WO2021261176A1 - 太陽電池 - Google Patents
太陽電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021261176A1 WO2021261176A1 PCT/JP2021/020535 JP2021020535W WO2021261176A1 WO 2021261176 A1 WO2021261176 A1 WO 2021261176A1 JP 2021020535 W JP2021020535 W JP 2021020535W WO 2021261176 A1 WO2021261176 A1 WO 2021261176A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/20—Carbon compounds, e.g. carbon nanotubes or fullerenes
- H10K85/211—Fullerenes, e.g. C60
- H10K85/215—Fullerenes, e.g. C60 comprising substituents, e.g. PCBM
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/50—Organic perovskites; Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites [HOIP], e.g. CH3NH3PbI3
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/615—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene
- H10K85/625—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene containing at least one aromatic ring having 7 or more carbon atoms, e.g. azulene
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K2102/00—Constructional details relating to the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K2102/10—Transparent electrodes, e.g. using graphene
- H10K2102/101—Transparent electrodes, e.g. using graphene comprising transparent conductive oxides [TCO]
- H10K2102/102—Transparent electrodes, e.g. using graphene comprising transparent conductive oxides [TCO] comprising tin oxides, e.g. fluorine-doped SnO2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/10—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising heterojunctions between organic semiconductors and inorganic semiconductors
- H10K30/15—Sensitised wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, e.g. dye-sensitised TiO2
- H10K30/151—Sensitised wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, e.g. dye-sensitised TiO2 the wide bandgap semiconductor comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/80—Constructional details
- H10K30/84—Layers having high charge carrier mobility
- H10K30/85—Layers having high electron mobility, e.g. electron-transporting layers or hole-blocking layers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
Definitions
- This disclosure relates to solar cells.
- perovskite-type crystals represented by the composition formula ABX 3 (A is a monovalent cation, B is a divalent cation, and X is a halogen anion) and a similar structure thereof (hereinafter referred to as "perovskite compound") have been introduced.
- A is a monovalent cation
- B is a divalent cation
- X is a halogen anion
- perovskite compound a similar structure thereof
- Non-Patent Document 1 describes a self-assembled monolayer having fullerene (C 60 ) at the interface between an electron transport layer (hereinafter, also referred to as “ETL”) and a photoelectric conversion layer of a perovskite solar cell. , 4 (also referred to as “C60SAM”), 4- (1', 5'-Dihydro-1'-methyl-2'H- [5,6] fullereno-C 60- Ih- [1,9- c] It is disclosed that by arranging a pyrrol-2'-yl) bentoic acid (hereinafter, also referred to as "SAM [1]”), electron extraction is improved and photoelectric conversion efficiency is increased. Here, it serves as an anchor oxygen of the carboxyl group of C60SAM is facing the ETL side, and it is suggested that self-assemble in sequence C 60 is directed to the photoelectric conversion layer side.
- SAM [1] pyrrol-2'-yl bentoic acid
- Non-Patent Document 2 discloses that the light durability is improved by arranging the C60SAM described in Non-Patent Document 1 at the interface between the ETL and the photoelectric conversion layer of the perovskite solar cell.
- Non-Patent Document 3 discloses that oxygen of a carboxyl group acts as an anchor toward titanium oxide (that is, TiO 2 ) and adsorbs to titanium oxide to modify the surface of isonicotinic acid.
- Non-Patent Document 4 describes C60SAM having a long alkyl chain of C 6 H 12 to C 18 H 36 (hereinafter, also referred to as “long chain C60 SAM”) and C 6 H 12 to C 18 H 36 having no C 60 . It is disclosed that by mixing with a self-assembled monolayer having a long alkyl chain (hereinafter, also referred to as "long chain SAM”), the curvature of the long chain C60SAM can be suppressed and its orientation can be improved. ..
- Non-Patent Document 5 discloses a group of C60SAM having a size similar to that of C60SAM described in Non-Patent Document 1 and having a carboxyl group, a catechol group, or a phosphoryl group as anchors.
- Non-Patent Document 6 in order to suppress light degradation reaction of perovskite solar cell, the cathode reaction at the interface of the ETL and the photoelectric conversion layer - that it is effective to suppress (Pb 2+ + 2e ⁇ Pb 0 ) Suggests.
- An object of the present disclosure is to provide a solar cell having high photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- the solar cell of the present disclosure is A first electrode, an intermediate layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a second electrode are provided in this order.
- the intermediate layer is at least one compound A selected from the compound group I consisting of the following formulas (1) to (4) and at least one selected from the compound group II consisting of the following formulas (5) and (6).
- X 1 is a fullerene or a fullerene derivative
- X 2 is a pyrroline ring, a pyrrole ring, a pyrrolidine ring, a cyclohexane ring, or a cyclohexene ring.
- X 3 is a cyclohexadiene ring.
- X 4 is a heterocycle containing a heteroatom having one or more lone electron pairs and having a size of 900 pm or less, in which at least a part of a hydrogen atom is substituted with a halogen atom. May be good.
- the present disclosure provides a solar cell having high photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a state in which SAM [1], which is an example of C60SAM, modifies the surface of the electron transport layer.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a state in which SAM [1], which is an example of C60SAM, and isonicotinic acid, which is an example of a gap-modified SAM, modify the surface of the electron transport layer.
- FIG. 3 shows a time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry method (ie,) on the surface of an intermediate layer covering the surface of an electron transport layer when the intermediate layer consists of SAM [1] or SAM [1] and isonicotinic acid.
- FIG. 4 shows the mass spectrum obtained from the analysis by TOF-SIMS of the surface of the intermediate layer covering the surface of the electron transport layer when the intermediate layer consists of SAM [1] or SAM [1] and isonicotinic acid. It is a figure which shows an example.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a first example of a solar cell according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a second example of the solar cell according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a third example of the solar cell according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a fourth example of the solar cell according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a state in which SAM [1], which is an example of C60SAM, modifies the surface of the electron transport layer. As shown in FIG. 1, the SAM [1] 1A self-assembles with the oxygen of the carboxyl group serving as an anchor facing the electron transport layer 1B side and the C 60 facing the photoelectric conversion layer side.
- the effect of improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency by introducing C60SAM in Non-Patent Document 1 is that the defect termination of the interface between the electron transport layer and the photoelectric conversion layer is improved by modifying the surface of the electron transport layer by C60SAM, and the electron extraction is improved by the highly conductive C 60. It is thought that it is due to the effect.
- the effect of improving the photodurability by introducing C60SAM in Non-Patent Document 2 is that the efficiency of extracting high-energy photoexcited electrons is improved by introducing C60SAM, and therefore, it is pointed out in Non-Patent Document 6 at the interface between the electron transport layer and the photoelectric conversion layer. It can be interpreted that the deterioration due to the cathode reaction is suppressed.
- the effect of improving the light durability can be obtained by introducing C60SAM to the interface between the electron transport layer and the photoelectric conversion layer.
- the conventional C60SAM since the conventional C60SAM the large size of the C 60, by steric hindrance, in the end surface of the electron transport layer, resulting in gaps unqualified on the surface of the electron transport layer.
- the electron transport layer and the photoelectric conversion layer are in direct contact with each other, so that a region having many interface defects and poor electron extraction remains, and the effect of C60SAM cannot be fully exerted. This problem is the same even when the C60SAM group described in Non-Patent Document 5 is used.
- the long chain C60SAM described in Non-Patent Document 4 has poor conductivity in the long alkyl chain portion. Therefore, there is a problem of causing resistance loss, and even if the long-chain SAM is introduced to improve the orientation, the resistance loss is not improved because the long-chain SAM itself has a long alkyl chain.
- Non-Patent Document 3 when only isonicotinic acid, which is a small size ( ⁇ 1 nm) SAM, is introduced into the interface between the electron transport layer and the photoelectric conversion layer, the surface defects of the electron transport layer are sterically hindered. Can be terminated without.
- the negatively charged nitrogen atom in the pyridine ring of isonicotinic acid repels electrons and the electron collection ability deteriorates, so that the photoelectric conversion efficiency decreases.
- the electron extraction efficiency deteriorates, high-energy photoexcited electrons are accumulated at the interface between the electron transport layer and the photoelectric conversion layer under light irradiation, and the cathode reaction at the interface is promoted. Therefore, it is expected that the light durability will also decrease.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a state in which SAM [1], which is an example of C60SAM, and isonicotinic acid, which is an example of a gap-modified SAM, modify the surface of the electron transport layer.
- SAM [1] 2A and the isonicotinic acid 2C as the SAM (that is, the gap-modified SAM) that modifies the gap
- the electron transport layer 2B and the photoelectric conversion layer FIG. 2
- the "gap-modified SAM” includes a heterocyclic compound that can enter the gaps of adjacent C60SAMs, and the heterocyclic compound contains an element having one or more lone electron pairs. It means a self-assembled monolayer having a heterocycle.
- the solar cell according to the first aspect of the present disclosure is A first electrode, an intermediate layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a second electrode are provided in this order.
- the intermediate layer is at least one compound A selected from the compound group I consisting of the following formulas (1) to (4) and at least one selected from the compound group II consisting of the following formulas (5) and (6). Contains one compound B.
- X 1 is a fullerene or a fullerene derivative
- X 2 is a pyrroline ring, a pyrrole ring, a pyrrolidine ring, a cyclohexane ring, or a cyclohexene ring
- X 3 is a cyclohexadiene ring.
