WO2021221114A1 - 複合体、ポリマー電解質、電気化学デバイス、ポリマー系固体電池及びアクチュエーター - Google Patents
複合体、ポリマー電解質、電気化学デバイス、ポリマー系固体電池及びアクチュエーター Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021221114A1 WO2021221114A1 PCT/JP2021/017015 JP2021017015W WO2021221114A1 WO 2021221114 A1 WO2021221114 A1 WO 2021221114A1 JP 2021017015 W JP2021017015 W JP 2021017015W WO 2021221114 A1 WO2021221114 A1 WO 2021221114A1
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Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to complexes, polymer electrolytes, electrochemical devices, polymer solid state batteries and actuators.
- Patent Document 1 describes 35 to 99 mol% of repeating units derived from vinylidene fluoride, 1 to 50 mol% of repeating units derived from tetrafluoroethylene, and 0 to 20 mol% of monomers copolymerizable with these.
- a polymer electrolyte obtained by impregnating a vinylidene-based copolymer having a melting point of 80 ° C. or higher and a crystallinity of 20 to 80% with a non-aqueous electrolyte is disclosed.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a composition comprising a vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer obtained by copolymerizing 1 to 15% by mass of tetrafluoroethylene and an organic solvent capable of dissolving a lithium salt. ..
- Patent Document 3 describes a rubber-like copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and propylene hexafluoride, which is an amorphous polymer having a vinylidene fluoride content of 55 mol% to 85 mol%.
- a polymer solid electrolyte having an electrolyte salt, an organic solvent, and an inorganic or organic filler.
- An object of the present disclosure is to provide a complex that can be suitably used as an electrolyte, and various electrochemical devices using the complex.
- the present disclosure is a complex containing a fluorine-containing elastomer and an alkali metal salt as essential components.
- the fluorine-containing elastomer is an amorphous fluorine-containing elastomer having a glass transition temperature of 25 ° C. or lower, and is characterized in that the amount of volatile components is 0.1% by mass or less with respect to the entire composite. Regarding.
- the fluoropolymer is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of vinylidene fluoride-based fluororubber, tetrafluoroethylene / propylene-based fluororubber, and tetrafluoroethylene / perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether-based fluororubber. ..
- the fluoroelastomer is preferably vinylidene fluoride-based fluororubber.
- the fluorine-containing elastomer is represented by tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) unit, hexafluoropropylene (HFP) unit, fluorine-containing monomer (1) unit represented by the following general formula (1), and the following general formula (2). It is preferable that at least one selected from the group consisting of the fluorine-containing monomer (2) units is contained as a copolymerization component.
- Rf 1 represents a linear or branched fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
- Rf 2 represents a linear or branched fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
- the alkali metal salt is at least one lithium salt selected from LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiTFSI, LiFSI, LiPO 2 F 2 , and LiBOB, and the content of the alkali metal salt is , It is preferably 0.1 to 90% by mass with respect to the fluorine-containing elastomer.
- the complex further comprises a 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (BMI) cation or an N-methyl-N-butyl-pyrrolidium (Pyr14) cation as an organic cation.
- BMI 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium
- Pyr14 N-methyl-N-butyl-pyrrolidium
- BF 4 anion as an anion, or comprises at least one ionic liquid is selected from a combination of bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (TFSI) anion,
- the content of the ionic liquid is preferably 1.0 to 500% by mass with respect to the fluorine-containing elastomer.
- the present disclosure is also a polymeric electrolyte characterized by comprising the complex described above.
- the present disclosure is also an electrochemical device characterized by comprising the above-mentioned polymer electrolyte.
- the present disclosure is also a polymer-based solid-state battery characterized by comprising the above-mentioned polymer electrolyte.
- the polymer-based solid-state battery is preferably a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the present disclosure is also an actuator characterized by comprising the above-mentioned polymer electrolyte.
- the composite of the present disclosure is a fluoroelastomer-containing composition having excellent oxidation resistance, flame retardancy, ionic conductivity, etc., it can be suitably used as an electrolyte in an electrochemical device such as a solid secondary battery. ..
- polymer-based solid-state batteries have been developed as a kind of solid-state batteries.
- the polymer-based solid-state battery is usually provided with a polymer electrolyte composed of a polymer, an electrolyte, an additive, a plasticizer, an electrolytic solution, etc., and has an advantage of having high safety because there is no risk of liquid leakage. be.
- Fluorine-containing polymers have also been developed as polymers used in the above polymer electrolytes. Since the fluoropolymer is a component having excellent oxidation resistance, flame retardancy, etc., it has advantages such as being hard to ignite and being able to apply a roll-to-roll method. Further, as a kind of fluoropolymer, a fluoroelastomer is also being studied for use as an electrolyte. The fluoroelastomer has the effects of improving adhesion, flexibility, etc., in addition to the performance of the above-mentioned fluoropolymer. An object of the present disclosure is to develop a complex having a performance as a fluorine-containing elastomer and excellent in ionic conductivity.
- the complex of the present disclosure contains a fluorine-containing elastomer as an essential component, and further has a volatile component content of 0.1% by mass or less to have high ionic conductivity, excellent oxidation resistance, and flame retardancy.
- the polymer composition used as an electrolyte for a polymer-based solid-state battery so far contains a volatile component amount of about 10% by mass, which is larger than that of the composite of the present disclosure. Therefore, it has disadvantages such as a limited operating temperature range and inferior long-term reliability.
- the polymer solid electrolyte disclosed in Patent Document 3 has a fluoroelastomer, an electrolyte salt, an organic solvent, and a filler.
- Cited Document 3 is an invention in which a fluororubber film in which a solvent is volatilized is immersed in an electrolytic solution containing an electrolyte salt and a solvent, swollen, and then used as an SPE film. Therefore, volatilization of the entire composite is performed. It is not considered that the amount of the component is 0.1% by mass or less.
- the complex of the present application can be used as an electrolyte in a state where the amount of volatile components is 0.1% by mass or less, and particularly excellent oxidation resistance and flame retardancy can be obtained.
- the complex of the present disclosure will be described in detail.
- the present disclosure is a complex containing a fluorine-containing elastomer and an alkali metal salt as essential components.
- the fluorine-containing elastomer is preferably an amorphous or low crystallinity, and is preferably a fluorine-based polymer having a low glass transition temperature.
- the glass transition temperature of the fluorine-containing elastomer is 25 ° C. or lower. More preferably, the glass transition temperature is 0 ° C. or lower.
- the glass transition temperature is more preferably ⁇ 5 ° C. or lower, and most preferably ⁇ 10 ° C. or lower. Further, the temperature can be set to ⁇ 20 ° C. or lower.
- the glass transition temperature is determined by using a differential scanning calorimeter (X-DSC823e manufactured by Hitachi Technoscience Co., Ltd.) to cool the sample to ⁇ 75 ° C., and then raising the temperature of 10 mg of the sample at 20 ° C./min to obtain a DSC curve.
- the glass transition temperature was defined as the temperature indicating the intersection of the extension of the baseline before and after the quadratic transition of the DSC curve and the tangent at the turning point of the DSC curve.
- Amorphous means that the melting point peak does not exist in the DSC curve described above.
- the fluorine-containing elastomer of the present disclosure is not particularly limited as long as it satisfies the above requirements, and is a vinylidene fluoride (VdF) -based fluorine rubber, tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) / propylene (Pr) -based fluorine rubber, and tetrafluoro.
- VdF vinylidene fluoride
- TFE tetrafluoroethylene
- Pr propylene
- VdF-based fluororubber VdF-based fluororubber, TFE / Pr-based fluororubber, and TFE / perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether-based fluororubber are more preferable, and VdF-based fluororubber is particularly preferable.
- the VdF unit is preferably 20 mol% or more and 90 mol% or less, and 40 mol% or more and 85 mol% or less of the total number of moles of the VdF unit and the unit derived from other monomers. More preferred. A more preferable lower limit is 45 mol%, and a particularly preferable lower limit is 50 mol%. A more preferred upper limit is 80 mol%.
- the VdF-based fluororubber is further referred to as a tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) unit, a hexafluoropropylene (HFP) unit, a fluorine-containing monomer (1) unit represented by the following general formula (1), and the following. It is preferable that at least one selected from the group consisting of the fluorine-containing monomer (2) unit represented by the general formula (2) is contained as a copolymerization component.
- Rf 1 represents a linear or branched fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
- Rf 2 represents a linear or branched fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
- the fluorine-containing monomer (1) represented by the general formula (1) is preferably a monomer in which Rf 1 is a linear fluoroalkyl group, and a single amount in which Rf 1 is a linear perfluoroalkyl group.
- the body is more preferred.
- the carbon number of Rf 1 is preferably 1 to 6.
- the fluorine-containing monomer (2) represented by the above formula (2) is preferably a monomer in which Rf 2 is a linear fluoroalkyl group, and a single amount in which Rf 2 is a linear perfluoroalkyl group.
- the body is more preferred.
- the carbon number of Rf 2 is preferably 1 to 6.
- it may contain a repeating unit derived from other co-monomers in addition to the TFE unit, the HFP unit, the fluorine-containing monomer (1) unit and the fluorine-containing monomer (2) unit.
- the other co-monomer is not particularly limited as long as it can be copolymerized with each of the above-mentioned monomers, and for example, perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether (PAVE), chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), trifluoroethylene, etc.
- PAVE perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether
- CTFE chlorotrifluoroethylene
- trifluoroethylene etc.
