WO2021111987A1 - ナノポア構造体、ナノポア構造体を含む塩基配列解析装置 - Google Patents
ナノポア構造体、ナノポア構造体を含む塩基配列解析装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021111987A1 WO2021111987A1 PCT/JP2020/044075 JP2020044075W WO2021111987A1 WO 2021111987 A1 WO2021111987 A1 WO 2021111987A1 JP 2020044075 W JP2020044075 W JP 2020044075W WO 2021111987 A1 WO2021111987 A1 WO 2021111987A1
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/65—Raman scattering
- G01N21/658—Raman scattering enhancement Raman, e.g. surface plasmons
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6869—Methods for sequencing
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
- G01N21/645—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters
- G01N21/648—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters using evanescent coupling or surface plasmon coupling for the excitation of fluorescence
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/483—Physical analysis of biological material
- G01N33/487—Physical analysis of biological material of liquid biological material
- G01N33/48707—Physical analysis of biological material of liquid biological material by electrical means
- G01N33/48721—Investigating individual macromolecules, e.g. by translocation through nanopores
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/65—Raman scattering
Definitions
- One embodiment of the present invention relates to a nanopore structure in which nanoscale through-holes are formed of a metal thin film, and an apparatus for analyzing a base sequence in DNA, RNA, or the like containing the nanopore structure.
- DNA sequencer a base sequence analyzer that forms nanopores from cyclic proteins, measures the ionic current when a DNA strand passes through the nanopores, and decodes the base sequence is disclosed (see Patent Document 1). ).
- Patent Document 1 Since the nanopore disclosed in Patent Document 1 uses a protein, it has problems in mechanical durability, stability, and heat resistance. In addition, there is a problem that nanopores formed by proteins cannot be reused once they are used for analysis. On the other hand, attempts have been made to form nanopores using metal materials and semiconductor materials, but it is difficult to manufacture nanopores with a pore size of 10 nm or less even with the latest microfabrication technology, and it has not been put into practical use. Not in.
- one of the objects of the present invention is to provide a nanopore structure having a new structure produced by an approach different from the prior art.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a base sequence analyzer using a nanopore structure having a new structure.
- the present invention makes it possible to realize a nanopore having a pore size of 10 nm or less and a base sequence analysis device using the nanopore by applying an electrochemical method, not limited to microfabrication techniques such as photolithography and etching. There is.
- the nanopore structure according to an embodiment of the present invention is thin and has a first metal member having a through hole and a second metal member provided so as to narrow the hole diameter of the through hole.
- the first metal member and the second metal member include nanopores having a pore size of 10 nm or less.
- the nucleotide sequence analyzer includes a cis chamber and a trans chamber, a nanopore structure between the cis chamber and the trans chamber, a first electrode (working electrode) provided in the cis chamber, and a trans chamber. It has a second electrode (counter electrode) and a third electrode (reference electrode 2) provided in the above.
- the nanopore structure is a thin film and includes a first metal member provided with a through hole for communicating the cis chamber and the trans chamber, and a second metal member provided for narrowing the hole diameter of the through hole. , The first metal member and the second metal member form nanopores having a pore diameter of 10 nm or less.
- a nanopore structure formed of an inorganic material can be provided by combining a plurality of types of metal materials. Specifically, by providing the second metal member by the reaction of electroless plating at the open end of the through hole of the first metal member, it is possible to provide a nanopore structure having nanopores having a pore diameter of 10 nm or less. it can. In addition, a base sequence analyzer using this can be provided.
- the plan view of the nanopore structure which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention is shown.
- the cross-sectional view of the nanopore structure which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention is shown.
- the cross-sectional structure of the nanopore structure according to one embodiment of the present invention is shown.
- the cross-sectional structure of the nanopore structure according to one embodiment of the present invention is shown.
- the plan view of the nanopore structure which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention is shown.
- the cross-sectional view of the nanopore structure which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention is shown.
- the cross-sectional structure of the nanopore structure according to one embodiment of the present invention is shown.
- the cross-sectional structure of the nanopore structure according to one embodiment of the present invention is shown, and the form in which a self-assembled monolayer is formed on a first metal member and a second metal member is shown.
- the cross-sectional structure of the nanopore structure according to the embodiment of the present invention is shown, and the form in which a self-assembled monolayer is formed on the nanopore portion of the second metal member is shown.
- the planar structure of the nanopore structure according to the embodiment of the present invention is shown.
- the cross-sectional structure of the nanopore structure according to one embodiment of the present invention is shown.
- a method for producing a nanopore structure according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
- a method for producing a nanopore structure according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
- a method for producing a nanopore structure according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
- a method for producing a nanopore structure according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
- a method for producing a nanopore structure according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
- a method for producing a nanopore structure according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
- a method for producing a nanopore structure according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
- a method for producing a nanopore structure according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
- a method for producing a nanopore structure according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown.
- the configuration of the base sequence analyzer according to the embodiment of the present invention is shown.
- the configuration of the base sequence analyzer according to the embodiment of the present invention is shown.
- the configuration of the base sequence analyzer according to the embodiment of the present invention is shown.
- An example of a plurality of electrodes with nanopores in the base sequence analyzer according to the embodiment of the present invention and a selection circuit for switching the connection destination thereof is shown.
- the timing chart explaining the operation of the base sequence analysis apparatus which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention is shown.
- the SEM image of the sample prepared in Example 1 is shown.
- the SEM image of the sample evaluated in Example 2 is shown.
- the nanopore structure according to an embodiment of the present invention is formed by a first metal member having a through hole and a second metal member provided so as to narrow the through hole. The details of such a nanopore structure will be described below.
- FIG. 1A shows a schematic plan view of a nanopore structure 100a according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the nanopore structure 100a includes a first metal member 110 and a second metal member 116, and has a structure in which the first metal member 110 is provided with a through hole 112.
- the nanopore 102 is formed by providing the second metal member 116 on the first metal member 110 and arranging the through hole 112 so as to narrow the through hole 112.
- the first metal member 110 is a thin film and has a predetermined thickness.
- the through hole 112 is a hole from which the first metal member 110 has been removed, and the first metal member 110 is exposed on the side wall surface of the through hole 112.
- the shape of the through hole 112 is arbitrary, and can be provided in various shapes such as a circle, an ellipse, a triangle, a square, and a rectangle in a plan view.
- the hole diameter of the through hole 112 has a size of 8 nm to 40 nm, and this size indicates the diameter if the through hole 112 is circular, and indicates the diagonal length if it is square.
- the through hole 112 When the through hole 112 is viewed as a simple substance, it has a size relatively larger than a size suitable for functioning as a nanopore for analyzing a base sequence of DNA or the like.
- the second metal member 116 may have several shapes such as an island-like isolated structure, an island-like structure in which the island-like structures are aggregated and connected, and a film-like continuous structure.
- FIG. 1A shows an aspect in which the second metal member 116 is provided in an island shape. At least one of the second metal members 116 is provided so as to overlap the open end portion of the through hole 112. As shown in FIG. 1A, a plurality of the second metal members 116 may be provided so as to be connected to each other and surround the open end portion of the through hole 112. The second metal member 116 is provided so as to protrude into the hole portion of the through hole 112. The hole diameter of the through hole 112 is narrowed by the second metal member 116.
- the nanopore 102 is formed in a portion where the through hole 112 is narrowed by the second metal member 116. That is, the nanopore 102 is formed by combining the through hole 112 provided in the first metal member 110 and the second metal member 116.
- the second metal member 116 may exist at any position on the surface of the first metal member 110 other than the through hole 112, but is not shown because it has nothing to do with the nanopore 102.
- the nanopore structure 100a has the nanopore 102 formed by the first metal member 110 having the through hole 112 and the second metal member 116 provided so as to narrow the through hole 112. ..
- the pore diameter of the nanopore refers to the diameter of the pore formed by the second metal member.
- the nanopore is circular in plan view, it refers to its diameter, and when it is not in a shape that can be regarded as circular or circular, ⁇ 2 ⁇ (area / circumference in plan view of the opening formed by the second metal member).
- the diameter obtained by converting the size of the opening into a circle, which is obtained by the rate) ⁇ 1/2, is defined as the diameter of the nanopore.
- the substantial pore size of the nanopore 102 has a size of 10 nm or less, preferably 1 nm to 5 nm.
- the cross-sectional structure corresponding to the lines A1-A2 shown in FIG. 1A is shown in FIG. 1B.
- the nanopore structure 100a shown in FIG. 1B has a structure in which the first metal member 110 is provided on the insulating film 106, and the insulating film 106 is supported by the supporting member 104.
- the insulating film 106 is provided with a through hole 113 which overlaps with the through hole 112 and has substantially the same hole diameter.
- the support member 104 is provided in contact with the insulating film 106 at a position where it does not overlap with the through hole 113.
- a base metal film 108 may be provided between the first metal member 110 and the insulating film 106.
- the base metal film 108 is not an essential configuration, but it is necessary so that the first metal member 110 is stably supported on the insulating film 106 (that is, in order to improve the adhesion). It is provided according to.
- FIG. 1B shows a form in which a second metal member 116a is provided at one end of the through hole 112 and a second metal member 116b is provided at the other end facing the other end when the nanopore structure 100a is viewed in cross section.
- the second metal members 116a and 116b have a nanoscale island-like structure, are mountain-shaped in appearance, and have a spherical surface.
- the second metal members 116a and 116b having such a shape are provided so as to be in contact with the side wall surface (side surface of the first metal member 110) of the through hole 112 from the upper surface of the first metal member 110.
- the spherical surface refers to a curved surface having a continuous curved surface while the radius of curvature continuously changes, and is not limited to a true spherical surface.
- the nanopore structure 100a is formed of a metal material in which the first metal member 110 and the second metal members 116a and 116b are different from each other.
- suitable metal materials for forming the first metal member 110 include transition elements such as platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rd), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), and iridium (Ir). Will be done.
- gold (Au) is exemplified as a suitable metal material for forming the second metal members 116a and 116b.
- the method for producing the nanopore structure 100a will be described later, but at least the second metal members 116a and 116b are produced by an electroless plating method.
- the second metal members 116a and 116b having a nanoscale size can be selectively formed on the surface of the first metal member 110. That is, by adopting the electroless plating method, the second metal members 116a and 116b are not attached to the surfaces of the insulating film 106 and the base metal film 108, but are on the surface of the first metal member 110 and through the holes 112. It can be provided so as to narrow the hole diameter of the.
