in water can be adjusted by performing a washing step (S30) and a drying step (S40) described later.
- each metal element contained in the lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide will be described.
- the range of a indicating the ratio of the amount of substance of Li is 0.97 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.25, preferably 1.00 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.15.
- the reaction resistance of the positive electrode is lowered and the output of the battery is improved. If the value of a is less than 0.97 or exceeds 1.25, the reaction resistance may increase and the output of the battery may decrease.
- the range of x indicating the ratio of the amount of substance of Mn to the amount of substance of the contained metal element is 0.03 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.15, preferably 0.03 ⁇ x ⁇ . It is 0.10.
- the value of x is in the above range, it can have high capacity and high thermal stability.
- the value of x is less than 0.03, the effect of improving the thermal stability cannot be obtained.
- the value of x exceeds 0.15, the battery capacity decreases.
- the firing step (S20) described later by containing manganese, the firing temperature can be relatively high and the dispersion of titanium and the like can be promoted. In the manufacturing method described later, even when the firing temperature is lowered, titanium can be dispersed in the entire positive electrode active material and solid-solved by appropriately adjusting other manufacturing conditions.
- the element M is at least one selected from Co, V, Mg, Mo, Ca, Cr, Ta, Na, W, Fe, Zn, B, Si, P, Zr, Nb and Al. It is an element of.
- the range of y indicating the ratio of the amount of substance of the element M is 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.15.
- y is 0 or more, thermal stability, storage characteristics, battery characteristics, and the like can be improved. If y exceeds 0.15, the structure may become unstable and a compound having a layered crystal structure may not be formed, or the ratio of Ni or Mn may be relatively reduced, resulting in a decrease in battery capacity.
- M contains Co, it is superior in battery capacity and output characteristics.
- M is Co
- it is preferably 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.10.
- the ratio of the amount of substance of Co contained in the element M is y1
- it is preferably 0 ⁇ y1 ⁇ 0.10., More preferably 0.01 ⁇ y1 ⁇ 0.10. Is.
- the range of z indicating the amount of substance of Ti is 0.01 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.05, preferably 0.01 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.03.
- the range of z is in the above range, oxygen release can be suppressed when used for the positive electrode of a secondary battery, and high thermal stability can be obtained.
- the value of z is less than 0.01, the solid solution amount of titanium is not sufficient, so that the effect of improving thermal stability is insufficient.
- the value of z exceeds 0.05 the ratio of Ni and Mn is relatively lowered, the crystal structure is not stable, and cation mixing is likely to occur, so that the battery capacity is significantly lowered.
- the lower limit of (1-x-yz) indicating the ratio of the substance amount of Ni is 0.65 or more, preferably 0.70 or more, and more preferably 0.80 or more. be.
- the substance amount ratio of nickel is in the above range, a secondary battery having a high battery capacity can be obtained.
- the ratio of the amount of substance of nickel is high, the battery capacity is improved, but the thermal stability may be lowered.
- the positive electrode active material according to the present embodiment has a specific distribution of a specific amount of Ti, and is provided with a washing step (S30) and a drying step (S40), so that the positive electrode active material is extremely high regardless of the high nickel ratio. Can have high thermal stability.
- the composition of the lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide can be measured by quantitative analysis by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectrometry.
- ICP inductively coupled plasma
- a diffraction peak derived from a compound containing titanium is not detected or is extremely weak in the XRD measurement, and a strong diffraction peak having a hexagonal layered structure is detected. That is, it is preferable that almost all of titanium is solid-solved in the primary particles in the lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide.
- titanium does not dissolve in the primary particles and is present on the surface of the primary particles or between the primary particles. Titanium may precipitate at the grain boundaries.
- the form of titanium when it is deposited on the surface of primary particles is, for example, TiO 2 remaining as an unreacted substance in a firing step derived from a titanium compound used as a raw material, and is produced by a reaction between a titanium compound and a lithium compound. Examples thereof include lithium titanate such as LiTIO 2 .
- the fact that titanium dissolves in the particles of the lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide means that, for example, in the XRD measurement, a peak derived from the titanium compound containing the above-mentioned TiO 2 or LiTiO 2 is not detected or even if it is detected.
- the peak is weak and does not substantially affect the battery characteristics of the obtained positive electrode active material.
- the ratio of the amount ( ITi compound ) is preferably 0.2 or less, and more preferably 0 or more and 0.1 or less. , 0.
- peak intensity ratio exceeds 0.2, the titanium compound is precipitated in a certain amount or more, and the battery capacity may decrease.
- the diffraction peak intensity is set to 0 (zero).
- the peak intensity ratio is the strongest of TiO 2 with respect to the (003) diffraction peak intensity (I (003) ), which is the strongest line of the hexagonal layered structure.
- the ratio of the total amount of the diffraction peak intensity of the line (I TiO2 ) to the diffraction peak intensity of the strongest line of LiTIO 2 (I LiTIO2 ) [(I TiO2 + I LiTIO2 ) / I (003) ] is obtained.
- the intensity of the diffraction peak of TiO 2 is the diffraction of the (110) diffraction peak intensity (I TiO2 Rutile (110) ), which is the strongest line of rutile-type TiO 2 , and the diffraction of (101), which is the strongest line of anatase-type TiO 2 . It refers to the sum of the peak integrated intensity (I TiO2 Anatase (101) ).
- Lithium titanate includes, for example, LiTIO 2 , Li 2 TIO 3 , Li 4 TIO 4 , Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 and the like.
- the peak intensity ratio is the peak intensity ratio to all of those detected with respect to I (003) . It is the total of the diffraction peak intensities of the strongest line of the titanium compound. For example, when TiO 2 , LiTiO 2 and other titanium compounds A are detected as titanium compounds, assuming that the peak intensity of the strongest line of titanium compound A is I titanium compound A , the peak intensity ratio is [(. I TiO2 + I LiTiO2 + I Titanium compound A ) / I (003) ].
- the positive electrode active material according to the present embodiment is referred to as a crystallite diameter measured from a diffraction peak of the (003) plane derived from a hexagonal layered structure by XRD measurement (hereinafter, referred to as “(003) plane crystallite diameter”. ) Is preferably 80 nm or more and less than 160 nm, may be 100 nm or more and less than 160 nm, may be 100 nm or more and 150 nm or less, or may be 100 nm or more and 140 nm or less. (003) When the surface crystallite diameter is in the above range, it is possible to suppress cracking of the positive electrode active material particles during repeated charging and discharging while having a high charge and discharge capacity, and to improve durability.
- the (003) crystallite diameter is 160 nm or more, the crystallinity is high and the discharge capacity is improved, but since the expansion and contraction per primary particle during charging and discharging is large, particle cracking is likely to occur during repeated charging and discharging. May become. Further, when the crystallinity (003) is less than 80 nm, the crystallinity is low and the discharge capacity is lowered.
- the (003) planar crystallite diameter can be set within the above range by appropriately adjusting the manufacturing conditions by the manufacturing method described later. As will be described in detail later, for example, by washing and drying the particles of the lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide obtained by firing with water, the crystallinity is improved and a higher discharge capacity can be obtained.
- the (003) plane crystallite diameter is calculated from the Scherrer equation using the half width at the diffraction peak of the (003) plane derived from the hexagonal layered structure obtained by the XRD measurement.
- the positive electrode active material according to the present embodiment preferably has a specific surface area measured by the BET method of 0.7 m 2 / g or more and 4.0 m 2 / g or less.
- the specific surface area is 0.7 m 2 / g or more, the number of reaction sites where lithium ions can enter and exit increases, and the overvoltage at the end of discharge is reduced, so that the discharge capacity increases.
- the upper limit of the specific surface area may be 0.8 m 2 / g or more, or 0.9 m 2 / g or more. Even when the positive electrode active material according to the present embodiment has a relatively large specific surface area, high thermal stability and high battery capacity can be realized by combining a specific titanium distribution and a specific crystallite diameter. ..
- the washing step described later but by washing and drying the lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide particles obtained by firing, the excess lithium component existing on the particle surface and the grain boundary is eluted.
- the formation of voids and irregularities increases the specific surface area.
- the specific surface area is adjusted to the above range by sufficiently disassembling the sintering and agglomeration to improve the durability. A higher discharge capacity can be obtained while improving.
- the specific surface area of the positive electrode active material having a high nickel ratio exceeds 4.0 m 2 / g, it reacts with the moisture in the atmosphere even when the eluted alkaline component on the surface is once removed in the washing step (S30).
- the amount of lithium-derived alkaline components eluted from the particle surface increases, and when the positive electrode active material is made into a paste, the paste may gel and it may be difficult to prepare a plate.
- the positive electrode active material according to the present embodiment is D90 and D10 (particle size at 90% and particle size at 10% in the volume integration of the particle size in the particle size distribution curve) and volume average particles in the particle size distribution by the laser diffraction scattering method. It is preferable that [(D90-D10) / Mv], which indicates the particle size variation index calculated by the diameter (Mv), is 0.80 or more and 1.20 or less.
- the particle size variation index is less than 0.80, the volumetric energy density may decrease. If the manufacturing method described later is used, the upper limit is 1.20. When the firing temperature, which will be described later, exceeds 950 ° C., the particle size variation index may exceed 1.20, but when the positive electrode active material is formed, the specific surface area decreases, the resistance of the positive electrode increases, and the battery capacity increases. May decrease.
- the positive electrode active material according to the embodiment of the present invention preferably has a volume average particle diameter (Mv) of 8 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 10 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less.
- Mv volume average particle diameter
- the average particle size can be obtained from, for example, a volume integration value measured by a laser diffraction / scattering type particle size distribution meter.
- the amount of eluted lithium which is the amount of lithium eluted in water when the positive electrode active material is immersed in water, is preferably 0.20% by mass or less with respect to the entire positive electrode active material. , 0.17% by mass or less, or 0.15% by mass or less.
- the amount of eluted lithium is reduced by extracting lithium by stirring with water, and if it is within the above range, gelation during paste adjustment is less likely to occur, and it is possible to reduce defects due to gelation during battery electrode production. be.
- the lower limit of the amount of eluted lithium is not particularly limited, but in the positive electrode active material obtained by the production method described later, the lower limit of the amount of eluted lithium is, for example, 0.01% by mass or more and 0.05% by mass. It may be more than 0.08 mass% and may be more than 0.08 mass%.