- Fluorine-containing monomers such as trifluoropropylene, tetrafluoropropylene, pentafluoropropylene, trifluorobutene, tetrafluoroisobutene, hexafluoroisobutene, vinyl fluoride, iodine-containing fluorinated vinyl ether; ethylene (Et), propylene (Pr) , Fluorine-free monomers such as alkyl vinyl ether, monomers giving a crosslinkable group (cure site), reactive emulsifiers, etc., and one or more of these monomers and compounds. Can be used in combination.
- PMVE perfluoro (methyl vinyl ether)
- PPVE perfluoro (propyl vinyl ether)
- CF 2 CFOCF 2 ORf c
- Rf c is a linear or branched perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a cyclic perfluoroalkyl group having 5 to 6 carbon atoms, or a carbon number containing 1 to 3 oxygen atoms.
- Perfluorovinyl ether represented by 2 to 6 linear or branched perfluorooxyalkyl groups) can also be used.
- CF 2 CFOCF 2 OCF 3
- CF 2 CFOCF 2 OCF 2 CF 3
- CF 2 CFOCF 2 OCF 2 CF 2 OCF 3.
- VdF-based fluororubber examples include VdF / HFP copolymers, VdF / TFE / HFP copolymers, VdF / CTFE / TFE copolymers, VdF / TFE / PAVE copolymers, and VdF / HFP / PAVE copolymers.
- VdF / HFP / TFE / PAVE copolymer VdF / HFP / TFE / Pr copolymer, VdF / Et / HFP copolymer, VdF / Et / HFP / TFE / PAVE copolymer, VdF / TFP / TFE copolymer At least one copolymer selected from the group consisting of coalesced and VdF / TFP copolymers is preferred.
- the VdF / HFP copolymer preferably has a VdF / HFP composition of (45 to 85) / (55 to 15) (mol%), more preferably (50 to 80) / (50 to 20). It is (mol%), more preferably (60 to 80) / (40 to 20) (mol%).
- the composition of VdF / HFP is also preferably (50 to 78) / (50 to 22) (mol%).
- the VdF / TFE / HFP copolymer preferably has a composition of VdF / TFE / HFP of (30 to 80) / (4 to 35) / (10 to 35) (mol%).
- the VdF / TFE / PAVE copolymer preferably has a composition of VdF / TFE / PAVE of (40 to 80) / (3 to 40) / (15 to 35) (mol%).
- the VdF / HFP / PAVE copolymer preferably has a composition of VdF / HFP / PAVE of (65 to 90) / (3 to 25) / (3 to 25) (mol%).
- VdF / HFP / TFE / PAVE copolymer As a VdF / HFP / TFE / PAVE copolymer, the composition of VdF / HFP / TFE / PAVE is (40 to 90) / (0 to 25) / (0 to 40) / (3 to 35) (mol%). Is preferable, and (40 to 80) / (3 to 25) / (3 to 40) / (3 to 25) (mol%) is more preferable.
- PAVE examples include PMVE, PPVE, and the like, and these can be used alone or in any combination.
- the VdF / TFP unit is 85/15 to 20/80 (mol%), and the monomer units other than VdF and TFP are 0 to 50 mol of the total monomer unit.
- the composition of VdF / TFP is 78/22 to 50/50 (mol%).
- VdF / TFP is 85/15 to 50/50 (mol%) and the monomer unit other than VdF and TFP is 1 to 50 mol% of the total monomer unit.
- Examples of monomers other than VdF and TFP include TFE, HFP, PMVE, perfluoroethyl vinyl ether (PEVE), PPVE, CTFE, trifluoroethylene, hexafluoroisobutene, vinyl fluoride, Et, Pr, alkyl vinyl ether, and the like.
- Monomers that provide crosslinkable groups and monomers exemplified as the co-monomers of the above VdF such as reactive emulsifiers are preferable, and PMVE, CTFE, HFP, and TFE are more preferable.
- the VdF / TFP / TFE copolymer preferably has a composition of VdF / TFP / TFE of (85 to 75) / (23 to 13) / (0.1 to 6) (mol%).
- composition of the fluorinated elastomer can be measured, for example, by 19 F-NMR measurement.
- the fluorine-containing elastomer preferably has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 7,000 to 5,000, and a mass average molecular weight (Mw) in order to have good adhesion and flexibility and good solubility in a solvent.
- Mn number average molecular weight
- Mw mass average molecular weight
- the number average molecular weight (Mn), the mass average molecular weight (Mw), and Mw / Mn are values measured by the GPC method.
- the fluorine-containing elastomer has a Mooney viscosity (ML1 + 10 (100 ° C.)) at 100 ° C. of preferably 2 or more, and more preferably 5 or more. Similarly, from the viewpoint of good molding processability, 200 or less is preferable, 150 or less is more preferable, and 100 or less is further preferable. Mooney viscosity is a value measured according to ASTM-D1646 and JIS K6300.
- the fluorine-containing elastomer can be produced by a general radical polymerization method.
- the polymerization form may be any of bulk polymerization, solution polymerization, suspension polymerization and emulsion polymerization, but emulsion polymerization is preferable because it is industrially easy to carry out.
- a polymerization initiator In the polymerization, a polymerization initiator, a chain transfer agent, a surfactant, and a solvent can be used, and conventionally known ones can be used for each. In the polymerization of the copolymer, an oil-soluble radical polymerization initiator or a water-soluble radical initiator can be used as the polymerization initiator.
- the amount of the radical polymerization initiator added is not particularly limited, but an amount (for example, several ppm to water concentration) or more that does not significantly reduce the polymerization rate is collectively, sequentially, or continuously at the initial stage of polymerization. And add it.
- the upper limit is the range in which the heat of the polymerization reaction can be removed from the device surface.
- the surfactant conventionally known ones such as a nonionic surfactant, an anionic surfactant, and a cationic surfactant can be used.
- the amount added is preferably 10 to 5000 ppm. More preferably, it is 50 to 5000 ppm.
- the solvent is preferably a solvent having no chain transfer.
- dichloropentafluoropropane R-225
- water, a mixture of water and a water-soluble organic solvent, or water and a water-insoluble organic solvent The mixture can be mentioned.
- examples of the chain transfer agent include esters such as dimethyl malonate, diethyl malonate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate and dimethyl succinate, as well as isopentane, methane, ethane, propane, isopropanol and acetone. , Various mercaptans, carbon tetrachloride, cyclohexane and the like.
- a bromine compound or an iodine compound may be used as the chain transfer agent.
- Examples of the polymerization method using a bromine compound or an iodine compound include a method of performing emulsion polymerization in an aqueous medium under pressure in the presence of a bromine compound or an iodine compound in a substantially anoxic state. (Iodine transfer polymerization method).
- Typical examples of the bromine compound or iodine compound used include, for example, the general formula: R 2 I x Br y (In the formula, x and y are integers of 0 to 2, respectively, and satisfy 1 ⁇ x + y ⁇ 2, and R 2 is a saturated or unsaturated fluorohydrocarbon group having 1 to 16 carbon atoms or chlorofluoro. Examples thereof include a compound represented by a hydrocarbon group or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms and may contain an oxygen atom).
- a bromine compound or an iodine compound iodine or bromine is introduced into the polymer and functions as a cross-linking point.
- Examples of the iodine compound include 1,3-diiodoperfluoropropane, 2-iodoperfluoropropane, 1,3-diiodo-2-chloroperfluoropropane, 1,4-diiodoperfluorobutane, and 1,5-.
- 1,4-diiodoperfluorobutane, 1,6-diiodoperfluorohexane, and 2-iodoperfluoropropane are used from the viewpoints of polymerization reactivity, cross-linking reactivity, availability, and the like. Is preferable.
- the fluorine-containing elastomer may be in any form such as an aqueous dispersion or powder.
- the fluorine-containing elastomer powder can be obtained by coagulating the dispersion liquid after polymerization, washing with water, dehydrating, and drying. The coagulation can be carried out by adding an inorganic salt or an inorganic acid such as aluminum sulfate, applying a mechanical shearing force, or freezing the dispersion.
- suspension polymerization it can be obtained by recovering from the dispersion liquid after polymerization and drying.
- solution polymerization it can be obtained by drying the solution containing the fluoropolymer as it is, or by dropping a poor solvent and purifying it.
- one type may be used, or two or more types may be used.
- a form in which two types of copolymers having different molecular structures are used in combination may be used.
- Examples of the form in which the two types of copolymers having different molecular structures are used in combination include a form in which two types of copolymers (I) having different molecular structures are used, and a form in which two types of copolymers (II) having different molecular structures are used. Examples thereof include a form in which one type of copolymer (I) and one type of copolymer (II) are used in combination.
- fluorine-containing elastomer of the present disclosure a commercially available fluorine-containing elastomer can also be used.
- commercially available fluorine-containing elastomers that can be used include Daiel Co., Ltd., Daikin Industries, Ltd.
- the complex of the present disclosure contains an alkali metal salt.
- the alkali metal salt can be represented by MX, where M is an alkali metal and X is a substance that becomes a pair of anions.
- the alkali metal salt may be used alone or in the form of a mixture of two or more.
- the alkali metal salt is particularly preferably a lithium salt (that is, a compound represented by LiX).
- lithium salts can be used, and specific examples thereof include the following.
- Inorganic lithium salts such as LiPO 2 F 2; Lithium tungstates such as LiWOF 5; HCO 2 Li, CH 3 CO 2 Li, CH 2 FCO 2 Li, CHF 2 CO 2 Li, CF 3 CO 2 Li, CF 3 CH 2 CO 2 Li, CF 3 CF 2 CO 2 Li, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 Lithium carboxylic acid salts such as CO 2 Li, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 CO 2 Li; FSO 3 Li, CH 3 SO 3 Li, CH 2 FSO 3 Li, CHF 2 SO 3 Li, CF 3 SO 3 Li, CF 3 CF 2 SO 3 Li, CF 3 CF 2 SO 3 Li,
- electrolyte salts may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- a preferable example when two or more kinds are used in combination is a combination of LiPF 6 and LiBF 4 , which has an effect of improving high temperature storage characteristics, load characteristics and cycle characteristics.