- the first metal member 110 and the second metal members 116a and 116b may have a crystal structure.
- FIG. 1B schematically shows an embodiment in which the first metal member 110 has a polycrystalline structure, contains crystal grains 114a and 114b, and the second metal member 116a includes crystal regions 118a and 118b.
- the crystal region 118a is provided so as to correspond to the crystal grains 114a
- the crystal region 118b is provided so as to correspond to the crystal grains 114b.
- the first metal member 110 and the second metal members 116a and 116b are dissimilar metals, but the crystal regions 118a and 118b are preferably formed as regions heteroepitaxially grown from the crystal grains 114a and 114b, respectively. ..
- the lattices need to be aligned.
- the ratio of the lattice mismatch between the lattice constant of the first metal member 110 and the lattice constants of the second metal members 116a and 116b is 35% or less, preferably 10% or less, and more preferably 5% or less. It is hoped that there will be.
- the lattice constant of platinum (Pt) exemplified as the first metal member 110 is 0.39242 nm
- the lattice constant of palladium (Pd) is 0.38907 nm
- the lattice constant of gold (Au) exemplified as the second metal member 116 is The lattice constant of is 0.40782 nm.
- Platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and gold (Au) and the rate of lattice mismatch (misfit rate) are 3.9% and 4.6%, respectively, so platinum (Pt) or palladium (Pd).
- the second metal member 116 formed of gold (Au) can be heteroepitaxially grown on the surface of the crystal grains 114 formed of.
- the second metal members 116a and 116b including the crystal region heteroepitaxially grown from the first metal member 110 have a nanoscale island-like structure.
- the second metal members 116a and 116b have a spherical shape in a cross-sectional view.
- the size of the second metal members 116a and 116b having a nanoscale island-like structure is preferably such that the width from one end to the other end is 50 nm or less in a plan view (when the first metal member 110 is viewed from above).
- the second metal members 116a and 116b have a height of 40 nm or less, preferably 20 nm or less, more preferably 10 nm or less from the surface of the first metal member 110.
- the nanoscale island-like structure refers to an individual having a size of about 50 nm or less.
- the second metal members 116a and 116b form spherical protrusions by heteroepitaxially growing in a highly wettable state. Since electroless plating does not proceed on the surface of the base metal film 108, the spherical protrusion of the second metal member has a boundary between the nanoscale first metal member 110 and the base metal film 108 as an end portion. Therefore, the angle of the spherical protrusion of the second metal member with respect to the straight line extending the interface between the first metal member 110 and the base metal film 108 in the hole can be defined.
- a positive angle is a situation in which the spherical protrusion of the second metal member is not protruding toward the base metal film 108 side
- a negative angle is a situation in which it is protruding toward the base metal film 108 side. This angle is preferably positive, but may be negative.
- the second metal members 116a and 116b include crystal regions having different crystal orientations and are circular in cross-sectional view. This is because the surface tension proportional to the reciprocal of the radius of curvature becomes extremely large when the radius of curvature is 15 nm or less, and the atoms constituting the second metal members 116a and 116b self-diffuse the surface to minimize the surface energy. This is because the cross section is circular. When the second metal members 116a and 116b are viewed in cross section, the circular shape thereof has a structure in which a part of the circle passes through the interface between the base metal film 108 and the first metal member 110.
- the first metal member 110 is platinum (Pt) and the second metal members 116a and 116b are gold (Au)
- gold (Au) when the radius of curvature of gold (Au) becomes smaller, gold (Au) is reduced so as to reduce the surface energy.
- Platinum (Pt) is harder than gold (Au) and has an order of magnitude smaller surface self-diffusion coefficient. Therefore, the gold (Au) heteroepitaxially grown on the platinum (Pt) becomes difficult to move because the gold (Au) atom is pinned by the platinum (Pt) atom at the portion in contact with the platinum (Pt). Therefore, the gold (Au) particles are fixed at the portion in contact with the platinum (Pt) and become a sphere having a small radius of curvature so as to reduce the surface energy.
- Such a state means that the second metal members 116a and 116b provided so as to narrow the hole diameter of the through hole 112 can stably maintain the shape of the nanopore 102.
- the second metal members 116a and 116b provided so as to narrow the hole diameter of the through hole 112 can stably maintain the shape of the nanopore 102.
- FIG. 1A by surrounding the circumference of the through hole 112 with a second metal member 116 having a spherical surface, it is possible to maintain the structure of the nanopore 102 while keeping the shape of the hole in a circular shape. It becomes.
- the radius of curvature of the second metal members 116a and 116b becomes smaller, the closest metal atom close to the sample becomes one in the nanopore 102, and the size thereof is, for example, from 0.36 nm, which is the distance between bases of DNA.
- the spatial resolution can be increased, and as will be described later, when a current flows from the DNA to the nanopore 102 due to a tunnel current, the current flowing for each base can be read.
- the radius of curvature of the second metal members 116a and 116b becomes equal to the cross-sectional length of DNA, the ionic current flowing between the transchamber and the cis chamber via the nanopore is strongly influenced by the base, and the base species Reading accuracy is improved.
- the second metal members 116a and 116b are manufactured by a chemical film forming method by electroless plating. As described above, when the nanopore 102 is to be formed by narrowing the second metal member 116a and the second metal member 116b, it is considered that the control of electroless plating becomes a problem.
- the through hole 112 will be blocked, so it is necessary to control the reaction with time. In that case, there is a concern that the pore diameter of the nanopore 102 will vary greatly from production to production.
- the growth of the second metal members 116a and 116b does not continue indefinitely, but automatically stops.
- a Helmholtz layer (a layer of solvent, solute molecules, and solute ions adsorbed on the electrode surface) is formed.
- metal ions in the electroless plating solution cannot enter the gaps.
- the plating growth of the opposite regions of the second metal member 116a and the second metal member 116b is automatically stopped.
- the second metal members 116a and 116b selectively grow on the surface of the first metal member 110 and do not grow on other parts (for example, the base metal film 108). Further, since the open end portion of the through hole 112 formed in the first metal member 110 causes electric field concentration in the electroless plating solution and the probability of nucleation increases, the second metal members 116a and 116b are surely formed. grow up. In this case, the thickness of the first metal member 110 affects the radius of curvature of the second metal members 116a and 116b.
- the radius of curvature of the second metal member 116a is r1, and when t1 becomes equal to r1, the angle is 0 degrees. Become.
- the internal stress of the second metal member 116 becomes large, so that the plating progress is slower than in the case of t1> r1, and the plating progresses. Can be suppressed. Therefore, the radius of curvature r1 and r2 of the second metal members 116a and 116b can be controlled to a value equivalent to the thickness t1 of the first metal member 110. If the plating time is lengthened, the plating proceeds further, so that a state of t1 ⁇ r1 can be created.
- the radius of curvature of the second metal member 116a becomes smaller from r1 to r2 by selecting the plating conditions.
- the radius of curvature of the second metal member 116a can be controlled by adjusting the film thickness of the first metal member 110.
- the pore diameter of the nanopore 102 can be controlled by two methods: the automatic stop of the plating described above and the control of the film thickness of the first metal member 110 by the combination of t1 and the initial pore diameter.
- the thickness of the first metal member 110 can be 20 nm or less, preferably 10 nm or less, more preferably 5 nm or less, and more preferably 3 nm or less. However, when the first metal member 110 is thinned, the reduction width of the hole diameter by electroless plating is limited, so the diameter of the hole diameter of the through hole 112 (the length of one side of the square or the diameter of the circular hole). Is preferably substantially equal to the film thickness of the first metal member 110.
- the plating may start to proceed again and r1 may exceed t1. Also in this case, the self-stop function due to the ionic radius is effective.
- the reason why the second metal member 116 has a spherical cross-sectional shape is that it has grown on the surface of the first metal member 110 by electroless plating.
- a physical deposition method such as an oblique vapor deposition method
- the film thickness of the deposited thin film becomes uniform, and the first metal member 110 and the base metal film 108 Since the film is deposited regardless of the boundary, the structure does not have a radius of curvature.
- a thin film can be formed not only on the first metal member 110 but also on the base metal film 108 and the insulating film 106.
- the pore size of the nanopore 102 can be precisely controlled by utilizing the self-stop function developed by electroless plating.
- the pore size of the nanopore 102 is not controlled by microfabrication techniques such as photolithography and etching, but by two reaction rate-determining methods of electroless plating, so the pore size of 10 nm or less can be accurately reproduced with good reproducibility. Can be controlled to.
- the materials of the support member 104, the insulating film 106, and the base metal film 108 shown in FIG. 1B are not limited.
- a thermally stable silicon substrate silicon wafer
- an inorganic insulating material such as a silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride film, or an aluminum oxide film
- the base metal film 108 titanium (Ti), molybdenum (Mo), tantalum (Ta), etc.
- a metal material such as chromium (Cr) can be used.
- the nanopore structure 100a is a second metal having one or more nanoscale island-like structures so as to narrow the hole diameter of the through hole 112 formed in the first metal member 110.
- a nanopore 102 having a pore diameter of 10 nm or less can be obtained.
- the second metal member 116 has a nanoscale island-like structure, whereas in the second embodiment, the second metal member 110 is placed on the second metal member 110.
- the metal member 116 has a continuous structure.
- FIG. 3A shows a plan view of the nanopore structure 100b.
- the nanopore structure 100b is different from the first embodiment in that the second metal member 116 has a continuous structure on the first metal member 110.
- the nanopore structure 100b includes the pore size of the nanopore 102, and other members are the same as those of the nanopore structure 100a according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 3B The cross-sectional structure corresponding to the A3-A4 line shown in FIG. 3A is shown in FIG. 3B.
- the metal material forming the first metal member 110 and the second metal member 116 is the same as that shown in the first embodiment.
- the first metal member 110 has a polycrystalline structure and includes a plurality of crystal grains 114.
- FIG. 3B schematically shows a form in which the first metal member 110 includes crystal grains 114c, 114d, 114e, and 114f.
- the second metal member 116 includes crystal regions 118c, 118d, 118e, 118f that have been heteroepitaxially grown corresponding to the crystal grains 114c, 114d, 114e, 114f.
- the second metal member 116 having such crystallinity is produced by electroless plating.
