WO2021231671A1 - Treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using botulinum toxin - Google Patents

Abstract

Botulinum toxin for use in treating Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease (MND) or Lou Gehrig's disease, in a patient in need thereof is provided. The treatment comprises administering botulinum toxin to the patient. The botulinum toxin may be administered by subcutaneous or intradermal injection. The injection may be administered to and/or around the vicinity of a trigeminal nerve, a cervical nerve, a thoracic nerve, a lumbar nerve, and/or a sacral nerve of the patient. The administration of the botulinum toxin prevents an overproduction of glutamate, Substance P, and CGRP in a sensory system and thereby inhibits a migration of the glutamate, Substance P, and CGRP to the motor system, which otherwise would cause neuroexcitatory toxicity that results in the death of motor neurons.

Description

TREATMENT OF AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS USING BOTULINUM TOXIN This application claims priority to U.S. Application Number 16/875,947, filed May 15, 2020, entitled "Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Using Botulinum Toxins," now U.S. Pat. No.10,960,061 B1, issued on March 30, 2021, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention generally relates to a method for treating Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease (MND) or Lou Gehrig’s disease using botulinum toxin. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease (MND) or Lou Gehrig’s disease, causes the death of neurons controlling voluntary muscles. The term motor neuron disease can also be used for a group of conditions of which ALS is the most common. ALS is characterized by stiffness, twitching, and weakness of muscles and their decrease in size. This disease may begin with weakness in the arms or legs, or with difficulty speaking or swallowing. About half of the people affected develop at least mild difficulties with behavior and thinking, and most experience pain as well. Most who suffer from the disease eventually lose the ability to walk, use their hands/extremities, speak, swallow, and breathe. There are three types of ALS categorized by where the symptoms first start: (1) limb onset, (2) trunk onset that affects the breathing muscles, and (3) bulbular onset that affects speech and swallowing first. In all of the types, the condition eventually spreads to the other muscles and paralyzes them. The underlying mechanism involves damage to both upper and lower motor neurons. The diagnosis is based on a patient’s symptoms, with testing done to rule out other potential causes. The data indicate that in 90-95% of cases the cause is unknown but it is believed to involve both genetic and environmental factors. In the remaining 5-10% of cases, the condition is understood to be inherited. About half of these genetic cases are due to one of two specific genes. So far, there is no known cure for ALS. The goal of current treatment is to improve symptoms. A medication called Riluzole may extend the life of a patient by about 2-3 months. Non-invasive ventilation may result in both improved quality and length of life. Mechanical ventilation can prolong survival but does not stop the progression of the disease. A feeding tube may also help. The disease can affect people of any age, but usually signs begin around age 60, or age 50 in inherited cases. The average survival from onset to death is 2-4 years, though this can vary based on factors such as the level and quality of medical care. About 10% of patients survive longer than 10 years and most such patients eventually die from respiratory failure. In Europe, the disease affects about 2-3 people per 100,000 per year. Rates in much of the world are unclear. In the United States, it is more common in white people than black people. Current known treatments only help with symptoms until a patient dies. What is needed therefore is a novel method for treating Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease (MND) or Lou Gehrig’s disease, that will stop the progressive death of motor neurons once ALS is diagnosed. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The claimed invention relates to botulinum toxin for use in treating Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease (MND) or Lou Gehrig’s disease, in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering botulinum toxin to the patient, thereby treating the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). The administration of the botulinum toxin prevents an overproduction of glutamate, Substance P, and CGRP in a sensory system and thereby inhibits a migration of the glutamate, Substance P, and CGRP to the motor system. The botulinum toxin may be administered by subcutaneous or intradermal injection. The subcutaneous or intradermal injection may be administered to and/or around a vicinity of a trigeminal nerve of the patient. The selected trigeminal nerve comprises an ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve, supraorbital nerve, supratrochlear nerve, infraorbital nerve, lacrimal nerve, nasociliary nerve, superior alveolar nerve, buccal nerve, lingual nerve, inferior alveolar nerve, mental nerve, an auriculotemporal nerve, lesser occipital nerve, a greater occipital nerve, or a combination thereof. The subcutaneous or intradermal injection may be administered by subcutaneous or intradermal injection to and/or around a vicinity of a cervical nerve of the patient. The selected cervical nerve comprises the c-2 nerve, c-3 nerve, c-4 nerve, c-5 nerve, c-6 nerve, c-7 nerve, c-8 nerve, or a combination thereof. The subcutaneous or intradermal injection may be administered by subcutaneous or intradermal injection