- the blending amount of the alkali metal salt is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 1.0% by mass or more, based on the fluorine-containing elastomer. Further, it is preferably 90% by mass or less, more preferably 80% by mass or less, and further preferably 70% by mass or less.
- Organolithium salts include CF 3 SO 3 Li, LiN (FSO 2 ) 2 , LiN (FSO 2 ) (CF 3 SO 2 ), LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , Lithium Cyclic 1,2-Perfluoroethanedisulfonylimide, Lithium Cyclic 1,3-Perfluoropropanedisulfonylimide, LiC (FSO 2 ) 3 , LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , LiC (C 2 F 5 SO) 2 ) 3 , LiBF 3 CF 3 , LiBF 3 C 2 F 5 , LiPF 3 (CF 3 ) 3 , LiPF 3 (C 2 F 5 ) 3, etc.
- the ratio of the organolithium salt to 100% by mass of the entire composite is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, particularly preferably 0.5% by mass or more, and preferably 30% by mass or less, particularly. It is preferably 20% by mass or less.
- the concentration of these alkali metal salts in the complex is not particularly limited as long as the effects of the present disclosure are not impaired.
- the total molar concentration of lithium in the complex is preferably 0.3 mol / L or more, more preferably 0.4 mol / L, from the viewpoint of keeping the electrical conductivity of the complex in a good range and ensuring good battery performance. Above, it is more preferably 0.5 mol / L or more, preferably 5.0 mol / L or less, more preferably 4.5 mol / L or less, still more preferably 4.0 mol / L or less.
- the electrical conductivity of the composite may be inadequate, while if the concentration is too high, the electrical conductivity may decrease due to the increased viscosity, resulting in poor battery performance. May be done.
- the complex of the present disclosure may further contain an ionic liquid.
- ionic liquid is a liquid composed of ions in which an organic cation and an anion are combined. By including an ionic liquid, the ionic conductivity can be increased. It is also a preferable feature that there is almost no vapor pressure and it is nonflammable.
- the organic cation is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include imidazolium ions such as dialkyl imidazolium cations and trialkyl imidazolium cations; tetraalkylammonium ions; alkylpyridinium ions; dialkylpyrridinium ions; and dialkylpiperidinium ions. ..
- the anions that serve as counters for these organic cations are not particularly limited, but are, for example, PF 6 anions, PF 3 (C 2 F 5 ) 3 anions, PF 3 (CF 3 ) 3 anions, BF 4 anions, and BF 2 ( CF 3 ) 2 anion, BF 3 (CF 3 ) anion, bisoxalate borate anion, P (C 2 O 4 ) F 2 anion, Tf (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) anion, Nf (nonafluorobutanesulfonyl) anion, bis ( Fluorosulfonyl) imide anion, bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (TFSI) anion, bis (pentafluoroethanesulfonyl) imide anion, dicyanoamine anion, and halide anion can be used.
- the content of the ionic liquid is preferably 1.0 to 500% by mass with respect to the fluorine-containing elastomer.
- the lower limit is more preferably 10% by mass, and the upper limit is more preferably 300% by mass.
- metal fillers such as TiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 may be added in order to improve the conductivity.
- the content of the additive is preferably 0.1 to 10% by mass with respect to the fluorine-containing elastomer. More preferably, it is 0.2 to 5% by mass.
- the complex of the present disclosure has a volatile component of 0.1% by mass or less with respect to the entire complex. By making such an extremely small amount of volatile components, it has the advantage of long-term reliability.
- the complex of the present disclosure is preferably flame-retardant. Due to its flame retardancy, it is particularly preferable because it can be safely used in various electrochemical devices.
- flame retardant means that in the evaluation of flame retardancy in the examples described in detail below, it is possible to obtain an evaluation result that there is no transfer from open flame.
- the polymer composition used as an electrolyte for a polymer-based solid-state battery so far contains a volatile component amount of about 10% by mass, which is larger than that of the composite of the present disclosure. Therefore, it has disadvantages such as a limited operating temperature range and inferior long-term reliability.
- the method for adjusting the amount of the volatile component of the complex within the range is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a method of heating and depressurizing the composite film obtained in the form of a thin film to dry it.
- the amount of volatile components in the present disclosure is a value obtained by the method described later in Examples.
- the method for producing the complex is not particularly limited, and any method can be used for preparation.
- it can be obtained by dispersing the above-mentioned fluorine-containing elastomer, alkali metal salt, ionic liquid, and if necessary, an additive or the like with a solvent, and applying the obtained dispersion liquid in a thin film form.
- the solvent for forming such a dispersion is not particularly limited as long as it is a solvent capable of dissolving or dispersing each of the above-mentioned components, and either an aqueous solvent or an organic solvent is used.
- the aqueous solvent include water, a mixed medium of alcohol and water, and the like.
- the organic solvent include aliphatic hydrocarbons such as hexane; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene and methylnaphthalene; heterocyclic compounds such as quinoline and pyridine; and ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and cyclohexanone.
- esters such as methyl acetate and methyl acrylate
- amines such as diethylenetriamine, N, N-dimethylaminopropylamine
- ethers such as diethyl ether, propylene oxide and tetrahydrofuran (THF); N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) , Dimethylformamides, dimethylacetamides and the like
- aprotonic polar solvents such as hexamethylphosphalamides and dimethylsulfoxides and the like. It can also be produced by kneading a fluoroelastomer, an alkali metal salt, an ionic liquid, an additive or the like, if necessary, without using a solvent, and then molding the mixture.
- the complex of the present disclosure can be suitably used as an electrolyte for various electrochemical devices.
- An electrochemical device comprising a polymer electrolyte composed of the complex is also one of the present disclosures.
- the electrochemical device is not particularly limited, and can be applied to conventionally known electrochemical devices.
- secondary batteries such as lithium ion batteries, primary batteries such as lithium batteries, sodium ion batteries, magnesium ion batteries, radical batteries, solar cells (particularly dye-sensitized solar cells), fuel cells;
- Capacitors such as lithium ion capacitors, hybrid capacitors, electrochemical capacitors, electric double layer capacitors; actuators such as cylinders, oscillating motors, and motors;
- Various capacitors such as aluminum electrolytic capacitors and tantalum electrolytic capacitors; Examples thereof include electromic elements, electrochemical switching elements, and various electrochemical sensors.
- the present disclosure is also a secondary solid-state battery comprising the complex of the present disclosure described above as a polymer electrolyte.
- the secondary solid-state battery of the present disclosure includes a positive electrode and a negative electrode composed of a positive electrode or negative electrode active material, a binder, and a current collector, and a polymer electrolyte layer composed of the above-mentioned composite interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. It is a polymer-based solid-state battery provided with. As such a secondary solid-state battery, a lithium ion battery is preferable.
- the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material are not particularly limited, and are known electrochemical devices such as lead batteries, Nikkado batteries, nickel hydrogen batteries, lithium ion batteries, secondary batteries such as alkali metal sulfur batteries, and electric double layer capacitors. Can be mentioned as used in.
- the positive electrode active material is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include those used in known electrochemical devices.
- the positive electrode active material of the lithium ion secondary battery is not particularly limited as long as it can electrochemically occlude and release lithium ions.
- a lithium-containing transition metal composite oxide and a lithium-containing transition Examples thereof include metallic phosphoric acid compounds, sulfur-based materials, and conductive polymers.
- a lithium-containing transition metal composite oxide and a lithium-containing transition metal phosphoric acid compound are preferable, and a lithium-containing transition metal composite oxide that produces a high voltage is particularly preferable.
- the transition metal of the lithium-containing transition metal composite oxide is preferably V, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu or the like, and specific examples of the lithium transition metal composite oxide are lithium cobalt such as LiCoO 2.
- substitutions include lithium-nickel-manganese composite oxide, lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum composite oxide, lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese composite oxide, lithium-manganese-aluminum composite oxide, and lithium-titanium.
- examples thereof include composite oxides, and more specifically, LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.5 O 2 , LiNi 0.85 Co 0.10 Al 0.05 O 2 , LiNi 0.33 Co 0.33 Mn 0.
- LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 , LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 , Examples thereof include LiMn 1.8 Al 0.2 O 4 , LiMn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4 , Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , LiNi 0.82 Co 0.15 Al 0.03 O 2.
- the transition metal of the lithium-containing transition metal phosphoric acid compound is preferably V, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu or the like, and specific examples of the lithium-containing transition metal phosphoric acid compound include, for example, LiFePO 4 . li 3 Fe 2 (PO 4) 3, LiFeP 2 O 7 , etc. of phosphorus Santetsurui, cobalt phosphate such as LiCoPO 4, a part of the transition metal atom comprised mainly of these lithium transition metal phosphate compound Al , Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Li, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mg, Ga, Zr, Nb, Si and the like substituted with other metals.
- LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiNi 0.82 Co 0.15 Al 0.03 O 2 , LiNi 0.33 Mn 0.33 Co 0.33 O 2 , LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 , LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 , LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 and LiFePO 4 are preferable.
- a material containing a sulfur atom can be exemplified, and at least one selected from the group consisting of elemental sulfur, metal sulfide, and an organic sulfur compound is preferable, and elemental sulfur is more preferable.
- the metal sulfide may be a metal polysulfide.