- the first metal member 110 may also include an amorphous region 115.
- nucleation also occurs in the amorphous region 115, so that the second metal member 116 grows in that region as well.
- the second metal member 116 that grows on the amorphous region 115 is in an amorphous state (amorphous region 119).
- lattice strain or the like may occur during the growth, and an amorphous region may be included.
- the second metal member 116 includes a plurality of heteroepitaxially grown crystal regions 118c, 118d, 118e, 118f, and may further include an amorphous region 115.
- the first metal member 110 and the second metal member 116 include a heteroepitaxially grown interface, the crystal continuity is maintained between the dissimilar metals, and the structure is in a high thermal stability state. Therefore, the shape of the nanopore structure 100b can be kept stable.
- the second metal member 116 is provided so as to continuously surround the open end portion of the through hole 112 of the first metal member 110.
- the second metal member 116 is provided so as to be continuous from the upper surface of the first metal member 110 to the side wall surface of the through hole 112 and to protrude into the hole portion of the through hole 112. Similar to the first embodiment, the second metal member 116 is provided so as to protrude into the hole portion of the through hole 112 and narrow the hole diameter thereof.
- the second metal member 116 is formed on the first metal member 11 by electroless plating.
- the second metal member 116 has a spherical island-like structure in the first embodiment, whereas the second embodiment has a continuous structure.
- Such structural differences can be controlled by electroless plating conditions and / or pretreatment conditions. For example, by changing the surface state of the first metal member 110 by pretreatment to increase the nucleation density, it is possible to form the second metal member 116 having a continuous film-like structure by electroless plating. ..
- the structure shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B has a structure in which the second metal member 116 epitaxially grown from the first metal member 110 is connected while including the crystal grain boundaries to continuously cover the open end portion of the through hole 112. ing.
- the nanopore 102 has a surface in which crystal grains having a predetermined radius of curvature are connected so as to form a circumference on a continuous curved surface. Since the surface tension increases in proportion to the reciprocal of the radius, the inner surface of the nanopore 102 has a circumferential structure in which spherical surfaces are connected.
- the nanopore structure 100b according to the second embodiment is provided with the second metal member 116 having a continuous structure so as to narrow the hole diameter of the through hole 112 formed in the first metal member 110.
- the nanopore 102 having a size of 10 nm or less, preferably 1 nm to 5 nm can be obtained.
- the shape of the nanopore 102 can be made into a shape close to a circle.
- the shape of the through hole 112 is quadrangular in a plan view, it can be made into a shape close to a circle by being surrounded by the second metal member 116. As a result, it is possible to reduce variations among individuals regarding the shape and pore size of the nanopore 102.
- the shape of the second metal member 116 forming the nanopore 102 may have several shapes depending on electroless plating and / or pretreatment conditions.
- the nucleation density is higher than the flat portion in the open end region of the through hole 112
- the height of the circular portion of the second metal member 116 in the portion surrounding the through hole 112 is the second metal. It is higher than the other flat portion of the member 116 (the flat portion on the first metal member 110).
- the circular portion of the second metal member 116 covers only the first metal member 110 as in the first embodiment, and the second metal member 116 does not grow on the surface of the base metal film 108.
- the second metal member 116 grows at the same height as the flat portion up to the region surrounding the through hole 112, and the crystal region 118c at the tip portion forms a spherical surface having a predetermined radius of curvature. You can also do it.
- Such a difference in shape is caused by controlling the surface states of the opening ends of the first metal member 110 and the through hole 112, which are the base surfaces during electroless plating (that is, by controlling the nucleation density). It can be made separately.
- a self-assembled monolayer may be provided on the surface of the second metal member 116.
- 5A and 5B show an example of a nanopore structure 100c in which a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) is provided on the surfaces of the second metal members 116a and 116b in the first embodiment. ..
- SAM self-assembled monolayer
- the self-assembled monolayer 126 contains a first functional group that is chemically adsorbed on the second metal members 116a and 116b and a second functional group that is bonded to the first functional group.
- the first functional group is any of a thiol group, a dithiocarbamate group, and a xanthate group.
- the second functional group is an alkane, an alkene, an alkane, a group in which a part or all of the hydrogen molecule of the alkene is replaced with fluorine, an amino group, a nitro group, an amide group, and any group containing the following fluorescent dyes. Is.
- the self-assembled monolayer 126 is formed of a monolayer formed by self-assembling alkanethiol.
- the self-assembled monolayer 126 is water repellent and acts to keep the surface stable.
- a small amount of alkanedithiol is mixed in the alkanethiol of the self-assembled monolayer 126.
- Alkanedithiol has a bonding group thiol containing sulfur (S) arranged at both ends of the alkane chain, and sulfur (S) is present in some places on the alkanethiol monomolecular film.
- an electrode coated with an alkanethiol self-assembling monomolecular film 126 is immersed in a solution of alkanedithiol, and a part of alkanethiol is replaced with alkanedithiol. Will be done.
- the self-assembled monolayer 126 has a length of 1 nm to 5 nm.
- the range in which the self-assembled monolayer 126 is formed is the narrowest portion of the nanopore 102 that can be seen from the support member 104 side immersed in the solution containing the self-assembled monolayer material by controlling the production method. It is also possible to form the exuded portion beyond the above, and further, it is possible to form the nanopore 102 so as not to form the narrowest portion.
- the self-assembled monolayer is formed on the surfaces of the second metal members 116a and 116b and the first metal member 110 when they are immersed in a solution containing molecules that form the self-assembled monolayer. Therefore, when immersed in a solution containing the self-assembled monolayer material only on either the side where the first metal member 110 and the second metal members 116a and 116b are present and the support member 104 side, the self-assembled monolayer is formed.
- the surface on which is formed can be controlled. That is, as shown in FIG.
- the self-assembled monolayer 126 is formed on the surfaces of the second metal members 116a and 116b including the upper surface of the nanopore constriction and the surface of the first metal member 110 by immersing in a solution containing the self-assembled monolayer material on only one side. It is possible to create a situation in which the self-assembled monolayer 126 is formed only on the lower surface of the nanopore stenosis and the surface of the stenosis.
- the self-assembled monolayer 126 may be formed on the entire surface of the second metal member 116 and the entire surface of the first metal member 110. it can.
- the self-assembled monolayer 126 may contain a phosphor molecule that labels a specific base contained in DNA and RNA.
- each of the self-assembled monolayer 126 should contain a different phosphor so that each of the four types of bases (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine) contained in DNA corresponds to a different phosphor. be able to.
- fluorescence analysis is performed when the base sequence of a sample (DNA, RNA, etc.) is decoded as a time-series optical signal using the nanopore 102. be able to.
- the self-assembled monolayer containing the fluorescent dye When forming the self-assembled monolayer containing the fluorescent dye, it is necessary that the self-assembled monolayer 126 is formed only on the lower surface of the nanopore stenosis portion and the surface of the stenosis portion on the through hole 113 side of the insulating film 106. preferable. As a result, a self-assembled monolayer containing a fluorescent dye is formed only in the nanopore portion on the cis chamber side.
- a fluorescein-based dye for example, a fluorescein-based dye, a rhodamine-based dye, a xanthene-based dye, and the like can be used.
- the excitation light When performing fluorescence analysis, it is preferable to irradiate the excitation light from the transformer chamber side, but it may be irradiated from the cis chamber.
- a self-assembled monolayer is prepared so that the fluorescent dye exists only in the portion of the nanopore 102, the fluorescence that changes in combination with the base of DNA can be detected with good signal-to-noise ratio. Fluorescence is preferably detected from the incident side by using an optical system that irradiates excitation light, a half mirror, or the like.
- the 102 part of the nanopore contains gold (Au), and the surface of the gold (Au) is amplified by the surface plasmon enhancement.
- the photons of the excitation light can efficiently excite the fluorescent dye.
- the light When detecting the excitation light, the light may be extinguished if a metal is present in the vicinity of the dye. This quenching can be suppressed by appropriately controlling the distance between the dye and the nanopore portion by the self
- the self-assembled monolayer 126 has a length of 0.3 nm to 5 nm, the effective pore diameter of the nanopore 102 is reduced by the length. Further, the affinity between the self-assembled monolayer 126 and the DNA base can prevent quenching between the second metal member 116 and the fluorescent dye, which is preferable as compared with the case where the surface of the nanopore 102 is a metal.
- nanopore according to this embodiment is formed of a metal material. Therefore, nanopores can be formed in a plurality of individual electrodes (electrically separated electrodes).
- FIG. 6 shows a plan view of the nanopore structure 100d according to the fourth embodiment.
- the nanopore structure 100d has a structure in which a plurality of electrodes containing the nanopores 102 are arranged on an insulating surface.
- FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment in which six electrodes with nanopores 120a to 120f are arranged as an example.
- the nanopores 102 are provided in a substantially central portion, and are connected to an electrode pad 124 provided in a peripheral portion of the nanopore structure 100d by a wiring 122.
- Other electrodes with nanopores 120b to 120f have a similar configuration.
- FIG. 7 shows a cross-sectional structure corresponding to the lines A5-A6 shown in FIG.
- the nanopore-attached electrode 120a is formed by the first metal member 110 and the second metal member 116 provided on the insulating film 106.
- the first metal member 110 and the second metal member 116 forming the nanopore 102 the structures described in the first to third embodiments can be appropriately used.
- the wiring 122 and the electrode pad 124 can be formed of the same metal material as the first metal member 110, and the second metal member 116 may be further formed on the surface thereof.
- the first metal member 110 is formed of a thin metal film, it can be patterned in a plurality of regions on the insulating film 106, whereby the nanopore-attached electrode 120 provided with the nanopore 102 can be integrated.
- the nanopore structure 100c in which the nanopore-attached electrode 120 on which the nanopore 102 is formed is integrated can be used in a DNA sequencer as described later.
- the electrode 120 with a nanopore provided with the nanopore 102 controls the potential independently in the DNA sequencer, and can be used for DNA decoding.
- the through hole 113 of the insulating film 106 is used as a microchannel to untangle the single-stranded DNA
- the lower part of FIG. 7 is used as a cis chamber and the upper part is used as a transchamber, which are inverted upside down. be able to.
- This embodiment shows a manufacturing method in which electro-less Au Plating (ELGP) and electron beam Lithography (EBL) are combined.