- X 4 is a heterocycle containing a heteroatom having one or more lone electron pairs and having a size of 900 pm or less, in which at least a part of a hydrogen atom is substituted with a halogen atom. May be good.
- the solar cell according to the first aspect interface recombination due to direct contact between the first electrode and the photoelectric conversion layer can be suppressed. Further, the element having an isolated electron pair in the heterocycle of compound B is negatively charged and effectively repels the electrons moving from the photoelectric conversion layer, so that the electron of compound A to X 1 is obtained. Increase collection. Therefore, in the solar cell according to the first aspect, the photoelectric conversion efficiency can be improved while suppressing the photodegradation phenomenon.
- the solar cell according to the first aspect may further include an electron transport layer, and the electron transport layer may be arranged between the first electrode and the intermediate layer.
- the solar cell according to the second aspect can efficiently move electrons to the first electrode by further providing an electron transport layer. Therefore, the solar cell according to the second aspect can efficiently draw out the current. Further, since the intermediate layer is arranged between the electron transport layer and the photoelectric conversion layer, interfacial recombination due to direct contact between the electron transport layer and the photoelectric conversion layer is also suppressed. The element with a lone pair of electrons in the heterocycle of compound B is negatively charged and effectively repels the electrons moving from the photoelectric conversion layer, so that the electron collection of compound A to X 1 is performed. increase. Therefore, according to the second aspect, the photoelectric conversion efficiency can be further improved while suppressing the photodegradation phenomenon.
- the compound A is at least one selected from the compounds represented by the following formulas (7) to (11).
- the compound B may be at least one selected from the group consisting of isonicotinic acid, nicotinic acid, and picolinic acid.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency can be further improved while suppressing the photodegradation phenomenon.
- the compound A may be the compound represented by the above formula (7).
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency can be further improved while suppressing the photodegradation phenomenon.
- the photoelectric conversion layer may contain a perovskite compound.
- the perovskite compound has a high light absorption coefficient in the wavelength range of the solar spectrum and high carrier mobility. Therefore, in the solar cell according to the fifth aspect, high photoelectric conversion efficiency can be expected.
- the electron transport layer may contain titanium oxide or tin oxide.
- the energy level at the lower end of the conduction band of titanium oxide and tin oxide and the LUMO level of compound A are close to the energy level at the lower end of the conduction band of the perovskite compound. Therefore, the compound A does not interfere with the electron transport from the photoelectric conversion layer to the electron transport layer.
- the energy level of the lower end of the conduction band of titanium oxide and tin oxide is, for example, 4.0 eV to 4.2 eV.
- the LUMO level of C60SAM, which is an example of compound A is, for example, 3.9 eV.
- the energy level at the lower end of the conduction band of the perovskite compound is, for example, 3.9 eV to 4.1 eV.
- the bandgap of TiO 2 is 3.0 eV to 3.2 eV, and the band gap of SnO 2 is 3.8 eV to 4.2 eV, which is from 1.3 eV to 1.7 eV, which is a band gap of a general perovskite compound. wide. Therefore, since the electron transport layer contains titanium oxide or tin oxide, the light absorption loss due to the electron transport layer can be suppressed. On the other hand, since the intermediate layer has a thickness of about a single molecule, the light absorption loss due to the intermediate layer is extremely small. Therefore, in the solar cell according to the sixth aspect, high photoelectric conversion efficiency can be expected.
- the solar cell of the present disclosure is A first electrode, an intermediate layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a second electrode are provided in this order.
- the intermediate layer is at least one compound A selected from the compound group I consisting of the above formulas (1) to (4) and at least one selected from the compound group II consisting of the above formulas (5) and (6). Contains one compound B.
- X 1 is a fullerene or a fullerene derivative
- X 2 is a pyrroline ring, a pyrrole ring, a pyrrolidine ring, a cyclohexane ring, or a cyclohexene ring
- X 3 is a cyclohexadiene. It is a ring.
- X 4 is a heterocycle containing a heteroatom having one or more lone electron pairs and having a size of 900 pm or less, and in the heterocycle, the hydrogen atom. At least a part may be substituted with a halogen atom.
- Heteroatoms with one or more lone pairs of electrons represent nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
- the size of the heterocycle means the distance between the two farthest atoms among the atoms constituting the heterocycle, plus the atomic radius of the two atoms.
- the size of the heterocycle can be measured by, for example, an X-ray diffraction method, a neutron diffraction method, an electron beam diffraction method, or a crystal sponge method.
- X 4 may be a heterocyclic ring having the size 795Pm.
- the heterocyclic ring represented by X 4 include a pyridine ring, pyran ring, a furan ring, an oxetane ring, an oxazole ring, an isoxazole ring, a pyridazine ring, a pyrimidine ring, a pyrazine ring, a triazine ring , Tetradine ring, triazole ring, thiophene ring, thiazole ring, dioxane ring, pyrazole ring, imidazole ring, phosphinin ring, oxylan ring, thiiran ring, thietan ring, imidazoline ring, dioxolan ring, tetrahydrofuran ring, tetrahydrothiophene ring, morpholine ring, It may be a diatin ring, a quinuc
- the solar cell of the present disclosure may further include an electron transport layer, and the electron transport layer may be arranged between the first electrode and the intermediate layer.
- TOF-SIMS measurements are obtained, for example, using the following devices and measurement conditions.
- -TOF-SIMS device TOF.
- the TOF-SIMS measurement is performed at a place where the intermediate layer is exposed and the layer after the photoelectric conversion layer is not formed.
- FIG. 3 shows a time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry method (ie,) on the surface of an intermediate layer covering the surface of an electron transport layer when the intermediate layer consists of SAM [1] or SAM [1] and isonicotinic acid. It is a figure which shows an example of the mass spectrum obtained from the analysis by TOF-SIMS).
- FIG. 4 shows the mass spectrum obtained from the analysis by TOF-SIMS of the surface of the intermediate layer covering the surface of the electron transport layer when the intermediate layer consists of SAM [1] or SAM [1] and isonicotinic acid. It is a figure which shows an example.
- the TOF-SIMS intensity ratio R 1 is substantially relative to compound B, which is at least one selected from the group consisting of isonicotinic acid, nicotinic acid, and picolinic acid, to compound A, which is SAM [1].
- compound B which is at least one selected from the group consisting of isonicotinic acid, nicotinic acid, and picolinic acid
- compound A which is SAM [1].
- the charged concentration ratios of isonicotinic acid, nicotinic acid, and picolinic acid are calculated by the formula: a ⁇ c2 / c1.
- a is the concentration of the saturated solution of C60SAM
- c1 is the molar concentration of SAM [1]
- c2 is the molar concentration of isonicotinic acid, nicotinic acid, and picolinic acid.
- the fullerene may be, for example, a polymer fullerene composed of 70 or more carbon atoms, and an encapsulated fullerene containing an atom or a molecule in the hollow skeleton of the fullerene, in addition to the general C 60 fullerene.
- a fullerene derivative is a compound in which a new chemical species is introduced into fullerene by a chemical modification such as an addition reaction.
- Fullerene derivatives include, for example, Phenyl-C 61- Butyric-Acid-Methyl-Ester (PCBM), Indene-C 60- Monodduct, Indene-C 60- Bisadduct, N-Methyllulopyrroliline, N-Methyllulopyrroliline, N. Alternatively, those similar to N-Phenyl-2-hexyl [60] fulleropyrrolidine can be mentioned.
- PCBM Phenyl-C 61- Butyric-Acid-Methyl-Ester
- Indene-C 60- Monodduct Indene-C 60- Monodduct
- Indene-C 60- Bisadduct N-Methyllulopyrroliline
- N-Methyllulopyrroliline N.
- those similar to N-Phenyl-2-hexyl [60] fulleropyrrolidine can be mentioned.
- Compound A may be at least one selected from the compounds represented by the above formulas (7) to (11), and compound B may be selected from the group consisting of isonicotinic acid, nicotinic acid, and picolinic acid. It may be at least one. Isonicotinic acid, nicotinic acid, and picolinic acid are represented by the following formulas (12) to (14).
- Compound A may be a compound represented by the above formula (7).
- the compound A is at least one selected from the compounds in which X 1 is fullerene C 60 in the above formulas (1) to (4) will be described as an example. do.
- four structural examples (first to fourth examples) of the solar cell and a method for manufacturing the same will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.
- compound A is referred to as C60SAM
- compound B is referred to as gap-modified SAM.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a first example of a solar cell according to an embodiment.
- the solar cell 100 shown in FIG. 5 includes a substrate 1, a first electrode 2, an electron transport layer 5, an intermediate layer 8, a photoelectric conversion layer 3, and a second electrode 4 in this order.
- the intermediate layer 8 contains a C60 SAM and a gap modification SAM.
- the solar cell 100 does not have to have the substrate 1.
- the solar cell 100 does not have to have the electron transport layer 5.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 3 absorbs the light and generates excited electrons and holes.
- the excited electrons move to the first electrode 2 through the electron transport layer 5 via the intermediate layer 8.
- the holes generated in the photoelectric conversion layer 3 move to the second electrode 4.
- the solar cell 100 can draw current from the first electrode 2 as the negative electrode and the second electrode 4 as the positive electrode. If there is a portion on the surface of the electron transport layer 5 that is not modified by the C60 SAM and the gap modification SAM contained in the intermediate layer 8, the excited electrons directly pass through the electron transport layer 5 and move to the first electrode 2. It is possible.