to and/or around a vicinity of a thoracic nerve of the patient. The selected thoracic nerve comprises the t-2 nerve, t-3 nerve, t-5 nerve, t-6 nerve, t-7 nerve, t-8 nerve, t-9 nerve, t-10 nerve, t-11 nerve, t-12 nerve, or a combination thereof. The subcutaneous or intradermal injection may be administered to and/or around the vicinity of a lumbar nerve of the patient. The selected lumbar nerve comprises an l-1 nerve, l-2 nerve, l-3 nerve, l-4 nerve, l-5 nerve, or a combination thereof. The subcutaneous or intradermal injection may be administered to and/or around the vicinity of a sacral nerve of the patient. The selected sacral nerve comprises the s-1 nerve, s-2 nerve, s-3 nerve, s-4 nerve, s-5 nerve, or a combination thereof. The subcutaneous or intradermal injection may be administered to and/or around a vicinity of a nerve comprising a thoracic nerve, a lumbar nerve, a sacral nerve, or a combination thereof of the patient. The administering may comprise by subcutaneous or intradermal injection 2-4 units to and/or around the vicinity of an ophthalmic, maxillary, and/or mandibular nerve of the trigeminal nerve (bilateral), 2-4 units to and/or around the vicinity of the c-2 to c-3, c-4 to c- 6, and/or c-7 to c-8 of the cervical nerve, about one-inch lateral to the patient’s spine (bilateral), 2-4 units to and/or around the vicinity of the t-2 to t-3, t-5 to t-6, t-7 to t-9, and/or t-10 to t-12 of the thoracic nerve, about one inch lateral to the patient’s spine (bilateral), 2-4 unit to and/or around the vicinity of the l-1 to l-2, l-2 to l-3, and/or l-4 to l-5 of the lumbar nerve, about one inch lateral to the patient’s spine (bilateral), and/or 2-4 units to and/or around the vicinity of the s-1 to s-2, s-3 to s-4, and/or s-4 to s-5 of the sacral nerve, about one inch lateral to the patient’s spine (bilateral). The botulinum toxin used in the treatment in accordance with embodiments of the present invention comprises botulinum toxin type A, botulinum toxin type B, botulinum toxin type C, botulinum toxin type D, botulinum toxin type E, botulinum toxin type F, botulinum toxin type G, a fragment thereof, a hybrid thereof, a chimera thereof, or a combination thereof. In further embodiments, a total dosage of the botulinum toxin administered for an adult who weighs about 150 lbs is between about 1 unit and about 150 units. A total dosage of the botulinum toxin for an adult or a child is adjusted for age, weight, or a combination thereof. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Further in relation to this, before explaining at least the preferred embodiments of the invention in greater detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description. It would be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that embodiments beyond those described herein are contemplated, and the embodiments can be practiced and carried out in a plurality of different ways. Also, it is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as a limiting factor. Unless otherwise defined, the terms used herein refer to that which the ordinary artisan would understand such term to mean based on the contextual use of such term herein. To the extent that the meaning of a term used herein as understood by the ordinary artisan based on the contextual use of such term differs in any way from any particular dictionary definition of such term, it is intended that the meaning of the term as understood by the ordinary artisan will prevail. As used herein, the term “about” means approximately or nearly and in the context of a numerical value or range set forth herein means ± 10% of the numerical value or range recited or claimed. The term "treating" includes delaying, alleviating, mitigating or reducing the intensity, progression, or worsening of one or more attendant symptoms of a disorder or condition and/or alleviating, mitigating or impeding one or more causes of a disorder or condition. Treatment under the claimed invention may be a preventative treatment, prophylactic treatment, remission of treating or ameliorating treatment. The term "therapeutically effective amount" or "therapeutically effective dose" refers to the amount of a composition, compound, therapy, or course of treatment that, when administered to an individual for treating a disorder or disease, is sufficient to effect such treatment for the disorder or disease. The “therapeutically effective amount” will vary depending on the composition, the compound, the therapy, the course of treatment, the disorder or disease and its severity and the age, weight, etc., of the individual to be treated. The term “unit” refers to the amount of botulinum toxin needed to kill 50% of a group of 18-20 gm female Swiss-Webster mice given the injection intraperitoneally. The term “vicinity of a nerve” refers to anywhere on the dermatome involved with the nerve. In accordance with the principles of the present invention, use of botulinum toxin to treat a variety of symptoms is provided. Mechanism of Action of Botulinum Toxin Botulinum toxins cleave and destroy a protein called synaptosomal nerve-associated protein 25 (“SNAP25”) and/or synaptobrevin (also called vesicle-associated membrane protein [“VAMP”]). Botulinum toxins A, C, and E cleave SNAP25 at different locations, but the effect is in general the same – the protein is destroyed and cannot function until the cell makes new ones. Botulinum toxins B, D, F and G cleave VAMP present at the cytoplasmic surface of the synaptic vesicle. The two important locations in the body where the proteins are found are at the terminals of the motor neurons (muscle) and in the cell membranes of astrocytes, glial cells, and satellite cells. These three cell types surround sensory neurons and form part of the blood-brain barrier. In