WO2021193662A1 - リチウム二次電池用複合活物質、リチウム二次電池用電極組成物、リチウム二次電池用電極並びにリチウム二次電池用複合活物質の製造方法 - Google Patents
リチウム二次電池用複合活物質、リチウム二次電池用電極組成物、リチウム二次電池用電極並びにリチウム二次電池用複合活物質の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a composite active material for a lithium secondary battery, an electrode composition for a lithium secondary battery, an electrode for a lithium secondary battery, and a composite active material for a lithium secondary battery.
- Lithium secondary batteries are widely used in household appliances because of their relatively high energy density, light weight, and long life.
- batteries having a large capacity, high-speed charge / discharge characteristics, good cycle characteristics, and excellent safety.
- an electrode having a higher specific capacity than the electrode used in an existing lithium secondary battery is required.
- carbon-based materials for example, graphite
- the charge capacity in the form of graphite is about 372 milliamp-hours (mAh / g) per gram.
- silicon has been actively studied as a high-capacity negative electrode material to replace carbon.
- the theoretical capacity of silicon is about 4200 mAh / g, which is more than 10 times that of graphite.
- silicon when silicon is used as a negative electrode material, it is necessary to solve problems such as low electron conductivity of silicon, particle decay due to a large volume change of silicon due to charging and discharging, and continuous decomposition of an electrolytic solution.
- Non-Patent Document 1 reports that the combination of silicon and carbon partially achieves an improvement in electron conductivity and capacitance. Further, in Patent Document 1, it is reported that the conductivity and the relaxation of the volume change can be achieved by including the composite active material in the conductive matrix.
- Non-Patent Document 1 the expansion and contraction of silicon is not sufficiently suppressed, the continuous decomposition of the electrolytic solution due to the volume change cannot be suppressed, and the charge / discharge efficiency is graphite. Low compared to. Therefore, there is room for improvement in terms of suppressing the volume change of the composite active material and the cycle characteristics. Further, also in Patent Document 1, since the volume change of the active material cannot be sufficiently suppressed and the stress due to the volume change cannot be sufficiently relaxed, the continuous decomposition of the electrolytic solution cannot be suppressed, and the composite There was room for improvement in terms of suppressing volume changes in the active material and cycle characteristics.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and lithium can realize an electrode material whose volume change is suppressed at the time of initial charging, and can realize a lithium secondary battery having a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for producing a composite active material for a secondary battery, an electrode composition for a lithium secondary battery, an electrode for a lithium secondary battery, and a composite active material for a lithium secondary battery.
- the present invention is a composite active material for a lithium secondary battery containing a Si-based material and amorphous carbon, wherein the Si-based material is encapsulated in the amorphous carbon, and the Si-based material is the non-crystalline material.
- the amorphous carbon contains voids, and voids are present around the Si-based material, so that the Si-based material is present.
- a composite active material for a lithium secondary battery which is Si or a Si alloy.
- the present invention includes a matrix having a plurality of voids and a Si-based material housed in the voids, the matrix containing amorphous carbon, and the Si-based material being Si or a Si alloy. It is a composite active material for lithium secondary batteries.
- the composite active material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention it is possible to manufacture an electrode material in which the volume change is suppressed at the time of initial charging, and it is possible to realize a lithium secondary battery having a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics.
- the ratio of the void volume to the volume of the Si-based material is preferably 0.5 to 50.
- the average diameter of the voids contained in the matrix is preferably 50 to 1000 nm.
- the standard deviation of the cross-sectional area distribution of the voids contained in the matrix is preferably 30 ⁇ m 2 or less.
- the average number of the Si-based materials contained in each of the voids contained in the matrix is 4 or less.
- the standard deviation of the cross-sectional area distribution of the Si-based material contained in the matrix is preferably 30 ⁇ m 2 or less.
- the shortest distance between the Si-based material and the inner wall surface of the gap accommodating the Si-based material is preferably 10 nm or less.
- the shortest distance to the voids arranged around the respective voids of the plurality of voids is preferably 1.0 ⁇ m or less.
- the composite active material for a lithium secondary battery further has an outer layer on the outside of the matrix, and the outer layer contains crystalline carbon or amorphous carbon having a pore diameter of 10 nm or more.