- ELGP electro-less Au Plating
- EBL electron beam Lithography
- a silicon substrate (silicon wafer) 130 having insulating films 131 and 132 formed on the surface is used as the substrate.
- the silicon substrate 130 is preferably polished on both sides.
- the insulating films 131 and 132 are, for example, silicon oxide films formed by thermally oxidizing the silicon substrate 130.
- the thickness of the silicon substrate 130 is about 300 ⁇ m to 600 ⁇ m, and the thickness of the insulating films 131 and 132 is 100 nm to 500 nm, for example, 300 nm.
- FIG. 8A shows the stage of forming the photoresist film 140 on the back surface side of the silicon substrate 130. Since the electrode having nanopores is formed on the surface side of the silicon substrate 130, that is, the surface of the insulating film 132), the photoresist film 140 may also be formed on the surface of the insulating film 132.
- FIG. 8B shows a stage in which the photoresist film 140 is exposed and developed to form a resist mask 141, and the insulating film 131 on the back surface is etched. Etching is performed by wet etching using hydrofluoric acid or the like, or reactive ion etching (RIE).
- RIE reactive ion etching
- FIG. 8C shows a stage in which the silicon substrate 130 is etched from the back surface by anisotropic etching to expose the insulating film 132 on the front surface side.
- the silicon substrate 130 is different from the silicon substrate 130 by, for example, CF 4- O 2 system or SF 6- O 2 system etching gas by inductive coupled plasma reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE). Sex etching is performed. Further, the silicon substrate 130 is wet-etched with an alkaline aqueous solution such as KOH (potassium hydroxide), TMAH (tetramethylammonium hydroxide), EDP (ethylenediamine pyro or tail) to a certain depth, and then the silicon substrate 130 is different. Sexual etching may be performed. In this etching, the insulating film 131 remaining on the back surface of the silicon substrate 130 is used as a hard mask.
- ICP-RIE inductive coupled plasma reactive ion etching
- an opening 134 in which the insulating film 132 is exposed on the back surface side is formed on the silicon substrate 130.
- the silicon substrate 130 and the insulating film 131 surrounding the opening 134 are used as the support member 104.
- a photoresist film 142 is formed on the upper surface of the insulating film 132. Then, the photoresist film is exposed to form a resist pattern 143 as shown in FIG. 9B.
- a positive resist for electron beam exposure is used as a photoresist, and exposure is performed using an electron beam drawing apparatus to form a resist pattern 143.
- the portion of the resist pattern 143 is a portion where nanopores are formed.
- the planar shape of the resist pattern 143 may be circular or square.
- a metal film to be the first metal member 110 is formed on the insulating film 132 on which the resist pattern 143 is formed.
- the metal film is formed by electron beam deposition or sputtering.
- the metal film may have a two-layer structure.
- it may have a two-layer structure of a titanium (Ti) film and a platinum film (Pt).
- the metal film is formed with a film thickness of 3 nm to 20 nm.
- a platinum (Pt) film of 40 nm or less, preferably 20 nm or less, more preferably 10 nm or less, and 3 nm or more is formed on a titanium (Ti) film of 1 nm to 3 nm.
- a through hole 112 is formed in the first metal member 110, and a structure in which the insulating film 132 is exposed is formed.
- the metal film may be patterned to form the electrode pad and the wiring.
- a through hole 113 is formed in the insulating film 132.
- the insulating film 132 is etched by reactive ion etching to form the through hole 113.
- the insulating film 132 and the through hole 113 shown in FIG. 10B have a configuration corresponding to the insulating film 106 and the through hole 113 shown in FIGS. 1B and 3B.
- the second metal member 116 is formed so as to cover the surface of the first metal member 110.
- the second metal member 116 is formed by electroless plating.
- the second metal member 116 is formed so as to cover the open end portion of the through hole 113 and narrow the hole diameter.
- the step of removing the insulating film 131 and the silicon substrate 130 to form the opening 134 shown in FIGS. 8B and 8C may be performed after the nanopore 102 is formed.
- a metal film for forming the first metal member 110 is formed on the entire surface of the insulating film 132, and a metal film is formed using a focused ion beam (FIB). And the insulating film 132 may be partially removed to form the structure shown in FIG. 10B.
- FIB focused ion beam
- the pore diameter of the nanopore 102 is controlled not only by processing the first metal member 110 by photolithography and etching, but also by forming the second metal member 116 by electroless plating. Next, the details of this electroless plating will be described.
- Electroless plating The electroless plating that forms the second metal portion will be described below.
- Electroless plating solution As the electroless gold plating solution, a solution containing gold ions (Au + , Au 3+ ), halogen element ions as an oxidizing agent, and a reducing agent is used. In order to heteroepitaxially grow gold (Au) on platinum (Pt) by electroless gold plating, it is necessary to reduce the platinum oxide (PtO) existing on the surface of platinum (Pt). For the electroless plating solution, an appropriate combination of halogen element ions and a reducing agent is selected in order to exhibit this reducing action. Further, by adding an excessive amount of the reducing agent, gold (Au) is precipitated by being rate-determined by the reduction reaction. Further, such an electroless gold plating solution is diluted with a large amount of pure water to control the reduction rate of gold (Au) so that gold (Au) particles do not precipitate in the electroless plating solution. ..
- the electroless plating solution used in this embodiment is an electroless gold obtained by combining iodine tincture in which gold (Au) is dissolved and L (+)-ascorbic acid (C 6 H 8 O 6) used as a reducing agent. A plating solution is used. Such an electroless gold plating solution enables heteroepitaxial growth of gold (Au) on the crystal surface of platinum (Pt). Electroless gold plating solution from iodine tincture iodine ions (I -, I 3 -) and L (+) - By including ascorbic acid (C 6 H 8 O 6) , platinum oxide (PtO or PtO 2 ) Is considered to have caused the reduction reaction.
- Electroless gold plating is performed by immersing a platinum (Pt) film as the first metal member 110 in an electroless gold plating solution.
- a platinum (Pt) film as the first metal member 110 is immersed in an electroless gold plating solution, nucleation is preferentially generated on the surface of the crystal grains of the platinum (Pt) film, and gold ions (Au + , Au 3+ ) are formed.
- the gold (Au) returned from is grown.
- the electroless gold plating solution as described above, a solution diluted 100 times, preferably 500 times or more, more preferably 1000 times or more with pure water is used. In addition, the electroless plating solution contains an excess of a reducing agent.
- the electroless gold plating solution according to the present embodiment contains an excess of a reducing agent in the solution before dilution, the gold (Au) ions are changed from trivalent gold ions (Au 3+ ) to monovalent gold ions (Au 3+). It has been reduced to Au +).
- Reduction potential from monovalent gold ion (Au + ) to gold (Au) or from trivalent gold ion (Au 3+ ) to monovalent gold ion (Au + ) (based on standard hydrogen electrode, 25 ° C. , 105Pa)
- the electroless gold plating solution according to the present embodiment is diluted 100 times or more, preferably 500 times or more with pure water to dilute gold (Au) on the first metal member such as platinum (Pt).
- the first metal member such as platinum (Pt).
- the dilution ratio is small, the growth rate of electroless gold plating becomes high, heteroepitaxial growth becomes impossible, nuclei are generated in the plating bath and grow as gold nanoparticles, and the gold nanoparticles become the first metal member. There is a high possibility that it will be physically adsorbed on the surface of the surface.
- diluted 1000-fold a growth rate that allows heteroepitaxial growth of gold (Au) is obtained. Therefore, in order to heteroepitaxially grow gold (Au), the dilution ratio of pure water is important because the growth rate of plating is controlled by the dilution ratio as described above.
- the platinum (Pt) film or palladium (Pd) film as the first metal member 110 immersed in the electroless plating solution is contained in the electroless gold plating solution while heteroepitally growing gold (Au) on the surface as described above. Then, gold ions (Au + , Au 3+ ) are reduced and precipitated, and are taken out from the electroless plating solution before they are deposited on the surface of the first metal member 110. By repeating such a process at least once, preferably a plurality of times, a region of gold (Au) as the second metal member 116 is formed.
- the immersion time is appropriately set according to the concentration and temperature of the electroless gold plating solution. For example, the time for each immersion of the first metal member 110 in the electroless gold plating solution is controlled to be 3 seconds to 30 seconds, for example, 10 seconds.
- the tincture of iodine dissolved gold (Au), is used as the reducing agent L (+) - electroless gold plating solution which is a combination of an ascorbic acid (C 6 H 8 O 6), the platinum (Pt) Platinum oxide (PtO) formed on the surface of the film is electrochemically reduced by a reduction reaction expressed by a combination of I 3 - ion derived from iodotinki and a reducing agent (here, ascorbic acid is used).
- Gold ions (Au + , Au 3+ ) are reduced by the substitution reaction (SLRR), and platinum (Pt) is oxidized to platinum oxide (PtO), so that gold (Au) is heterogeneous on the surface of platinum (Pt). It gives rise to a state in which it can grow epitaxially.
- the gold (Au) atom attached to the surface of the platinum (Pt) crystal grain does not move due to the metal-metal bond, as can be seen from the heteroepitaxial growth.
- the gold (Au) reduced on the surface of gold (Au) self-diffuses on the surface due to Rayleigh instability, and tends to become a sphere with a stable energy and a large radius of curvature.
- the gold (Au) atoms in the second and subsequent layers migrate on the deposited surface to form an energetically stable crystal state. As a result, a single crystal region of gold (Au) having a nanoscale island-like structure is formed on the surface of platinum (Pt) crystal grains.
- Pretreatment for electroless plating Before performing electroless plating, a pretreatment for reducing the surface of the first metal member 110 in an oxidized state may be performed.
- a pretreatment liquid containing an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent is used. Specifically, tincture from the iodide ion as an oxidizing agent (I -, I 3 -) using, L (+) as a reducing agent - is a combination of ascorbic acid (C 6 H 8 O 6) used ..
- the pretreatment is performed by immersing the first metal member 110 in such a pretreatment liquid.
- the platinum oxide (PtO) formed on the surface of the first metal member 110 can be reduced to form the surface of platinum (Pt), and the nucleation density can be increased in the electroless plating treatment. Is possible.
- Nucleotide sequence analyzer This section shows an example of an apparatus using a nanopore structure. Specifically, an example of an apparatus for analyzing the base sequences of DNA and RNA will be shown. Since the nanopore structure 100 has conductivity, it can be used as an electrode in such an analysis device.