motor nerves, to cause them to fire, vesicles of acetylcholine move from inside the motor neuron across the cell membrane at the synapse between the motor nerve and muscle fiber. Acetylcholine is released into the synapse and activates receptors in the muscle fiber, which contracts the muscle fiber. In sensory nerves, when a nerve is damaged from physical or mental injuries, the three aforementioned structural cells produce large amounts of Substance P, Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide (CGRP), and glutamate internally and the molecules are moved by vesicles to the cell membrane where the SNAP25 and/or VAMP moves the molecules through the cell membrane and releases the molecules into the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the neurons. There, the molecules bind to the receptor on the sensory nerves, causing the neuroexcitatory effects. The molecules can also diffuse in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and influence other sensory nerves to become hyperactive, a process called central sensitization. This mechanism of cleaving the SNAP25 and/or VAMP in muscles and sensory nerves causes the only known clinical effects of botulinum, which paralyzes muscles in the motor system for 3-4 months until the cell grows a new protein. This effect has been used for decades for overactive muscles (such as to treat overactive muscles as part of cervical dystonia, blepharospasm, tic, Parkinson's, cerebral palsy, etc.), wrinkles in the face, excessive sweating, and overactive bladder. In the sensory nerves, the mechanism has been used for migraines and depression. The effect of blocking the SNAP25 and/or VAMP in the glial, satellite, and astrocyte cells will work for 5-9 months until these cells grow new proteins. The important part of this mechanism is that the botulinum effect does not destroy cells and does not stop the normal production of or effects of acetylcholine (muscles) or Substance P, CGRP, or glutamate in sensory nerves. These facts give huge advantages over a monoclonal antibody which would eliminate all glutamate, CGRP, and Substance P. Side effects of such elimination would be disastrous. The receptor antagonists also have problems – for example, because the receptor antagonists are not site-specific, they block glutamate, Substance P, and CGRP everywhere. Too little glutamate, Substance P, and CGRP is a problem, as well as too much. It is difficult to regulate oral or I.V. doses to obtain the correct level of reduction in areas that are too high in glutamate, Substance P, and/or CGRP without overreduction in areas with normal levels. Small doses of botulinum toxin injected into a specific muscle can cleave SNAP25 and/ VAMP to calm the muscle’s overreaction or paralyze the muscle temporarily if desired. Or, if injected subcutaneously near unmyelinated sensory nerves, the botulinum toxin can stop the overproduction of the sensory neuroexcitatory compounds without affecting normal glutamate, Substance P, and CGRP production and function. It is, however, noted that botulinum toxin is highly lethal. Botulinum toxin is the most toxic poison known. One molecule of botulinum toxin destroys one protein molecule of SNAP25 and/or VAMP. A little bit goes a long way. Its production, storage and injection must be done with knowledge and care. Mechanism of Effect of Botulinum Toxin on Sensory Nerves In particular, the mechanism of the sensory effect (stopping overproduction of glutamate, Substance P, and CGRP) is as follows: almost all nerves in the human body are surrounded by a protective coating called myelin, which protects the nerve and makes neural conduction faster. Botulinum toxin has difficulty penetrating the myelin. Just under the skin are sensory pain nerves called C-fibers, which are unmyelinated. Research has shown that very low dose botulinum toxin can penetrate these axons and diffuse up the axon to the cell body into the CSF and affect the SNAP25 and/or VAMP on the glial, satellite, and astrocyte cells. Subsequently, botulinum toxin destroys the SNAP25 and/or VAMP and prevents the release of the excess Substance P, CGRP, and glutamate, which is involved in a response mechanism to neural-injury without affecting normal glutamate, Substance P, and CGRP production, use, or receptors. An example of a malfunction with the normal nerve mechanism is an infection of a nerve by the shingles virus. The infection by the shingles virus damages the nerve but does not kill it, or there would be no feeling (numbness). This causes a spike in the production of glutamate, Substance P, and CGRP. This causes the well-known shingles pain and hypersensitivity. Over a 2-3 month period, the infection is controlled, the nerve heals, and the overproduction of the neuroexcitatory chemicals gets back to normal. However, sometimes for unknown reasons, the overproduction does not get back to normal but remains high, and severe chronic pain and hypersensitivity persists. Chronically overstimulated neurons can cause numerous problems depending on where the neurons are located. The neuroexcitatory chemicals can travel up the spinal cord to the brain in the CSF and affect neurons there. This process is called central sensitization. Depending on where glutamate, Substance P, and CGRP are produced and where the molecules travel to, the molecules can cause chronic pain, headaches, vertigo, sensitivity to light, sensitivity to touch, cold sensitivity, overactive bladder, depression, anxiety, flashbacks, mental fogginess, vasoconstriction of extremities, sleep disturbances, and perhaps the death and malformation of the developing neural architecture in children with ASD (autism). Theory of the Cause of ALS One of the leading theories for the cause of ALS is that elevated levels of glutamate