- the crystalline carbon satisfies at least one of the following conditions (1) to (3).
- the amount of S by the ion chromatography (IC) measurement method by the oxygen flask combustion method is 1% by weight or less.
- BET specific surface area shall be 100 m 2 / g or less.
- the particle size (D50) of the composite active material for a lithium secondary battery is preferably 0.3 to 50 ⁇ m.
- the BET specific surface area of the composite active material for a lithium secondary battery is preferably 100 m 2 / g or less.
- the present invention is a method for producing the above-mentioned composite active material for a lithium secondary battery, wherein the Si-based material is coated with a polymer film to obtain first particles, and the first step.
- Lithium secondary including a second step of mixing or coating particles with a precursor of amorphous carbon to obtain second particles, and a third step of assembling the second particles and firing them to form a fired body. This is a method for producing a composite active material for a battery.
- the method for producing a composite active material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention it is possible to manufacture an electrode material in which a volume change is suppressed at the time of initial charging, and a lithium secondary battery having a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics can be produced. It is possible to produce a feasible composite active material for a lithium secondary battery.
- the polymer film is preferably formed by using a monomer, an initiator and a dispersant.
- the above-mentioned production method further includes a fourth step of coating the fired body with carbon.
- the precursor of the amorphous carbon is polyacrylonitrile.
- the present invention is an electrode composition for a lithium secondary battery containing the above-mentioned composite active material for a lithium secondary battery.
- the electrode composition for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention it is possible to manufacture an electrode material in which the volume change is suppressed at the time of initial charging, and it is possible to realize a lithium secondary battery having a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics.
- the electrodes of the secondary battery can be manufactured.
- the present invention is an electrode containing the above-mentioned composite active material for a lithium secondary battery.
- the electrode of the present invention it is possible to realize a lithium secondary battery in which the volume change is suppressed at the time of initial charging, the capacity is high, and the cycle characteristics are excellent.
- the "amorphous carbon” refers to carbon having a half width of the X-ray diffraction peak on the (002) plane of 3 ° or more.
- crystalline carbon refers to carbon in which the half width of the X-ray diffraction peak on the (002) plane is less than 3 °.
- a composite active material for a lithium secondary battery can be produced, which can produce an electrode material in which volume expansion is suppressed after the first charge, and can realize a lithium secondary battery having a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics.
- a method for producing an electrode composition for a lithium secondary battery, an electrode for a lithium secondary battery, and a composite active material for a lithium secondary battery is a method for producing an electrode composition for a lithium secondary battery, an electrode for a lithium secondary battery, and a composite active material for a lithium secondary battery.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing an example of a composite active material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional SEM image ( ⁇ 30,000 times) of the composite active material produced in Example 1 of the present invention. ..
- the composite active material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention is a composite active material for a lithium secondary battery containing a Si-based material and an amorphous carbon, and the Si-based material is contained in the amorphous carbon.
- amorphous carbon contains voids, and the voids are present around the Si-based material.
- the composite active material 100 for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention includes a matrix 1 having a plurality of voids 3 and a Si-based material 2 housed in the voids 3.
- Matrix 1 is a composite active material for a lithium secondary battery containing amorphous carbon.
- the Si-based material is Si or a Si alloy. According to the composite active material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention, it is possible to manufacture an electrode material in which the volume change is suppressed at the time of initial charging, and it is possible to realize a lithium secondary battery having a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics.
- the composite active material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention has a structure in which a plurality of voids 3 are encapsulated in amorphous carbon and a Si-based material is encapsulated in the voids 3. That is, a plurality of voids 3 are included in the matrix 1, and the Si-based material 2 is housed in the voids 3. Therefore, when the composite active material 100 is used for the electrode of the lithium secondary battery, even if the Si-based material 2 expands at the time of initial charging, the Si-based material 2 may expand into the void 3. It will be possible. Therefore, the stress applied to the inner wall surface of the void 3 by the Si-based material 2 is reduced.
- the composite active material 100 enables the production of an electrode material in which the volume change is suppressed at the time of initial charging. As a result, continuous decomposition of the electrolytic solution can be suppressed, charging efficiency can be increased, and a lithium secondary battery having excellent cycle characteristics can be realized. Further, the composite active material 100 contains a Si-based material 2. Therefore, a high-capacity lithium secondary battery can also be realized.