- FIG. 11 schematically shows the cross-sectional structure of the base sequence analyzer 200a.
- the nucleotide sequence analyzer 200a has a cis chamber 202 and a trans chamber 204 in which a solution as a sample is contained.
- the cis chamber 202 and the trans chamber 204 are filled with a liquid containing a sample (DNA, RNA, etc.) to be analyzed.
- the cis chamber 202 may be provided with an introduction tube for introducing the sample solution
- the transchamber 204 may be provided with an outflow tube for discharging the sample solution.
- a flow path may be provided between the cis chamber 202 and the trans chamber 204 so that the sample solution circulates with the nanopore structure 100 interposed therebetween.
- the nanopore structure 100 is provided between the cis chamber 202 and the trans chamber 204 so as to separate them.
- the nanopore structure 100 is arranged so that the surface on which the first metal member 110 and the second metal member 116 are formed faces the side of the cis chamber 202.
- the cis chamber 202 and the trans chamber 204 are communicated with each other by the nanopore 102.
- the nanopore structure 100 can be applied to any of the first to fourth embodiments shown in the present embodiment.
- a liquid containing ions is used as the sample solution.
- the sample (DNA, RNA, etc.) is contained in a liquid containing ions.
- a solution an aqueous solution in which an electrolyte having a high degree of ionization is dissolved is preferable, and a salt solution, for example, an aqueous solution of potassium chloride is used.
- 1M KCl or a uniform salt such as NaCl, LiCl, etc.
- a pH buffer system for example, ensuring that the protein used, for example, protein nanopores, nucleases, etc., are not denatured
- a pH buffer system can be used to keep the pH substantially constant at a value in the range of 6.8 to 8.8.
- the surface of the nanopore structure 100 may be surface-treated in order to improve the wettability of the sample solution.
- oxygen plasma treatment or UV ozone treatment can be applied. Since the OH group bound to phosphoric acid is ionized in DNA and RNA, the DNA and RNA as a whole are negatively charged.
- the cis chamber 202 is provided with a first electrode (working electrode) 206.
- the transformer chamber 204 is provided with a second electrode (counter electrode) 208 and a fourth electrode (reference electrode 2) 212.
- the nanopore structure 100 is used as a third electrode (reference electrode 1) 210.
- a first bias circuit 220 and a first current measurement circuit 224 are connected between the first electrode (working electrode) 206 and the second electrode (counter electrode) 208.
- a second bias circuit 222 and a second current measurement circuit 226 are connected between the third electrode (reference electrode 1) 210 and the second electrode (counter electrode) 208. Further, the impedance is extremely large between the first electrode (acting electrode) 206 and the fourth electrode (reference electrode 2: for example, Ag / AgCl reference electrode) 212, and the current is generated between the fourth electrode 212 and the first electrode 206.
- a voltage measuring circuit 228 that does not flow is connected.
- the base sequence analyzer 200a controls the first electrode (working electrode) 206, the second electrode (counter electrode) 208, and the third electrode (reference electrode 1) to a predetermined potential, and controls the sample (DNA, RNA) in the solution.
- Etc. have a function of decoding the base sequence in the process of moving the cis chamber 202 through the nanopore 102 to the trans chamber 204.
- the voltage difference measured by the voltage measuring circuit 228 between the cis chamber 202 and the transformer chamber 204 may be in the range of 70 mV to 200 mV. In other embodiments, the voltage difference between the cis chamber 202 and the transformer chamber 204 may be in the range of 80 mV to 150 mV.
- the appropriate voltage for operation can be selected using conventional measurement techniques. The current (or voltage) across the nanopore 102 can be easily measured using commercially available equipment.
- the migration speed of single-stranded DNA is, in part, the voltage difference (or electric field strength) between the cis chamber 202 and the transchamber 204, and the reaction mixture of the cis chamber 202 into which the polynucleotide is introduced (eg, cis chamber). It depends on the pH of the solid phase membrane that constitutes one wall of 202) or by the pH buffer system. The rate of polynucleotide capture by the nanopore 102 depends on the concentration of such polynucleotide.
- the voltage difference between the cis chamber and the transchamber can be selected so that the conventional reaction mixture conditions for sequencing and the transfer speed of the polynucleotide are within the desired range.
- the range of travel speeds includes speeds of less than 1000 nucleotides per second. In other embodiments, the range of travel speed is 10 to 800 nucleotides per second, in other embodiments the range of travel speed is 10 to 600 nucleotides per second, and in other embodiments the range of travel speed. Is 200-800 nucleotides per second, and in other embodiments, the range of travel speed is 200-500 nucleotides per second. Similarly, other factors that affect movement speed, such as temperature, viscosity, ion concentration, etc., can be selected to obtain movement speed within the range cited above.
- the potential of the first electrode (working electrode) 206 is V1, the potential of the second electrode (counter electrode) 208 is V2, and the potential of the third electrode (reference electrode 1) 210 is V3.
- a voltage V1 is applied to the first electrode (working electrode) 206 and a voltage V2 is applied to the second electrode (counter electrode) 208 by the first bias circuit 220 (V1 ⁇ V2), and V2-V1 is, for example, 70 mV to 200 mV.
- the potential difference between the first electrode (working electrode) 206 and the fourth electrode (reference electrode 2) 212 measured by the voltage measuring circuit 228 within the range of 80 mV to 150 mV is stable in ion current.
- the voltage measuring circuit between the fourth electrode and the first electrode can be opened. Further, when the sample (DNA, RNA, etc.) has a negative charge, the potential is controlled so that the voltage V3 of the third electrode (reference electrode 1) 210 is V1 ⁇ V3 and V3 ⁇ V2.
- the samples (DNA, RNA, etc.) in the sample solution placed in the cis chamber 202 are attracted and collected in the vicinity of the nanopore 102 of the third electrode (reference electrode 1) 210.
- the sample (DNA, RNA, etc.) passes through the through hole 113, the single-stranded entanglement is reduced, and the sample (DNA, RNA, etc.) passes through the nanopore 102 and is attracted to the second electrode (counter electrode) 208 side of the transchamber 204.
- the stage of collecting the sample (DNA, RNA, etc.) in the vicinity of the nanopore 102 and the stage of passing the sample (DNA, RNA, etc.) through the nanopore 102.
- the potentials of the first electrode (working electrode) 206 and the third electrode (reference electrode 1) 210 are controlled so that V1 ⁇ V3.
- the potential V2 of the second electrode (counter electrode) 208 may be any potential, and for example, V3 ⁇ V2 may be set.
- the sample (DNA, RNA, etc.) in the sample solution is collected at the third electrode (reference electrode 1) 210 (that is, in the vicinity of the nanopore 102).
- the potential V3 of the third electrode (reference electrode 1) 210 and the potential V2 of the second electrode (counter electrode) 208 are set to V3 ⁇ V2.
- the potential V1 of the first electrode (working electrode) 206 may be the same potential as V3.
- the potential difference between the potential V3 of the third electrode (reference electrode 1) and the potential V2 of the second electrode (counter electrode) 208 is such that the sample (DNA, RNA, etc.) passes through the nanopore 102. This affects the output speed of the electric signal. Therefore, it is preferable to set an appropriate value according to the sampling speed of the first current measuring circuit 224.
- the magnitude relationship of the potential is reversed from that when the sample has a negative charge. For example, each potential is set to V1 ⁇ V3> V2.
- the tunnel current can be measured by the third electrode (reference electrode 1) 210 provided with the nanopore 102 by utilizing the characteristics.
- the potential V1 of the first electrode (working electrode) 206 and the potential V2 of the second electrode (counter electrode) 208 are controlled so that V1 ⁇ V2, and the first electrode (working electrode) 206 measured by the voltage measuring circuit 228.
- the potential difference between the electrode and the fourth electrode (reference electrode 2) 212 is obtained from the sample (DNA, RNA, etc.) by adding a chemical potential to the sample solution so that a tunnel current flows at the third electrode (reference electrode 1) 210. Allow tunnel current to flow through the third electrode (reference electrode 1).
- the third electrode depends on the chemical potential applied to the sample, compared to when the sample (DNA, RNA, etc.) is not present in the nanopore 102.
- the tunnel current easily flows through the sample (DNA, RNA, etc.)
- the tunnel current corresponding to the base of the sample (DNA, RNA, etc.) can be measured by the second current measurement circuit 226.
- the third electrode (reference electrode 1) 210 is controlled to be a potential for controlling the chemical potential through which the tunnel current flows between the third electrode (reference electrode 1) 210 and the fourth electrode (reference electrode 2) 212.
- the tunnel current decays exponentially with the tunnel distance, it becomes very sensitive to the base structure, single-stranded shape, and orientation that pass through the nanopores. Using this property, as schematically shown in FIG. 12B, if the radius of curvature of the second metal member 116 forming the nanopore 102 is made small, the sample (DNA, RNA, etc.) will pass through the nanopore 102. Since the tunnel current flowing from the base closest to the second metal member 116 becomes dominant and is less susceptible to the influence of the tunnel current from the adjacent base, the base sequence can be determined by analyzing the time-series tunnel current. It can be read accurately.
- Sixth Embodiment DNA contains four types of bases, adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C), and contains AT (two hydrogen bonds) and GC ( A double helix structure is formed by the base pairs formed by (three hydrogen bonds).
- the pentose of RNA ribonucleic acid
- the base contains uracil (U) instead of T.
- FIG. 13 shows an example of a base sequence analyzer 200b that can be used for luminescence analysis.
- the nanopore structure 100c shown in the third embodiment is provided between the cis chamber 202 and the trans chamber 204.
- An excitation light source 230 and a detector 232 are provided on the transformer chamber 204 side so that the beam splitter 234 can irradiate the nanopore 102 portion with light and observe the light emission by the excitation light.
- a spectroscope is used as the detector 232, and the light emitted by the excitation light is separated and detected.
- an optical member such as a condenser lens may be provided on the optical path.
- the groups that emit light when excited light is applied from the back surface side (trans chamber 204 side) of the nanopore 102 are chemically adsorbed only on the surfaces of the second metal members 116a and 116b, changes in emission can be observed only with the nanopore 102.
- a molecule containing a group whose luminescence property or absorption property changes corresponding to each base is chemically adsorbed on the nanopore 102 portion, and excitation light is irradiated from the back surface to observe the luminescence property or absorption property.