- the solar cell 100 can be manufactured, for example, by the following method.
- the first electrode 2 is formed on the surface of the substrate 1 by a chemical vapor deposition method, a sputtering method, or the like.
- the electron transport layer 5 is formed by a chemical vapor deposition method, a sputtering method, a solution coating method, or the like.
- the intermediate layer 8 is formed by the method described in the embodiment or the like.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 3 is formed on the intermediate layer 8.
- the perovskite compound may be cut out to a predetermined thickness to form a photoelectric conversion layer 3 and arranged on the first electrode 2.
- the second electrode 4 is formed on the photoelectric conversion layer 3. From the above, the solar cell 100 can be obtained.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a second example of the solar cell according to the embodiment.
- the solar cell 200 shown in FIG. 6 includes a substrate 1, a first electrode 2, an electron transport layer 5, a porous layer 6, an intermediate layer 8, a photoelectric conversion layer 3, and a second electrode 4 in this order.
- the porous layer 6 contains a porous body.
- the porous body contains pores.
- the solar cell 200 does not have to have the substrate 1.
- the solar cell 200 does not have to have the electron transport layer 5.
- the solar cell of the present disclosure may include a hole transport layer 7.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a third example of the solar cell according to the embodiment.
- the solar cell 300 shown in FIG. 7 includes a substrate 1, a first electrode 2, an electron transport layer 5, an intermediate layer 8, a photoelectric conversion layer 3, a hole transport layer 7, and a second electrode 4 in this order. ..
- the solar cell 300 does not have to have the substrate 1.
- the solar cell 300 does not have to have the electron transport layer 5.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 3 When the solar cell 300 is irradiated with light, the photoelectric conversion layer 3 absorbs the light and generates excited electrons and holes. The excited electrons move to the electron transport layer 5 via the intermediate layer 8. On the other hand, the holes generated in the photoelectric conversion layer 3 move to the hole transport layer 7. The electron transport layer 5 is connected to the first electrode 2, and the hole transport layer 7 is connected to the second electrode 4. As a result, the solar cell 300 can draw current from the first electrode 2 as the negative electrode and the second electrode 4 as the positive electrode.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a fourth example of the solar cell according to the embodiment.
- the solar cell 400 shown in FIG. 8 includes a substrate 1, a first electrode 2, an electron transport layer 5, a porous layer 6, an intermediate layer 8, a photoelectric conversion layer 3, a hole transport layer 7, and a second electrode 4. , Prepare in this order.
- the solar cell 400 does not have to have the substrate 1.
- the solar cell 400 does not have to have the electron transport layer 5.
- the substrate 1 is an ancillary component.
- the substrate 1 serves to hold each layer of the solar cell.
- the substrate 1 can be formed from a transparent material.
- the plastic substrate may be, for example, a plastic film.
- the material of the substrate 1 may be a material having no translucency.
- a metal, ceramics, or a resin material having low translucency can be used.
- each layer can be held by the first electrode 2, so that the substrate 1 does not need to be provided.
- the first electrode 2 has conductivity.
- the first electrode 2 is made of a material that does not form ohmic contact with the photoelectric conversion layer 3.
- the first electrode 2 has a blocking property for holes from the photoelectric conversion layer 3.
- the blocking property for holes from the photoelectric conversion layer 3 is a property that allows only electrons generated in the photoelectric conversion layer 3 to pass through and does not allow holes to pass through.
- the material having such a property is a material having a Fermi energy higher than the energy at the upper end of the valence band of the photoelectric conversion layer 3.
- the above-mentioned material may be a material having a higher Fermi energy than the Fermi energy of the photoelectric conversion layer 3. Specific examples include aluminum.
- the first electrode 2 may be made of a material capable of forming ohmic contact with the photoelectric conversion layer 3.
- the first electrode 2 has translucency. For example, it transmits light from the visible region to the near infrared region.
- the first electrode 2 can be formed, for example, by using a transparent and conductive metal oxide and / or metal nitride.
- Such materials include, for example, oxidation doped with at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium, gallium, indium, and fluorine and doped with at least one selected from the group consisting of titanium oxide, tin, and silicon.
- Zinc oxide, indium-tin composite oxides doped with at least one selected from the group, or composites thereof can be mentioned.
- the first electrode 2 can be formed by using a non-transparent material and providing a pattern through which light is transmitted.
- the pattern through which light is transmitted include a linear pattern, a wavy line pattern, a lattice pattern, and a punching metal pattern in which a large number of fine through holes are regularly or irregularly arranged.
- light can be transmitted through a portion where the electrode material does not exist.
- non-transparent electrode materials include platinum, gold, silver, copper, aluminum, rhodium, indium, titanium, iron, nickel, tin, zinc, or alloys containing any of these.
- a carbon material having conductivity can also be used.
- the light transmittance of the first electrode 2 may be, for example, 50% or more, or 80% or more.
- the wavelength of light to be transmitted depends on the absorption wavelength of the photoelectric conversion layer 3.
- the thickness of the first electrode 2 is, for example, in the range of 1 nm or more and 1000 nm or less.
- the electron transport layer 5 includes a semiconductor.
- the electron transport layer 5 may be a semiconductor having a band gap of 3.0 eV or more. By forming the electron transport layer 5 with a semiconductor having a band gap of 3.0 eV or more, visible light and infrared light can be transmitted to the photoelectric conversion layer 3.
- semiconductors include inorganic n-type semiconductors.
- an oxide of a metal element, a nitride of a metal element, and a perovskite type oxide can be used.
- the oxide of the metal element include Cd, Zn, In, Pb, Mo, W, Sb, Bi, Cu, Hg, Ti, Ag, Mn, Fe, V, Sn, Zr, Sr, Ga, Si, and the like.
- Cr oxides can be used. More specific examples include TiO 2 and SnO 2 .
- the nitride of the metal element include GaN.
- perovskite-type oxides include SrTiO 3 and CaTIO 3 .
- the electron transport layer 5 may be formed of a substance having a band gap larger than 6.0 eV.
- the substance having a band gap larger than 6.0 eV include halides of alkali metals or alkaline earth metals such as lithium fluoride and calcium fluoride, alkali metal oxides such as magnesium oxide, and silicon dioxide.
- the electron transport layer 5 is composed of, for example, a thickness of 10 nm or less.
- the electron transport layer 5 may include a plurality of layers made of different materials.
- the intermediate layer 8 contains a C60 SAM and a gap modification SAM.
- C60SAM has C 60 which is a modifying group of a polymer.
- C 60 is not a long alkyl chain with high electrical resistance, but is bonded to the anchor COOH, (OH) 2 , or PO (OH) 2 via a more conductive benzene ring, X 2 , or X 3. is doing. Therefore, the resistance loss when transporting the electrons collected by C 60 to the electron transport layer is reduced.
- the C60SAM terminates the electron transport layer 5. If the solar cell does not include the electron transport layer 5, the first electrode 2 is terminated.
- the compound C 60 Pyrrolidine tris-acid represented by the following formula (15) and the compound (1,2-Methanololerene C 60 ) -61-carboxylic acid represented by the following formula (16) are inappropriate. This is because the size of the skeleton excluding C 60 is small and the gap for the gap-modified SAM described later cannot be secured, or because there is no appropriate gap-modified SAM, the unterminal region is the electron transport layer 5 or the first. This is because it remains at the interface between the electrode 2 and the photoelectric conversion layer 3.
- COOH and PO (OH) 2 of the gap modification SAM act as anchors and terminate the electron transport layer 5 via oxygen atoms.
- COOH may terminate the electron transport layer 5 as COOH, or may become COO and terminate the electron transport layer 5. If the solar cell does not include the electron transport layer 5, the first electrode 2 is terminated.
- the size of the gap modification SAM is smaller than the size of the skeleton of the C60 SAM excluding X 1. As a result, it is possible to enter the gap between adjacent C60SAMs.
- the size of the gap modification SAM is larger than the size of the skeleton of the C60 SAM excluding X 1 , the number of unterminal points due to steric hindrance may increase.
- the intermediate layer 8 terminates the defect at the interface between the electron transport layer 5 or the first electrode 2 and the photoelectric conversion layer 3, which could not be terminated by C60SAM alone due to steric hindrance, by the gap modification SAM. As a result, interfacial recombination due to direct contact between the electron transport layer 5 or the first electrode 2 and the photoelectric conversion layer 3 is suppressed. Also, element having a lone electron pair having the X 4 of the gap modified SAM is negatively charged. As a result, the electrons moving from the photoelectric conversion layer 3 are effectively repelled, so that the electron collection to X 1 of the C60 SAM is increased. Therefore, the intermediate layer 8 further improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency while suppressing the photodegradation phenomenon of the solar cell 100.
- the intermediate layer 8 may contain C60SAM and gap-modified SAM, and may contain impurities.
- the intermediate layer 8 may further contain other compounds different from the C60SAM and the gap modification SAM.
- At least a part of the hydrogen atom of X 4 may be substituted with a halogen atom.
- it may be substituted with a bromine atom.
- the hydrogen atom of X 4 does not have to be substituted.
- the TOF-SIMS intensity ratio R of the intermediate layer 8 is R. 1 may be 2.11 or more and 24.5 or less.