- a drawing describes a method for producing a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery (hereinafter, also referred to as “positive electrode active material”) according to an embodiment of the present invention. Will be explained with reference to. The following description is an example of the manufacturing method, and does not limit the manufacturing method.
- the method for producing the positive electrode active material is at least a mixing step (S10), a firing step (S20), and washing with water, in which a nickel-manganese composite compound, a titanium compound, and a lithium compound are mixed to obtain a mixture.
- a step (S30) and a drying step (S40) are provided.
- the nickel-manganese composite compound used in the mixing step (S10) includes a crystallization step (S1) and / or a heat treatment step (S2). It may be obtained by a method.
- the positive electrode active material obtained by the production method according to the present embodiment has a high nickel ratio, contains a specific amount of manganese and titanium, and dissolves titanium in a solid solution without precipitating an impurity phase to obtain a high capacity.
- the inclusion of manganese and titanium can enhance short circuit resistance and thermal stability.
- the washing step (S30) the disorder of the atomic arrangement of the lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide is alleviated, and the specific surface area is increased by the elution of excess lithium existing on the particle surface and the grain boundary. Therefore, a higher battery capacity can be obtained.
- each step will be described in detail.
- the crystallization step (S1) is a step of obtaining a nickel-manganese composite hydroxide (nickel-manganese composite compound) by crystallization.
- the nickel-manganese composite hydroxide obtained in the crystallization step (S1) (hereinafter, may be referred to as “composite hydroxide”) includes nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), and Co, V, Mg. , Mo, Ca, Cr, Ta, Na, W, Fe, Zn, B, Si, P, Zr, Nb and Al, each element containing at least one element M (M).
- each element (Ni, Mn, M) in the nickel-manganese-manganese composite hydroxide is almost maintained even in the lithium-nickel-manganese composite oxide
- each element (Ni, Mn, M) The content is preferably in the same range as the content in the finally obtained lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide.
- the crystallization step (S1) can be carried out by a known method as long as a composite hydroxide having the above-mentioned substance amount ratio can be obtained.
- a mixture containing at least nickel and manganese is mixed in a reaction vessel. While stirring the aqueous solution at a constant rate, a neutralizing agent is added to neutralize the aqueous solution to control the pH, and a nickel-manganese composite hydroxide is produced by co-precipitation.
- the mixed aqueous solution containing nickel and manganese for example, a sulfate solution, a nitrate solution, or a chloride solution of nickel and manganese can be used. Further, as will be described later, the mixed aqueous solution may contain the element M.
- the composition of each element contained in the mixed aqueous solution is almost the same as the composition of each element contained in the obtained composite hydroxide. Therefore, the composition of each element of the mixed aqueous solution can be adjusted so as to be the same as the composition of each element of the target composite hydroxide.
- the neutralizing agent an alkaline aqueous solution can be used, and for example, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and the like can be used.
- reaction aqueous solution a complexing agent
- the complexing agent is not particularly limited as long as it can combine with nickel ions or other metal ions to form a complex in the aqueous solution in the reaction vessel (hereinafter referred to as "reaction aqueous solution"), and known ones are used. It can be used, for example, an ammonium ion feeder can be used.
- the ammonium ion feeder is not particularly limited, and for example, ammonia, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium carbonate, ammonium fluoride and the like can be used.
- the temperature of the reaction aqueous solution is preferably in the range of more than 60 ° C. and 80 ° C. or lower, and at the above temperature.
- the pH of the reaction aqueous solution is preferably 10 or more and 12 or less (based on 25 ° C.). When the pH of the reaction aqueous solution exceeds 12, the obtained composite hydroxide becomes fine particles, the filterability is deteriorated, and spherical particles may not be obtained.
- the solubility of Ni increases, the amount of precipitation of Ni deviates from the target composition, and the phenomenon of not coprecipitation can be avoided.
- the temperature of the reaction aqueous solution exceeds 80 ° C.
- the slurry concentration becomes high due to the large amount of water vaporized, the solubility of Ni decreases, and crystals such as sodium sulfate are generated in the filtrate.
- the charge / discharge capacity of the positive electrode active material may decrease, such as an increase in the concentration of impurities.
- the temperature of the reaction aqueous solution is preferably 30 ° C. or higher and 60 ° C. or lower because the solubility of Ni in the reaction aqueous solution increases.
- the pH of the reaction aqueous solution is preferably 10 or more and 13 or less (based on 25 ° C.), and more preferably 12 or more and 13 or less.
- the ammonia concentration in the reaction aqueous solution at a constant value within the range of 3 g / L or more and 25 g / L or less.
- the ammonia concentration is less than 3 g / L, the solubility of the metal ion cannot be kept constant, so that the primary particles of the composite hydroxide having a uniform shape and particle size may not be formed.
- gel-like nuclei are easily generated, the particle size distribution of the obtained composite hydroxide is also easy to spread.
- the ammonia concentration exceeds 25 g / L, the solubility of the metal ions becomes too large, the amount of the metal ions remaining in the reaction aqueous solution increases, and the composition of the obtained composite hydroxide tends to be displaced.
- the ammonia concentration fluctuates, the solubility of the metal ion fluctuates and uniform hydroxide particles are not formed. Therefore, it is preferable to keep the value constant.
- the ammonia concentration is preferably maintained at a desired concentration with the upper and lower limits set to about 5 g / L.
- the nickel-manganese composite hydroxide has Co, V, Mg, Mo, Ca, Cr, Ta, Na, W, Fe, Zn, B, Si, P, Zr, and Nb as shown in the formula described later.
- element M which is at least one element selected from Al, may be contained.
- the method for blending the element M in the composite hydroxide is not particularly limited, and a known method can be used. For example, from the viewpoint of increasing productivity, a mixed aqueous solution containing nickel and manganese can be used. A method of adding an aqueous solution containing the element M to co-precipitate the composite hydroxide containing the element M is preferable.
- Examples of the aqueous solution containing the element M include cobalt sulfate, vanadium oxychloride, vanadium oxysulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, molybdenum chloride, calcium chloride, chromium chloride, sodium tantalate, sodium hydroxide, sodium tungstate, and tungsten oxide.
- An aqueous solution containing it can be used.
- the obtained composite hydroxide is further coated with the element M.
- a process may be provided.
- the method for coating the element M is not particularly limited, and a known method can be used.
- the nickel-manganese composite hydroxide obtained by crystallization is dispersed in pure water to form a slurry.
- a solution containing the element M corresponding to the target coating amount is mixed with this slurry, and an acid or an alkali is added dropwise to adjust the pH to a predetermined pH.
- the acid for example, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and the like are used.
- the alkali for example, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide and the like are used.
- the slurry can be filtered and dried to obtain a nickel-manganese composite hydroxide coated with the element M.
- Other coating methods include a spray-drying method in which a solution containing a compound containing element M is sprayed on a nickel-manganese composite hydroxide and then dried, and a solution containing a compound containing element M is nickel-manganese composite hydroxylation. Examples include a method of impregnating an object.
- the method of blending the element M with the nickel-manganese composite hydroxide may include one or both of mixing the element M with the above-mentioned mixed aqueous solution and coating the composite hydroxide with the element M.
- element M may be coated on a nickel-manganese composite hydroxide crystallized by adding an alkaline aqueous solution to a mixed aqueous solution containing nickel and manganese (excluding element M).
- a mixed aqueous solution containing a part of nickel, manganese and element M is prepared, nickel-manganese composite hydroxide (including element M) is co-precipitated, and the co-sediment is coated with element M to adjust the content of M. You may adjust.
- a batch-type crystallization production method (batch-type crystallization method) may be used, and 2) a continuous crystallization production method (continuous crystallization method) may be used. good.
- the batch-type crystallization method after the reaction aqueous solution in the reaction vessel has become steady, the precipitate can be collected, filtered, and washed with water to obtain a composite hydroxide.
- a mixed aqueous solution, an alkaline aqueous solution, and in some cases, an aqueous solution containing an ammonium ion feeder are continuously supplied and overflowed from the reaction vessel to collect a precipitate, which is then filtered and washed with water to form a composite. Hydroxides can be obtained.
- a continuous crystallization method from the viewpoint of obtaining a positive electrode active material showing a high volumetric energy density when used in a secondary battery.
- a positive electrode active material having a high variation index, a broad particle size distribution width, and high filling property can be easily obtained.
- the continuous crystallization method has higher productivity than the batch type crystallization and is suitable for production on an industrial scale.
- the composite hydroxide obtained in the crystallization step (S1) may be further subjected to a heat treatment step (S2) in the crystallization step (S1).
- the heat treatment step (S2) is a step of removing at least a part of the water content contained in the composite hydroxide by the heat treatment. By having the heat treatment step (S2), at least a part of the water remaining in the composite hydroxide is removed, so that the Li / Me of the positive electrode active material obtained in the firing step (S20) described later varies. Can be prevented.
- the heat treatment in the heat treatment step (S2) preferably sufficiently oxidizes the composite hydroxide and converts it into composite oxide particles from the viewpoint of further reducing the variation in Li / Me. Since it is sufficient that water can be removed to the extent that the Li / Me of the positive electrode active material does not vary, it is not always necessary to convert the hydroxide (composite hydroxide) in all the composite hydroxides into the composite oxide. do not have. That is, by heat-treating the composite hydroxide, a nickel-manganese composite compound containing at least one of a nickel-manganese composite hydroxide and a nickel-manganese composite oxide can be obtained.
- the nickel-manganese composite compound obtained in the heat treatment step (S2) may be used in the mixing step (S10).
- the composite hydroxide contains the element M
- the composite hydroxide may be coated with the compound containing the element M and then subjected to the heat treatment step (S2), or the composite hydroxide after the heat treatment step (S2). And / or the particles of the composite oxide may be coated with a compound containing the element M.
- the heat treatment in the heat treatment step (S2) may be performed by heating to a temperature at which the residual water in the composite hydroxide is removed.
- the heat treatment temperature is preferably 105 ° C. or higher and 700 ° C. or lower.
- the composite hydroxide is heated at 105 ° C. or higher, at least a part of the residual water can be removed. If the heat treatment temperature is less than 105 ° C., it takes a long time to remove the residual water, which is not industrially suitable.