- the bases can be identified one by one, and the base sequence of the DNA can be read out. In this case, if the self-assembled monolayer 126 is provided only on the cis chamber 202 side, the base sequence can be precisely sequenced.
- the self-assembled monolayer 126 may be intercalated with a phosphor molecule that labels a specific base contained in DNA and RNA.
- a phosphor molecule that labels a specific base contained in DNA and RNA.
- different phosphor molecules are intercalated into each of the self-assembled monomolecular membrane 126 so that different phosphors correspond to each of the four types of bases (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine) contained in DNA. Can be done.
- By providing the self-assembled monolayer 126 having such an intercalated phosphor molecule when decoding the base sequence of a sample (DNA, RNA, etc.) as a time-series optical signal using the nanopore 102, Fluorescence analysis can be performed.
- the self-assembled monolayer 126 containing the phosphor molecule When the self-assembled monolayer 126 containing the phosphor molecule is formed, the self-assembled monolayer 126 is formed only on the lower surface of the nanopore stenosis portion and the surface of the stenosis portion on the through hole 113 side of the insulating film 106. Is preferable. As a result, the self-assembled monolayer 126 containing the phosphor molecule is formed only in the nanopore portion on the cis chamber side.
- a fluorescein-based dye for example, a fluorescein-based dye, a rhodamine-based dye, a xanthene-based dye, a cyanine-based dye, or the like can be used.
- a fluorescein-based dye for example, a fluorescein-based dye, a rhodamine-based dye, a xanthene-based dye, a cyanine-based dye, or the like can be used.
- a fluorescent label for example, a fluorescent label.
- the excitation light When performing fluorescence analysis, it is preferable to irradiate the excitation light from the transformer chamber 204 side, but it may be irradiated from the cis chamber 202 side.
- the fluorescence that changes in combination with the base of DNA can be detected with a good signal-to-noise ratio. Fluorescence is preferably detected from the incident side by using an optical system that irradiates excitation light, a half mirror, or the like.
- the nanopore 102 contains gold (Au), and the surface plasmon enhancement of the gold (Au) surface amplifies the excitation light intensity.
- the photons of the excitation light can efficiently excite the fluorescent dye.
- the light may be extinguished if a metal is present in the vicinity of the dye. This quenching can be suppressed by appropriately controlling the distance between the dye and the nanopore portion by the self-assembled monolayer 126.
- the self-assembled monolayer 126 has a length of 0.3 nm to 5 nm, the effective pore diameter of the nanopore 102 is reduced by the length. Further, the affinity between the self-assembled monolayer 126 and the DNA base can prevent quenching between the second metal member 116 and the fluorescent dye, which is preferable as compared with the case where the surface of the nanopore 102 is only metal.
- the method for analyzing the base sequence is a step of moving the polymer through the nanopore 102, wherein (a) different types of monomers of the polymer produce different optical signals that produce distinguishable optical signals.
- the step of detecting the time-series change of the optical signal of, (c) the step of separating the optical signal from different types of monomers, and (d) the sequence of the monomer is determined from the time-series change of the optical signal. And can be performed by.
- the polynucleotide is a single-stranded polynucleotide, such as DNA or RNA, but in particular a single-stranded DNA.
- the nucleotide sequence of a polynucleotide is determined by recording the signal generated by the fluorescent label as the polynucleotide moves through the nanopore 102, exiting one nanopore at a time. Includes methods for doing so.
- the excitation frequency can be increased by surface plasmon resonance.
- the excitation frequency becomes extremely high.
- the radius of curvature of the second metal member 116 forming the nanopore 102 is 1 nm to 20 nm, the spatial resolution for increasing the excitation frequency can be reduced, and the excitation frequency at the nanopore 102 portion when the DNA passes through the nanopore 102. It is easy to separate the base sequence of the single-stranded DNA passing through 102 parts of the nanopore from the time-series optical signal due to the increase in the value.
- the through hole 112 of the insulating film 106 is connected to the nanopore 102.
- RIE reactive ion etching
- the pore diameter of the through hole 112 becomes equal to the pore diameter of the first metal member 110 and the base metal film 108. Therefore, the width of the hole diameter of the through hole 112 has a size of 50 nm or less, preferably 20 nm or less, and more preferably 10 nm or less.
- the width of the through hole 112 of the insulating film 106 is narrow, so that the entangled DNA It is effective as a microchannel that unwinds and leads to nanopore 102 as single-stranded DNA.
- the cis chamber is the upper part, the structure shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B or 3A and 3B is turned upside down, the through hole 112 of the insulating film 106 is on the upper side, and the nanopore 102 is on the lower side. It is preferable to pass DNA from the cis chamber to the trans chamber.
- a laser light source can be used as the excitation light source 230, and a spectroscopic detector that detects Raman scattered light can be used as the detector 232.
- the self-assembled monolayer 126 provided on the nanopore structure 100c is supported on a structure that interacts with a base and changes the Raman shift.
- the method for analyzing the base sequence is a step of moving the polymer through the nanopores, in which (a) different types of monomers of the polymer are distinguished by enhancing the surface plasmon of the nanopore portion with the second electrode material.
- the surface plasmon resonance Raman scattered light intensity can be increased by an order of magnitude when the single-stranded DNA passes through the nanopore portion.
- Specific bases contained in DNA and RNA have Raman spectra due to their structural differences.
- the second metal member 116 surrounds the single-stranded DNA, the effect of enhancing the surface plasmon is extremely high.
- the radius of curvature of the nanopore 102 is 1 nm to 20 nm, the spatial resolution for increasing the excitation frequency can be reduced, and the Raman scattered light intensity increases at the portion of the nanopore 102 when passing through the DNA nanopore 102. It becomes easy to spectroscopically evaluate the sequence optical signal, and the base sequence of the single-stranded DNA passing through the nanopore 102 can be evaluated with high resolution.
- a nanopore structure 100d in which a plurality of electrodes provided with nanopores are arranged as shown in the fourth embodiment can be used. ..
- the parts different from the base sequence analyzer 200a shown in FIG. 11 will be mainly described.
- the base sequence analyzer 200c shown in FIG. 14 is provided with a nanopore structure 100d in which a plurality of electrodes 120 with nanopores are provided between the cis chamber 202 and the transchamber 204. Each of the plurality of nanopore-attached electrodes 120 is electrically separated and is connected to the selection circuit 236 by individual wiring (not shown).
- the selection circuit 236 is connected to the second bias circuit 222 and the third bias circuit 240.
- a second current measuring circuit 226 that measures the current using the third electrode (reference electrode 1) 210 may be provided between the selection circuit 236 and the second bias circuit 222.
- the third bias circuit 240 applies a different level of bias voltage to the second bias circuit 222.
- the selection circuit 236 has a function of switching the connection between each of the plurality of nanopore-equipped electrodes 120 and the second bias circuit 222 and the third bias circuit 240.
- the selection circuit 236 includes, for example, a switch circuit composed of an analog switch or the like. Further, a control circuit 242 that controls the operation of the selection circuit 236 and a storage circuit 244 that stores the data measured by the second current measurement circuit 226 may be provided.
- FIG. 15 shows an example of connection between a plurality of electrodes 120 with nanopores and a selection circuit 236.
- FIG. 15 schematically illustrates a structure in which the nanopore structure 100d is provided with four electrodes 120a to 120d with nanopores.
- the selection circuit 236 includes switches 238a-238d. The operation of the switches 238a to 238d is controlled by the control circuit 242.
- the electrode 120a with nanopores is connected to the switch 238a.
- the switch 238a has a function of switching the connection between the second bias circuit 222 and the third bias circuit 240.
- the electrodes 120b to 120d with nanopores are similarly connected to the switches 238b to 238d.
- the second bias circuit 222 has a function of giving the potential V3 to the electrodes 120a to 120d with nanopores
- the third bias circuit 240 has a function of giving the potential V4. 2-2.
- the potential V4 is set to the same potential as V1 or lower than V4. Since the potential V4 is a potential that prevents an ion current from flowing, it can also be called a suppression potential (or suppression voltage).
- the electrodes 120a with nanopores are connected to the second bias circuit 222, and the other electrodes 120b to 120d with nanopores are connected to the third bias circuit 240. Then, an ion current flows through the electrodes with nanopores 120a, and no ion current flows through the other electrodes 120b to 120d with nanopores, or only an ion current at a level that is almost negligible flows.
- the selection circuit 236 sequentially switches the connection destinations of the electrodes 120a to 120d with nanopores, and the second current measurement circuit 226 measures the ion current according to the timing. It is possible to know whether a sample (DNA, RNA, etc.) has passed (or has begun to pass) through the nanopore.
- FIG. 16 shows an example of a timing chart of such an operation.
- the nanopore-attached electrode 120a is set to the potential V3, and the other nanopore-attached electrodes 120b to 120d are controlled to the potential V4.
- the electrode 120a with nanopores is set to the potential V4, and the electrode 120b with nanopores is controlled to the potential V3.
- the ion current flowing through the electrodes 120a to 120d with nanopores can be sequentially measured. As shown in FIG.
- the ion current is sequentially (serially) measured from the second current measurement circuit 226. Then, it is possible to evaluate whether or not the blocking current is flowing from the magnitude of the ion current.
- the data measured by the second current measuring circuit 226 can also be stored in the storage circuit 244.
- the ease with which an ion current flows depends on the pore size of the nanopore 102.
- the produced nanopore 102 can be evaluated by utilizing the characteristics. It is desirable that the pore diameter of the nanopore 102 is uniform in the nanopore structure 100d, but the pore diameter may vary due to manufacturing variations. In such a case, the quality of the nanopore 102 can be determined in advance or the nanopore 102 can be classified by the method shown below.
- the cis chamber 202 and the trans chamber 204 are filled with only a solution containing no sample (DNA, RNA, etc.).
- the ion current is sequentially measured for each electrode with nanopores.
- the ion current is measured by the second current measuring circuit 226, and the measured value may be stored in the storage circuit 244 corresponding to the addresses of the electrodes 120a to 120d with nanopores.
- a standard nanopore is used as a reference (as a predetermined reference value)
- the ion current is larger than the reference value
- the pore diameter is the reference value. Means smaller.
- the nanopores 102 classified in one nanopore structure 100d can be used or not for sample measurement according to the judgment criteria.