- the TOF-SIMS intensity ratio R 1 is 2.11 or more, the defect termination at the interface between the electron transport layer 5 and the photoelectric conversion layer 3 is sufficient. This further improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- the TOF-SIMS intensity ratio R 1 is 24.5 or less, electron acquisition to C 60 in SAM [1] increases. This further improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- the C60SAM solution is obtained by adding C60SAM to an organic solvent.
- organic solvent a mixed solution in which tetrahydrofuran and ethanol are mixed in a volume ratio of 1: 1 is used.
- the saturated solution of C60SAM is obtained by passing the supersaturated C60SAM solution through a polytetrafluoroethylene filter (pore size of 0.2 ⁇ m).
- a low concentration C60SAM solution is obtained by diluting a saturated solution of C60SAM with a mixed solution of tetrahydrofuran and ethanol mixed in a 1: 1 volume ratio.
- the gap-modified SAM solution can be obtained by adding the gap-modified SAM to an organic solvent.
- an organic solvent a mixed solution in which tetrahydrofuran and ethanol are mixed in a volume ratio of 1: 1 is used.
- the concentration of the gap modification SAM may be 0.01 g / L or more and 1 g / L or less.
- the substrate 1 on which the electron transport layer 5 and the first electrode 2 are formed is immersed in the C60SAM solution for 30 minutes and then taken out. After sufficiently rinsing the removed substrate 1 with an ethanol solution, it is annealed on a hot plate at a temperature of 100 ° C. for 30 minutes. After annealing, the substrate 1 modified with C60SAM is obtained by naturally cooling to room temperature.
- the substrate 1 modified with C60SAM is immersed in the gap-modified SAM solution for 30 minutes and then taken out. After thoroughly rinsing the removed substrate with an ethanol solution, it is annealed on a hot plate at a temperature of 100 ° C. for 30 minutes. By naturally cooling to room temperature after annealing, the substrate 1 further modified with the gap modification SAM can be obtained. In this way, the intermediate layer 8 is formed.
- the above-mentioned manufacturing method of the intermediate layer 8 is a two-step process in which the substrate 1 on which the electron transport layer 5 and the first electrode 2 are formed is treated with C60SAM and then further treated with the gap-modified SAM, so that the SAM treatment is performed twice.
- it is a process it is also possible to form an intermediate layer by a one-step process in which a SAM treatment is performed once using a mixed solution of C60SAM whose concentration has been adjusted in advance and a gap-modified SAM.
- the substrate 1 on which the electron transport layer 5 and the first electrode 2 are formed is immersed in a mixed solution of C60SAM and a gap-modified SAM for 30 minutes, and then the taken-out substrate is sufficiently rinsed with an ethanol solution and hot.
- the intermediate layer 8 is also formed by annealing on a plate at a temperature of 100 ° C. for 30 minutes and then naturally cooling to room temperature.
- the intermediate layer 8 may be formed on the first electrode 2. In this case, the intermediate layer 8 acts as the electron transport layer 5.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 3 contains a perovskite compound represented by the composition formula ABX 3.
- A is a monovalent cation.
- monovalent cations include monovalent cations such as alkali metal cations and organic cations. More specifically, methyl ammonium cation (MA + or CH 3 NH 3 +), formamidinium cation (FA + or HC (NH 2) 2 +) , ethylammonium cation (CH 3 CH 2 NH 3 + ), guanidinium cations (CH 6 N 3 +), potassium cations (K +), cesium cations (Cs +), and rubidium cations (Rb +) and the like.
- B is a divalent lead cation (Pb 2+ ) and a tin cation (Sn 2+ ).
- X is a monovalent anion such as a halogen anion. Each of the sites A, B, and X may be occupied by a plurality of types of ions.
- the thickness of the photoelectric conversion layer 3 is, for example, 50 nm or more and 10 ⁇ m or less.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 3 can be formed by using a solution coating method, a printing method, a vapor deposition method, or the like.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 3 may be formed by cutting out a perovskite compound.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 3 may mainly contain a perovskite compound represented by the composition formula ABX 3.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 3 mainly contains the perovskite compound represented by the composition formula ABX 3 means that the photoelectric conversion layer 3 contains 90% by mass or more of the perovskite compound represented by the composition formula ABX 3. Is.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 3 may contain 95% by mass or more of the perovskite compound represented by the composition formula ABX 3.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 3 may be made of a perovskite compound represented by the composition formula ABX 3.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 3 may contain a perovskite compound represented by the composition formula ABX 3 , and may contain defects or impurities.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 3 may further contain another compound different from the perovskite compound represented by the composition formula ABX 3.
- Other compounds that are different include, for example, compounds having a Ruddlesden-Popper type layered perovskite structure.
- the porous layer 6 is formed on the electron transport layer 5 by, for example, a coating method. When the solar cell does not include the electron transport layer 5, it is formed on the first electrode 2.
- the pore structure introduced by the porous layer 6 serves as a base for forming the photoelectric conversion layer 3.
- the porous layer 6 does not inhibit the light absorption of the photoelectric conversion layer 3 and the electron transfer from the photoelectric conversion layer 3 to the electron transport layer 5.
- the electron transport layer 5 has a portion in contact with the photoelectric conversion layer 3 via the intermediate layer 8.
- the porous body contained in the porous layer 6 has a portion in contact with the photoelectric conversion layer 3 via the intermediate layer 8.
- the portion where the electron transport layer 5 or the porous layer 6 and the photoelectric conversion layer 3 are in contact with each other is formed. Can occur.
- the porous layer 6 contains a porous body.
- the porous body include an insulating or a porous body in which semiconductor particles are connected.
- the insulating particles for example, particles of aluminum oxide and silicon oxide can be used.
- Inorganic semiconductor particles can be used as the semiconductor particles.
- an oxide of a metal element, a perovskite oxide of a metal element, a sulfide of a metal element, and a metal chalcogenide can be used as the semiconductor particles.
- metal element oxides include Cd, Zn, In, Pb, Mo, W, Sb, Bi, Cu, Hg, Ti, Ag, Mn, Fe, V, Sn, Zr, Sr, Ga, Si, Examples include Cr oxides.
- a more specific example is TiO 2 .
- perovskite oxides of metal elements include SrTiO 3 and CaTIO 3 .
- metal element sulfides include CdS, ZnS, In 2 S 3 , PbS, Mo 2 S, WS 2 , Sb 2 S 3 , Bi 2 S 3 , ZnCdS 2 , and Cu 2 S.
- metal chalcogenides include CsSe, In 2 Se 3 , WSe 2 , HgS, PbSe, and CdTe.
- the thickness of the porous layer 6 may be 0.01 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less, or 0.05 ⁇ m or more and 1 ⁇ m or less.
- the surface roughness coefficient given by the effective area / projected area may be 10 or more, or may be 100 or more.
- the projected area is the area of the shadow that is formed behind when the object is illuminated with light from the front.
- the effective area is the actual surface area of the object.
- the effective area can be calculated from the volume obtained from the projected area and thickness of the object and the specific surface area and bulk density of the materials constituting the object.
- the specific surface area is measured, for example, by the nitrogen adsorption method.
- the pores in the porous layer 6 are formed from a portion in contact with the photoelectric conversion layer 3 or a portion in contact with the photoelectric conversion layer 3 via the intermediate layer 8, a portion in contact with the electron transport layer 5, or electrons via the intermediate layer 8. It is connected to the part in contact with the transport layer 5. That is, the pores of the porous layer 6 are connected from one main surface of the porous layer 6 to the other main surface. As a result, the material of the intermediate layer 8 or the photoelectric conversion layer 3 can fill the pores of the porous layer 6 and reach the surface of the electron transport layer 5. Therefore, since the photoelectric conversion layer 3 and the electron transport layer 5 are in contact with each other directly or via the intermediate layer 8, electrons can be exchanged.
- the effect that the photoelectric conversion layer 3 can be easily formed can be obtained.
- the material of the photoelectric conversion layer 3 penetrates into the pores of the porous layer 6, and the porous layer 6 becomes a scaffold for the photoelectric conversion layer 3. Therefore, the material of the photoelectric conversion layer 3 is unlikely to be repelled or aggregated on the surface of the porous layer 6. Therefore, the photoelectric conversion layer 3 can be easily formed as a uniform film. This is the same even if the intermediate layer 8 is formed on the porous layer 6.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 3 can be formed by the above-mentioned coating method, printing method, thin-film deposition method, or the like.
- the hole transport layer 7 contains a hole transport material.
- the hole transporting material is a material that transports holes.
- the hole transport layer 7 is composed of a hole transport material such as an organic substance or an inorganic semiconductor.
- Typical examples of organic substances used as hole transport materials are 2,2', 7,7'-tetracis- (N, N-di-p-methoxyphenyllamine) 9,9'-spirobifluorene, poly [bis (4). -Phenyl) (2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) amine] (hereinafter, may be abbreviated as "PTAA”), poly (3-hexylthiophenyl-2,5-diyl), poly (3,4-ethylnedioxythiophene), Copper phthalocyanine.
- PTAA 2,2', 7,7'-tetracis- (N, N-di-p-methoxyphenyllamine) 9,9'-spirobifluorene
- PTAA poly [bis (4). -Phenyl) (2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) amine]
- PTAA poly (3-hexylthiophenyl-2,5-diyl)
- the inorganic semiconductor used as a hole transport material is a p-type semiconductor.
- examples of inorganic semiconductors are carbon materials such as Cu 2 O , Cu GaO 2 , CuSCN, CuI, NiO x , MoO x , V 2 O 5, or graphene oxide.