- the temperature of the heat treatment exceeds 700 ° C., the particles converted into the composite oxide particles may be sintered and aggregated.
- the heat treatment temperature is preferably 350 ° C. or higher and 700 ° C. or lower.
- the atmosphere in which the heat treatment is performed is not particularly limited, and for example, it is preferable to perform the heat treatment in an air stream from the viewpoint of easy operation.
- the heat treatment time is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, one hour or more. If the heat treatment time is less than 1 hour, the residual water content in the composite hydroxide may not be sufficiently removed.
- the heat treatment time is preferably 5 hours or more and 15 hours or less.
- the equipment used for the heat treatment is not particularly limited as long as it can heat the composite hydroxide in an air stream, and for example, a blower dryer, an electric furnace that does not generate gas, or the like can be preferably used.
- the nickel-manganese composite hydroxide after the crystallization step (S1) is heat-treated, but the nickel-manganese composite hydroxide obtained in a step other than the crystallization step (S1) is used. It may be heat-treated and used as a nickel-manganese composite compound in the mixing step (S10). Even in this case, the above-mentioned effect can be obtained by removing at least a part of the water content in the nickel-manganese composite hydroxide.
- the nickel-manganese composite compound used in the mixing step (S10) includes nickel (Ni) and manganese (Mn) as metal elements, and optionally Co, V, Mg, Mo, Ca, Cr, Ta, Na, and W. , Fe, Zn, B, Si, P, Zr, Nb and element M (M) which is at least one element selected from Al, and the ratio of the amount of these metal elements is Ni: Mn :.
- M 1-x ⁇ y: x: y (where 0.03 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.15, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.15).
- each element (Ni, Mn, M) in the nickel-manganese composite compound is almost maintained even in the lithium nickel-manganese manganese composite oxide particles, the content (Ni, Mn, element M) of each element is maintained. Is preferably in the same range as the content in the above-mentioned lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide.
- the nickel-manganese composite compound used in the present embodiment may contain a small amount of elements other than the above-mentioned elements (Ni, Mn, element M), hydrogen and oxygen as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired.
- the nickel-manganese composite compound can uniformly distribute manganese in a plurality of primary particles of the obtained positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material containing (solid-dissolved) manganese and titanium in a plurality of primary particles has high thermal stability, increases volume resistivity, and improves short-circuit resistance.
- the inclusion of manganese in the primary particles makes it possible to calcin the lithium-titanium mixture at a relatively high temperature. Then, by firing at a high temperature, the titanium in the titanium compound can be more uniformly solid-solved in the primary particles.
- the method for producing the nickel-manganese composite compound is not particularly limited, but as shown in FIGS. 5 (A) and 5 (B), the composite obtained by the crystallization step (S1) and / the heat treatment step (S2). It is preferable to use a hydroxide and / or a composite oxide, and it is more preferable to use the nickel-manganese composite hydroxide obtained in the crystallization step (S1). As a result, in the firing step (S20) described later, a lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide in which titanium is solid-solved in the primary particles can be easily obtained.
- nickel and manganese are uniformly contained in the particles.
- the distribution of manganese in the obtained positive electrode active material is It may become non-uniform and the effect obtained by containing manganese may not be sufficiently obtained.
- titanium compound As the titanium compound used in the mixing step (S10), a known compound containing titanium can be used, and for example, titanium oxide, titanium sulfate, titanium tetrabromide, titanium tetrachloride, titanium silicate and the like can be used. .. As the titanium compound, one kind may be used, or two or more kinds may be used.
- titanium oxide is preferable from the viewpoint of easy availability and avoiding contamination of lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide with impurities. If impurities are mixed in the lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide, the thermal stability, battery capacity, and cycle characteristics of the obtained secondary battery may be deteriorated.
- the titanium compound is preferably mixed with particles (solid phase).
- solid phase the reactivity in the subsequent firing step (S20) changes depending on the particle size of the titanium compound, so the particle size of the titanium compound used is one of the important factors.
- the average particle size of the titanium compound is preferably 0.01 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.05 ⁇ m or more and 3 ⁇ m or less, and further preferably 0.08 ⁇ m or more and 3 ⁇ m or less. If the average particle size is smaller than 0.01 ⁇ m, the powder will be very difficult to handle, and in the mixing step (S10) and firing step (S20), the titanium compound will be scattered and the desired composition will be obtained. There may be a problem that it cannot be added inside. On the other hand, when the average particle size is larger than 5 ⁇ m, titanium may not be uniformly distributed in the lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide after firing, and the battery capacity may decrease.
- the average particle size is a volume average particle size Mv, and can be obtained from, for example, a volume integrated value measured by a laser diffraction / scattering type particle size distribution meter.
- the titanium compound may be crushed in advance using various crushers such as a ball mill, a planetary ball mill, a jet mill / nano jet mill, a bead mill, and a pin mill so as to have a particle size in the above range. Further, the titanium compound may be classified by a dry classification machine or sieving, if necessary. For example, a dry classifier can be used to obtain particles close to 1 ⁇ m.
- the lithium compound is not particularly limited, and a known compound containing lithium can be used, and for example, lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium nitrate, or a mixture thereof can be used. Among these, lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, or a mixture thereof is preferable from the viewpoint of being less affected by residual impurities and dissolving at the firing temperature.
- the method for mixing the nickel-manganese composite compound, the lithium compound, and the titanium compound is not particularly limited, and the composite hydroxide, the lithium compound, and the titanium compound are sufficiently mixed to the extent that the skeleton of the composite hydroxide or the like is not destroyed. Just do it.
- a mixing method for example, a general mixer can be used for mixing, and for example, a shaker mixer, a Ladyge mixer, a Julia mixer, a V blender, or the like can be used for mixing.
- the lithium-titanium mixture is preferably sufficiently mixed before the firing step described later.
- the mixing When the mixing is not sufficient, it corresponds to the ratio of the amount of substance (Li / Me, a in the amount of substance ratio described later) between the individual particles of the positive electrode active material to the element Me other than Li (that is, Ni + Mn + element M + Ti). , Atomic% ratio) may vary, and problems such as insufficient battery characteristics may occur.
- the lithium compound is mixed so that the Li / Me in the lithium-titanium mixture is 0.97 or more and 1.25 or less. That is, the Li / Me in the lithium-titanium mixture is mixed so as to be the same as the Li / Me in the obtained positive electrode active material. This is because the molar ratio of Li / Me and each metal element does not change before and after the firing step (S20) described later, so that Li / Me of the lithium-titanium mixture at the time of the above mixing is the same as Li / Me of the positive electrode active material. Because it becomes. Further, for example, by adjusting the value of Li / Me in the mixture, the crystallite diameter of the lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide obtained after calcination can be adjusted.
- the titanium compound has a ratio (Ti / Me) of the amount of titanium in the lithium titanium mixture (Ti / Me) to the total of metal elements (Ni, Mn, elements M, Ti) other than Li in the lithium titanium mixture. , 0.01 or more and 0.05 or less.
- the firing step (S20) the lithium titanium mixture obtained in the mixing step (S10) is fired at a temperature of 700 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower in an oxidizing atmosphere having an oxygen concentration of 80% by volume or more and 100% by volume or less. This is a step of obtaining a lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide.
- the lithium in the lithium compound diffuses into the particles of the nickel-manganese composite compound, so that particles (secondary particles) of the lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide composed of particles having a polycrystalline structure are formed.
- the lithium compound melts at the temperature at the time of firing and permeates into the particles of the nickel-manganese-manganese composite compound to form a lithium-nickel-manganese-manganese composite oxide.
- the titanium compound penetrates into the secondary particles together with the molten lithium compound. In addition, even in the primary particles, if there are crystal grain boundaries, they permeate.
- the permeation of the lithium compound and the titanium compound promotes diffusion inside the primary particles, and the titanium is uniformly dissolved in the primary particles.
- titanium is uniformly dissolved inside the primary particles, and precipitation as a titanium compound phase and between the primary particles are performed. Segregation to the interface is suppressed.
- the firing atmosphere has an oxygen concentration of 80% by volume or more and 100% by volume or less, preferably an oxygen concentration of 90% by volume or more and 100% by volume or less.
- Lithium-nickel-manganese composite oxides with a high nickel ratio are prone to so-called cationic mixing in which transition metal elements such as Ni are arranged at Li sites in layered compounds.
- the crystallinity of the layered compound is lowered, and the atomic distribution is liable to be disturbed. Due to the disorder of these structures, titanium cannot be dissolved in the Me site (transition metal site) and precipitates as an impurity phase (heterogeneous phase) of a titanium compound or the like, which may reduce the battery capacity.
- the firing temperature is 700 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower, preferably 700 ° C. or higher and 900 ° C. or lower, and may be 750 ° C. or higher and 850 ° C. or lower in an oxidizing atmosphere.
- the lithium compound melts and the penetration and diffusion of titanium is promoted.
- the lithium-titanium mixture contains manganese, so that the firing temperature can be raised.
- the diffusion of titanium is promoted, titanium is easily dissolved in the particles of the lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide, and high thermal stability and high battery capacity can be achieved at the same time.
- the crystallite diameter of the nickel-manganese composite oxide can be adjusted.
- the firing temperature is less than 700 ° C.
- the diffusion of lithium and titanium into the composite hydroxide is not sufficiently performed, excess lithium and unreacted particles remain, and the crystal structure is not sufficiently arranged. Therefore, there arises a problem that sufficient battery characteristics cannot be obtained.
- the solid solution into the primary particles of titanium may be insufficient, and sufficient short-circuit resistance and thermal stability may not be obtained.
- the firing temperature exceeds 950 ° C.
- the particles of the formed lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide may be violently sintered and abnormal grain growth may occur. When abnormal grain growth occurs, the particles after firing become coarse, and when the positive electrode active material is formed, the filling property is lowered, and the reaction resistance is increased due to the disorder of the crystal structure, and the discharge capacity is lowered. Problems arise.
- the firing time is preferably at least 3 hours or more, more preferably 6 hours or more and 24 hours or less. If the calcination time is less than 3 hours, the lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide may not be sufficiently produced.
- the furnace used for firing is not particularly limited as long as it can fire the lithium-titanium mixture in an oxygen stream, but it is preferable to use an electric furnace that does not generate gas, and a batch type or continuous type furnace is preferable. Any of these can be used.