- the organic sulfur compound may be an organic polysulfide.
- Examples of the metal sulfide include a compound represented by LiS x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 8); a compound represented by Li 2 S x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 8); a two-dimensional layered structure such as TiS 2 or MoS 2. compounds having; (is Me Pb, Ag, various transition metals, including Cu) general formula Me x Mo 6 S 8 Shubureru compound having a strong three-dimensional skeleton structure represented by and the like.
- organic sulfur compound examples include carbon sulfide compounds.
- the organic sulfur compound may be carried on a material having pores such as carbon and used as a carbon composite material.
- the content of sulfur contained in the carbon composite material is preferably 10 to 99% by mass, more preferably 20% by mass or more, based on the above carbon composite material, because the cycle performance is further excellent and the overvoltage is further reduced. It is preferable, more preferably 30% by mass or more, particularly preferably 40% by mass or more, and preferably 85% by mass or less.
- the positive electrode active material is the elemental sulfur
- the content of sulfur contained in the positive electrode active material is equal to the content of the elemental sulfur.
- Examples of the conductive polymer include a p-doping type conductive polymer and an n-doping type conductive polymer.
- Examples of the conductive polymer include polyacetylene-based, polyphenylene-based, heterocyclic polymers, ionic polymers, rudder and network-like polymers.
- one type of positive electrode active material may be used alone, or two or more types having different compositions or different powder physical characteristics may be used in combination in any combination and ratio.
- the positive electrode preferably further contains a binder, a thickener, a conductive auxiliary agent, and the like.
- a binder any material can be used as long as it is a material that is safe for the solvent and electrolytic solution used in the manufacture of the electrode.
- polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, etc. can be used.
- the content of the binder is usually 0.1% by mass or more, preferably 1% by mass or more, more preferably 1.5% by mass or more, as the proportion of the binder in the positive electrode active material layer. , Usually 80% by mass or less, preferably 60% by mass or less, more preferably 40% by mass or less, and most preferably 10% by mass or less. If the proportion of the binder is too low, the positive electrode active material cannot be sufficiently retained, the mechanical strength of the positive electrode is insufficient, and the battery performance such as cycle characteristics may be deteriorated. On the other hand, if it is too high, it may lead to a decrease in battery capacity and conductivity.
- thickener examples include carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, oxidized starch, phosphorylated starch, casein and salts thereof.
- One type may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in any combination and ratio.
- the ratio of the thickener to the positive electrode active material is usually 0.1% by mass or more, preferably 0.2% by mass or more, more preferably 0.3% by mass or more, and usually 5% by mass or less, preferably 5% by mass or less. It is in the range of 3% by mass or less, more preferably 2% by mass or less. Below this range, the coatability may be significantly reduced. If it exceeds, the ratio of the active material to the positive electrode active material layer decreases, which may cause a problem that the capacity of the battery decreases and a problem that the resistance between the positive electrode active materials increases.
- the conductive auxiliary agent is not particularly limited as long as it can improve the conductivity of the electrolyte, but for example, carbon black such as acetylene black and ketjen black; multi-walled carbon nanotubes, single-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, etc. Examples thereof include carbon fibers such as graphene and vapor-grown carbon fibers (VGCF); metal powders such as SUS powder and aluminum powder; and the like.
- carbon black such as acetylene black and ketjen black
- multi-walled carbon nanotubes single-walled carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, etc.
- Examples thereof include carbon fibers such as graphene and vapor-grown carbon fibers (VGCF); metal powders such as SUS powder and aluminum powder; and the like.
- the negative electrode is composed of a negative electrode active material layer containing a negative electrode active material and a current collector.
- the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include those used in known electrochemical devices.
- the negative electrode active material of the lithium ion secondary battery is not particularly limited as long as it can electrochemically occlude and release lithium ions.
- Specific examples include carbonaceous materials, alloy-based materials, lithium-containing metal composite oxide materials, conductive polymers, and the like. These may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used in combination of 2 or more types arbitrarily.
- a carbonaceous material capable of storing and releasing lithium artificial graphite or purified natural graphite produced by high-temperature treatment of easy-to-graphite pitch obtained from various raw materials, or surface treatment of these graphites with pitch or other organic substances.
- the carbonaceous material and the negative electrode active material layer obtained by subjecting natural graphite, artificial graphite, artificial carbonaceous material, and artificial graphite material to heat treatment at least once in the range of 400 to 3200 ° C. are preferable.
- a carbonaceous material consisting of at least two or more different crystalline carbonaceous materials and / or having an interface in which the different crystalline carbonaceous materials are in contact, the negative electrode active material layer has at least two or more different orientations.
- a material selected from a carbonaceous material having an interface in contact with the carbonaceous material is more preferable because it has a good balance between initial irreversible capacitance and high current density charge / discharge characteristics.
- one of these carbon materials may be used alone, or two or more of these carbon materials may be used in any combination and ratio.
- Examples of the carbonaceous material obtained by heat-treating the above-mentioned artificial carbonaceous material and artificial graphite material at least once in the range of 400 to 3200 ° C. include carbon nanotubes, graphene, coke-based coke, petroleum-based coke, coal-based pitch, and petroleum-based pitch. And those obtained by oxidizing these pitches, needle coke, pitch coke and carbon agents obtained by partially graphitizing them, thermal decomposition products of organic substances such as furnace black, acetylene black, and pitch-based carbon fibers, carbonizable organic substances, and these.
- Examples thereof include a solution obtained by dissolving a carbonized substance or a carbonizable organic substance in a low molecular weight organic solvent such as benzene, toluene, xylene, quinoline and n-hexane, and carbonized products thereof.
- a low molecular weight organic solvent such as benzene, toluene, xylene, quinoline and n-hexane, and carbonized products thereof.
- the metal material used as the negative electrode active material if lithium can be stored and released, lithium alone, a single metal and alloy forming a lithium alloy, or oxidation thereof. It may be any compound such as a substance, a carbide, a nitride, a silicide, a sulfide or a phosphor, and is not particularly limited.
- the single metal and alloy forming the lithium alloy are preferably materials containing group 13 and group 14 metal / metalloid elements, and more preferably aluminum, silicon and tin (hereinafter, abbreviated as "specific metal element"). ) Is a single metal and an alloy or compound containing these atoms. One of these may be used alone, or two or more thereof may be used in any combination and ratio.
- the negative electrode active material having at least one atom selected from the specific metal element, the metal single compound of any one specific metal element, the alloy consisting of two or more specific metal elements, or one or two or more specific ones are specified. Alloys consisting of metal elements and other one or more metal elements, compounds containing one or more specific metal elements, and oxides, carbides, nitrides, and silicates of the compounds. , Complex compounds such as sulfides or phosphors. By using these metal simple substances, alloys or metal compounds as the negative electrode active material, it is possible to increase the capacity of the battery.
- the metal particles that can be alloyed with Li any conventionally known metal particles can be used, but from the viewpoint of capacity and cycle life, the metal particles are, for example, Fe, Co, Sb, Bi, Pb, Ni, Ag. , Si, Sn, Al, Zr, Cr, P, S, V, Mn, Nb, Mo, Cu, Zn, Ge, In, Ti and the like, preferably a metal selected from the group or a compound thereof.
- an alloy composed of two or more kinds of metals may be used, and the metal particles may be alloy particles formed by two or more kinds of metal elements.
- a metal selected from the group consisting of Si, Sn, As, Sb, Al, Zn and W or a metal compound thereof is preferable.
- the metal compound include metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal carbides and the like.
- an alloy composed of two or more kinds of metals may be used.
- a compound in which these composite compounds are complicatedly bonded to several kinds of elements such as elemental metals, alloys or non-metal elements can also be mentioned.
- elements such as elemental metals, alloys or non-metal elements
- silicon and tin an alloy of these elements and a metal that does not act as a negative electrode can be used.
- tin it is possible to use a complex compound containing 5 to 6 kinds of elements in combination with a metal that acts as a negative electrode other than tin and silicon, a metal that does not act as a negative electrode, and a non-metal element. can.
- Si or a Si metal compound is preferable.
- the Si metal compound is preferably a Si metal oxide.
- Si or a Si metal compound is preferable in terms of increasing the capacity.
- Si or Si metal compounds are collectively referred to as Si compounds.
- the Si compound is preferably a Si metal oxide, and the Si metal oxide is SiOx in the general formula. This general formula SiOx is obtained by using silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) and metal Si (Si) as raw materials, and the value of x is usually 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2.
- SiOx has a larger theoretical capacity than graphite, and amorphous Si or nano-sized Si crystals allow alkaline ions such as lithium ions to easily enter and exit, making it possible to obtain a high capacity.
- the second constituent element is, for example, at least one of cobalt, iron, magnesium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium and zirconium.
- the third constituent element is, for example, at least one of boron, carbon, aluminum and phosphorus.
- the lithium-containing metal composite oxide material used as the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as it can store and release lithium, but a material containing titanium and lithium is preferable from the viewpoint of high current density charge / discharge characteristics. More preferably, a lithium-containing composite metal oxide material containing titanium is preferable, and a composite oxide of lithium and titanium (hereinafter, abbreviated as "lithium titanium composite oxide”) is preferable. That is, it is particularly preferable to use a lithium-titanium composite oxide having a spinel structure contained in the negative electrode active material for a battery because the output resistance is greatly reduced.
- the lithium-titanium composite oxide has a general formula: Li x Ti y M z O 4 [In the formula, M represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Co, Al, Fe, Ti, Mg, Cr, Ga, Cu, Zn and Nb. ] It is preferably a compound represented by.