- the nanopore determined to be defective can be left at the suppression potential V4 so as not to be used for sample measurement.
- the present embodiment by arranging a plurality of electrodes 120 with nanopores in the nanopore structure 100d that partitions the cis chamber 202 and the transchamber 204, it is possible to efficiently decipher the base sequence of the sample. it can.
- the potentials of the electrodes 120 with nanopores it is possible to analyze the sample in the nanopores of interest while sharing the cis chamber 202 and the transchamber 204.
- the accuracy of the base sequence can be improved by performing measurements in a combination of two to four types. Can be done.
- Example 1 This example shows a production example of a nanopore structure.
- the nanopore structure is described in No. 1-5.
- the production was carried out according to the steps described in the section.
- the outline of the production conditions was as follows.
- a positive photoresist (OFPR-800) is applied to the back surface of a silicon wafer (thickness 300 ⁇ m) having a 100 nm oxide film (SiO 2) formed on both sides.
- a resist pattern for forming a cavity of 100 ⁇ 100 ⁇ m 2 is prepared on the back surface of the silicon wafer by a photolithography process.
- the oxide film on the back surface is etched by using an ICP-RIE (Inductive Coupled Plasma-Reactive Ion Etching) process, and then the photoresist is removed.
- the patterned backside oxide film is used as a hard mask for the next etching process.
- the silicon wafer (300 ⁇ m) is removed by the ICP-RIE process to form a cavity on the back surface.
- a positive EBL resist (ZEP-520A) is applied to the surface of the silicon wafer.
- Patterning for producing the nanopore structure and electrode leads is performed on the EBL resist.
- the nanopore portion is not exposed to the electron beam, and the electron beam is applied to the periphery of the region where the nanopore is formed to expose the resist.
- an electron beam is applied so as to connect the electrode lead and the periphery of the nanopore.
- the region to which the electron beam, which is the nanopore portion, is not exposed to the electron beam may be square or circular.
- a metal film is deposited in the order of titanium (Ti) and platinum (Pt) by electron beam deposition.
- the resist is peeled off by a lift-off process to expose the surface of the oxide film (SiO 2) of the portion where the nanopores are produced.
- the pattern of the electrode pad (100 ⁇ 100 ⁇ m 2 ) for independently applying a voltage to the nanopore is patterned with a photoresist.
- a titanium (Ti) and platinum (Pt) laminated film for an electrode pad is formed by electron beam deposition.
- a positive EBL resist is applied to the surface of a silicon wafer to pattern a portion where nanopores are present.
- the exposed portion of the oxide film (SiO 2 ) on the surface is processed by the ICP-RIE process using it as a titanium (Ti) / platinum (Pt) layer mask to form penetrating nanopores.
- Gold plating is performed on titanium (Ti) / platinum (Pt) electrodes having holes on the surface of nanopores by an electroless plating process to narrow the hole size to 2 nm or less.
- the samples having different drawing areas of the electron beam in (6) were evaluated. Specifically, a pattern in which the area where the oxide film (SiO 2 ) was exposed was changed without irradiating an electron beam was prepared on the same substrate, and the pore diameter of the nanopore was evaluated by a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- FIG. 17 show SEM images of samples in which the area where the oxide film (SiO 2) is exposed without irradiating the electron beam is different.
- (A) is a sample having a square shape and an area not exposed to an electron beam is 100 ⁇ 100 nm 2
- (b) is 60 ⁇ 60 nm 2
- (c) is 40 ⁇ 40 nm 2 .
- the size of the nanopore is 40 nm in (a), 17 nm in (b), and 10 nm in (c).
- the nucleation density of gold (Au) is high, so that the structure is such that the grains are interconnected.
- the flat surface is covered with gold.
- the exposed portion of the oxide film (SiO 2 ) is a circular nanopore instead of a square one. This is because nanopores tend to be circular because they are more energetically more stable when viewed from the top than squares.
- the cross section perpendicular to the substrate surface has a paired circular structure in the nanopore portion, and has a structure similar to that of a hole inside the donut.
- the circular cross-sectional portion of the nanopore portion has a structure in which plating easily proceeds and is raised more than the flat portion.
- the structure may not be raised from the flat surface portion.
- the circular structure of the nanopore portion has the same radius of curvature within a range of at least 180 degrees, and the circle penetrates the initial pore portion at the boundary between the first metal member 110 and the base metal film 108.
- FIG. 18 shows the results of heat treatment of a sample in which nanopores were formed at 200 ° C. and 300 ° C. as an SEM image.
- (a) and (d) show the state of the sample before heat treatment
- (b) is 200 ° C. after heat treatment for 5 minutes
- (c) is 200 ° C. after heat treatment for 2 hours
- (e) Indicates a state after heat treatment at 300 ° C. for 5 minutes
- (f) shows a state after heat treatment at 300 ° C. for 2 hours.
- the gold (Au) surface is smooth.
- nanopores formed of gold (Au) exhibit such heat resistance are heteroepitaxially grown on platinum (Pt).
- the nanopore structure according to one embodiment of the present invention can be used in a biological sample analyzer.
- the biological sample analyzer according to the embodiment of the present invention has a nanopore structure and can be used for sequencing DNA, RNA, etc. (that is, a DNA sequencer).
- the method for analyzing a base sequence is a method for moving a polymer through nanopores, wherein (a) different types of monomers of the polymer produce different optical labels that generate discriminable optical signals.
- a method for analyzing a base sequence is a step of moving a polymer through nanopores 102, wherein (a) surface plasmon enhancement by a second metal member in which different types of monomers of the polymer form nanopores. Labeled by generating a Raman spectrum distinguishable by, and the steps of constraining the monomer so that the through-holes and nanopores of the insulating film connecting to the nanopores move in a row, and (b) when the polymer passes through the nanopores.
- the step of detecting the time-series change of the Raman spectrum as an optical signal from the monomer includes steps to determine the sequence.