over stimulate motor neurons. This causes the death of the motor neurons by a process called neuroexcitatory toxicity. The only drug that has shown to help extend life of ALS patients by 2- 3 months is Riluzole, which is a glutamate receptor antagonist. It blocks the effects of glutamate. Motor neurons appear to be especially sensitive to overstimulation by glutamate which is not widely found in the motor system. The main neurotransmitter in motor neurons is acetylcholine. Glutamate is the main neurotransmitter in the sensory system. Motor nerves in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves are separated from sensory nerves. The cerebral cortex in the brain is sensory, while the cerebellum is motor. The sensory and motor nerves are segregated in the spinal cord, and exit the spinal cord separately at the dorsal root, which is sensory, and the ventral root, which is motor. Even when they come together to form mixed peripheral nerves, they are still separated. Substances that make nerves fire with less stimulation are called “excitatory.” Substances that make nerves require more stimulation to fire are called “inhibitory.” Examples of neuroexcitatory substances are nicotine, cocaine, methamphetamine, epinephrine, and glutamate. Examples of neuroinhibitory substances are serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), narcotics, and other medications such as Lyrica (for nerve pain) and Valium (an anxiolytic/sedative). Too much inhibition of nerves can cause drowsiness and death. Too many excitatory compounds can cause nerves to fire much too fast with the possibility of resulting pain, lack of sleep, light sensitivity, cell death, seizures, etc. (symptoms depend on the function of the specific nerves). If excess glutamate is overstimulating the motor nerves, where is it coming from and how can it be stopped from affecting the motor nerves without causing severe side effects in the sensory system? In the sensory system, when glutamate, Substance P, and CGRP, are overproduced, the result is migraines, fibromyalgia, and other neuropathic conditions. The source of the overproduction of glutamate is believed to be the neurostructural cells that surround the neurons. They are the glial, satellite, and astrocyte cells. The mechanism is that Substance P, CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide), and glutamate are produced intracellularly by the ribosomes of these cells, packaged in vesicles, and transported to the cell membrane. Here, a specialized protein called SNAP25 and/or VAMP transports it across the cell membrane and it is released into the CSF. They then act as ligands to the nerves and make them fire with less stimulation (neuroexcitation). The only other place the SNAP25 and/or VAMP is known to be functional in the human body is at the neuromuscular junction in muscle cells where it releases vesicles with acetylcholine into the neuromuscular junction and causes muscles to contract. In normal glutamate production in the cells, it is used internally in the neurons and not released by the SNAP25 and/or VAMP into the CS spaces. Ideally, the sensory overproduction of glutamate, Substance P, and CGRP resulting from a neural injury is isolated from the motor system. Nature tries to achieve this, but it is less than a perfect isolation. This is in evidence from symptoms such as muscle spasms, TMJ spasms, trigger points, and muscle cramps that are found in migraines, fibromyalgia, and other neuropathic conditions. The excess glutamate, Substance P, and CGRP that are found in the blood, CSF and brain could reach the motor system though the muscle spindles. There is a direct interface between the sensory and motor nerves at the muscle spindles. This is used in the proprioception system. This system along with the vestibular canals and vision give us our system of balance and our knowledge of where our body parts are in three dimensions. ALS patients are known to have balance issues also. The excess glutamate in the brain and spinal fluid also affects the blood brain barrier. It causes the barrier to become “leaky.” This is the source of the elevated blood levels in neuropathic conditions and could also be a source of elevated motor levels of glutamate Substance P, and CGRP. The source of overstimulation of the motor neurons being the muscle spindle interface would also explain how the motor neurons die one at a time and not in masses in particular areas or regions of the neurons. ALS patients present many symptoms of these sensory disturbances such as chronic pain, depression, anxiety, overactive bladder, etc. The only muscles in the body not affected by ALS are the ocular motor muscles that move and focus the eyes. They are supplied with innervations by the cranial nerves 3,46. ALS patients can always move and focus their eyes and it is used as a way for them to communicate as their paralysis progresses. Embryologically, when nerves and muscle fibers are connecting there are many neurons connecting to each muscle fiber. Through a process called neural pruning, all but one neural-muscle fiber connection is removed. The only muscles in the body where this process does not take place is the ocular motor muscles. The ocular motor muscles retain the multiple nerve connections to each muscle fiber. The multiple connections are retained to allow for fine control of visual tracking and focusing systems required for visual acuity. The pruning process of removing the excess neurons is a process of programmed cell death called apoptosis. The triggering of this process and its regulation is not well understood but it involves allowing excess calcium ions to enter the selected neurons and that triggers the apoptosis (death) of the neuron. Excess stimulation of sensory neurons from