- the firing step may further include a step of calcining at a temperature lower than this firing temperature before firing at a temperature of 700 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower.
- the calcining is preferably performed at a temperature at which the lithium compound in the lithium-titanium mixture melts and can react with the composite hydroxide.
- the calcining temperature can be, for example, 350 ° C. or higher and lower than the firing temperature.
- the lower limit of the calcining temperature is preferably 400 ° C. or higher.
- Lithium-nickel-manganese composite oxide can be obtained.
- the calcining is preferably carried out at a temperature of 400 ° C. or higher and 550 ° C. or lower for about 1 hour or more and 10 hours or less.
- the water washing step (S30) is a step of mixing the lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide obtained in the firing step (S20) with water, stirring (hereinafter referred to as “water stirring”), and then solid-liquid separation. be.
- the disorder of the atomic arrangement of the positive electrode active material is alleviated and the crystallinity is improved. Further, the excess lithium existing on the particle surface and the grain boundary of the lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide is eluted in water, so that the specific surface area is increased. Details are unknown, but it is thought that these effects reduce the overvoltage during discharge and thus improve the discharge capacity.
- titanium solid-solved inside the primary particles has an effect of suppressing deterioration of the particle surface and grain boundaries due to elution of lithium. There may be. Further, by the water washing step (S30), the excess lithium component on the surface is dissolved in water and removed, so that gelation of the positive electrode mixture paste at the time of producing the electrode plate of the secondary battery can be suppressed.
- the amount of water mixed in the water washing step (S30) is preferably 50 parts by mass or more and 200 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide.
- the mixing ratio of water is 200 parts by mass or more, an excessive amount of lithium may be extracted from the positive electrode active material, which may cause a decrease in battery capacity and an increase in reaction resistance.
- the mixing ratio of water is less than 50 parts by mass, the effect of improving crystallinity and the removal of excess lithium components are insufficient, which may cause a decrease in battery capacity and gelation of the positive electrode mixture paste. ..
- the washing time is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 1 minute or more and 2 hours or less, and 5 minutes or more and 50 minutes or less.
- solid-liquid separation After stirring the lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide with water, solid-liquid separation is performed to obtain a lithium nickel-nickel manganese composite oxide (starch).
- the method of solid-liquid separation is not particularly limited, and a known method can be used.
- solid-liquid separation can be performed using one or more selected from suction filters such as Nutche (Buchner funnel), filter presses, centrifuges and the like.
- the drying step (S40) is a step of drying the lithium nickel-manganese composite oxide (starch) obtained in the water washing step (S30) to obtain a powder (dry powder) of the lithium metal composite oxide.
- the drying conditions are preferably heat treatment at a temperature of 100 ° C. or higher and 250 ° C. or lower in an oxidizing atmosphere or a vacuum atmosphere.
- the drying temperature is 100 ° C. or higher, the water content in the starch can be sufficiently evaporated.
- a compact drying device can be used, which is suitable for implementation on an industrial scale.
- the atmosphere at the time of drying is preferably an atmosphere that does not contain water vapor or carbon dioxide in order to avoid the reaction between the moisture and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the obtained positive electrode active material, and specifically, an oxidizing atmosphere such as an oxygen atmosphere. Or, it is preferable to have a vacuum atmosphere. Further, from the viewpoint that the water vapor generated by drying can be quickly discharged, it is preferable to add an exhaust mechanism to the drying device.
- the drying time is not particularly limited, but it is preferably 0.5 hours or more at the maximum temperature reached during drying in order to sufficiently evaporate the water content of the raw material mixture. Further, the upper limit of the drying time is preferably 48 hours or less from the viewpoint of productivity.
- the positive electrode active material obtained by the production method according to the present embodiment when used for the positive electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery, high battery characteristics and high thermal stability can be achieved at a high level. Further, the production method according to the present embodiment can easily produce such a positive electrode active material in industrial scale production, and can be said to have extremely high industrial value.
- the (003) plane crystallite diameter of the lithium nickel-nickel-manganese composite oxide (positive electrode active material) obtained after the drying step (S40) is lithium obtained after the firing step (S20) and before the washing step (S30). It increases compared to the (003) plane crystallite diameter of the nickel-manganese composite oxide.
- the (003) plane crystallite diameter of the obtained positive electrode active material may be increased by, for example, 15 nm or more or 20 nm or more as compared with that before the washing step (S30).
- the battery capacity when the obtained positive electrode active material is used in the secondary battery can be improved.
- the lithium ion secondary battery according to the present embodiment includes a positive electrode containing the above-mentioned positive electrode active material, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the secondary battery includes, for example, a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte solution. Further, the secondary battery may include, for example, a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a solid electrolyte.
- the secondary battery may be a secondary battery that charges and discharges by desorbing and inserting lithium ions, and may be, for example, a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, or an all-solid-state lithium secondary battery. There may be. It should be noted that the embodiments described below are merely examples, and the lithium ion secondary battery can be implemented in various modifications and improvements based on the knowledge of those skilled in the art, including the following embodiments. .. Further, the secondary battery is not particularly limited in its use.
- the positive electrode of the secondary battery is manufactured by using the positive electrode active material described above. An example of a method for manufacturing a positive electrode will be described below.
- the above-mentioned positive electrode active material (powder), conductive material and binder (binder) are mixed, and if necessary, activated carbon or a solvent of interest such as viscosity adjustment is added, and the mixture is kneaded to form a positive electrode. Make a mixture paste.
- the mixing ratio of each material in the positive electrode mixture is a factor that determines the performance of the lithium ion secondary battery, it can be adjusted according to the application.
- the mixing ratio of the materials can be the same as that of the positive electrode of a known lithium secondary battery.
- the positive electrode active material is 60. It can contain up to 95% by mass, a conductive material in an amount of 1 to 20% by mass, and a binder in an amount of 1 to 20% by mass.
- the obtained positive electrode mixture paste is applied to the surface of a current collector made of aluminum foil, for example, and dried to disperse the solvent to produce a sheet-shaped positive electrode. If necessary, pressurization may be performed by a roll press or the like in order to increase the electrode density.
- the sheet-shaped positive electrode thus obtained can be cut into an appropriate size according to the target battery and used for manufacturing the battery.
- the method for producing the positive electrode is not limited to the above-exemplified one, and other methods may be used.
- the conductive material for example, graphite (natural graphite, artificial graphite, expanded graphite, etc.), carbon black material such as acetylene black, ketjen black, etc. can be used.
- the binder plays a role of binding the active material particles, and is, for example, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), fluororubber, ethylene propylene diene rubber, styrene butadiene, cellulose-based. Resins, polyacrylic acid and the like can be used.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- fluororubber fluorubber
- ethylene propylene diene rubber ethylene propylene diene rubber
- styrene butadiene cellulose-based.
- Resins polyacrylic acid and the like can be used.
- the positive electrode active material disperse the positive electrode active material, conductive material and activated carbon, and add a solvent that dissolves the binder to the positive electrode mixture.
- a solvent an organic solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone can be used.
- activated carbon can be added to the positive electrode mixture in order to increase the electric double layer capacity.
- the negative electrode metallic lithium, a lithium alloy, or the like can be used.
- a negative electrode mixture made into a paste by mixing a binder with a negative electrode active material capable of occluding and desorbing lithium ions and adding an appropriate solvent is applied to the surface of a metal foil current collector such as copper. It may be coated, dried, and if necessary, compressed to increase the electrode density.
- the negative electrode active material for example, an organic compound calcined body such as natural graphite, artificial graphite and phenol resin, and a powdery body of a carbon substance such as coke can be used.
- a fluororesin such as PVDF
- the solvent for dispersing these active substances and the binder is an organic substance such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.
- a solvent can be used.
- a separator is sandwiched between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- a positive electrode and a negative electrode are separated to retain an electrolyte, and a known one can be used.
- a thin film such as polyethylene or polypropylene, which has a large number of fine pores, may be used. can.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte for example, a non-aqueous electrolyte can be used.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is obtained by dissolving a lithium salt as a supporting salt in an organic solvent.
- a lithium salt as a supporting salt in an organic solvent.
- an ionic liquid as the non-aqueous electrolyte solution, one in which a lithium salt is dissolved in an ionic liquid may be used as the non-aqueous electrolyte solution.
- the ionic liquid is a salt that is composed of cations and anions other than lithium ions and is in a liquid state even at room temperature.
- organic solvent examples include cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate and trifluoropropylene carbonate, chain carbonates such as diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate and dipropyl carbonate, and tetrahydrofuran and 2-.
- cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate and trifluoropropylene carbonate
- chain carbonates such as diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate and dipropyl carbonate
- tetrahydrofuran and 2- tetrahydrofuran and 2-.
- ether compounds such as methyl tetrahydrofuran and dimethoxyethane
- sulfur compounds such as ethylmethyl sulfone and butane sulton
- phosphorus compounds such as triethyl phosphate and trioctyl phosphate may be used alone or in
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solution may contain a radical scavenger, a surfactant, a flame retardant and the like.
- a solid electrolyte may be used as the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the solid electrolyte has a property of being able to withstand a high voltage.
- Examples of the solid electrolyte include an inorganic solid electrolyte and an organic solid electrolyte.
- Examples of the inorganic solid electrolyte include oxide-based solid electrolytes and sulfide-based solid electrolytes.
- the oxide-based solid electrolyte is not particularly limited, and for example, one containing oxygen (O) and having lithium ion conductivity and electron insulating property can be preferably used.
- the oxide-based solid electrolyte include lithium phosphate (Li 3 PO 4 ), Li 3 PO 4 N X , LiBO 2 N X , LiNbO 3 , LiTaO 3 , Li 2 SiO 3 , and Li 4 SiO 4 -Li 3 .
- the sulfide-based solid electrolyte is not particularly limited, and for example, one containing sulfur (S) and having lithium ion conductivity and electron insulating properties can be preferably used.
- the sulfide-based solid electrolyte include Li 2 SP 2 S 5 , Li 2 S-SiS 2 , LiI-Li 2 S-SiS 2 , LiI-Li 2 SP 2 S 5 , LiI-Li 2 . SB 2 S 3 , Li 3 PO 4 -Li 2 S-Si 2 S, Li 3 PO 4 -Li 2 S-SiS 2 , LiPO 4 -Li 2 S-SiS, LiI-Li 2 SP 2 O 5.