- expansion or contraction (volume change) is alleviated, so that the occurrence of leakage of the electrolytic solution and the decrease in battery life can be suppressed.
- the composite active material 100 has a plurality of voids 3 in the matrix 1 and accommodates the Si-based material 2 in the voids 3, the Si-based material 2 is used as a core in the voids in the shell made of amorphous carbon. It has the following advantages over an aggregate of core-shell particles containing the material. That is, the conduction path of electrons and lithium ions is sufficiently secured by the matrix 1, and the resistance to the movement of electrons and lithium ions is reduced. Therefore, the decrease in the rate characteristic and the decrease in the capacity retention rate due to charging / discharging are suppressed.
- the composite active material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention is useful as a composite active material used for an electrode material (particularly a negative electrode material) used in a lithium secondary battery.
- Matrix 1 contains amorphous carbon.
- the content of amorphous carbon in Matrix 1 is preferably 20% by mass or more, more preferably 40% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 100% by mass.
- the content of amorphous carbon in the matrix 1 is 20% by mass or more, the density of the matrix is improved, and the invasion of the electrolytic solution into the composite active material can be suppressed, so that the cycle characteristics are improved. do.
- the voids in the composite active material for the lithium secondary battery of the present invention are introduced to relieve the expansion stress of the Si-based material. Therefore, the ratio of the void volume to the volume of the Si-based material is preferably 0.5 to 50, more preferably 1 to 30, still more preferably 2 to 10, still more preferably 3 to 10, and particularly. It is preferably 3 to 7. When the volume ratio is in this range, the expansion of the composite active material is alleviated, and the volume capacity of the composite active material is unlikely to decrease.
- the following methods can be mentioned as a method for calculating the ratio of the void volume to the volume of the Si-based material.
- the negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery is cut in the vertical direction (thickness direction) of the electrode using a cross-section processing device.
- the complex active material is cleaved.
- a cross section polisher it is preferable to use a cross section polisher in order to obtain a clearer image.
- FE-SEM field emission scanning electron microscope
- the microscope image obtained here will be hereinafter referred to as a “cross-sectional SEM image”.
- each image is converted into JPEG or TIFF data, binarized using Nano Hunter NS2K-Pro (Nanosystem Co., Ltd.), and the area S1 of the portion corresponding to the Si-based material and the portion corresponding to the voids are divided. The area S2 is calculated.
- the areas S1 and S2 thus calculated are converted into the volume V1 of the portion corresponding to the Si-based material and the volume V2 of the portion corresponding to the void.
- the radius r of the circle is calculated using the following formula (A)
- the average diameter of the voids contained in the amorphous carbon is preferably 50 to 1000 nm, more preferably 100 to 600 nm, from the viewpoint of expansion relaxation and electron conduction. be.
- the following methods can be mentioned as a method for calculating the average diameter of the voids.
- a plurality of voids are selected, the major axis and the minor axis thereof are measured, and the average value is calculated.
- This average value is defined as the void diameter.
- the average diameter of the voids can be calculated.
- the standard deviation of the cross-sectional area distribution of the voids contained in the matrix is preferably 30 ⁇ m 2 or less, more preferably 15 ⁇ m 2 or less.
- the standard deviation is within this value range, the voids are uniformly dispersed in the composite active material, the expansion stress is relaxed, and the electron conductivity is less likely to decrease.
- the following methods can be mentioned as a method for calculating the standard deviation of the cross-sectional area distribution of voids in the matrix.
- a transparent sheet is placed on the printed image of the cross-sectional SEM image of the composite active material obtained by the above method, and the portion corresponding to the void is filled with a pen.
- the transparent sheet it is preferable to use an OHP sheet because it has good workability.
- the filled image is converted into JPEG or TIFF data, and binarized using Nano Hunter NS2K-Pro (Nanosystem Co., Ltd.).
- the image is divided into meshes, and the area of the portion corresponding to the voids in each mesh is calculated.
- the number of mesh divisions can be arbitrarily selected, but is preferably 10 to 1000, more preferably 50 to 400.