- compositions of the above compounds are Li 4/3 Ti 5/3 O 4 in (i), Li 1 Ti 2 O 4 in (ii), and Li 4/5 Ti 11/5 O in (iii). It is 4.
- structure of Z ⁇ 0, for example, Li 4/3 Ti 4/3 Al 1/3 O 4 is preferable.
- the negative electrode preferably further contains a binder, a thickener, and a conductive auxiliary agent.
- the binder examples include the same binders that can be used for the positive electrode described above.
- the ratio of the binder to the negative electrode active material is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 0.5% by mass or more, particularly preferably 0.6% by mass or more, and preferably 20% by mass or less, 15% by mass. It is more preferably mass% or less, further preferably 10 mass% or less, and particularly preferably 8 mass% or less. If the ratio of the binder to the negative electrode active material exceeds the above range, the ratio of the binder whose amount does not contribute to the battery capacity increases, which may lead to a decrease in the battery capacity. Further, if it falls below the above range, the strength of the negative electrode may decrease.
- the ratio of the binder to the negative electrode active material is usually 0.1% by mass or more, preferably 0.5% by mass or more. , 0.6% by mass or more, and usually 5% by mass or less, preferably 3% by mass or less, and further preferably 2% by mass or less.
- the ratio to the negative electrode active material is usually 1% by mass or more, preferably 2% by mass or more, and 3% by mass or more. Further, it is usually 15% by mass or less, preferably 10% by mass or less, and further preferably 8% by mass or less.
- the ratio to the negative electrode active material is usually 0.1% by mass or more, preferably 0.5% by mass or more, and is 0. .6% by mass or more is more preferable, and usually 5% by mass or less, 3% by mass or less is preferable, and 2% by mass or less is further preferable.
- the thickener examples include the same thickeners that can be used for the positive electrode described above.
- the ratio of the thickener to the negative electrode active material is usually 0.1% by mass or more, preferably 0.5% by mass or more, further preferably 0.6% by mass or more, and usually 5% by mass or less. It is preferably 3% by mass or less, and more preferably 2% by mass or less. If the ratio of the thickener to the negative electrode active material is less than the above range, the coatability may be significantly lowered. On the other hand, if it exceeds the above range, the ratio of the negative electrode active material to the negative electrode active material layer decreases, which may cause a problem that the capacity of the battery decreases and an increase in resistance between the negative electrode active materials.
- the conductive auxiliary agent is not particularly limited as long as it can improve the conductivity of the electrolyte, and examples thereof include the same thickeners that can be used for the positive electrode described above.
- Examples of the current collector include metal foils such as iron, stainless steel, copper, aluminum, nickel, and titanium, or metal nets. Among them, aluminum foil or the like is preferable as the positive electrode current collector, and copper foil or the like is preferable as the negative electrode current collector.
- the method for producing the secondary solid-state battery of the present disclosure is not particularly limited, and the secondary solid-state battery can be produced by a conventionally known method.
- a method for producing an electrode for example, the electrode active material is dispersed and mixed in a solution or dispersion in which a binder is dissolved or dispersed in a dispersion medium to prepare an electrode mixture.
- the obtained electrode mixture is uniformly applied to a current collector such as a metal foil or a metal net, dried, and pressed as necessary to form a thin electrode mixture layer on the current collector to form a thin-film electrode. ..
- the binder and the electrode active material may be mixed first, and then the above-mentioned dispersion medium may be added to prepare a mixture.
- the binder and the electrode active material are heated and melted and extruded with an extruder to prepare a thin film mixture, which is then bonded onto a current collector coated with a conductive adhesive or a general-purpose organic solvent to form an electrode. Sheets can also be made. Further, a solution or dispersion of the binder may be applied to the electrode active material preformed in advance.
- Production Example 1 Production of Fluorine-Containing Elastomer 1 Put 1650 ml of pure water in a 3 L stainless autoclave, replace with nitrogen, slightly pressurize with hexafluoropropylene (HFP), and adjust the temperature to 80 ° C. with stirring at 380 rpm to control HFP. It was press-fitted to 0.23 MPa, and further, a mixed solution monomer having a molar ratio of vinylidene fluoride (VdF) and HFP of 78.2 / 21.8 was press-fitted to 1.472 MPa.
- HFP hexafluoropropylene
- the resulting polymer contained HFP and VdF in a molar ratio of 22.1 / 77.9.
- the Mooney viscosity (ML1 + 10 (140 ° C.)) of the obtained polymer was 77, and the Tg was determined by DSC to be -18 ° C. In addition, heat of fusion was not observed in the second run.
- the gas in the autoclave was released and cooled to recover 2302 g of the dispersion liquid.
- the solid content of the dispersion was 23.5 wt%.
- Aluminum sulfate was added to this dispersion, coagulated, and dried to obtain 571 g of a polymer.
- the obtained polymer contained VdF, TFE and HFP in a molar ratio of 69.9 / 11.6 / 18.5.
- the Mooney viscosity (ML1 + 10 (121 ° C.)) of the obtained polymer was 50, and the Tg was determined by DSC to be ⁇ 20 ° C. In addition, heat of fusion was not observed in the second run.
- Production Example 3 The ratio of the production material of the fluorine-containing elastomer 3 was adjusted, and a polymer was obtained in the same procedure as that of the fluorine-containing elastomer 2.
- the obtained polymer contained VdF, TFE and HFP in a molar ratio of 77.2 / 6.2 / 16.6.
- the Mooney viscosity (ML1 + 10 (121 ° C.)) of the obtained polymer was 50, and the Tg was determined by DSC to be ⁇ 20 ° C. In addition, heat of fusion was not observed in the second run.
- a polymerization initiator solution prepared by dissolving 1.0 g of APS (ammonium persulfate) in 220 ml of pure water was press-fitted with nitrogen gas to start the reaction.
- APS ammonium persulfate
- a mixed monomer of VdF / TFE / HFP 51/20/29 mol%, which was an additional monomer, was press-fitted until the internal pressure became 1.52 MPa.
- 37 g of diiodine compound I (CF 2 ) 4 I was press-fitted.
- VdF vinylidene fluoride
- a mixed solution monomer having a molar ratio of tetrafluoropropene of 77.2 / 22.8 was press-fitted to 1.501 MPa.
- Polymerization was started by dissolving 0.1 g of ammonium persulfate in 4 ml of pure water and press-fitting it with nitrogen. When 11 g of the continuous monomer was reached, 1.6738 g of 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro-2-iodo-propane was added. When the pressure dropped to 1.44 MPa, the pressure was increased to 1.50 MPa with a continuous monomer.
- the gas in the autoclave was released and cooled to recover 2087 g of the dispersion liquid.
- the solid content of the dispersion was 26.08 wt%.
- Calcium chloride was added to this dispersion, coagulated, and dried to obtain 524.3 g of a polymer.
- the obtained polymer contained 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and VdF in a molar ratio of 23.1 / 76.9.
- the Mooney viscosity (ML1 + 10 (140 ° C.)) of the obtained polymer was 60, and the Tg was determined by DSC to be -14 ° C. In addition, heat of fusion was not observed in the second run.
- Production Example 6 Fluorine-containing elastomer 6 The composition ratio was adjusted using the same procedure as in Production Example 5, and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and VdF were contained in a molar ratio of 39.9 / 60.1.
- the Mooney viscosity (ML1 + 10 (140 ° C.)) of the obtained polymer was 30, and the Tg was determined by DSC to be ⁇ 10 ° C. In addition, heat of fusion was not observed in the second run.
- Examples 1 to 6, Comparative Example 1 Production of complex 20% by mass of LiTFSI as an alkali metal salt and 60% by mass of BMI-TFSI as an ionic liquid are dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF) with respect to the obtained fluorine-containing elastomers 1 to 6 and polyethylene oxide, and the polymer electrolyte solution 1 ⁇ 7 were prepared.
- the polymer electrolyte solution was cast on a copper foil using an applicator, and after drying, the thickness was adjusted to about 60 ⁇ m.
- the cast polymer electrolyte solution was dried under reduced pressure at 100 ° C. for 24 hours to prepare complex films 1 to 7.
- the complex film prepared as described above was further heated and depressurized at 100 ° C. for 48 hours, and the amount of volatile components was calculated from the mass change before and after drying.
- the oxidation resistance of the complex film was evaluated by the LSV (Linear Sweep Voltammetry) method.
- LSV Linear Sweep Voltammetry
- a solvent containing propylene carbonate as a solvent and 3% by mass of LiTFSI was used.
- Two kinds of preparations were made by adding 1% by mass of the above polymer (Examples 2 and 5 or Comparative Example 1) to this solution.
- Each measurement solution prepared in advance is placed in a measurement container, a platinum electrode is immersed in the working electrode, and a lithium metal is immersed in the counter electrode and the reference electrode, and the cell is used as an LSV measurement cell.
- the potential was swept to 8 V (vs. Li + / Li) on the oxidation side for measurement.
- the results are shown in FIG. Examples 2 and 5 have been shown to have high oxidation resistance.
- the positive electrode 2 was prepared in the same manner as above except that LiMn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4 (LNMO) was used as the positive electrode active material.
- [Preparation of negative electrode] 98 parts by mass of carbonaceous material (graphite), 1 part by mass of aqueous dispersion of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (concentration of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 1% by mass) and aqueous dispersion of styrene-butadiene rubber (styrene-) as a thickener and binder. 1 part by mass (concentration of butadiene rubber 50% by mass) was added, and the mixture was mixed with a disperser to form a slurry. The obtained slurry was applied to a copper foil having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m, dried, rolled by a press, and cut out to obtain a negative electrode.