- the hole transport layer 7 may include a plurality of layers made of different materials. For example, the hole transport characteristics are improved by stacking a plurality of layers so that the ionization potential of the hole transport layer 7 is sequentially reduced with respect to the ionization potential of the photoelectric conversion layer 3.
- the defects of the photoelectric conversion layer 3 are terminated by the atoms or molecules of the hole transport layer 7, and the hole transport characteristics are improved. It will be improved.
- Examples of the material that terminates such defects in the photoelectric conversion layer 3 and allows holes to pass through include tetracene and the like.
- the thickness of the hole transport layer 7 may be 1 nm or more and 1000 nm or less, or 10 nm or more and 50 nm or less. Within this range, sufficient hole transport characteristics can be exhibited and low resistance can be maintained, so that photovoltaic power generation can be performed with high efficiency.
- a coating method, a printing method, a vapor deposition method, or the like can be adopted. This is the same as the photoelectric conversion layer 3.
- the coating method include a doctor blade method, a bar coating method, a spray method, a dip coating method, and a spin coating method.
- the printing method include a screen printing method. If necessary, a plurality of materials may be mixed to prepare a hole transport layer 7, and the hole transport layer 7 may be pressurized or fired.
- the material of the hole transport layer 7 is an organic small molecule or an inorganic semiconductor, the hole transport layer 7 can also be produced by a vacuum vapor deposition method.
- the hole transport layer 7 may contain a supporting electrolyte and a solvent.
- the supporting electrolyte and the solvent have the effect of stabilizing the holes in the hole transport layer 7.
- Examples of the supporting electrolyte include ammonium salts and alkali metal salts.
- Examples of the ammonium salt include tetrabutylammonium perchlorate, tetraethylammonium hexafluorophosphate, imidazolium salt and pyridinium salt.
- Examples of the alkali metal salt include lithium perchlorate and potassium tetrafluoride.
- the solvent contained in the hole transport layer 7 may have excellent ionic conductivity. Either an aqueous solvent or an organic solvent may be used. In order to further stabilize the solute, the solvent contained in the hole transport layer 7 may be an organic solvent. Specific examples include heterocyclic compound solvents such as tert-butylpyridine, pyridine, and n-methylpyrrolidone.
- the ionic liquid may be used alone or mixed with other kinds of solvents. Ionic liquids are desirable because they have low volatility and high flame retardancy.
- the ionic liquid examples include imidazolium-based liquids such as 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate, pyridine-based liquids, alicyclic amine-based liquids, aliphatic amine-based liquids, and azonium amine-based liquids. Can be done.
- the second electrode 4 has conductivity.
- the second electrode 4 is made of a material that does not make ohmic contact with the photoelectric conversion layer 3.
- the second electrode 4 has a blocking property for electrons from the photoelectric conversion layer 3.
- the blocking property for electrons from the photoelectric conversion layer 3 is a property that allows only holes generated in the photoelectric conversion layer 3 to pass through and does not allow electrons to pass through.
- the material having such a property is a material having a Fermi energy lower than the energy at the lower end of the conduction band of the photoelectric conversion layer 3.
- the above material may be a material having a Fermi energy lower than that of the photoelectric conversion layer 3.
- the second electrode 4 does not have to have a blocking property for electrons from the photoelectric conversion layer 3. That is, the material of the second electrode 4 may be a material that makes ohmic contact with the photoelectric conversion layer 3. Therefore, the second electrode 4 can be formed so as to have translucency.
- the electrode on which light is incident may have translucency. Therefore, one of the first electrode 2 and the second electrode 4 does not have to have translucency. That is, one of the first electrode 2 and the second electrode 4 may not use a material having translucency, or may not have a pattern including an opening portion through which light is transmitted.
- Examples and Comparative Examples a solar cell using a perovskite compound was prepared, and the initial characteristics of the solar cell and the characteristics after the light irradiation test were evaluated.
- Each configuration of the solar cells of Examples 1 to 11 and Comparative Examples 1 to 10 is as follows.
- the solar cells of Examples 1 to 10, Comparative Examples 1 to 5, Comparative Example 7 and Comparative Example 8 had the same structure as the solar cell 400 shown in FIG.
- the solar cell of Comparative Example 9 had a structure in which the intermediate layer 8 was removed from the solar cell 400.
- the solar cells of Example 11 and Comparative Example 6 had the same structure as the solar cell 300 shown in FIG.
- the solar cell of Comparative Example 10 had a structure in which the intermediate layer 8 was removed from the solar cell 300.
- Substrate 1 Glass substrate
- First electrode 2 Transparent electrode Indium-tin composite oxide layer
- Electron transport layer 5 Titanium oxide or tin oxide
- Porous layer 6 Mesoporous structure Titanium oxide
- Intermediate layer 8 (C60SAM): 4- (1', 5'-Dihydro-1'- mesyl-2'H- [5,6] fullreno-C 60- Ih- [1,9-c] pyrrol-2'-yl) benzoic acid (Sigma) -Made by Aldrich) (hereinafter referred to as "SAM [1]”) or (1,2-Mesoporouslene C 60 ) -61-carboxylic acid (hereinafter referred to as "Sigma-Aldrich”) (hereinafter referred to as "SAM [7]”)
- -Intermediate layer 8 (gap modification SAM): isonicotinic acid (manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry), nicotinic acid (man
- Example 1 a substrate 1 having a transparent conductive layer on the surface, which functions as the first electrode 2, was prepared.
- a glass substrate having a thickness of 0.7 mm was used as the substrate 1.
- a layer of indium-tin composite oxide was formed on the substrate 31 by a sputtering method.
- a layer of titanium oxide was formed on the first electrode 2 by a sputtering method.
- Titanium oxide having a mesoporous structure was used as the porous layer 6.
- a porous layer 6 which is titanium oxide having a mesoporous structure was formed by applying 30NR-D (manufactured by Greatcell Solar) on the electron transport layer 5 by spin coating and then firing at 500 ° C. for 30 minutes.
- the intermediate layer 8 was formed by using the dipping method described in the embodiment.
- Table 1 shows the formation conditions of the intermediate layer 8 of Example 1.
- the tetrahydrofuran and ethanol used were those manufactured by Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries.
- the raw material solution of the photoelectric conversion material was applied by spin coating to form the photoelectric conversion layer 3 containing the perovskite compound.
- the raw material solution was 0.92 mol / L lead iodide (II) (manufactured by Tokyo Kasei Kogyo), 0.17 mol / L lead bromide (II) (manufactured by Tokyo Kasei Kogyo), and 0.83 mol / L iodine.
- Formamidinium bromide (manufactured by GreatCell Solar), 0.17 mol / L methylammonium bromide (manufactured by GreatCell Solar), 0.05 mol / L cesium iodide (manufactured by Iwatani Sangyo), and 0.05 mol / L iodide It was a solution containing rubidium (manufactured by Iwatani Sangyo). The solvent of the solution was a mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide (manufactured by across) and N, N-dimethylformamide (manufactured by across). The mixing ratio (DMSO: DMF) of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) in the first raw material solution was 1: 4 by volume.
- the hole transport layer 7 containing PTAA was formed by applying the raw material solution of the hole transport material on the photoelectric conversion layer 3 by the spin coating method.
- the solvent of the raw material solution was toluene (manufactured by acros), and the solution contained 10 g / L of PTAA.
- the second electrode 4 was formed by depositing an Au film on the hole transport layer 7 by vacuum vapor deposition. In this way, the solar cell of Example 1 was obtained.
- Example 2 to 10 The solar cells of Examples 2 to 10 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except for the conditions for forming the intermediate layer 8.
- the formation conditions of the intermediate layer 8 of Examples 2 to 10 are shown in Table 1.
- Example 11 In Example 11, the electron transport layer 5 was formed of tin oxide. Moreover, in Example 11, the porous layer 6 was not formed. Other than that, the solar cell of Example 11 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Comparative Examples 1 to 5 The solar cells of Comparative Examples 1 to 5 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except for the conditions for forming the intermediate layer 8. The formation conditions of the intermediate layer 8 of Comparative Examples 1 to 5 are shown in Table 1.
- Comparative Example 6 The solar cell of Comparative Example 6 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 11 except for the conditions for forming the intermediate layer 8.
- the formation conditions of the intermediate layer 8 of Comparative Example 6 are shown in Table 2.
- Comparative Examples 7 and 8 The solar cells of Comparative Examples 7 and 8 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except for the conditions for forming the intermediate layer 8. The formation conditions of the intermediate layer 8 of Comparative Examples 7 and 8 are shown in Table 3.
- Comparative Example 9 In Comparative Example 9, the intermediate layer 8 was not formed. A solar cell of Comparative Example 9 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except for the above.
- Comparative Example 10 Comparative Example 10
- the intermediate layer 8 was not formed.
- a solar cell of Comparative Example 10 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 11 except for the above.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell was measured using an electrochemical analyzer (ALS440B, manufactured by BAS) and a xenon light source (BPS X300BA, manufactured by a spectrometer). Before the measurement, the light intensity was calibrated to 1Sun (100 mW / cm 2) using a silicon photodiode. The voltage sweep rate was 100 mV / s. Prior to the start of the measurement, no pre-adjustment such as light irradiation and long-term forward bias application was performed. In order to fix the effective area and reduce the influence of scattered light, light was irradiated from the mask / substrate side with the solar cell masked with a black mask having an opening of 0.1 cm 2. The photoelectric conversion efficiency was measured at room temperature under dry air ( ⁇ 2% RH). The initial efficiencies of the solar cells of Examples 1 to 11 and Comparative Examples 1 to 10 measured as described above are shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3.