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Abstract
Description
本発明の一実施形態に係るナノポア構造体は、貫通孔を有する第1金属部材と、当該貫通孔を狭窄するように設けられた第2金属部材とにより形成される。以下、このようなナノポア構造体の詳細を説明する。
図1Aは、本発明の一実施形態に係るナノポア構造体100aの平面模式図を示す。ナノポア構造体100aは、第1金属部材110及び第2金属部材116を含み、第1金属部材110に貫通孔112が設けられた構造を有する。ナノポア構造体100aは、第2金属部材116が第1金属部材110の上に設けられ、貫通孔112を狭窄するように配置されることでナノポア102が形成されている。
第1の実施形態は、第2金属部材116がナノスケールの島状構造を有しているのに対し、第2の実施形態は、第1金属部材110の上で第2金属部材116が連続する構造を有する。
第1の実施形態及び第2の実施形態として示したナノポア構造体において、第2金属部材116の表面に自己組織化単分子膜が設けられていてもよい。図5A及び図5Bは、第1の実施形態において、第2金属部材116a、116bの表面に自己組織化単分子膜(SAM:Self-Assembled Monolayer)が設けられたナノポア構造体100cの一例を示す。
本実施形態に係るナノポアは、金属材料で形成される。そのため、複数の個別電極(電気的に分離された電極)の中にナノポアを作り込むことができる。
本実施形態は、無電解金メッキ(Electro-less Au Plating:ELGP)と、電子線ビームリソグラフィ(Electron Beam Lithography:EBL)とを組み合わせた作製方法を示す。
以下に、第2金属部を形成する無電解めっきについて説明する。
無電解金めっき液として、金イオン(Au+、Au3+)、酸化剤としてのハロゲン元素のイオン、還元剤を含む溶液が用いられる。無電解金めっきにより、白金(Pt)上に金(Au)をヘテロエピタキシャル成長させるためには、白金(Pt)表面に存在する白金酸化物(PtO)を還元する必要がある。無電解めっき液は、この還元作用を発現するためにハロゲン元素のイオンと還元剤の組み合わせとして、適切なものを選択している。さらに、還元剤を過剰に含ませることにより還元反応に律速されて金(Au)が析出するようにしている。さらに、このような無電解金めっき液を多量の純水で希釈して金(Au)の還元速度を制御し、無電解めっき液中で金(Au)粒子が析出しないように制御している。
無電解めっきは、第1金属部材110としての白金(Pt)膜を無電解金めっき液に浸漬させることにより行われる。第1金属部材110としての白金(Pt)膜を無電解金めっき液に浸漬させると、白金(Pt)膜の結晶粒の表面に優先的に核生成され、金イオン(Au+、Au3+)から還元された金(Au)が成長する。無電解金めっき液は、前述のように純水で100倍、好ましくは500倍以上、さらに好ましくは1000倍以上に希釈されたものが用いられる。また、無電解めっき液は、還元剤が過剰に含まれている。
Au++e-→ Au:1.82V
Au3++2e-→ Au+:1.41V
Au3++3e-→ Au:1.52V
である。
Pt2++2e-→ Pt:1.188V
である。
無電解めっきを行う前に、酸化された状態にある第1金属部材110の表面を、還元する前処理が行われてもよい。前処理としては、酸化剤と還元剤を含む前処理液が用いられる。具体的には、酸化剤としてヨードチンキ由来のヨウ素イオン(I-、I3 -)を用い、還元剤としてL(+)-アスコルビン酸(C6H8O6)との組み合わせたものが用いられる。前処理は、このような前処理液の中に第1金属部材110を浸漬することで行われる。この前処理により、第1金属部材110の表面に形成された白金酸化物(PtO)が還元され、白金(Pt)の表面を形成することができ、無電解めっき処理において核生成密度を高めることが可能となる。
本節では、ナノポア構造体を用いた装置の一例を示す。具体的には、DNAやRNAの塩基配列を解析する装置の一例を示す。ナノポア構造体100は導電性を有するため、このような解析装置において電極として用いることができる。
図11は、塩基配列解析装置200aの断面構造を模式的に示す。塩基配列解析装置200aは、試料となる溶液が入れられるシスチャンバ202及びトランスチャンバ204を有する。シスチャンバ202及びトランスチャンバ204は、分析対象となる試料(DNA、RNAなど)を含む液体が充填される。図11には示されないが、シスチャンバ202には試料溶液を導入する導入管、トランスチャンバ204には試料溶液を流出させる流出管が設けられていてもよい。また、シスチャンバ202とトランスチャンバ204との間は、ナノポア構造体100を挟んで試料溶液が循環するように流路が設けられていてもよい。
第1電極(作用電極)206の電位をV1、第2電極(対電極)208の電位をV2、第3電極(参照電極1)210の電位をV3とする。まず、第1バイアス回路220によって、第1電極(作用電極)206に電圧V1、第2電極(対電極)208に電圧V2を印加し(V1<V2)V2-V1は、たとえば、70mV~200mVの範囲内、さらに好ましくは、80mV~150mVの範囲内、電圧測定回路228によって測定される第1電極(作用電極)206と第4電極(参照電極2)212との電位差は、イオン電流が安定して測定できるような値となるように制御する。また、イオン電流のみを測定する場合には、第4電極と第1電極の間の電圧測定回路を開放状態にすることもできる。さらに、試料(DNA、RNAなど)が負の電荷を持つ場合、第3電極(参照電極1)210の電圧V3が、V1≦V3、かつV3<V2となるように電位を制御する。
試料であるDNA、RNAが導電性を有する場合、その特性を利用してナノポア102が設けられた第3電極(参照電極1)210でトンネル電流を測定することができる。
DNAは、アデニン(A)、チミン(T)、グアニン(G)、シトシン(C)の4種類の塩基を含み、A-T(水素結合が2個所)、G-C(水素結合が3個所)で形成される塩基対によって二重らせん構造が作られている。また、もう一種類の核酸であるRNA(リボ核酸)のペントースはリボースであり、塩基はTの代わりにウラシル(U)を含む。これらの塩基成分と結合した際に発光特性あるいは吸収特性が変化する基を含む分子を、ナノポア102を形成する第2金属部材116の表面に化学吸着させることで、発光分析又は吸光分析から塩基の配列を解読することができる。
図13に示す塩基配列解析装置において、励起光源230としてレーザ光源を用い、検出器232としてラマン散乱光を検出する分光検出器を用いることができる。この場合、ナノポア構造体100cに設けられる自己組織化単分子膜126には、塩基と相互作用してラマンシフトが変化するものを担持させておく。
シスチャンバ202とトランスチャンバ204とを区分するナノポア構造体として、第4の実施形態に示すようにナノポアが設けられた電極を複数個配列させたナノポア構造体100dを用いることができる。以下、図11に示す塩基配列解析装置200aと相違する部分を中心に説明する。
選択回路236により、ナノポア付き電極120a~120dの接続先を順次切り替え、そのタイミングに応じて第2電流測定回路226でイオン電流を測定することで、ナノポア構造体100dの中でどのナノポアに試料(DNA、RNAなど)が通過しているのか(又は通過し始めているのか)を知ることができる。
図14に示す装置において、イオン電流の流れ易さはナノポア102の孔径に依存する。その特性を利用して、作製されたナノポア102の評価を行うことができる。ナノポア102の孔径はナノポア構造体100dの中で均一であることが望ましいが、製造ばらつきにより孔径にばらつきが含まれる場合がある。このような場合、以下に示す手法によって、予めナノポア102の良否を判定し、又はナノポア102をクラス分けすることができる。
第5乃至第7の実施形態において、第2バイアス回路222をパルス電源として、第3電極(参照電極1)210にパルス電圧を印加することで、パルス電圧を加えた際にナノポアを通過する試料に対し、1塩基ずつ通過させることができる。イオン電流、トンネル電流、発光・吸光分析、ラマンシフトを測定する際に、1塩基ずつ評価を行うことができる。このような方式により、読み取りエラーを低減し、精密に塩基配列を解読することができる。
本実施例は、ナノポア構造体の作製例を示す。ナノポア構造体は、第1-5.節で説明する工程に従って作製を行った。作製条件の概略は以下の通りに行った。
(2)シリコンウェハ裏面に100×100μm2のキャビティ作製するためのレジストパターンをフォトリソグラフィプロセスにより作製する。
(3)ICP-RIE(Inductive Coupled Plasma-Reactive Ion Etching)プロセスを
用いて裏面の酸化膜をエッチングし、その後フォトレジストを除去する。パターン化された裏面側の酸化膜は、次のエッチングプロセスのためのハードマスクとして使用する。
(4)シリコンウェハ(300μm)をICP-RIEプロセスで除去して、裏面にキャビティを形成する。
(5)シリコンウェハの表面にポジ型EBLレジスト(ZEP-520A)を塗布する。
(6)ナノポア構造と電極リードを作製するためのパターニングをEBLレジスト上に行う。ナノポア部分には、電子線が当たらないようにし、ナノポアが形成される領域の周囲に電子線を当ててレジストを感光する。また、電極リードと、ナノポア周囲部は接続するように電子線を当てる。ナノポア部分となる電子線を当てない領域は、正方形であっても、円形であってもよい。
(7)電子ビーム蒸着によりチタン(Ti)、白金(Pt)の順に金属膜を堆積する。
(8)リフトオフプロセスによりレジストを剥離し、ナノポアを作製する部分の酸化膜(SiO2)表面を露出させる。
(9)ナノポアに独立して電圧を印加するための電極パッド(100×100μm2)のパターンをフォトレジストでパターニングする。
(10)電子ビーム蒸着により電極パッドのためのチタン(Ti)、白金(Pt)積層膜を形成する。
(11)シリコンウェハの表面にポジ型EBLレジストを塗布し、ナノポアが存在する部分をパターニングする。
(12)表面の酸化膜(SiO2)が露出した部分をチタン(Ti)・白金(Pt)層マスクとして用いてICP-RIEプロセスで加工し、貫通したナノポアを形成する。
(13)ナノポア表面で穴の開いたチタン(Ti)・白金(Pt)電極上に無電解めっきプロセスにより金メッキを行い、孔サイズを2nm以下に狭める。
(14)EBLレジストを除去する。
本実施例は、ナノポア構造体の耐熱性を評価した結果を示す。図18は、200℃と300℃でナノポアが形成された試料を熱処理した結果をSEM像で示す。図18において、(a)及び(d)は試料の熱処理前の状態を示し、(b)は200℃、5分の熱処理後、(c)は200℃、2時間の熱処理後、(e)は300℃、5分の熱処理後、(f)は300℃、2時間の熱処理後の状態を示す。熱処理後の試料を観察すると、金(Au)表面は平滑となっている。一方、中心のナノポアの部分は形状に変化が無いことが分かる。このことから、ナノポアは、300℃の熱処理にも耐えることが明らかとなった。また、酸素プラズマ処理を施しても、形状に変化が無いことが判明している。金(Au)で形成されたナノポアが、このような耐熱性を示すのは、白金(Pt)上でヘテロエピタキシャル成長していることに起因している。
本明細書により開示された本発明の例示的な実施形態の全体又は一部に基づく塩基配列の解析方法を以下に付記する。
Claims (17)
- 薄膜状であり、貫通孔を有する第1金属部材と、
前記貫通孔の孔径を狭窄するように設けられた第2金属部材と、を有し、
前記第1金属部材と前記第2金属部材とによって、10nm以下の孔径を有するナノポアが形成されているナノポア構造体。 - 前記ナノポアが、5nm以下、1nm以上の孔径を有する、請求項1に記載のナノポア構造体。
- 前記第2金属部材が、前記第1金属部材の上面部及び前記貫通孔の側壁面の少なくとも一部を覆う、請求項1又は2に記載のナノポア構造体。
- 前記第2金属部材は、前記貫通孔の端部と重なる部位において球状又は円柱状の曲面を有する、請求項1に記載のナノポア構造体。
- 前記曲面の曲率半径は、前記第1金属部材の膜厚と同じ又は前記膜厚以下である、請求項4に記載のナノポア構造体。
- 前記第1金属部材は多結晶構造を含み、
前記第2金属部材は、前記第1金属部材に含まれる少なくとも一つの結晶粒からヘテロエピタキシャル成長した結晶領域を含む、請求項1に記載のナノポア構造体。 - 前記第2金属部材は島状構造体を複数含み、複数の前記島状構造体が前記貫通孔を囲む、請求項6に記載のナノポア構造体。
- 前記第2金属部材は前記第1金属部材上で連続する膜状構造体であり、
前記膜状構造体が前記貫通孔を囲み、
前記膜状構造体は、前記ナノポアの部分の厚さが、前記膜状構造体の他の部分の厚さよりも厚い、請求項1に記載のナノポア構造体。 - 前記第1金属部材は、白金(Pt)、パラジウム(Pd)、ロジウム(Rd)、ルテニウム(Ru)、オスミウム(Os)、イリジウム(Ir)から選ばれた一種であり、
前記第2金属部材は、金(Au)である、請求項1に記載のナノポア構造体。 - 前記第2金属部材の表面に自己組織化単分子膜が設けられている、請求項1に記載のナノポア構造体。
- 前記自己組織化単分子膜は、DNAの各塩基又はRNAの各塩基に対応したインターカレート色素を含む、請求項10に記載のナノポア構造体。
- 前記ナノポアを形成する前記第1金属部材及び前記第2金属部材が設けられた絶縁膜を有し、
前記絶縁膜は、前記ナノポアと連通する第2の貫通孔を有する、請求項1に記載のナノポア構造体。 - 前記第2の貫通孔が20nm以下の孔径を有する、請求項12に記載のナノポア構造体。
- シスチャンバ及びトランスチャンバと、
前記シスチャンバと前記トランスチャンバを区画するナノポア構造体と、
前記シスチャンバに設けられた第1電極と、
前記トランスチャンバに設けられた第2電極、及び第3電極と、
を有し、
前記ナノポア構造体は、
薄膜状であり、前記シスチャンバと前記トランスチャンバとを連通させる貫通孔が少なくとも1個設けられ、
前記貫通孔を有する第1金属部材と、
前記貫通孔の孔径を狭窄するように設けられた第2金属部材と、を有し、
前記第1金属部材と前記第2金属部材とによって、10nm以下の孔径を有するナノポアが形成されている、
塩基配列解析装置。 - 前記トランスチャンバ側に顕微ラマン分光装置が設けられている
請求項14に記載の塩基配列解析装置。 - 前記ナノポア構造体は、前記第1金属部材及び前記第2金属部材によって形成された第4電極を少なくとも1個有する
請求項14に記載の塩基配列解析装置。 - 前記ナノポア構造体は着脱自在に設けられている
請求項16に記載の塩基配列解析装置。
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