- the positive electrode, the composite film 1, and the negative electrode were opposed to each other and rolled with a roll press to improve the adhesion. Then, punching, attaching an electrode tab, sealing, and aging after precharging were performed to prepare a lithium ion secondary battery 1 having a design capacity of 1 Ah.
- a lithium ion secondary battery 2 was produced in the same manner as above except that the positive electrode 2 was used.
- the secondary battery 1 manufactured above was sandwiched between plates and pressurized, and the battery was charged with a constant current-constant voltage up to 4.2 V at 25 ° C. with a current corresponding to 0.1 C.
- the secondary battery 2 manufactured above was sandwiched between plates and pressurized, and the battery was charged with a constant current-constant voltage up to 4.8 V at 25 ° C. with a current corresponding to 0.1 C.
- the complex of the present disclosure can be suitably used as an electrolyte for a polymer-based solid-state battery.
- the obtained polymer-based solid-state battery has both excellent oxidation resistance and flame retardancy.
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Abstract
Description
上記含フッ素エラストマーは、ガラス転移温度が25℃以下である非晶質の含フッ素エラストマーであり、揮発成分量が複合体全体に対して0.1質量%以下であることを特徴とする複合体に関する。
上記含フッ素エラストマーは、テトラフルオロエチレン(TFE)単位、ヘキサフルオロプロピレン(HFP)単位、下記一般式(1)で表される含フッ素単量体(1)単位及び下記一般式(2)で表される含フッ素単量体(2)単位からなる群より選択される少なくとも1を共重合成分として含むものであることが好ましい。
アニオンとしてBF4アニオン、又は、ビス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)イミド(TFSI)アニオンを組み合わせたものから選択される少なくとも一種のイオン液体を含み、
上記イオン液体の含有量は、含フッ素エラストマーに対して1.0~500質量%であることが好ましい。
本開示は、上述のポリマー電解質を備えることを特徴とする電気化学デバイスでもある。
本開示は、上述のポリマー電解質を備えることを特徴とするポリマー系固体電池でもある。
上記ポリマー系固体電池は、リチウムイオン二次電池であることが好ましい。
近年、固体電池の一種としてポリマー系固体電池の開発が行われてきた。上記ポリマー系固体電池は、通常、ポリマー、電解質、添加剤、可塑剤、電解液等からなるポリマー電解質を備えたものであり、漏液の危険性がないことから高い安全性を有するというメリットがある。
また、含フッ素ポリマーの一種として、含フッ素エラストマーも電解質として使用が検討されている。含フッ素エラストマーは、上述の含フッ素ポリマーの性能に加え、密着性、柔軟性等が高まる等の効果がある。本開示は、含フッ素エラストマーとしての性能を有し、かつ、イオン伝導性に優れた複合体を開発することを目的としたものである。
本願の複合体は、揮発成分量を0.1質量%以下とした状態で電解質として使用し得るものであり、特に優れた耐酸化性、難燃性を得ることができるものである。
以下、本開示の複合体について、詳細に説明する。
上記含フッ素エラストマーは、非晶性又は低結晶性であり、低いガラス転移温度を有するフッ素系重合体であることが好ましい。
上記含フッ素エラストマーのガラス転移温度は、25℃以下である。より好ましくは、ガラス転移温度が0℃以下である。ガラス転移温度は、-5℃以下が更に好ましく、-10℃以下が最も好ましい。更には-20℃以下とすることもできる。ここで、ガラス転移温度は、示差走査熱量計(日立テクノサイエンス社製、X-DSC823e)を用い、-75℃まで冷却した後、試料10mgを20℃/分で昇温することによりDSC曲線を得て、DSC曲線の二次転移前後のベースラインの延長線と、DSC曲線の変曲点における接線との交点を示す温度をガラス転移温度とした。
(式中、Rfcは、炭素数1~6の直鎖または分岐状パーフルオロアルキル基、炭素数5~6の環式パーフルオロアルキル基、又は、1~3個の酸素原子を含む炭素数2~6の直鎖または分岐状パーフルオロオキシアルキル基である)で表されるパーフルオロビニルエーテルを用いることもできる。例えば、CF2=CFOCF2OCF3、CF2=CFOCF2OCF2CF3、または、CF2=CFOCF2OCF2CF2OCF3を用いることが好ましい。
VdF/HFPの組成は、(50~78)/(50~22)(モル%)であることも好ましい。
またVdF/TFPが85/15~50/50(モル%)であり、VdFおよびTFP以外他の単量体単位が全単量体単位の1~50モル%であるものも好ましい。VdFおよびTFP以外の他の単量体としては、TFE、HFP、PMVE、パーフルオロエチルビニルエーテル(PEVE)、PPVE、CTFE、トリフルオロエチレン、ヘキサフルオロイソブテン、フッ化ビニル、Et、Pr、アルキルビニルエーテル、架橋性基を与える単量体、および反応性乳化剤などの上記VdFの共単量体として例示した単量体が好ましく、なかでもPMVE、CTFE、HFP、TFEであることがより好ましい。
R2IxBry
(式中、xおよびyはそれぞれ0~2の整数であり、かつ1≦x+y≦2を満たすものであり、R2は炭素数1~16の飽和もしくは不飽和のフルオロ炭化水素基またはクロロフルオロ炭化水素基、または炭素数1~3の炭化水素基であり、酸素原子を含んでいてもよい)で表される化合物があげられる。臭素化合物又はヨウ素化合物を使用することによって、ヨウ素または臭素が重合体に導入され、架橋点として機能する。
本開示の複合体は、アルカリ金属塩を含有するものである。
アルカリ金属塩はMXで表すことができ、Mはアルカリ金属、Xは対の陰イオンとなる物質である。上記アルカリ金属塩は、一種を単独で使用してもよいし、二種以上を混合物の形態で使用してもよい。
上記アルカリ金属塩としては、リチウム塩(すなわち、LiXで表される化合物)であることが特に好ましい。
LiWOF5等のタングステン酸リチウム類;
HCO2Li、CH3CO2Li、CH2FCO2Li、CHF2CO2Li、CF3CO2Li、CF3CH2CO2Li、CF3CF2CO2Li、CF3CF2CF2CO2Li、CF3CF2CF2CF2CO2Li等のカルボン酸リチウム塩類;
FSO3Li、CH3SO3Li、CH2FSO3Li、CHF2SO3Li、CF3SO3Li、CF3CF2SO3Li、CF3CF2CF2SO3Li、CF3CF2CF2CF2SO3Li、リチウムメチルサルフェート、リチウムエチルサルフェート(C2H5OSO3Li)、リチウム2,2,2-トリフルオロエチルサルフェート等のS=O基を有するリチウム塩類;
LiTFSI、LiFSI、LiN(FCO)2、LiN(FCO)(FSO2)、LiN(FSO2)2、LiN(FSO2)(CF3SO2)、LiN(CF3SO2)2、LiN(C2F5SO2)2、リチウムビスパーフルオロエタンスルホニルイミド、リチウム環状1,2-パーフルオロエタンジスルホニルイミド、リチウム環状1,3-パーフルオロプロパンジスルホニルイミド、リチウム環状1,2-エタンジスルホニルイミド、リチウム環状1,3-プロパンジスルホニルイミド、リチウム環状1,4-パーフルオロブタンジスルホニルイミド、LiN(CF3SO2)(FSO2)、LiN(CF3SO2)(C3F7SO2)、LiN(CF3SO2)(C4F9SO2)、LiN(POF2)2等のリチウムイミド塩類;
LiC(FSO2)3、LiC(CF3SO2)3、LiC(C2F5SO2)3等のリチウムメチド塩類;
その他、式:LiPFa(CnF2n+1)6-a(式中、aは0~5の整数であり、nは1~6の整数である)で表される塩(例えばLiPF3(C2F5)3、LiPF3(CF3)3、LiPF3(iso-C3F7)3、LiPF5(iso-C3F7)、LiPF4(CF3)2、LiPF4(C2F5)2)、LiPF4(CF3SO2)2、LiPF4(C2F5SO2)2、LiBF3CF3、LiBF3C2F5、LiBF3C3F7、LiBF2(CF3)2、LiBF2(C2F5)2、LiBF2(CF3SO2)2、LiBF2(C2F5SO2)2等の含フッ素有機リチウム塩類、LiBOB、LiTDI、LiSCN、LiB(CN)4、LiB(C6H5)4、Li2(C2O4)、LiP(C2O4)3、Li2B12FbH12-b(bは0~3の整数)等が挙げられる。
本開示の複合体は、さらにイオン液体を含むものであってもよい。
上記「イオン液体」とは、有機カチオンとアニオンとを組み合わせたイオンからなる液体である。イオン液体を含むことで、イオン伝導度を高めることができる。また、蒸気圧がほとんどなく、不燃性であることも好ましい特徴である。
なかでも、TFSIが特に好ましい。
その他の添加剤として、導電性の向上のためにTiO2、Al2O3などの金属フィラーを添加しても良い。上記添加剤の含有量は、含フッ素エラストマーに対して、0.1~10質量%であることが好ましい。より好ましくは、0.2~5質量%である。
なお、「難燃性である」とは、以下で詳述する実施例における難燃性の評価において、裸火よりの燃え移りがなかったとの評価結果が得られることを意味する。
なお、本開示における揮発成分量は、実施例において後述する方法により求めた値である。
上記複合体の製造方法としては特に限定されず、任意の方法で調製することができる。例えば、上記含フッ素エラストマー、アルカリ金属塩、イオン液体、必要に応じて添加剤等を溶媒で分散し、得られた分散液を薄膜状に塗布する工程により得ることができる。