- Light irradiation tests were carried out on the solar cells of Examples 1 to 11 and Comparative Examples 1 to 10.
- the solar cell is sealed in the atmosphere with a UV curable resin using a sealing glass with a moisture / oxygen getter attached inside, and then maintained near the optimum operating point from the substrate side.
- Light equivalent to 1 Sun was irradiated for 1 hour while maintaining the substrate temperature at 50 ° C.
- Example 1 shows the types of C60SAMs, the types of gap-modified SAMs, the molar concentration of the charged materials, the initial efficiency (%), which is the photoelectric conversion efficiency before the light irradiation test, and the normalization efficiency after the light irradiation test.
- concentration of the saturated solution of C60SAM was defined as a.
- the unit of concentration in Table 1 is mol / L.
- the numerical values in parentheses in the column of initial efficiency are values obtained by normalizing the initial efficiency of each embodiment with the conversion efficiency of Comparative Example 1.
- the standardized efficiency after light irradiation is a value obtained by normalizing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery after the light irradiation test with the average value of 16.7% of the photoelectric conversion efficiency from 0 to 1 hour after the light irradiation of Comparative Example 1. be.
- Example 11 and Comparative Example 6 the material of the electron transport layer 5 is tin oxide, and there is no porous layer 6
- the type of C60SAM and the type of gap modification SAM in the first and second formation processes of the intermediate layer 8 are performed.
- the molar concentration of the charge, the initial efficiency (%) which is the photoelectric conversion efficiency before the light irradiation test, and the normalization efficiency after the light irradiation test are shown in Table 2.
- the concentration of the saturated solution of C60SAM was defined as a.
- the unit of concentration in Table 2 is mol / L.
- the numerical values in parentheses in the column of initial efficiency are values obtained by normalizing the initial efficiency of each embodiment with the conversion efficiency of Comparative Example 6.
- the standardized efficiency after light irradiation is a value obtained by normalizing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery after the light irradiation test with the average value of 13.3% of the photoelectric conversion efficiency from 0 to 1 hour after the light irradiation of Comparative Example 6. be.
- Comparative Examples 7 to 9 the material of the electron transport layer 5 is titanium oxide and the porous layer 6 is mesoporous structure titanium oxide
- Comparative Example 10 the material of the electron transport layer 5 is tin oxide and is porous.
- the standardization efficiency after the light irradiation test are shown in Table 3.
- Table 3 the concentration of the saturated solution of C60SAM was defined as a.
- the unit of concentration in Table 3 is mol / L.
- the numerical values in parentheses in the column of initial efficiencies of Comparative Examples 7 to 9 are values obtained by normalizing the initial efficiencies of each Example by the conversion efficiencies of Comparative Example 1 shown in Table 1.
- the numerical values in parentheses in the column of initial efficiency of Comparative Example 10 are the values standardized by the conversion efficiency of Comparative Example 6 shown in Table 2.
- the normalization efficiency after light irradiation of Comparative Examples 7 to 9 is the average value of the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the battery after the light irradiation test from 0 to 1 hour after the light irradiation of Comparative Example 1 of 16.7%. It is a value standardized in.
- the standardized efficiency after light irradiation of Comparative Example 10 is a value standardized at an average value of 13.3% of the photoelectric conversion efficiency from 0 to 1 hour after light irradiation of Comparative Example 6.
- Example 4 the effect of steric hindrance was investigated by using 2-bromoisonicotinic acid having a structure in which bromine was modified with isonicotinic acid as the gap modification SAM.
- 2-bromoisonicotinic acid has a structure represented by the following formula (17).
- Example 4 As shown in Table 1, in Example 4, the normalization efficiency after light irradiation is 1.02, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency after light irradiation is higher than that in Comparative Example 1. From this, it can be seen that a solar cell that suppresses photodegradation and has high photoelectric conversion efficiency after light irradiation can be obtained even by the gap-modified SAM modified with bromine.
- the initial efficiency was lowered in Example 4 as compared with Examples 1 to 3, 5 to 10 and Comparative Example 1. This is because 2-bromoisonicotinic acid is somewhat difficult to enter the crevices of SAM [1], and SAM [1] and 2-bromoisonicotinic acid sufficiently modify the surface of the electron transport layer 5. It is probable that the initial efficiency was reduced because of the inability to do so.
- 2-bromoisonicotinic acid used in Example 4 contains the largest heterocycle.
- the size of the heterocycle means the distance between the two farthest atoms, that is, the distance from bromine to hydrogen at the para position of bromine. Therefore, the size of the heterocycle is of carbon-bromine bond length (194 pm), benzene ring diameter (278 pm), carbon-hydrogen bond length (150 pm), hydrogen atom radius (53 pm), and bromine atomic radius (120 pm). The total is 795 pm.
- isonipecotic acid also known as 4-piperidinecarboxylic acid
- isonipecotic acid has a structure represented by the following formula (18).
- Isonipecotic acid has a suitable size that can enter the crevices of SAM [1].
- the gap-modified SAM when the gap-modified SAM is composed of a material group having a lone electron pair in the ring of the heterocyclic compound, the photodegradation phenomenon is suppressed. It is possible to obtain a solar cell having high photoelectric conversion efficiency after light irradiation. Further, as shown in Examples 1 to 3 and Examples 5 to 10, the gap-modified SAM is composed of a material group having a lone electron pair in the ring of the heterocyclic compound, and the gap-modified SAM is steric. It can be seen that when the size has few obstacles, high photoelectric conversion efficiency can be obtained while suppressing the photodegradation phenomenon.
- Example 11 and Comparative Example 6 Compared with Comparative Example 6 in which the intermediate layer 8 contains only SAM [1], Example 11 in which the intermediate layer 8 contains SAM [1] and isonicotinic acid has higher initial efficiency and post-light irradiation normalization efficiency. The value is shown. Therefore, it was confirmed that the effect of the gap modification SAM can be similarly obtained when the material of the electron transport layer 5 is tin oxide.
- Comparative Example 7 is a case where the intermediate layer 8 contains only SAM [7].
- Comparative Example 8 is a case where the gap modification with isonicotinic acid is attempted after first forming SAM [7] in forming the intermediate layer 8.
- Comparative Example 7 showed the same initial efficiency as Comparative Example 1 in Table 1, but the efficiency after light irradiation was worse than that of Comparative Example 1.
- the cathode reaction at the interface between the electron transport layer 5 and the photoelectric conversion layer 3 is promoted by passing through a layer having poor extraction efficiency of high-energy photoexcited electrons, and photodegradation occurs. Therefore, when the size of the skeleton of the C60 SAM excluding the C 60 is smaller than the gap-modified SAM, a sufficient space for the gap-modified SAM to enter cannot be secured, and the desired effect cannot be obtained.
- Comparative Examples 9 and 10 the intermediate layer 8 does not exist.
- the electron transport layer 5 of Comparative Example 9 is a mesoporous structure titanium oxide, which corresponds to the case where there is no SAM [1] of the intermediate layer 8 in Comparative Example 1.
- the electron transport layer 5 of Comparative Example 10 is tin oxide, which corresponds to the case where there is no SAM [1] of the intermediate layer 8 in Comparative Example 6.
- Comparative Examples 9 and 10 have almost the same initial efficiencies as those of Comparative Examples 1 and 6 in which the SAM [1] of the intermediate layer 8 is present, but after light irradiation. The standardization efficiency has dropped significantly. This indicates that when the intermediate layer 8 is not present, there are many defects at the interface between the electron transport layer 5 and the photoelectric conversion layer 3, and electron extraction is poor, so that photodegradation is promoted.
- the present disclosure is a solar cell having a novel self-assembled monolayer, and the self-assembled monolayer can improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency when used as an intermediate layer of the solar cell. Therefore, it can be said that the possibility of industrial use is extremely high.