- the half width of the X-ray diffraction peak of the (002) plane of the amorphous carbon in the present invention is preferably 15 ° or less, more preferably 3 ° to 12 °.
- the half width of the X-ray diffraction peak on the (002) plane of the amorphous carbon is 15 ° or less, the initial charge / discharge efficiency is improved.
- the average number of Si-based materials contained in each void contained in amorphous carbon is preferably 4 or less, more preferably 2 or less. be. When the average number is 4 or less, the electron conductivity is further ensured, and the expansion of the Si-based material is efficiently mitigated.
- the following methods can be mentioned as a method for calculating the average number of Si-based materials contained in each void contained in amorphous carbon.
- a plurality of voids containing Si-based materials are selected, and the total number of Si-based materials contained in those voids is measured.
- the average number of Si-based materials contained in each void in the amorphous carbon is calculated. can do.
- the standard deviation of the cross-sectional area distribution of the Si-based material contained in the amorphous carbon is preferably 30 ⁇ m 2 or less, more preferably 15 ⁇ m 2 or less.
- the standard deviation is within this value range, the Si-based material is uniformly dispersed in the composite active material, and the electron conductivity and capacitance are less likely to decrease.
- the following methods can be mentioned as a method for calculating the standard deviation of the cross-sectional area distribution of Si-based materials contained in amorphous carbon.
- a transparent sheet is placed on the printed image of the cross-sectional SEM image of the composite active material obtained by the above method, and the part corresponding to the Si-based material is painted with a pen.
- the transparent sheet it is preferable to use an OHP sheet because it has good workability.
- the filled image is converted into JPEG or TIFF data, and binarized using Nano Hunter NS2K-Pro (Nanosystem Co., Ltd.). Further, the image is divided into meshes, and the area of the portion corresponding to the Si-based material in each mesh is calculated. By calculating the standard deviation of the area of the portion corresponding to the Si-based material for each obtained mesh, the standard deviation of the cross-sectional area distribution of the Si-based material in the composite active material can be calculated.
- the number of mesh divisions can be arbitrarily selected, but is preferably 10 to 1000, more preferably 50 to 400.
- the shortest distance between the Si-based material in the composite active material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention and the inner wall surface of the void containing the Si-based material is preferably 10 nm or less.
- the conductivity of electrons and lithium ions is further improved.
- a method of calculating the shortest distance between the Si-based material in the composite active material and the inner wall surface of the void containing the Si-based material a method of measuring the distance on a cross-sectional SEM image can be mentioned.
- the shortest distance is more preferably 10 nm or less, and even more preferably 5 nm or less. In particular, the shortest distance is preferably 0 nm.
- the Si-based material and the inner wall surface of the void are in contact with each other. In this case, when the Si-based material expands during charging, the stress applied by the Si-based material to the inner wall surface of the void is more effectively reduced.
- the shortest distance to the voids arranged around the voids is 1.0 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.7 ⁇ m or less, still more preferable. Is preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or less.
- the contact between the Si-based material and the electrolytic solution is further suppressed, and the battery life is further improved.
- the shortest distance is 1.0 ⁇ m or less, the electron transfer effect by the matrix 1 is enhanced.
- the matrix 1 has a mesh shape when viewed in cross section from the viewpoint of electron transfer.
- the particle size (D50: 50% volume particle size) of the composite active material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention is preferably 0.3 to 50 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.3 to 40 ⁇ m.
- the smoothness of the electrode surface and the density of the composite active material in the electrode can be improved. That is, when the particle size is 0.3 ⁇ m or more, it becomes difficult to form an agglomerate composed of a plurality of composite active materials when the electrode forming composition containing the composite active material for a lithium secondary battery is applied. Since the coatability of the electrode-forming composition is improved, the smoothness of the electrode surface can be further improved. Further, when the particle size is 50 ⁇ m or less, the filling property of the composite active material in the electrode can be further improved, and the density of the composite active material in the electrode can be further improved.
- the particle size (D90: 90% volumetric particle size) is preferably 1 to 75 ⁇ m, and more preferably 2 to 60 ⁇ m.