- One or more types selected from 5 LiI-Li 3 PO 4 -P 2 S 5 and the like can be used.
- an electrolyte other than the above may be used, and for example, Li 3N, LiI, Li 3N - LiI - LiOH or the like may be used.
- the organic solid electrolyte is not particularly limited as long as it is a polymer compound exhibiting ionic conductivity, and for example, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, copolymers thereof and the like can be used. Further, the organic solid electrolyte may contain a supporting salt (lithium salt).
- a secondary battery by using a solid electrolyte instead of a non-aqueous electrolyte solution. Since the solid electrolyte does not decompose even at a high potential, it has high thermal stability because there is no gas generation or thermal runaway due to decomposition of the electrolyte during charging as seen in non-aqueous electrolytes. Therefore, when used in a lithium ion secondary battery using the positive electrode active material according to the present invention, a secondary battery with higher thermal stability can be obtained.
- the configuration of the secondary battery is not particularly limited, and may be composed of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, a non-aqueous electrolyte, or the like, or may be composed of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a solid electrolyte, or the like, as described above.
- the shape of the secondary battery is not particularly limited, and can be various shapes such as a cylindrical shape and a laminated shape.
- the secondary battery when the secondary battery is a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, a positive electrode and a negative electrode are laminated via a separator to form an electrode body, and the obtained electrode body is impregnated with a non-aqueous electrolytic solution to collect positive electrodes.
- the secondary battery is connected between the electric body and the positive electrode terminal leading to the outside, and between the negative electrode current collector and the negative electrode terminal leading to the outside by using a current collecting lead or the like, and sealed in a battery case.
- the secondary battery according to the present embodiment is not limited to the form in which the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is used as the non-aqueous electrolyte, and is, for example, a secondary battery using a solid non-aqueous electrolyte, that is, an all-solid-state battery. You can also do it. In the case of an all-solid-state battery, the configurations other than the positive electrode active material can be changed as needed.
- the secondary battery according to this embodiment can realize high thermal stability at low cost. Further, the positive electrode active material used in the secondary battery can be obtained by the above-mentioned industrial manufacturing method. Further, the secondary battery is suitable as a power source for small portable electronic devices (notebook personal computers, mobile phone terminals, etc.) that always require high capacity. In addition, the secondary battery has not only capacity but also durability and thermal stability during overcharging, even when compared with a battery using a conventional lithium cobalt-based oxide or lithium nickel-based oxide positive electrode active material. Are better. Therefore, since it is possible to reduce the size and increase the capacity, it is suitable as a power source for electric vehicles, which is restricted by the mounting space.
- the secondary battery can be used not only as a power source for an electric vehicle driven by purely electric energy, but also as a power source for a so-called hybrid vehicle used in combination with a combustion engine such as a gasoline engine or a diesel engine.
- the peak intensity ratio is set to (I LiTIO2 / I ( I LiTIO2 / I) by using (200) diffraction peak intensity I LiTIO2 , which is the strongest line of LiTIO2. 003) ).
- the (200) diffraction peak position which is the strongest line of LiTIO 2
- crystallite diameter of (003) was obtained from the (003) half-value width of the obtained hexagonal layered structure by Scherrer's formula.
- (C) Amount of eluted lithium 20 g of the positive electrode active material is taken, put into 100 ml of pure water at 25 ° C., immersed and stirred for 30 minutes, and the supernatant liquid after standing for 10 minutes is titrated with an aqueous HCl solution. Was done. Titration was evaluated by the Warder method, lithium hydroxide (LiOH) and lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ) were calculated, and the sum of these lithium amounts was calculated as eluted lithium.
- LiOH lithium hydroxide
- Li 2 CO 3 lithium carbonate
- the measurement was performed on a volume basis by a laser diffraction / scattering type particle size distribution measuring device (Microtrac HRA manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd.).
- Initial charge capacity and initial discharge capacity are set to 0 for the current density with respect to the positive electrode after the open circuit voltage OCV (open circuit voltage) is stabilized by leaving the 2032 type coin type battery CBA shown in FIG. 6 for about 24 hours.
- the initial charge capacity was defined as the initial charge capacity by charging the battery to a cutoff voltage of 4.3 V at 1 mA / cm 2 , and the capacity when the battery was discharged to a cutoff voltage of 3.0 V after 1 hour of rest was defined as the initial discharge capacity.
- a multi-channel voltage / current generator (R6741A, manufactured by Advantest Co., Ltd.) was used to measure the discharge capacity.
- the coin-type battery CBA is obtained by mixing 52.5 mg of a positive electrode active material, 15 mg of acetylene black, and 7.5 mg of polytetrafluoroethylene resin (PTFE), press-molding them to a diameter of 11 mm and a thickness of 100 ⁇ m at a pressure of 100 MPa, and then pressing the positive electrode (evaluation). Electrode) PE was produced. The prepared positive electrode PE was dried in a vacuum dryer at 120 ° C. for 12 hours, and then a coin-type battery CBA was produced using this positive electrode PE in a glove box having an Ar atmosphere with a dew point controlled at ⁇ 80 ° C.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene resin
- a lithium (Li) metal having a diameter of 17 mm and a thickness of 1 mm is used for the negative electrode NE, and an equal amount mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) using 1M LiClO 4 as a supporting electrolyte (DEC) is used as the electrolytic solution.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- a polyethylene porous membrane having a film thickness of 25 ⁇ m was used for the separator SE.
- the coin-type battery has a gasket GA and a wave washer WW, and is assembled into a coin-type battery by a positive electrode can PC and a negative electrode can NC.
- (G) Thermal stability evaluation The thermal stability evaluation of the positive electrode was performed by quantifying the amount of oxygen released by heating the positive electrode active material in an overcharged state.
- a coin-type battery CBA was produced in the same manner as in (E), and CC charging (constant current-constant voltage charging) was performed at a cutoff voltage of 4.3 V at a rate of 0.05 C. Then, the coin-type battery CBA was disassembled, only the positive electrode was carefully taken out so as not to cause a short circuit, washed with DMC (dimethyl carbonate), and dried. Approximately 2 mg of the dried positive electrode was weighed, and the temperature was raised from room temperature to 450 ° C.
- GCMS gas chromatograph mass spectrometer
- m / z 32
- the semi-quantitative value of oxygen evolution was calculated by injecting pure oxygen gas into GCMS as a standard sample and extrapolating the calibration curve obtained from the measurement results.
- Example 1 [Crystalization process] A predetermined amount of pure water was put into the reaction tank (60 L), and the temperature inside the tank was set to 49 ° C. with stirring. At this time, N2 gas was flowed into the reaction vessel so that the dissolved oxygen concentration in the reaction vessel liquid was 0.8 mg / L. In this reaction vessel, a mixed aqueous solution of nickel sulfate, manganese sulfate, and cobalt sulfate of 2.0 M and an alkaline solution of 25% by mass hydroxylated so that the molar ratio of nickel: manganese: cobalt is 85: 10: 5. A sodium solution and 25% by mass aqueous ammonia as a complexing agent were continuously added to the reaction vessel at the same time.
- the flow rate was controlled so that the residence time of the mixed aqueous solution was 8 hours, the pH in the reaction vessel was adjusted to 12.0 to 12.6, and the ammonia concentration was adjusted to 10 to 14 g / L.
- Table 1 shows the (003) crystallite diameter, the amount of eluted lithium, the volume average particle size Mv, the particle size variation index, and the specific surface area of the obtained positive electrode active material.
- impurity phase no particular phase (impurity phase) other than the hexagonal layered structure was confirmed.
- the coin-type battery CBA shown in FIG. 6 was produced, and the initial charge / discharge capacity and thermal stability were evaluated.
- the maximum oxygen evolution peak intensity was set as a relative value with respect to Comparative Example 1 not containing titanium (relative value with Comparative Example 1 as 100).
- Table 1 shows the production conditions of the obtained positive electrode active material, and Tables 2 and 3 show the evaluation results.
- Example 2 In the firing step, a positive electrode active material was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the firing temperature was set to 760 ° C. Table 1 shows the production conditions of the obtained positive electrode active material, and Tables 2 and 3 show the evaluation results.
- Example 3 The nickel-manganese-cobalt composite hydroxide particles obtained in the mixing step, lithium hydroxide, and titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) with an average particle size of 2.5 ⁇ m are combined with a lithium: nickel: manganese: cobalt: titanium substance. Weighed so that the ratio of the amounts was 1.05: 0.82: 0.10: 0.05: 0.03, and the same as in Example 1 except that the firing temperature was set to 780 ° C. in the firing step. A positive electrode active material was obtained and evaluated. Table 1 shows the production conditions of the obtained positive electrode active material, and Tables 2 and 3 show the evaluation results.
- Example 4 In the firing step, a positive electrode active material was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the firing temperature was set to 790 ° C. Table 1 shows the production conditions of the obtained positive electrode active material, and Tables 2 and 3 show the evaluation results.
- Example 5 The nickel-manganese-cobalt composite hydroxide particles obtained in the mixing step, lithium hydroxide, and titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) with an average particle size of 2.5 ⁇ m are combined with a lithium: nickel: manganese: cobalt: titanium substance. Weighed so that the ratio of the amounts was 1.05: 0.83: 0.10: 0.05: 0.02, and the same as in Example 1 except that the firing temperature was set to 760 ° C. in the firing step. A positive electrode active material was obtained and evaluated. Table 1 shows the production conditions of the obtained positive electrode active material, and Tables 2 and 3 show the evaluation results.
- Comparative Example 2 The lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt composite oxide particles obtained in the firing step of Comparative Example 1 were subjected to a washing step and a drying step in the same manner as in Example 1 to obtain a positive electrode active material and evaluated.
- Table 1 shows the production conditions of the obtained positive electrode active material, and Tables 2 and 3 show the evaluation results.
- Example 3 The positive electrode active material was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the washing step and the drying step were not carried out.
- Table 1 shows the production conditions of the obtained positive electrode active material, and Tables 2 and 3 show the evaluation results.