glutamate, Substance P, and CGRP is known to cause sensory neurons to die due to neuroexcitatory toxicity. This is caused by excess calcium ions entering the neurons due to the excess stimulation. It could be that the excess calcium ions that enter the motor neurons from the sensory system glutamate overstimulation are triggering the embryonic apoptosis pruning system. Excess glutamate that over-stimulates the motor neurons causes a series of cellular events that lead to the death of the motor neurons. The overstimulation causes an excess influx of Ca+ (calcium ions) in the cells. This alters the pH of the cell to nonsurvivable levels. The motor neurons expend a lot of energy trying to buffer the effects of the excess Ca+ ions. This exhausts and damages the mitochondria. The mitochondrial damage and the altered intracellular pH activate the cellular apoptosis mechanism which causes cell death. There are genetic factors that have been found involving these mechanisms mentioned above that have been linked to ALS. It is logical that a genetic weakness in any of these systems would increase the probability of excess levels of glutamate causing cell death due to the over stimulation. If genetic problems were the cause of ALS, it can’t explain why, at an earlier age, there is not any damage. The age of onset is between 50 and 60 with incidence rising with age. Although not wishing to be bound by a specific theory, the following factors are believed to lead to the development of ALS: (i) age and the reduced healing ability of nerves, muscles, and the whole body in general; (ii) genetic, the less than ideal isolation of the sensory and motor systems especially in the muscle spindles leads to a spill-over of glutamate, especially if it is being overproduced by the sensory structural cells in connection with neuropathic conditions such as fibromyalgia, migraines, anxiety, depression, etc.; (iii) genetic defects that affect the Ca+ buffering system that works to stop cellular damage from overstimulation by glutamate; (iv) genetic defects in the system of apoptosis that make the cell more likely to die from cellular suicide in response to the altered pH, mitochondrial damage, and altered protein folding resulting from the altered pH; (v) genetic defects in the cellular energy producing systems of the cells that is involved in trying to buffer the altered pH; (vi) genetic defects in the ribosomes which are involved in cellular damage repair; (vii) overproduction of Glutamate, Substance P, and CGRP in the sensory system; and (viii) leakage in the blood brain barrier caused by excess brain and CSF glutamate, Substance P, and CGRP, the source of which is overproduction from the sensory system. Treatment Subcutaneous and/or intradermal botulinum toxin injections in the trigeminal, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and/or sacral areas can treat ALS. Botulinum toxin treatment is currently contraindicated in ALS patients for the muscle spasms as injections into motor neurons would cause temporary (3-4 months) paralysis and paralysis is the problem in ALS. Our innovative injection techniques should minimize or eliminate and motor side effects while still stopping the sensory overproduction of Glutamate, Substance P, and CGRP. It will only affect overproduction of glutamate, Substance P, and CGRP in the sensory nerve when used in these doses subcutaneously or intradermally, which inhibits the migration of the glutamate, Substance P, and CGRP from the sensory nerve to the motor system. The methods according to embodiments of the present invention are novel and inventive as they allow for a minimal amount of botulinum toxin to be injected and still cover all dermatomes with no or minimal motor involvement. By using a subcutaneous or intradermal injection that reaches the unmyelinated C-fibers, it takes a lot less botulinum toxin to absorbed into them as opposed to the myelinated nerves, and there are no motor nerves in the epithelium. Also, the injection at, for example, 1/2 to 1 inch from the patient’s spine allows for a lower dose of botulinum toxin because there is a shorter distance to the dorsal root ganglia (approximately 1/4 inch) for botulinum toxin to diffuse as compared to several feet if given in arm or leg. The site is the only place in the body where the sensory and motor nerves are not in close proximity. This combination of low dose and separation of approximately 1 inch of bone and tissue between the motor and sensory nerves should minimize or eliminate any motor side effects. Furthermore, the methods according to embodiments of the present invention preferably do not require vagus nerve injection. The only superficial exposure of the vagus nerve is Arnold's nerve which is in the ear canal. It is a mixed motor and sensory nerve, and the motor component of it innervates the throat. If you inject botulinum toxin to or around the Arnold’s nerve, you can generate speech and swallowing problems. The inventor(s) have found that there is enough anastomosis between the sensory cervical nerves, the trigeminal nerve and the vagus nerve that botulinum toxin can reach the vagus ganglia and stop the overproduction of Substance P, glutamate, and CGRP. The subcutaneous or intradermal injection may be administered to and/or around a vicinity of a trigeminal nerve of the patient. The selected trigeminal nerve comprises an ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve, supraorbital nerve, supratrochlear nerve, infraorbital nerve, lacrimal nerve, nasociliary nerve, superior alveolar nerve, buccal nerve, lingual nerve, inferior alveolar nerve, mental nerve, an auriculotemporal nerve, lesser occipital nerve, a greater occipital nerve, or a combination thereof. In the facial dermatome, botulinum toxin