- Electron transport layer 2C Isonicotinic acid 1 Substrate 2 First electrode 3
- Photoelectric conversion layer 4 Second electrode 6 Porous layer 7
- Hole transport layer 8 Intermediate layer 100, 200, 300, 400 Solar cells
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Abstract
Description
第1電極、中間層、光電変換層、および第2電極、をこの順で備え、
前記中間層は、下記の式(1)から(4)からなる化合物群Iから選択される少なくとも1つの化合物Aおよび下記の式(5)および(6)からなる化合物群IIから選択される少なくとも1つの化合物Bを含む。
(化合物群I)
X1は、フラーレンまたはフラーレン誘導体であり、
X2は、ピロリン環、ピロール環、ピロリジン環、シクロヘキサン環、またはシクロヘキセン環であり、
X3は、シクロヘキサジエン環である。
(化合物群II)
X4は、1つ以上の孤立電子対を持つヘテロ原子を含み、かつ、900pm以下のサイズを有する複素環であり、前記複素環において、水素原子の少なくとも一部はハロゲン原子で置換されていてもよい。
C60SAMは、電子収集能の極めて高いC60(サイズ:0.7nm)およびカルボキシル基等を含む鎖状部分(サイズ:1nm程度)からなる。図1は、C60SAMの一例であるSAM[1]が、電子輸送層の表面を修飾した状態の一例を示す、模式的な図である。図1に示されるように、SAM[1]1Aは、電子輸送層1B側にアンカーとなるカルボキシル基の酸素が向き、光電変換層側にC60が向いて自己組織化する。非特許文献1におけるC60SAM導入による光電変換効率の改善効果は、C60SAMによる電子輸送層の表面の修飾による電子輸送層および光電変換層の界面の欠陥終端、および高導電性のC60による電子取り出し改善効果によるものと考えられる。非特許文献2におけるC60SAM導入による光耐久性の改善効果は、C60SAM導入によって高エネルギーな光励起電子の取り出し効率が改善されたため、非特許文献6で指摘された電子輸送層および光電変換層の界面におけるカソード反応による劣化が抑制されたものと解釈できる。
本開示の第1態様に係る太陽電池は、
第1電極、中間層、光電変換層、および第2電極、をこの順で備え、
前記中間層は、下記の式(1)から(4)からなる化合物群Iから選択される少なくとも1つの化合物Aおよび下記の式(5)および(6)からなる化合物群IIから選択される少なくとも1つの化合物Bを含む。
(化合物群I)
X1は、フラーレンまたはフラーレン誘導体であり、
X2は、ピロリン環、ピロール環、ピロリジン環、シクロヘキサン環、またはシクロヘキセン環であり、
X3は、シクロヘキサジエン環である。
(化合物群II)
X4は、1つ以上の孤立電子対を持つヘテロ原子を含み、かつ、900pm以下のサイズを有する複素環であり、前記複素環において、水素原子の少なくとも一部はハロゲン原子で置換されていてもよい。
本開示の太陽電池は、
第1電極、中間層、光電変換層、および第2電極、をこの順で備え、
前記中間層は、上記の式(1)から(4)からなる化合物群Iから選択される少なくとも1つの化合物Aおよび上記の式(5)および(6)からなる化合物群IIから選択される少なくとも1つの化合物Bを含む。
・TOF-SIMS装置:TOF.SIMS5(ION-TOF製)
・一次イオン:Bi3 +
・一次イオン加速電圧:30kV
・検出二次イオン極性:Negative
・分析領域:200μm×200μm
基板1は、付随的な構成要素である。基板1は、太陽電池の各層を保持する役割を果たす。基板1は、透明な材料から形成することができる。基板1としては、例えば、ガラス基板またはプラスチック基板を用いることができる。プラスチック基板は、例えば、プラスチックフィルムであってもよい。また、第2電極4が透光性を有している場合には、基板1の材料は、透光性を有さない材料であってもよい。例えば、基板1の材料として、金属、セラミックスまたは透光性の小さい樹脂材料を用いることができる。第1電極2が十分な強度を有している場合、第1電極2によって各層を保持することができるので、基板1を設けなくてもよい。
第1電極2は、導電性を有する。太陽電池が電子輸送層5を備えない場合、第1電極2は、光電変換層3とオーミック接触を形成しない材料から構成される。さらに、第1電極2は、光電変換層3からの正孔に対するブロック性を有する。光電変換層3からの正孔に対するブロック性とは、光電変換層3で発生した電子のみを通過させ、正孔を通過させない性質のことである。このような性質を有する材料とは、光電変換層3の価電子帯上端のエネルギーよりも、フェルミエネルギーが高い材料である。上記の材料は、光電変換層3のフェルミエネルギーよりも、フェルミエネルギーが高い材料であってもよい。具体的な材料としては、アルミニウムが挙げられる。太陽電池が、第1電極2および光電変換層3の間に電子輸送層5を備えている場合、第1電極2は、光電変換層3から移動する正孔をブロックする特性を有していなくてもよい。第1電極2は、光電変換層3との間でオーミック接触を形成可能な材料から構成されていてもよい。
電子輸送層5は、半導体を含む。電子輸送層5は、バンドギャップが3.0eV以上の半導体であってもよい。バンドギャップが3.0eV以上の半導体で電子輸送層5を形成することにより、可視光および赤外光を光電変換層3まで透過させることができる。半導体の例としては、無機のn型半導体が挙げられる。
中間層8は、C60SAMおよび隙間修飾SAMを含む。
中間層8の製造方法の一例を説明する。ここでは、浸漬法を例に説明するが、中間層8の製造方法は、これに限定されない。
光電変換層3は、組成式ABX3により表されるペロブスカイト化合物を含む。Aは1価のカチオンである。1価のカチオンの例としては、アルカリ金属カチオンおよび有機カチオンのような1価のカチオンが挙げられる。さらに具体的には、メチルアンモニウムカチオン(MA+またはCH3NH3 +)、ホルムアミジニウムカチオン(FA+またはHC(NH2)2 +)、エチルアンモニウムカチオン(CH3CH2NH3 +)、グアニジニウムカチオン(CH6N3 +)、カリウムカチオン(K+)、セシウムカチオン(Cs+)、およびルビジウムカチオン(Rb+)が挙げられる。Bは2価の鉛カチオン(Pb2+)および錫カチオン(Sn2+)である。Xはハロゲンアニオンなどの1価のアニオンである。A、B、およびXのそれぞれのサイトは、複数種類のイオンによって占有されていてもよい。
多孔質層6は、電子輸送層5の上に、例えば塗布法によって形成される。太陽電池が電子輸送層5を備えない場合は、第1電極2の上に形成される。多孔質層6によって導入された細孔構造は、光電変換層3を形成する際の土台となる。多孔質層6は、光電変換層3の光吸収、および光電変換層3から電子輸送層5への電子移動を阻害しない。
正孔輸送層7は、正孔輸送材料を含有する。正孔輸送材料は、正孔を輸送する材料である。正孔輸送層7は、有機物、無機半導体などの正孔輸送材料によって構成される。
第2電極4は、導電性を有する。太陽電池が正孔輸送層7を備えない場合、第2電極4は、光電変換層3とオーミック接触しない材料から構成される。さらに、第2電極4は、光電変換層3からの電子に対するブロック性を有する。ここで、光電変換層3からの電子に対するブロック性とは、光電変換層3で発生した正孔のみを通過させ、電子を通過させない性質のことである。このような性質を有する材料とは、光電変換層3の伝導帯下端のエネルギーよりも、フェルミエネルギーが低い材料である。上記の材料は、光電変換層3のフェルミエネルギーよりも、フェルミエネルギーが低い材料であってもよい。具体的な材料としては、白金、金、グラフェンなどの炭素材料が挙げられる。太陽電池が正孔輸送層7を備える場合、第2電極4は、光電変換層3からの電子に対するブロック性を有さなくてもよい。すなわち、第2電極4の材料は、光電変換層3とオーミック接触する材料であってもよい。そのため、第2電極4を、透光性を有するように形成することができる。
・基板1:ガラス基板
・第1電極2:透明電極 インジウム-錫複合酸化物層
・電子輸送層5:酸化チタンまたは酸化錫
・多孔質層6:メソポーラス構造酸化チタン
・中間層8(C60SAM):4-(1′,5′-Dihydro-1′-methyl-2′H-[5,6]fullereno-C60-Ih-[1,9-c]pyrrol-2′-yl)benzoic acid(Sigma-Aldrich製)(以下、「SAM[1]」と呼ばれる)、または(1,2-Methanofullerene C60)-61-carboxylic acid(Sigma-Aldrich製)(以下、「SAM[7]」と呼ばれる)
・中間層8(隙間修飾SAM):イソニコチン酸(東京化成工業製)、ニコチン酸(東京化成工業製)、ピコリン酸(東京化成工業製)、2-ブロモイソニコチン酸(東京化成工業製)、またはイソニペコチン酸(Sigma-Aldrich製)
・光電変換層3:HC(NH2)2PbI3を主として含む層
・正孔輸送層7:n-ブチルアンモニウムブロミド(GreatcellSolar製)を含む層/PTAAを主として含む層(但し、添加剤として、トリス(ペンタフルオロフェニル)ボラン(東京化成工業製)が含まれる)
・第2電極4:Au
(実施例1)
まず、第1電極2として機能する透明導電層を表面に有する基板1を用意した。本実施例では、基板1として、0.7mmの厚みを有するガラス基板を用いた。
中間層8の形成条件以外は実施例1と同様にして、実施例2から10の太陽電池が得られた。実施例2から10の中間層8の形成条件は、表1に示す。
実施例11では、電子輸送層5が酸化錫によって形成された。また、実施例11では、多孔質層6を形成しなかった。それ以外は、実施例1と同様にして実施例11の太陽電池が得られた。
中間層8の形成条件以外は実施例1と同様にして、比較例1から5の太陽電池が得られた。比較例1から5の中間層8の形成条件は、表1に示す。
中間層8の形成条件以外は実施例11と同様にして、比較例6の太陽電池が得られた。比較例6の中間層8の形成条件は、表2に示す。
中間層8の形成条件以外は実施例1と同様にして、比較例7および8の太陽電池が得られた。比較例7および8の中間層8の形成条件は、表3に示す。
比較例9では、中間層8が形成されなかった。それ以外は実施例1と同様にして、比較例9の太陽電池が得られた。
比較例10では、中間層8が形成されなかった。それ以外は実施例11と同様にして、比較例10の太陽電池が得られた。
得られた実施例1から11および比較例1から10の太陽電池の光電変換効率を測定した。
実施例1から11および比較例1から10の太陽電池について、光照射試験を実施した。光照射試験は、太陽電池を、水分・酸素ゲッターを内部に貼り付けた封止ガラスを用いてUV硬化樹脂にて大気中で封止した後に、最適動作点近傍に維持しつつ、基板側から1Sun相当の光が、基板温度を50℃に維持しながら、1時間照射された。
表1に示されるように、実施例1から10は、光照射後規格化効率は1.000より大きく、従来のC60SAM処理のみである比較例1と比較して、光照射後の光電変換効率が高い。したがって、C60SAM処理に加え、隙間修飾SAM処理を施すことにより、光劣化現象を抑制しつつ、高い光電変換効率を有する太陽電池が得られる。
実施例4において、隙間修飾SAMとして、イソニコチン酸に臭素が修飾された構造を有する2-ブロモイソニコチン酸を用いることで、立体障害の影響を調査した。2-ブロモイソニコチン酸は、以下の式(17)で示される構造を持つ。