- Nickel-manganese-cobalt composite hydroxide particles, lithium hydroxide, and titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) with an average particle size of 2.5 ⁇ m are used, and the ratio of the amount of lithium: nickel: manganese: cobalt: titanium is 1.03.
- the firing temperature was set to 900 ° C. in the firing step, and the washing step and the drying step were not carried out.
- the positive electrode active material was obtained and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Table 1 shows the production conditions of the obtained positive electrode active material
- Tables 2 and 3 show the evaluation results.
- the positive electrode active material obtained in the examples has extremely good thermal stability and a high initial charge / discharge capacity.
- titanium is dissolved in the crystal phase and no impurity phase (heterogeneous phase) is deposited.
- the positive electrode active material of Comparative Example 1 has low thermal stability because titanium is not added. Moreover, since the washing step and the drying step are not carried out, the specific surface area is low.
- the initial charge / discharge capacity was slightly lower than that of the positive electrode active material of Comparative Example 1, and the maximum oxygen generation peak intensity was increased. Also, the amount of oxygen generated increased slightly, and neither the battery capacity nor the thermal stability was improved.
- the thermal stability is as good as that of the positive electrode active materials of Examples 1 and 2, but the Ti compound is large due to the excessive addition of titanium. It is precipitated and the initial charge / discharge capacity is significantly deteriorated.
- the decrease in the amount of Ni that contributes to redox due to the increase in the amount of titanium also affects the capacity reduction, and it is presumed that the thermal stability is apparently improved due to the low electrochemical characteristics.
- the washing step and the drying step are not carried out, the specific surface area is low and the amount of eluted lithium is large.
- the method for producing a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery, a method for producing a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery, and a lithium ion secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention have high thermal stability and excellent battery characteristics. It is possible to provide a positive electrode active material capable of obtaining a lithium ion secondary battery in which the above is compatible at a high level. Further, according to the present invention, such a positive electrode active material can be easily produced in industrial scale production, and it can be said that the industrial value is extremely large.
- a positive electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery that achieves both high thermal stability and excellent battery characteristics at a high level can be obtained by an industrial manufacturing method.
- This non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is suitable as a power source for small portable electronic devices (notebook personal computers, mobile phone terminals, etc.) that are always required to have high capacity and long life.
- the secondary battery according to the embodiment of the present invention is excellent in safety even in comparison with a battery using a conventional positive electrode active material of lithium nickel-based oxide, and further has a point of capacity and durability. Is excellent. Therefore, since it is possible to reduce the size and extend the service life, it is suitable as a power source for electric vehicles whose mounting space is limited.
- the positive electrode active material and the secondary battery using the positive electrode active material according to the embodiment of the present invention are used not only as a power source for an electric vehicle driven by pure electric energy but also as a combustion engine such as a gasoline engine or a diesel engine. It can also be used as a power source for so-called hybrid vehicles and as a stationary storage battery.
- a term described at least once with a different term having a broader meaning or a synonym can be replaced with the different term in any part of the specification or the drawing.
- the configuration and operation of the method for producing the positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery, the lithium ion secondary battery and the positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery are also limited to those described in each embodiment and each embodiment of the present invention. However, various modifications can be carried out.
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Abstract
Description
リチウムニッケルマンガン複合酸化物は、六方晶系の層状構造を有し、リチウム(Li)と、ニッケル(Ni)と、マンガン(Mn)と、Co、V、Mg、Mo、Ca、Cr、Ta、Na、W、Fe、Zn、B、Si、P、Zr、NbおよびAlから選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素である元素M(M)と、チタン(Ti)とを含有し、各元素の物質量の比がLi:Ni:Mn:M:Ti=a:(1-x-y-z):x:y:z(ただし、0.97≦a≦1.25、0.03≦x≦0.15、0≦y≦0.15、0.01≦z≦0.05)で表わされ、正極活物質のXRD測定において、正極活物質のXRD測定において、六方晶系の層状構造の最強線である(003)回折ピーク強度に対する、チタン化合物の最強線のピーク強度の合計量の比が0.2以下であり、XRD測定による(003)面結晶子径が80nm以上160nm未満であり、BET法によって測定される比表面積が、0.7m2/g以上4.0m2/g以下である、
リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質が提供される。
本実施形態に係るリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質(以下、「正極活物質」ともいう。)は、複数の一次粒子が凝集した二次粒子で構成されたリチウムニッケルマンガン複合酸化物を含む。すなわち、リチウムニッケルマンガン複合酸化物は、多結晶構造の粒子で構成される。
本実施形態に係る正極活物質に含まれるリチウムニッケルマンガン複合酸化物は、複数の一次粒子が凝集した二次粒子で構成される。
上記物質量の比(モル比)において、Liの物質量の比を示すaの範囲が、0.97≦a≦1.25、好ましくは1.00≦a≦1.15である。aの範囲が上記範囲である場合、正極の反応抵抗が低下して電池の出力が向上する。aの値が0.97未満であったり、1.25を超えたりする場合、反応抵抗が大きくなり、電池の出力が低下することがある。