- the smoothness of the electrode surface and the density of the composite active material in the electrode can be improved. That is, when the particle size is 1 ⁇ m or more, it becomes difficult for agglomerates composed of a plurality of composite active materials to be formed when the electrode forming composition containing the composite active material for a lithium secondary battery is applied, and the electrode Since the coatability of the forming composition is improved, the smoothness of the electrode surface can be further improved. Further, when the particle size is 75 ⁇ m or less, the filling property of the composite active material in the electrode can be further improved, and the density of the composite active material in the electrode can be further improved.
- D50 and D90 correspond to a cumulative particle size of 50% and a cumulative particle size of 90% of the cumulative particle size distribution measured by the laser diffraction / scattering method, respectively.
- the composite active material for a lithium secondary battery was added to the liquid and mixed vigorously using ultrasonic waves, etc., and the prepared dispersion was introduced as a sample into the device (laser particle size distribution meter) and granulated. The diameter (D50 or D90) is measured.
- a surfactant or the like may be added if necessary.
- As the liquid it is preferable to use water, alcohol, or a low volatility organic solvent for work.
- Lithium secondary batteries composite active material of the present invention preferably has a BET specific surface area of not more than 100 m 2 / g, more preferably 0.5 ⁇ 70m 2 / g, particularly preferably 0.5 ⁇ 30 m 2 / g.
- the BET specific surface area is 100 m 2 / g or less, the solid electrolyte layer (SEI) formed on the surface of the active material by contact with the electrolytic solution and charge / discharge while introducing voids inside the composite active material is formed. It can be suppressed and the initial charge / discharge efficiency and capacity retention rate can be improved.
- SEI solid electrolyte layer
- the BET specific surface area is a value measured using the BET method by nitrogen adsorption (JIS Z 8830, one-point method).
- Si in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it has a purity higher than that of general-purpose grade metallic silicon.
- such Si includes general-purpose grade metallic silicon having a purity of about 98% by weight, chemical grade metallic silicon having a purity of 2 to 4N, and polysilicon having a purity higher than 4N obtained by chlorination and distillation purification.
- Ultra-high-purity monocrystalline silicon that has undergone a precipitation step by the single crystal growth method, or those obtained by doping them with Group 13 or Group 15 elements of the periodic table to form p-type or n-type, wafers generated in the semiconductor manufacturing process. Examples include silicon and cutting scraps, and waste wafers that have become defective in the process.
- the Si alloy referred to in the present invention is an alloy containing Si as a main component.
- the Si alloy as the element contained in addition to Si, one or more of the elements of Groups 2 to 15 of the periodic table are preferable, and the element having the melting point of the phase contained in the alloy of 900 ° C. or more is preferable.
- groups 2 to 15 of the periodic table groups 2 to 4, 7, 8, 11 to 14 are preferable.
- the particle size (D50) of the Si-based material is preferably 0.01 to 5 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.01 to 1 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably 0. It is 05 to 0.6 ⁇ m.
- D50 0.01 ⁇ m or more, the capacity and initial efficiency due to surface oxidation are unlikely to decrease.
- D50 is 5 ⁇ m or less, cracks are less likely to occur due to expansion due to lithium insertion, and cycle deterioration is less likely to occur.
- the particle size (D50) is a volume average diameter measured by a laser particle size distribution meter.
- the content of the Si-based material is preferably 5 to 80 parts by mass, particularly preferably 15 to 50 parts by mass, based on 100 parts by mass of the total of the Si-based material and the amorphous carbon.
- the content of the Si-based material is 5 parts by mass or more with respect to a total of 100 parts by mass of the Si-based material and the amorphous carbon, a sufficiently larger capacity can be obtained.
- the content of the Si-based material is 80 parts by mass or less with respect to a total of 100 parts by mass of the Si-based material and the amorphous carbon, cycle deterioration is less likely to occur.
- the amorphous carbon of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is a carbon having amorphousness, but the amorphous carbon is preferably an amorphous or microcrystalline carbon substance other than graphite.
- Amorphous or microcrystalline carbonaceous materials other than graphite can be obtained by calcining a precursor of amorphous carbon.
- amorphous carbon precursors include polyaniline, polypyrrole, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohol, polyglycerin, polyparaphenylene vinylene, polyimide resin, resorcinol-formaldehyde resin, phenol resin, epoxy resin, and melamine resin.