is injected subcutaneously to the trigeminal nerve or around the vicinity of the trigeminal nerve because the trigeminal nerve is entirely sensory. In contrast, the facial nerve supplies motor innervations to the face and has no subcutaneous axons. Thus, injecting botulinum toxin to the trigeminal nerve minimizes or eliminates muscular side effects. The subcutaneous or intradermal injection may be administered by subcutaneous or intradermal injection to and/or around a vicinity of a cervical nerve of the patient. The selected cervical nerve comprises the c-2 nerve, c-3 nerve, c-4 nerve, c-5 nerve, c-6 nerve, c-7 nerve, c-8 nerve, or a combination thereof. The subcutaneous or intradermal injection may be administered by subcutaneous or intradermal injection to and/or around a vicinity of a thoracic nerve of the patient. The selected thoracic nerve comprises the t-2 nerve, t-3 nerve, t-5 nerve, t-6 nerve, t-7 nerve, t-8 nerve, t-9 nerve, t-10 nerve, t-11 nerve, t-12 nerve, or a combination thereof. The subcutaneous or intradermal injection may be administered to and/or around the vicinity of a lumbar nerve of the patient. The selected lumbar nerve comprises an l-1 nerve, l-2 nerve, l-3 nerve, l-4 nerve, l-5 nerve, or a combination thereof. The subcutaneous or intradermal injection may be administered to and/or around the vicinity of a sacral nerve of the patient. The selected sacral nerve comprises the s-1 nerve, s-2 nerve, s-3 nerve, s-4 nerve, s-5 nerve, or a combination thereof. The subcutaneous or intradermal injection may be administered to and/or around a vicinity of a nerve comprising a thoracic nerve, a lumbar nerve, a sacral nerve, or a combination thereof of the patient. It is not or may not be necessary to inject botulinum toxin to the cranial nerves because there is numerous anastomosis between the trigeminal nerves and the spinal nerves. The administering may comprise, by subcutaneous or intradermal injection, injecting 2-4 units to and/or around the vicinity of an ophthalmic, maxillary, and/or mandibular nerve of the trigeminal nerve (bilateral), 2-4 units to and/or around the vicinity of the c-2 to c-3, c-4 to c-6, and/or c-7 to c-8 of the cervical nerve, about one-inch lateral to the patient’s spine (bilateral), 2-4 units to and/or around the vicinity of the t-2 to t-3, t-5 to t-6, t-7 to t-9, and/or t-10 to t-12 of the thoracic nerve, about one inch lateral to the patient’s spine (bilateral), 2-4 unit to and/or around the vicinity of the l-1 to l-2, l-2 to l-3, and/or l-4 to l-5 of the lumbar nerve, about one inch lateral to the patient’s spine (bilateral), and/or 2-4 units to and/or around the vicinity of the s-1 to s-2, s-3 to s-4, and/or s-4 to s-5 of the sacral nerve, about one inch lateral to the patient’s spine (bilateral). While the administration site is about one-inch lateral to the patient’s spine in the above embodiment, the distance can be more than 0 inches, about 0.1-3 inches, about 0.5-2.5 inches or about 1.0-2.0 inches. Alternatively, the distance can be about 0.1, about 0.2, about 0.3, about 0.4, about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, about 1.0, about 1.1, about 1.2, about 1.3, about 1.4, about 1.5, about 1.6, about 1.7, about 1.8, about 1.9, about 2.0, about 2.1, about 2.2, about 2.3, about 2.4, about 2.5, about 2.6, about 2.7, about 2.8, about 2.9, or about 3.0 inches. The methods according to embodiments of the present invention are preferably applied to all or many of these locations. Depending on symptoms or conditions, the botulinum toxin used in embodiments of the present invention can be injected to a subset or subgroup of the locations described in embodiments of the present invention. In one embodiment, 3 injections of 2 units each distributed along each side of the neck in the cervical area on the trigeminal nerve, 1 injection of 2 units in the ophthalmic, maxillary, and/or mandibular division subcutaneously and bilaterally. These dosages are for an adult who weighs about 150 lbs. The dosage for younger children with ALS would have to be adjusted for age and weight. Botulinum toxin is given to lower the levels of Substance P, CGRP, and glutamate, and botulinum toxin normally begins to work after about three days. It normally takes the botulinum toxin about one to two weeks to reach the height of its effectiveness. For example, blood glutamate levels can be monitored to make sure that the levels drop to normal, and the patient’s physical symptoms can be monitored to make sure the levels normalize as well. Normal blood glutamate levels are known to range from 40 to 60 uM. Alternatively, normal blood glutamate levels may be one a person skilled in the art would reasonably perceive. When the botulinum toxin wears off, blood tests show an increase in Substance P, glutamate, or CGRP, and/or the symptoms begin to redevelop, more botulinum toxin can be given to combat the symptoms of the condition. If levels/symptoms fail to normalize, then perhaps a small dose of one of the glutamate antagonists can be administered to help lower glutamate levels without producing side effects. For patients, as discussed, it is possible to use the claimed method to delay, alleviate, mitigate or reduce the intensity, progression, or worsening of one or more attendant symptoms of a disorder or condition, and/or the claimed method alleviates, mitigates or impedes one or more causes of a disorder or condition. In general, the total dosage can be about 1-150 units depending on the patient’s body weight. Preferably, the total dosage is about 50-150 units. The total dosage for adults whose weight is about 150 lbs. is, for example, about 1-150 units. Preferably, the total dosage for adults whose weight is about 150 lbs is about 50-150 units. For children, the total dosage