上記物質量の比(モル比)において、含有する金属元素の物質量に対するMnの物質量の比を示すxの範囲が、0.03≦x≦0.15、好ましくは0.03≦x≦0.10である。xの値が上記範囲である場合、高容量および高熱安定性を有することができる。一方、xの値が0.03未満である場合、熱安定性の改善効果が得られない。また、xの値が0.15を超える場合、電池容量が低下する。また、後述する焼成工程(S20)において、マンガンを含むことにより、焼成温度を比較的高くすることができ、チタン等の分散を促進することができる。なお、後述する製造方法では、焼成温度を下げた場合でも、他の製造条件を適調整することにより、チタンを正極活物質全体に分散させ、固溶させることができる。
上記物質量の比において、元素Mは、Co、V、Mg、Mo、Ca、Cr、Ta、Na、W、Fe、Zn、B、Si、P、Zr、NbおよびAlから選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素である。元素Mの物質量の比を示すyの範囲は、0≦y≦0.15である。yが0以上の場合、熱安定性や保存特性改善及び電池特性等を改善することができる。yが0.15を超える場合、構造が不安定となり、層状の結晶構造を有する化合物が形成されない場合や、相対的にNiやMnの比率が低下することで電池容量が低下することがある。例えば、MがCoを含む場合、電池容量及び出力特性により優れる。MがCoの場合、好ましくは0≦y≦0.10である。また、上記物質量の比において、元素Mに含まれるCoの物質量の比をy1とする場合、好ましくは0≦y1≦0.10であり、より好ましくは0.01≦y1≦0.10である。
上記物質量の比において、Tiの物質量を示すzの範囲は、0.01≦z≦0.05、好ましくは0.01≦z≦0.03である。zの範囲が上記範囲である場合、二次電池の正極に用いた際に酸素放出を抑制し、高い熱安定性を得ることができる。一方、zの値が0.01未満である場合、チタンの固溶量が十分ではないため、熱安定性改善効果が不十分である。また、zの値が0.05を超える場合、相対的にNiやMnの比率が低下するほか、結晶構造が安定せず、カチオンミキシングが生じやすくなるため、電池容量が大幅に低下する。
上記物質量の比において、Niの物質量の比を示す(1-x-y-z)の下限は、0.65以上であり、好ましくは0.70以上、より好ましくは0.80以上である。ニッケルの物質量比が上記範囲である場合、高い電池容量の二次電池を得ることができる。ニッケルの物質量の比が高い場合、電池容量は向上するものの、熱安定性が低下することがある。しかしながら、本実施形態に係る正極活物質は、特定量のTiが特定の分布を有すること、並びに、水洗工程(S30)及び乾燥工程(S40)を備えることにより、高いニッケル比に関わらず、非常に高い熱安定性を有することができる。
本実施形態に係る正極活物質は、XRD測定において、チタンを含む化合物に由来する回折ピークが検出されない、もしくは極めて微弱であり、かつ、六方晶系の層状構造の強い回折ピークが検出される。すなわち、リチウムニッケルマンガン複合酸化物中、チタンが一次粒子にほぼ全量固溶していることが好ましい。
本実施形態に係る正極活物質は、XRD測定による六方晶系の層状構造に由来する(003)面の回折ピークから測定された結晶子径(以下、「(003)面結晶子径」という。)が80nm以上160nm未満であることが好ましく、100nm以上160nm未満であってもよく、100nm以上150nm以下であってもよく、100nm以上140nm以下であってもよい。(003)面結晶子径が上記範囲である場合、高い充放電容量を有しつつ、繰り返し充放電する時に正極活物質粒子の割れを抑制し、耐久性を向上させることができる。
本実施形態に係る正極活物質は、BET法によって測定される比表面積が、0.7m2/g以上4.0m2/g以下であることが好ましい。比表面積を0.7m2/g以上とした場合、リチウムイオンが出入りできる反応サイトが増え、放電末期の過電圧が低減されることにより放電容量が増加する。また、比表面積の上限は、0.8m2/g以上であってもよく、0.9m2/g以上であってもよい。本実施形態に係る正極活物質は、比較的大きな比表面積を有する場合でも、特定のチタン分布および特定の結晶子径を組み合わせることにより、高い熱安定性と高い電池容量とを実現することができる。
本実施形態に係る正極活物質は、レーザー回折散乱法による粒度分布におけるD90及びD10(粒度分布曲線における粒子量の体積積算で90%での粒径と10%での粒径)と体積平均粒径(Mv)とによって算出される粒径のばらつき指数を示す[(D90-D10)/Mv]が、0.80以上1.20以下であることが好ましい。
本発明の一実施形態に係る正極活物質は、体積平均粒径(Mv)が8μm以上20μm以下であることが好ましく、10μm以上20μm以下であることがより好ましい。体積平均粒径(Mv)が上記範囲である場合、正極活物質を二次電池の正極に用いた際、高い出力特性および電池容量と、正極への高い充填性とを両立させることができる。二次粒子の平均粒径が8μm未満になると、正極への高い充填性が得られないことがあり、平均粒径が20μmを超えると、高い出力特性や電池容量が得られないことがある。なお、平均粒径は、例えば、レーザー回折散乱式粒度分布計により測定される体積積算値から求めることができる
本実施形態に係る正極活物質は、正極活物質を水に浸漬した時に水に溶出するリチウム量である溶出リチウム量が、正極活物質全体に対して0.20質量%以下であることが好ましく、0.17質量%以下であってもよく、0.15質量%以下であってもよい。水撹拌でリチウムが引き抜かれることで溶出リチウム量が低減され、上記範囲である場合、ペースト調整時のゲル化が生じにくくなり、電池極板作製時のゲル化による不良を低減することが可能である。なお、溶出リチウム量の下限については特に限定されないが、後述する製造方法により得られた正極活物質では、溶出リチウム量の下限は、例えば、0.01質量%以上であり、0.05質量%以上であってもよく、0.08質量%以上であってもよい。
次に、本発明の一実施形態に係るリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質(以下、「正極活物質」ともいう。)の製造方法について、図面を参照しながら説明する。なお、以下の説明は、製造方法の一例であって、製造方法を限定するものではない。
図5(A)に示すように、晶析工程(S1)は、晶析によりニッケルマンガン複合水酸化物(ニッケルマンガン複合化合物)を得る工程である。
図5(B)に示すように、晶析工程(S1)により得られた複合水酸化物は、晶析工程(S1)は、さらに、熱処理工程(S2)を施してもよい。熱処理工程(S2)は、複合水酸化物に含まれる水分の少なくとも一部を熱処理により除去する工程である。熱処理工程(S2)を有することによって、複合水酸化物中に残留する水分の少なくとも一部を除去することにより、後述する焼成工程(S20)で得られる正極活物質のLi/Meのばらつくことを防ぐことができる。
混合工程(S10)で用いられるニッケルマンガン複合化合物は、金属元素として、ニッケル(Ni)と、マンガン(Mn)と、任意に、Co、V、Mg、Mo、Ca、Cr、Ta、Na、W、Fe、Zn、B、Si、P、Zr、NbおよびAlから選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素である元素M(M)とを含有し、これらの金属元素の物質量の比がNi:Mn:M=1-x-y:x:y(ただし、0.03≦x≦0.15、0≦y≦0.15)で表される。
混合工程(S10)で用いられるチタン化合物としては、チタンを含む公知の化合物を用いることができ、例えば、酸化チタン、硫酸チタン、四臭化チタン、四塩化チタン、珪化チタンなどを用いることができる。なお、チタン化合物は、1種を用いてもよく、2種以上を用いてもよい。
リチウム化合物は、特に限定されず、リチウムを含む公知の化合物を用いることができ、例えば、炭酸リチウム、水酸化リチウム、硝酸リチウム、又は、これらの混合物などが用いられる。これらの中でも、残留不純物の影響が少なく、焼成温度で溶解するという観点から、炭酸リチウム、水酸化リチウム、又は、これらの混合物が好ましい。
ニッケルマンガン複合化合物とリチウム化合物とチタン化合物との混合方法は、特に限定されず、複合水酸化物等の形骸が破壊されない程度で、複合水酸化物とリチウム化合物とチタン化合物とが十分に混合されればよい。混合方法としては、例えば、一般的な混合機を使用して混合することができ、例えばシェーカーミキサーやレーディゲミキサー、ジュリアミキサー、Vブレンダーなどを用いて混合することができる。なお、リチウムチタン混合物は、後述する焼成工程の前に十分混合しておくことが好ましい。混合が十分でない場合、正極活物質の個々の粒子間でLiとLi以外の元素Me(すなわち、Ni+Mn+元素M+Ti)との物質量の比(Li/Me、後述する物質量比中のaに対応、原子%比)がばらつき、十分な電池特性が得られない等の問題が生じることがある。
焼成工程(S20)は、混合工程(S10)で得られた上記リチウムチタン混合物を、酸素濃度80体積%以上100体積%以下の酸化雰囲気中、700℃以上950℃以下の温度で焼成して、リチウムニッケルマンガン複合酸化物を得る工程である。
焼成工程は、700℃以上950℃以下の温度で焼成する前に、この焼成温度より低い温度で仮焼する工程をさらに含んでもよい。仮焼は、リチウムチタン混合物中のリチウム化合物が溶融し、複合水酸化物と反応し得る温度で行うことが好ましい。仮焼の温度は、例えば、350℃以上、かつ、焼成温度より低い温度とすることができる。また、仮焼の温度の下限は、好ましくは400℃以上である。上記の温度範囲でリチウムチタン混合物を保持(仮焼)することにより、ニッケルマンガン複合化合物の粒子中にリチウム化合物及び/又はチタン化合物が浸透して、リチウムとチタンの拡散が十分に行われ、均一なリチウムニッケルマンガン複合酸化物を得ることができる。例えば、リチウム化合物として水酸化リチウムを使用する場合、仮焼は、400℃以上550℃以下の温度で1時間以上10時間程度保持して行うことが好ましい。
焼成工程(S20)後に得られたリチウムニッケルマンガン複合酸化物は、粒子間の焼結は抑制されているが、弱い焼結や凝集により粗大な粒子を形成していることがある。このような場合には、解砕により上記焼結や凝集を解消して粒度分布を調整することができる。解砕の方法は特に限定されないが、解砕により、上記焼結や凝集を十分に解きほぐすことで、リチウムニッケルマンガン複合酸化物の比表面積を高めることができる。
水洗工程(S30)は、焼成工程(S20)で得られたリチウムニッケルマンガン複合酸化物と水と混合して、撹拌(以降、「水撹拌」とする。)した後、固液分離する工程である。
乾燥工程(S40)は、上記水洗工程(S30)により得られたリチウムニッケルマンガン複合酸化物(澱物)を乾燥させ、リチウム金属複合酸化物の粉末(乾燥粉)を得る工程である。
本実施形態に係る製造方法により得られる正極活物質よれば、リチウムイオン二次電池の正極に用いた際に、高い電池特性と高い熱安定性とを高次元で両立することができる。また、本実施形態に係る製造方法は、このような正極活物質を、工業規模の生産において容易に製造することが可能であり、工業的価値は極めて大きいものといえる。
本実施形態に係るリチウムイオン二次電池(以下、「二次電池」ともいう。)は、上述した正極活物質を含む正極と、負極と、非水系電解質とを備える。二次電池は、例えば、正極、負極、及び非水系電解液を備える。また、二次電池は、例えば、正極、負極、及び固体電解質を備えてもよい。また、二次電池は、リチウムイオンの脱離及び挿入により、充放電を行う二次電池であればよく、例えば、非水系電解液二次電池であってもよく、全固体リチウム二次電池であってもよい。なお、以下で説明する実施形態は例示に過ぎず、リチウムイオン二次電池は、下記実施形態をはじめとして、当業者の知識に基づいて種々の変更、改良を施した形態で実施することができる。また、二次電池は、その用途を特に限定するものではない。
上述した正極活物質を用いて、二次電池の正極を作製する。以下に正極の製造方法の一例を説明する。
負極は、金属リチウム、リチウム合金等を用いることができる。また、負極は、リチウムイオンを吸蔵・脱離できる負極活物質に結着剤を混合し、適当な溶剤を加えてペースト状にした負極合材を、銅等の金属箔集電体の表面に塗布、乾燥し、必要に応じて電極密度を高めるべく圧縮して形成したものを用いてもよい。
正極と負極との間には、セパレータを挟み込んで配置する。セパレータは、正極と負極とを分離し、電解質を保持するものであり、公知のものを用いることができ、例えば、ポリエチレンやポリプロピレンなどの薄い膜で、微少な孔を多数有する膜を用いることができる。
非水系電解質としては、例えば非水系電解液を用いることができる。
非水系電解液は、支持塩としてのリチウム塩を有機溶媒に溶解したものである。また、非水系電解液として、イオン液体にリチウム塩が溶解したものを用いてもよい。なお、イオン液体とは、リチウムイオン以外のカチオンおよびアニオンから構成され、常温でも液体状の塩をいう。
二次電池の構成は、特に限定されず、上述したように正極、負極、セパレータ、非水系電解質などで構成されてもよく、正極、負極、固体電解質などで構成されもよい。また、二次電池の形状は、特に限定されず、円筒形や積層形など、種々の形状にすることができる。