また、溶媒を用いずに含フッ素エラストマー、アルカリ金属塩、イオン液体、必要に応じて添加剤等を混練した後に、成形することでも製造することができる。
本開示の複合体は、各種電気化学デバイスの電解質として好適に用いることができる。該複合体からなるポリマー電解質を備えた電気化学デバイスも本開示の一つである。
上記電気化学デバイスとしては特に限定されず、従来公知の電気化学デバイスに適用することができる。具体的には、リチウムイオン電池等の二次電池、リチウム電池等の一次電池、ナトリウムイオン電池、マグネシウムイオン電池、ラジカル電池、太陽電池(特に色素増感型太陽電池)、燃料電池;
リチウムイオンキャパシタ、ハイブリッドキャパシタ、電気化学キャパシタ、電気二重層キャパシタ等のキャパシタ;シリンダ、搖動モーター、モーター等のアクチュエーター;
アルミニウム電解コンデンサ、タンタル電解コンデンサ等の各種コンデンサ;
エレクトロミック素子、電気化学スイッチング素子、各種電気化学センサー等を挙げることができる。
本開示は、上述した本開示の複合体をポリマー電解質として備える二次固体電池でもある。
本開示の二次固体電池は、正極又は負極活物質、結着剤、及び、集電体からなる正極及び負極、並びに、当該正極及び当該負極の間に介在する上記複合体からなるポリマー電解質層を備えるポリマー系固体電池である。このような二次固体電池としてはリチウムイオン電池であることが好ましい。
上記正極活物質としては特に限定されず、公知の電気化学デバイスに使用されるものを挙げることができる。リチウムイオン二次電池の正極活物質について具体的に説明すると、電気化学的にリチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出可能なものであれば特に制限されないが、例えば、リチウム含有遷移金属複合酸化物、リチウム含有遷移金属リン酸化合物、硫黄系材料、導電性高分子等が挙げられる。なかでも、正極活物質としては、リチウム含有遷移金属複合酸化物、リチウム含有遷移金属リン酸化合物が好ましく、特に、高電圧を産み出すリチウム含有遷移金属複合酸化物が好ましい。
上記正極活物質が上記硫黄単体の場合、上記正極活物質に含まれる硫黄の含有量は、上記硫黄単体の含有量と等しい。
上記結着剤としては、電極製造時に使用する溶媒や電解液に対して安全な材料であれば、任意のものを使用することができ、例えば、ポリビニリデンフルオライド、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、SBR(スチレン・ブタジエンゴム)、イソプレンゴム、ブタジエンゴム、エチレン‐アクリル酸共重合体、エチレン‐メタクリル酸共重合体、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリメチルメタクリレート、ポリイミド、芳香族ポリアミド、セルロース、ニトロセルロース、NBR(アクリロニトリル‐ブタジエンゴム)、フッ素ゴム、エチレン‐プロピレンゴム、スチレン・ブタジエン・スチレンブロック共重合体又はその水素添加物、EPDM(エチレン・プロピレン・ジエン三元共重合体)、スチレン・エチレン・ブタジエン・エチレン共重合体、スチレン・イソプレン・スチレンブロック共重合体又はその水素添加物、シンジオタクチック‐1,2‐ポリブタジエン、ポリ酢酸ビニル、エチレン・酢酸ビニル共重合体、プロピレン・α‐オレフィン共重合体、ポリビニリデンフルオライド、ビニリデンフルオライド・テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体、テトラフルオロエチレン・エチレン共重合体、アルカリ金属イオン(特にリチウムイオン)のイオン伝導性を有する高分子組成物等が挙げられる。なお、これらの物質は、1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を任意の組み合わせ及び比率で併用してもよい。
負極は、負極活物質を含む負極活物質層と、集電体とから構成される。上記負極活物質としては特に限定されず、公知の電気化学デバイスに使用されるものを挙げることができる。リチウムイオン二次電池の負極活物質について具体的に説明すると、電気化学的にリチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出可能なものであれば、特に制限はない。具体例としては、炭素質材料、合金系材料、リチウム含有金属複合酸化物材料、導電性高分子等が挙げられる。これらは、1種を単独で用いてもよく、また2種以上を任意に組み合わせて併用してもよい。
金属化合物として、金属酸化物、金属窒化物、金属炭化物等が挙げられる。また、2種以上の金属からなる合金を使用しても良い。
Si金属酸化物は、具体的には、SiOxと表されるものであり、xは0≦x<2であり、より好ましくは、0.2以上、1.8以下、更に好ましくは、0.4以上、1.6以下、特に好ましくは、0.6以上、1,4以下であり、X=0がとりわけ好ましい。この範囲であれば、高容量であると同時に、Liと酸素との結合による不可逆容量を低減させることが可能となる。
LixTiyMzO4
[式中、Mは、Na、K、Co、Al、Fe、Ti、Mg、Cr、Ga、Cu、Zn及びNbからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素を表わす。]
で表される化合物であることが好ましい。
上記組成の中でも、
(i)1.2≦x≦1.4、1.5≦y≦1.7、z=0
(ii)0.9≦x≦1.1、1.9≦y≦2.1、z=0
(iii)0.7≦x≦0.9、2.1≦y≦2.3、z=0
の構造が、電池性能のバランスが良好なため特に好ましい。
本開示の二次固体電池の製造方法としては特に限定されず、従来公知の方法により製造することができる。電極の製造方法としては、例えば、結着剤を分散媒に溶解又は分散させた溶液又は分散液に上記電極活物質を分散、混合させて電極合剤を調製する。得られた電極合剤を、金属箔又は金属網等の集電体に均一に塗布、乾燥、必要に応じてプレスして集電体上へ薄い電極合剤層を形成し薄膜状電極とする。
3Lのステンレス製オートクレーブに純水1650ml入れ窒素置換し、ヘキサフルオロプロピレン(HFP)で微加圧とし、380rpmで攪拌しながら80℃に温調して、HFPを0.23MPaまで圧入し、さらにビニリデンフルオライド(VdF)とHFPのモル比が78.2/21.8の混合液モノマーを1.472MPaまで圧入した。2-メチルブタンを0.097cc窒素で圧入し、過硫酸アンモニウム36.4gを純水80mlに溶解したものを窒素で圧入して重合スタートした。圧力が1.44MPaまで降下したところで連続モノマーにて1.50MPaまで昇圧した。これを繰り返し約9.3時間の後連続モノマーを607g仕込んだところでオートクレーブ内のガスを放出し、冷却して2299gの分散液を回収した。分散液の固形分含有量は26.9wt%であった。この分散液に塩化マグネシウムを加えて凝析し、乾燥することで610gのポリマーを得た。得られたポリマーはHFPとVdFをモル比で22.1/77.9の割合で含んでいた。得られたポリマーのムーニー粘度(ML1+10(140℃))は77で、TgはDSCにより-18℃と決定された。また、融解熱は、セカンドランでは認められなかった。
3Lのステンレス製オートクレーブに純水1716ml、CH2=CFCF2OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COONH4 50%水溶液を0.3432g、C5F11COONH4 50%水溶液を3.421g入れ窒素置換し、ヘキサフルオロプロピレン(HFP)で微加圧とし、560rpmで攪拌しながら80℃に温調して、HFPを0.56MPaまで圧入し、VdFを0.69MPaまで圧入し、さらにVdFとTFEとHFPのモル比が70.2/11.4/18.3の混合液モノマーを2.000MPaまで圧入した。過硫酸アンモニウム0.0218gを純水4mlに溶解したものを窒素で圧入して重合スタートした。連続モノマー12gに到達したときに1,4-ジヨードパーフルオロブタン2.5022g添加した。圧力が1.97MPaまで降下したところで連続モノマーにて2.03MPaまで昇圧した。これを繰り返し約5.0時間の後連続モノマーを572g仕込んだところでオートクレーブ内のガスを放出し、冷却して2302gの分散液を回収した。分散液の固形分含有量は23.5wt%であった。この分散液に硫酸アルミニウムを加えて凝析し、乾燥することで571gのポリマーを得た。得られたポリマーはVdFとTFEとHFPをモル比で69.9/11.6/18.5の割合で含んでいた。得られたポリマーのムーニー粘度(ML1+10(121℃))は50で、TgはDSCにより-20℃と決定された。また、融解熱は、セカンドランでは認められなかった。
材料比率を調整し、含フッ素エラストマー2と同様の手順でポリマーを得た。得られたポリマーはVdFとTFEとHFPをモル比で77.2/6.2/16.6の割合で含んでいた。得られたポリマーのムーニー粘度(ML1+10(121℃))は50で、TgはDSCにより-20℃と決定された。また、融解熱は、セカンドランでは認められなかった。
82Lのステンレススチール製のオートクレーブに純水44L、CH2=CFCF2OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COONH4の50%水溶液を8.8g、F(CF2)3COONH4の50%水溶液176gを仕込み、系内を窒素ガスで充分に置換した。230rpmで攪拌しながら80℃に昇温した後、初期槽内モノマー組成をVdF/TFE/HFP=19/11/70モル%、1.52MPaとなるようにモノマーを圧入した。ついでAPS(過硫酸アンモニウム)1.0gを220mlの純水に溶解した重合開始剤溶液を窒素ガスで圧入し、反応を開始した。重合の進行に伴い内圧が1.42MPaに降下した時点で追加モノマーであるVdF/TFE/HFP=51/20/29モル%の混合モノマーを内圧が1.52MPaとなるまで圧入した。このとき、ジヨウ素化合物I(CF2)4Iの37gを圧入した。昇圧、降圧を繰り返しつつ、3時間ごとにAPSの1.0g/純水220ml水溶液を窒素ガスで圧入して、重合反応を継続した。混合モノマーを14000g追加した時点で、未反応モノマーを放出し、オートクレーブを冷却して、固形分濃度22.5質量%のフッ素ゴムのディスパージョンを得た。このフッ素ゴムの共重合組成はVdF/TFE/HFP=50/20/30(モル%)であり、ムーニー粘度(ML1+10(100℃))は88であった。
TgはDSCにより-7℃と決定された。また、融解熱は、セカンドランでは認められなかった。