表1に示されるように、隙間修飾SAMのみを単独で処理して中間層8を形成した比較例3から5では、比較例1と比較して、初期効率および光照射後規格化効率の両方が大きく減少した。これは、ピリジン環の中の窒素が持つ孤立電子対が電子を反発するため、電子輸送層5への電子収集が妨げられることによる。すなわち、初期効率の低下は抵抗損失の増加により生じ、光照射後規格化効率の低下、すなわち光耐久性の低下は、光照射下において電子輸送層5および光電変換層3の界面に高エネルギー光励起電子が蓄積し界面におけるカソード反応が促進されたためと考えられる。
表2に示されるように、実施例11と比較例6とを比較することにより、隙間修飾SAMの効果が、電子輸送層5の材料に依存するかどうかを調べた。実施例11および比較例6は、電子輸送層5が酸化錫である。中間層8がSAM[1]のみである比較例6と比較して、中間層8がSAM[1]とイソニコチン酸とを含む実施例11は、初期効率および光照射後規格化効率ともに高い値を示した。したがって、隙間修飾SAMの効果は、電子輸送層5の材料が酸化錫の場合も同様に得られることが確認された。
SAM[1]と比較して、C60を除いた骨格のサイズが小さいSAM[7]をC60SAMとして用いた場合、隙間修飾SAMの効果が得られるかどうかを調べた。比較例7は、中間層8がSAM[7]のみを含む場合である。一方、比較例8は、中間層8を形成するにあたって、まずSAM[7]を形成した後にイソニコチン酸による隙間修飾を試みた場合である。表3に示す通り、比較例7は、表1の比較例1と同等の初期効率を示すが、光照射後効率は比較例1より悪化した。これは、SAM[1]と比較して、SAM[7]は、C60同士の反発による立体障害が大きく、電子輸送層5の表面の修飾が十分でないことを示唆している。比較例7と比較して、比較例8は、初期効率が低下し、光照射後効率は低下した。これは、SAM[7]はC60を除いた骨格のサイズが小さ過ぎるため、イソニコチン酸がSAM[7]の隙間に入り込むことができず、電子輸送層5の表面を十分に修飾することができないためであると考えられる。また、光照射後効率の低下は、抵抗損失の大きな層を介した電子収集が増加したことによる。つまり、高エネルギーな光励起電子の取り出し効率が悪い層を介することによって、電子輸送層5および光電変換層3の界面におけるカソード反応が促進され、光劣化したためである。したがって、C60SAMのC60を除いた骨格のサイズが、隙間修飾SAMよりも小さい場合には、隙間修飾SAMが入り込む十分な空間が確保できず、所望の効果が得られない。
比較例9および10は、中間層8が存在しない。比較例9の電子輸送層5は、メソポーラス構造酸化チタンであり、比較例1において中間層8のSAM[1]が無い場合に相当する。比較例10の電子輸送層5は、酸化錫であり、比較例6において中間層8のSAM[1]が無い場合に相当する。表1から3に示す通り、中間層8のSAM[1]が存在する比較例1および比較例6と比較して、比較例9および10は、初期効率はほぼ同等であるものの、光照射後規格化効率が大きく低下した。これは、中間層8が存在しない場合、電子輸送層5および光電変換層3の界面に欠陥が多く、電子取り出しが悪いため、光劣化を促進させることを示している。
1B,2B,5 電子輸送層
2C イソニコチン酸
1 基板
2 第1電極
3 光電変換層
4 第2電極
6 多孔質層
7 正孔輸送層
8 中間層
100,200,300,400 太陽電池
Claims (8)
- 太陽電池であって、
第1電極、中間層、光電変換層、および第2電極、をこの順で備え、
前記中間層は、下記の式(1)から(4)からなる化合物群Iから選択される少なくとも1つの化合物Aおよび下記の式(5)および(6)からなる化合物群IIから選択される少なくとも1つの化合物Bを含み、
(化合物群I)
ここで、上記式(1)から(4)において、
X1は、フラーレンまたはフラーレン誘導体であり、
X2は、ピロリン環、ピロール環、ピロリジン環、シクロヘキサン環、またはシクロヘキセン環であり、
X3は、シクロヘキサジエン環であり、
(化合物群II)
ここで、上記式(5)および(6)において、
X4は、1つ以上の孤立電子対を持つヘテロ原子を含み、かつ、900pm以下のサイズを有する複素環である、
太陽電池。 - 前記複素環は、ピリジン環、ピラン環、フラン環、オキセタン環、オキサゾール環、イソオキサゾール環、ピリダジン環、ピリミジン環、ピラジン環、トリアジン環、テトラジン環、トリアゾール環、チオフェン環、チアゾール環、ジオキサン環、ピラゾール環、イミダゾール環、ホスフィニン環、オキシラン環、チイラン環、チエタン環、イミダソリン環、ジオキソラン環、テトラヒドロフラン環、テトラヒドロチオフェン環、モルホリン環、ジアチン環、キヌクリジン環、またはアザアダマンタン環である、
請求項1に記載の太陽電池。 - 前記複素環において、水素原子の少なくとも一部はハロゲン原子で置換されている、
請求項1または2に記載の太陽電池。 - 電子輸送層をさらに備え、
前記電子輸送層は、前記第1電極および前記中間層の間に配置されている、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の太陽電池。 - 前記化合物Aは、前記式(7)で示される化合物である、
請求項5に記載の太陽電池。 - 前記光電変換層は、ペロブスカイト化合物を含む、
請求項1から6のいずれか1項に記載の太陽電池。 - 前記電子輸送層は、酸化チタンまたは酸化錫を含む、
請求項4に記載の太陽電池。
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| EP (1) | EP4174971A4 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP7738267B2 (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN115700056A (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2021261176A1 (ja) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| WO2023106042A1 (ja) * | 2021-12-07 | 2023-06-15 | パナソニックホールディングス株式会社 | 太陽電池 |
| US20240049485A1 (en) * | 2021-02-05 | 2024-02-08 | Gwangju Institute Of Science And Technology | Inverted organic photovoltaic cell and method of manufacturing same |
| JP2025112277A (ja) * | 2024-01-18 | 2025-07-31 | カウナス ユニバーシティ オブ テクノロジー | 光電子デバイスおよび/または光電気化学デバイスに使用するための電子輸送自己組織化単分子層化合物およびその製造方法 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN116640087A (zh) * | 2023-05-18 | 2023-08-25 | 东南大学 | 钙钛矿晶体及其光电响应材料、制备方法和应用 |
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| KR101585288B1 (ko) * | 2012-05-31 | 2016-01-14 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 방향족 화합물 및 이를 포함한 유기 태양전지 |
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| CN104253223A (zh) * | 2013-06-27 | 2014-12-31 | 海洋王照明科技股份有限公司 | 太阳能电池器件及其制备方法 |
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- 2021-05-28 JP JP2022532461A patent/JP7738267B2/ja active Active
- 2021-05-28 CN CN202180040471.3A patent/CN115700056A/zh active Pending
- 2021-05-28 WO PCT/JP2021/020535 patent/WO2021261176A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2021-05-28 EP EP21829585.5A patent/EP4174971A4/en not_active Withdrawn
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2022
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Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20240049485A1 (en) * | 2021-02-05 | 2024-02-08 | Gwangju Institute Of Science And Technology | Inverted organic photovoltaic cell and method of manufacturing same |
| US12324296B2 (en) * | 2021-02-05 | 2025-06-03 | Gwangju Institute Of Science And Technology | Inverted organic photovoltaic cell and method of manufacturing same |
| WO2023106042A1 (ja) * | 2021-12-07 | 2023-06-15 | パナソニックホールディングス株式会社 | 太陽電池 |
| JPWO2023106042A1 (ja) * | 2021-12-07 | 2023-06-15 | ||
| JP7507321B2 (ja) | 2021-12-07 | 2024-06-27 | パナソニックホールディングス株式会社 | 太陽電池 |
| JP2025112277A (ja) * | 2024-01-18 | 2025-07-31 | カウナス ユニバーシティ オブ テクノロジー | 光電子デバイスおよび/または光電気化学デバイスに使用するための電子輸送自己組織化単分子層化合物およびその製造方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP4174971A1 (en) | 2023-05-03 |
| CN115700056A (zh) | 2023-02-03 |
| JP7738267B2 (ja) | 2025-09-12 |
| US20230105166A1 (en) | 2023-04-06 |
| EP4174971A4 (en) | 2023-12-20 |
| JPWO2021261176A1 (ja) | 2021-12-30 |
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