can be adjusted to the child’s body weight and age. The botulinum toxin used in the treatment in accordance with embodiments of the present invention comprises botulinum toxin type A, botulinum toxin type B, botulinum toxin type C, botulinum toxin type D, botulinum toxin type E, botulinum toxin type F, botulinum toxin type G, a fragment thereof, a hybrid thereof, a chimera thereof, or a combination thereof. In general, the therapeutically effective amount of the botulinum toxin administered is between about 1 unit and about 150 units. The dosage for adults is, for example, about 1-150 units. For children, the dosage can be adjusted to the child’s body weight. If levels/symptoms fail to normalize, then if desired, a small dose of one of the glutamate antagonists can be administered to help lower glutamate levels without producing side effects. Botulinum toxins for use according to the present invention can be stored in lyophilized vacuum dried form in containers under vacuum pressure or as stable liquids. Prior to lyophilization, the botulinum toxin can be combined with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, stabilizers and/or carriers, such as albumin. The lyophilized material can be reconstituted with saline or water to create a solution or composition containing the botulinum toxin to be administered to the patient. Preferably, the botulinum neurotoxin is peripherally administered by administering it to or in the vicinity of the aforementioned nerve or to the aforementioned nerve branch or its ganglion nuclei. This method of administration permits the botulinum neurotoxin to be administered to and/or to affect select intracranial target tissues. Methods of administration include injection of a solution or composition containing the botulinum neurotoxin, as described above, and include implantation of a controlled release system that controllably releases the botulinum neurotoxin to the target trigeminal tissue. Such controlled release systems reduce the need for repeat injections. Diffusion of biological activity of botulinum toxin within a tissue appears to be a function of dose and can be graduated. Jankovic J., et al Therapy with Botulinum Toxin, Marcel Dekker, Inc., (1994), page 150. Thus, diffusion of botulinum toxin can be controlled to reduce potentially undesirable side effects that may affect the patient's cognitive abilities. For example, the botulinum neurotoxin may be administered so that the botulinum neurotoxin primarily effects neural systems believed to be involved in a selected neuropsychiatric disorder, and does not have negatively adverse effects on other neural systems. In addition, the botulinum neurotoxin may be administered to the patient in conjunction with a solution or composition that locally decreases the pH of the target tissue environment. For example, a solution containing hydrochloric acid may be used to locally and temporarily reduce the pH of the target tissue environment to facilitate translocation of the neurotoxin across cell membranes. The reduction in local pH may be desirable when the composition contains fragments of botulinum neurotoxins that may not have a functional targeting moiety (e.g., a portion of the toxin that binds to a neurotoxin receptor, and/or a translocation domain). By way of example, and not by way of limitation, a fragment of botulinum toxin that comprises the proteolytic domain of the toxin may be administered to the patient in conjunction with an agent that decreases the local pH of the target tissue. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the lower pH may facilitate the translocation of the proteolytic domain across the cell membrane so that the neurotoxin fragment can exert its toxic effects within the cell. The pH of the target tissue is only temporarily lowered so that neuronal and/or glial injury is reduced. The botulinum toxin used in the treatment in accordance with embodiments of the present invention comprises botulinum toxin type A, botulinum toxin type B, botulinum toxin type C, botulinum toxin type D, botulinum toxin type E, botulinum toxin type F, botulinum toxin type G, a fragment thereof, a hybrid thereof, a chimera thereof, or a combination thereof. Because of different mechanisms and cleavage sites of botulinum toxins, the potency, dosage, or duration may vary depend on the type of botulinum toxins. The botulinum toxin can be used with other modulating drugs or chemicals. In further embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of the botulinum toxin administered is between about 1 unit and about 150 units. In some embodiments, a composition administered to a patient consists of botulinum toxin(s). Alternatively, a pharmaceutically active composition contained in a composition administered to a patient consists of botulinum toxin(s). The composition may additionally include, but not be limited to, a pharmaceutically inactive excipient, stabilizer and/or carrier. If lyophilized, the botulinum toxin may be reconstituted with saline or water to make a solution or composition to be administered to the patient. Alternatively, a composition administered to a patient comprises botulinum toxin(s) and other pharmaceutically active ingredients. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have same meaning as commonly understood by the person of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It should be understood that the above description of the invention and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the present invention, are given by way of illustration and not limitation. Many changes and modifications within the scope of the present invention may be made without departing from the spirit thereof, and the present invention includes all such changes and modifications.