XRD回折装置(パナリティカル社製、X‘Pert PRO)にて、Cu-Kα線を用いたXRD回折パターンで評価した。測定条件は、出力を45kV、40mAとし、ステップサイズ:0.0168°、スキャンスピード:0.0508°/secとした。
レーザー回折散乱式粒度分布測定装置(日機装株式会社製、マイクロトラックHRA)により、体積基準で行なった。
初期充電容量及び初期放電容量は、図6に示す2032型コイン型電池CBAを作製してから24時間程度放置し、開回路電圧OCV(open circuit voltage)が安定した後、正極に対する電流密度を0.1mA/cm2としてカットオフ電圧4.3Vまで充電して初期充電容量とし、1時間の休止後、カットオフ電圧3.0Vまで放電したときの容量を初期放電容量とした。放電容量の測定には,マルチチャンネル電圧/電流発生器(株式会社アドバンテスト製、R6741A)を用いた。
正極の熱安定性評価は、正極活物質を過充電状態とし、加熱することで放出される酸素量の定量により行った。(E)と同様にコイン型電池CBAを作製し、カットオフ電圧4.3Vまで0.05CレートでCC充電(定電流―定電圧充電)した。その後、コイン型電池CBAを解体し、短絡しないよう慎重に正極のみ取り出して、DMC(ジメチルカーボネート)で洗浄し、乾燥した。乾燥後の正極をおよそ2mg量りとり、ガスクロマトグラフ質量分析計(GCMS、島津製作所、QP-2010plus)を用いて、昇温速度10℃/minで室温から450℃まで昇温した。キャリアガスにはヘリウムを用いた。加熱時に発生した酸素(m/z=32)の発生挙動を測定し、得られた最大酸素発生ピーク高さとピーク面積から酸素発生量の半定量を行い、これらを熱安定性の評価指標とした。なお、酸素発生量の半定量値は、純酸素ガスを標準試料としてGCMSに注入し、その測定結果から得た検量線を外挿して算出した。
[晶析工程]
反応槽(60L)に純水を所定量入れ、攪拌しながら槽内温度を49℃に設定した。このとき反応槽内に、反応槽液中の溶存酸素濃度が0.8mg/LとなるようにN2ガスを流した。この反応槽内にニッケル:マンガン:コバルトのモル比が85:10:5となるように、硫酸ニッケル、硫酸マンガン、硫酸コバルトの2.0Mの混合水溶液と、アルカリ溶液である25質量%水酸化ナトリウム溶液、錯化剤として25質量%アンモニア水を反応槽に同時に連続的に添加した。
得られたニッケルマンガンコバルト複合水酸化物粒子と、水酸化リチウムと、平均粒径が2.5μmの酸化チタン(TiO2)とを、リチウム:ニッケル:マンガン:コバルト:チタンの物質量の比が1.05:0.81:0.10:0.05:0.04になるように秤量した後、シェーカーミキサー装置(ウィリー・エ・バッコーフェン(WAB)社製TURBULA TypeT2C)を用いて十分に混合し、リチウム混合物を得た。
得られたリチウム混合物を酸素(酸素濃度:90容量%)気流中にて800℃で10時間保持して焼成し、その後、解砕してリチウムニッケルマンガンコバルトチタン複合酸化物粒子を得た。
得られたリチウムニッケルマンガンコバルトチタン複合酸化物粒子100質量部に対し、水を150質量部の割合で混合し、15分間水撹拌した後にヌッチェを用いて吸引濾過し、澱物を得た。
得られた澱物をSUS製容器に入れ、真空乾燥機を用いて100℃に加温して12時間、190℃に加温して10時間、静置乾燥し、正極活物質を得た。
得られた正極活物質の(003)結晶子径、溶出リチウム量、体積平均粒径Mv、粒径のばらつき指数および比表面積を表1に示す。XRD測定の結果、六方晶系の層状構造以外の異相(不純物相)は特に確認されなかった。また、図6に示すコイン型電池CBAを作製し、初期充放電容量および熱安定性を評価した。なお、最大酸素発生ピーク強度は、チタンを含まない比較例1に対する相対値(比較例1を100とした相対値)とした。得られた正極活物質の製造条件を表1に、評価結果を表2、3に示す。
焼成工程で、焼成温度を760℃としたこと以外は実施例1と同様に正極活物質を得るとともに評価した。得られた正極活物質の製造条件を表1に、評価結果を表2、3に示す。
混合工程で、得られたニッケルマンガンコバルト複合水酸化物粒子と、水酸化リチウムと、平均粒径が2.5μmの酸化チタン(TiO2)とを、リチウム:ニッケル:マンガン:コバルト:チタンの物質量の比が1.05:0.82:0.10:0.05:0.03になるように秤量し、焼成工程で、焼成温度を780℃としたこと以外は実施例1と同様に正極活物質を得るとともに評価した。得られた正極活物質の製造条件を表1に、評価結果を表2、3に示す。
焼成工程で、焼成温度を790℃としたこと以外は実施例3と同様に正極活物質を得るとともに評価した。得られた正極活物質の製造条件を表1に、評価結果を表2、3に示す。
混合工程で、得られたニッケルマンガンコバルト複合水酸化物粒子と、水酸化リチウムと、平均粒径が2.5μmの酸化チタン(TiO2)とを、リチウム:ニッケル:マンガン:コバルト:チタンの物質量の比が1.05:0.83:0.10:0.05:0.02になるように秤量し、焼成工程で、焼成温度を760℃としたこと以外は実施例1と同様に正極活物質を得るとともに評価した。得られた正極活物質の製造条件を表1に、評価結果を表2、3に示す。
混合工程で、酸化チタンを準備せず、得られたニッケルマンガンコバルト複合水酸化物粒子をリチウム:ニッケル:マンガン:コバルトの物質量の比が1.02:0.85:0.10:0.05になるように秤量し、焼成工程で、焼成温度を800℃とし、水洗工程および乾燥工程を実施しなかったこと以外は実施例1と同様に正極活物質を得るとともに評価した。得られた正極活物質の製造条件を表1に、評価結果を表2、3に示す。
比較例1の焼成工程で得られたリチウムニッケルマンガンコバルト複合酸化物粒子を、実施例1と同様に水洗工程および乾燥工程を実施して正極活物質を得るとともに評価した。得られた正極活物質の製造条件を表1に、評価結果を表2、3に示す。
水洗工程および乾燥工程を実施しなかったこと以外は、実施例1と同様に正極活物質を得るとともに評価した。得られた正極活物質の製造条件を表1に、評価結果を表2、3に示す。
焼成工程で、リチウム混合物を酸素(酸素濃度:60容量%)気流中にて焼成し、水洗工程および乾燥工程を実施しなかったこと以外は実施例2と同様に正極活物質を得るとともに評価した。また、XRD測定の結果、LiTiO2に帰属されるピークが確認された。得られた正極活物質の製造条件を表1に、評価結果を表2、3に示す。
混合工程で、得られたニッケルマンガンコバルト複合水酸化物粒子と、水酸化リチウムと、平均粒径が2.5μmの酸化チタン(TiO2)とを、リチウム:ニッケル:マンガン:コバルト:チタンの物質量の比が1.01:0.79:0.08:0.05:0.08になるように秤量し、水洗工程および乾燥工程を実施しなかったこと以外は実施例1と同様に正極活物質を得るとともに評価した。また、XRD測定の結果、LiTiO2に帰属されるピークが確認された。得られた正極活物質の製造条件を表1に、評価結果を表2、3に示す。
晶析工程で、反応槽内にニッケル:マンガン:コバルトのモル比が60:20:20となるように、硫酸ニッケル、硫酸マンガン、硫酸コバルトの2.0Mの混合水溶液を添加して、ニッケル、マンガン、コバルトの物質量の比がNi:Mn:Co=0.60:0.20:0.20で表されるニッケルマンガンコバルト複合水酸化物粒子をえたことと、混合工程で、得られたニッケルマンガンコバルト複合水酸化物粒子と、水酸化リチウムと、平均粒径が2.5μmの酸化チタン(TiO2)とを、リチウム:ニッケル:マンガン:コバルト:チタンの物質量の比が1.03:0.58:0.20:0.20:0.02になるように秤量したことと、焼成工程で、焼成温度を900℃としたことと、水洗工程および乾燥工程を実施しなかったこと以外は実施例1と同様に正極活物質を得るとともに評価した。得られた正極活物質の製造条件を表1に、評価結果を表2、3に示す。
表1~3に示すように、実施例で得られた正極活物質は、熱安定性が極めて良好であり、初期充放電容量も高い。実施例で得られた正極活物質はいずれも、チタンが結晶相中に固溶しており、不純物相(異相)の析出が無い。
PE…正極(評価用電極)
NE…負極(リチウム金属)
SE…セパレータ
GA…ガスケット
WW…ウェーブワッシャー
PC…正極缶
NC…負極缶
Claims (8)
- 複数の一次粒子が凝集した二次粒子で構成されたリチウムニッケルマンガン複合酸化物を含むリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質であって、
前記リチウムニッケルマンガン複合酸化物は、六方晶系の層状構造を有し、リチウム(Li)と、ニッケル(Ni)と、マンガン(Mn)と、Co、V、Mg、Mo、Ca、Cr、Ta、Na、W、Fe、Zn、B、Si、P、Zr、NbおよびAlから選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素である元素M(M)と、チタン(Ti)とを含有し、
前記元素の物質量の比がLi:Ni:Mn:M:Ti=a:(1-x-y-z):x:y:z(ただし、0.97≦a≦1.25、0.03≦x≦0.15、0≦y≦0.15、0.01≦z≦0.05)で表わされ、
正極活物質のXRD測定において、六方晶系の層状構造の最強線である(003)回折ピーク強度に対する、チタン化合物の最強線のピーク強度の合計量の比が0.2以下であり、
XRD測定による(003)面結晶子径が80nm以上160nm未満であり、
BET法によって測定される比表面積が、0.7m2/g以上4.0m2/g以下である、
リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質。 - レーザー回折散乱法による粒度分布における体積基準のD90及びD10と、体積平均粒径(Mv)とによって算出される粒径のばらつき指数を示す[(D90-D10)/Mv]が、0.80以上1.20以下である、請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質。
- 体積平均粒径Mvが8μm以上20μm以下である請求項1又は請求項2に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質。
- 水に浸漬した場合に水に溶出するリチウム量が、正極活物質全体に対して0.2質量%以下である請求項1~請求項3のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質。
- 複数の一次粒子が凝集した二次粒子で構成されたリチウムニッケルマンガン複合酸化物を含むリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法であって、
少なくとも、ニッケルマンガン複合化合物と、チタン化合物と、リチウム化合物とを含む混合物を添加する混合工程と、
前記混合物を酸素濃度80体積%以上100体積%以下の酸化雰囲気中、700℃以上950℃以下で焼成して前記リチウムニッケルマンガン複合酸化物を得る焼成工程と、
前記リチウムニッケルマンガン複合酸化物100質量部に対し、水50質量部以上200質量部以下の割合で混合し、撹拌した後、固液分離する水洗工程と、
水洗後のリチウムニッケルマンガン複合酸化物を乾燥する乾燥工程と、
を備え、
前記ニッケルマンガン複合化合物は、ニッケル(Ni)と、マンガン(Mn)と、Co、V、Mg、Mo、Ca、Cr、Ta、Na、W、Fe、Zn、B、Si、P、Zr、NbおよびAlから選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素である元素M(M)とを含有し、前記元素の物質量の比がNi:Mn:M=(1-x-y):x:y(ただし、0.03≦x≦0.15、0≦y≦0.15)であり、
前記混合物は、含有されるニッケルと、マンガンと、元素Mと、チタンとの物質量の合計(Me)に対する、リチウムの物質量(Li)の比(Li/Me)が0.97以上1.25以下であり、チタンの物質量(Ti)の比(Ti/Me)が0.01以上0.05以下であり、
正極活物質のXRD測定において、六方晶系の層状構造の最強線である(003)回折ピーク強度に対する、チタン化合物の最強線の回折ピーク強度の合計量の比が0.2以下であり、
XRD測定による(003)面結晶子径が80nm以上160nm未満である、
リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記チタン化合物の体積平均粒径Mvが、0.01μm以上5μm以下である、請求項5に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記チタン化合物が酸化チタンである、請求項5又は6に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 正極、負極、及び、非水系電解質を備え、前記正極は、請求項1~請求項4のいずれか1項に記載の正極活物質を含む、リチウムイオン二次電池。
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