3Lのステンレス製オートクレーブに純水1500ml、CH2=CFCF2OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COONH4 50%水溶液を0.3001g、C5F11COONH4 50%水溶液を6.001g入れ窒素置換し、ビニリデンフルオライド(VdF)で微加圧とし、600rpmで攪拌しながら80℃に温調して、VdFを1.22MPaまで圧入し、さらにVdFと2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペンのモル比が77.2/22.8の混合液モノマーを1.501MPaまで圧入した。過硫酸アンモニウム0.1gを純水4mlに溶解したものを窒素で圧入して重合スタートした。連続モノマー11gに到達したときに1,1,1,2,3,3,3-ヘプタフルオロ-2-ヨード-プロパン1.6738g添加した。圧力が1.44MPaまで降下したところで連続モノマーにて1.50MPaまで昇圧した。これを繰り返し約6.2時間の後連続モノマーを521g仕込んだところでオートクレーブ内のガスを放出し、冷却して2087gの分散液を回収した。分散液の固形分含有量は26.08wt%であった。この分散液に塩化カルシウムを加えて凝析し、乾燥することで524.3gのポリマーを得た。得られたポリマーは2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペンとVdFをモル比で23.1/76.9の割合で含んでいた。得られたポリマーのムーニー粘度(ML1+10(140℃))は60で、TgはDSCにより-14℃と決定された。また、融解熱は、セカンドランでは認められなかった。
製造例5と同様の手順を用いて、組成比を調整し、2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロペンとVdFをモル比で39.9/60.1の割合で含んでいた。得られたポリマーのムーニー粘度(ML1+10(140℃))は30で、TgはDSCにより-10℃と決定された。また、融解熱は、セカンドランでは認められなかった。
得られた含フッ素エラストマー1~6及びポリエチレンオキシドに対して、アルカリ金属塩としてLiTFSIを20質量%、イオン液体としてBMI-TFSIを60質量%をジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)に溶解してポリマー電解質溶液1~7を調製した。アプリケーターを用いてポリマー電解質溶液を銅箔にキャストし、乾燥後60μm程度の厚みになるように調整した。キャストしたポリマー電解質溶液を、100℃で24時間減圧乾燥することにより、複合体フィルム1~7を作製した。
上述のように作製した複合体フィルムを、さらに100℃で48時間加熱減圧し、乾燥前後の質量変化から揮発成分量を算出した。
作製した複合体フィルムをライターの裸火に3秒さらし、目視により炎の燃え移りやすさと燃焼性を観察した。燃え移りがなかった場合、難燃性であると判断した。
本測定用サンプルとして、実施例1~6と同様の複合体を用いた。複合体フィルムをΦ13mmのサイズに打ち抜き、ステンレススチールを作用電極および相対電極にして、2極式セルを作成した。作成した電池は60℃に設定した恒温槽内で複素交流インピーダンス測定装置に動線を用いて接続し、電解質と電極を十分になじませるため3時間放置した後、測定し、下記式からイオン伝導度を算出した。
σ=C/R (C=l/S)
ここでlは試料の厚さ、Sはその面積、Rは抵抗をあらわす。
表3の結果から、実施例1~6の複合体フィルムは、ポリマー系固体電池の電解質として充分なイオン電導度を示すことが分かった。
LSV(Linear Sweep Voltammetry)法により複合体フィルムの耐酸化性を評価した。LSV測定はプロピレンカーボネートを溶媒として、3質量%のLiTFSIをいれた溶媒を用いた。この溶液に上記ポリマー(実施例2,5または比較例1)を1質量%加えたものの2種の調整を行った。測定容器に予め調整した各測定溶液をいれ、作用極に白金電極を、対極及び参照極にリチウム金属を浸したものをLSV測定用セルとし、OCV(open circuit voltage)から掃引速度5mV/sで酸化側に8V(vs. Li+/Li)まで電位を掃引させ測定した。結果を図1に示す。実施例2及び5は、高い耐酸化性を有することが示された。
[正極の作製]
正極活物質としてのLiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2(NMC)95質量%と、導電材としてのアセチレンブラック3質量%と、結着剤としてのポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)2質量%とを、N-メチルピロリドン溶媒中で混合して、スラリー化した。得られたスラリーを、予め導電助剤を塗布した厚さ15μmのアルミ箔の片面に塗布して、乾燥し、プレス機にてロールプレスしたものを、切り出して正極1とした。正極活物質としてLiMn1.5Ni0.5O4(LNMO)を用いる以外は上記と同様にして、正極2を作製した
炭素質材料(グラファイト)98質量部に、増粘剤及びバインダーとして、カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの水性ディスパージョン(カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの濃度1質量%)1質量部及びスチレン-ブタジエンゴムの水性ディスパージョン(スチレン-ブタジエンゴムの濃度50質量%)1質量部を加え、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。得られたスラリーを厚さ10μmの銅箔に塗布して乾燥し、プレス機で圧延したものを、切り出して負極とした。
上記の正極、複合体フィルム1,負極を対向させ、ロールプレス機で圧延を行い、密着性を高めた。
その後、打ち抜き、電極タブを取り付け、封止し予備充電後にエージングを行い、設計容量が1Ahのリチウムイオン二次電池1を作製した。正極2を用いる以外は上記と同様にして、リチウムイオン二次電池2を作製した
上記で製造した二次電池1を、板で挟み加圧した状態で、25℃において、0.1Cに相当する電流で電池は4.2Vまで定電流-定電圧充電した。上記で製造した二次電池2を、板で挟み加圧した状態で、25℃において、0.1Cに相当する電流で電池は4.8Vまで定電流-定電圧充電した。
作製したリチウムイオン二次電池1および2を25℃雰囲気中の水平台に固定し、電池の中央部に向けて電池上方から、直径3mmφのセラミック釘を80mm/sの釘刺し速度で釘刺し試験をおこない、様子の観察と温度測定を行った。
複合体フィルム1を用いて作製した電池では発煙、破裂および発火の様子は観察されず、電池表面の温度変化は5℃以内であった。
以上より、安全性の高い電池となっていることを確認した。
Claims (11)
- 含フッ素エラストマー、及び、アルカリ金属塩を必須成分とする複合体であって、
前記含フッ素エラストマーは、ガラス転移温度が25℃以下である非晶質の含フッ素エラストマーであり、
揮発成分量が複合体全体に対して0.1質量%以下であることを特徴とする複合体。 - 含フッ素エラストマーは、ビニリデンフルオライド系フッ素ゴム、テトラフルオロエチレン/プロピレン系フッ素ゴム、及び、テトラフルオロエチレン/パーフルオロアルキルビニルエーテル系フッ素ゴムからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である請求項1記載の複合体。
- 含フッ素エラストマーは、ビニリデンフルオライド系フッ素ゴムである請求項2記載の複合体。
- アルカリ金属塩は、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiTFSI、LiFSI、LiPO2F2、及び、LiBOBから選択される少なくとも一種のリチウム塩であり、
前記アルカリ金属塩の含有量は、含フッ素エラストマーに対して0.1~90質量%である請求項1,2,3又は4記載の複合体。 - さらに、有機カチオンとして1-ブチルー3-メチルイミダゾリウム(BMI)カチオン、又は、N-メチルーN-ブチルーピロリジウム(Pyr14)カチオン、
アニオンとしてBF4アニオン、又は、ビス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)イミド(TFSI)アニオンを組み合わせたものから選択される少なくとも一種のイオン液体を含み、
前記イオン液体の含有量は、含フッ素エラストマーに対して1.0~500質量%である請求項1,2,3,4又は5記載の複合体。 - 請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の複合体からなることを特徴とするポリマー電解質。
- 請求項7記載のポリマー電解質を備えることを特徴とする電気化学デバイス。
- 請求項7記載のポリマー電解質を備えることを特徴とするポリマー系固体電池。
- リチウムイオン二次電池である請求項9記載のポリマー系固体電池。
- 請求項7記載のポリマー電解質を備えることを特徴とするアクチュエーター。
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- 2021-04-28 US US17/922,554 patent/US12512512B2/en active Active
- 2021-04-28 KR KR1020227041744A patent/KR102817046B1/ko active Active
- 2021-04-28 WO PCT/JP2021/017015 patent/WO2021221114A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2021-04-28 EP EP21795891.7A patent/EP4144774A4/en active Pending
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| WO2025069749A1 (ja) * | 2023-09-26 | 2025-04-03 | 国立大学法人 東京大学 | 積層体、貼付用積層体、貼付方法、積層体を製造する方法、電解質膜及び電子デバイス |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US12512512B2 (en) | 2025-12-30 |
| JP7477789B2 (ja) | 2024-05-02 |
| EP4144774A4 (en) | 2024-05-29 |
| US20230178802A1 (en) | 2023-06-08 |
| TW202215695A (zh) | 2022-04-16 |
| KR20230003163A (ko) | 2023-01-05 |
| TWI873339B (zh) | 2025-02-21 |
| KR102817046B1 (ko) | 2025-06-09 |
| CN115485331A (zh) | 2022-12-16 |
| EP4144774A1 (en) | 2023-03-08 |
| JPWO2021221114A1 (ja) | 2021-11-04 |
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