Claims

THE CLAIMS What is claimed is: 1. Botulinum toxin for use in treating Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering botulinum toxin to the patient, thereby treating the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), wherein the administering for an adult comprises, by subcutaneous or intradermal injection, injecting 2-4 units to and/or around the vicinity of a trigeminal nerve, 2-4 units to and/or around the vicinity of a cervical nerve, lateral to the patient’s spine, 2-4 units to and/or around the vicinity of a thoracic nerve, lateral to the patient’s spine, 2-4 units to and/or around the vicinity of a lumbar nerve, lateral to the patient’s spine, and/or 2-4 units to and/or around the vicinity of a sacral nerve, lateral to the patient’s spine.

2. The substance of claim 1, wherein the trigeminal nerve comprises an ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve, supraorbital nerve, supratrochlear nerve, infraorbital nerve, lacrimal nerve, nasociliary nerve, superior alveolar nerve, buccal nerve, lingual nerve, inferior alveolar nerve, mental nerve, an auriculotemporal nerve, lesser occipital nerve, a greater occipital nerve, or a combination thereof.

3. The substance of claim 1, wherein the cervical nerve comprises a c-2 nerve, c-3 nerve, c- 4 nerve, c-5 nerve, c-6 nerve, c-7 nerve, c-8 nerve, or a combination thereof.

4. The substance of claim 1, wherein the thoracic nerve comprises a t-2 nerve, t-3 nerve, t-5 nerve, t-6 nerve, t-7 nerve, t-8 nerve, t-9 nerve, t-10 nerve, t-11 nerve, t-12 nerve, or a combination thereof.

5. The substance of claim 1, wherein the lumbar nerve comprises an l-1 nerve, l-2 nerve, l-3 nerve, l-4 nerve, l-5 nerve, or a combination thereof.

6. The substance of claim 1, wherein the sacral nerve comprises an s-1 nerve, s-2 nerve, s-3 nerve, s-4 nerve, s-5 nerve, or a combination thereof.

7. The substance of claim 1, wherein the administered botulinum toxin comprises botulinum toxin type A, botulinum toxin type B, botulinum toxin type C, botulinum toxin type D, botulinum toxin type E, botulinum toxin type F, botulinum toxin type G, a fragment thereof, a hybrid thereof, a chimera thereof, or a combination thereof.

8. The substance of claim 1, wherein each of the subcutaneous or intradermal injection is bilateral.

9. The substance of claim 1, wherein a total dosage of the botulinum toxin for an adult who weighs about 150 lbs is between about 1 unit 2 units and about 150 units.

10. The substance of claim 19, wherein a total dosage of the botulinum toxin for an adult, a child is adjusted for age, weight, or a combination thereof.

11. Botulinum toxin for use in treating Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering botulinum toxin to the patient, thereby treating the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), wherein the administering for an adult comprises, by subcutaneous or intradermal injection, injecting 2-4 units to and/or around the vicinity of a trigeminal nerve, 2-4 units to and/or around the vicinity of a cervical nerve, lateral to the patient’s spine, 2-4 units to and/or around the vicinity of a thoracic nerve, lateral to the patient’s spine, 2-4 units to and/or around the vicinity of a lumbar nerve, lateral to the patient’s spine, and/or 2-4 units to and/or around the vicinity of a sacral nerve, lateral to the patient’s spine, wherein a maximum total dosage of the botulinum toxin is 150 units.

12. The substance of claim 11, wherein the trigeminal nerve comprises an ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve, supraorbital nerve, supratrochlear nerve, infraorbital nerve, lacrimal nerve, nasociliary nerve, superior alveolar nerve, buccal nerve, lingual nerve, inferior alveolar nerve, mental nerve, an auriculotemporal nerve, lesser occipital nerve, a greater occipital nerve, or a combination thereof.

13. The substance of claim 11, wherein the cervical nerve comprises a c-2 nerve, c-3 nerve, c-4 nerve, c-5 nerve, c-6 nerve, c-7 nerve, c-8 nerve, or a combination thereof.

14. The substance of claim 11, wherein the thoracic nerve comprises a t-2 nerve, t-3 nerve, t- 5 nerve, t-6 nerve, t-7 nerve, t-8 nerve, t-9 nerve, t-10 nerve, t-11 nerve, t-12 nerve, or a combination thereof.

15. The substance of claim 11, wherein the lumbar nerve comprises an l-1 nerve, l-2 nerve, l- 3 nerve, l-4 nerve, l-5 nerve, or a combination thereof.

16. The substance of claim 11, wherein the sacral nerve comprises an s-1 nerve, s-2 nerve, s- 3 nerve, s-4 nerve, s-5 nerve, or a combination thereof.

17. The substance of claim 11, wherein the administered botulinum toxin comprises botulinum toxin type A, botulinum toxin type B, botulinum toxin type C, botulinum toxin type D, botulinum toxin type E, botulinum toxin type F, botulinum toxin type G, a fragment thereof, a hybrid thereof, a chimera thereof, or a combination thereof.

18. The substance of claim 11, wherein each of the subcutaneous or intradermal injection is bilateral.