- Urea resin cyanate resin, furan resin, ketone resin, unsaturated polyester resin, urethane resin, acrylonitrile-styrene (AS) resin, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resin, pyrrole, dopamine, ammonium alginate, cellulose, glucose, saccharin , Sugars such as fructose, coal-based pitch (for example, coal tar pitch), petroleum-based pitch, mesophase pitch, coke, low-molecular-weight heavy oil, or derivatives thereof.
- AS acrylonitrile-styrene
- ABS acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
- dopamine ammonium alginate
- cellulose glucose
- saccharin adenose
- Sugars such as fructose, coal-based pitch (for example, coal tar pitch), petroleum-based pitch, mesophase pitch, coke, low-molecular-weight heavy oil, or derivative
- saccharides such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohol, polyimide resin, resorcinol-formaldehyde resin, phenol resin, dopamine, glucose, saccharin, fructose, coal-based pitch (for example, coal tar pitch), petroleum-based pitch, or Derivatives thereof and the like are preferable, and polyaniline, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohol, phenolic resin, coal-based pitch (for example, coal tar pitch) or derivatives thereof are particularly preferable.
- the temperature at which the precursor of amorphous carbon is calcined may be any temperature as long as it is carbonized, preferably 300 to 1500 ° C, particularly preferably 500 to 1300 ° C, and more preferably 600. It is ⁇ 1100 ° C. If the firing temperature is 300 ° C. or higher, carbonization tends to proceed. On the other hand, when the firing temperature is 1500 ° C. or lower, the reaction between the Si-based material and the inert gas described later is unlikely to occur, and the discharge capacity tends to be less likely to decrease.
- the firing is preferably carried out in an inert gas atmosphere, and examples of the inert gas used include nitrogen, argon, and helium. Among them, nitrogen is preferable.
- the content of amorphous carbon is preferably 20 to 95 parts by mass, preferably 30 to 85 parts by mass, based on 100 parts by mass of the total of Si-based material and amorphous carbon. It is particularly preferable that it is a part.
- the content of amorphous carbon is 20 parts by mass or more in a total of 100 parts by mass of Si-based material and amorphous carbon, the amorphous carbon can cover the Si-based material, and the conductive path becomes sufficient. Therefore, capacity deterioration is unlikely to occur.
- the content of amorphous carbon is 95 parts by mass or less in a total of 100 parts by mass of the Si-based material and amorphous carbon, a sufficient capacity can be easily obtained.
- the composite active material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention may further have an outer layer on the outside of the matrix 1, and the outer layer may contain crystalline carbon or amorphous carbon having a pore diameter of 10 nm or more.
- the presence of crystalline carbon in the outer layer improves the adhesion between the composite active materials when the electrode is manufactured by press molding, and improves the smoothness of the surface of the composite active materials. As a result, the density of the electrodes is further improved.
- the composite active material further has an outer layer containing amorphous carbon on the outside of the matrix 1, the pore diameter of the amorphous carbon is preferably 10 nm or more and 1000 nm or less, and more preferably 10 nm or more and 500 nm or less.
- the pore diameter is 10 nm or more and 200 nm or less.
- the compatibility between the composite active material and the electrolytic solution is improved, the charging capacity of the lithium secondary battery is improved, and the rate characteristics are improved.
- the pore diameter of the amorphous carbon is 10 nm or more, the compatibility between the composite active material and the electrolytic solution becomes good, and when the pore diameter is 1000 nm or less, the density of the electrode is less likely to decrease, and lithium. In the secondary battery, the reaction between Si and the electrolytic solution is less likely to occur, and the capacity retention rate is less likely to decrease.
- the pore diameter in the outer layer can be measured by the BJH method.
- Shimadzu Corporation's automatic specific surface area / pore distribution measuring device Tristar 3000 can be used.
- the amorphous carbon may be the same as or different from the amorphous carbon contained in the matrix 1.
- the charge / discharge efficiency can be further improved.
- the crystalline carbon of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it has crystallinity, but as the crystalline carbon, graphite-derived carbon is preferable.
- Graphite-derived carbon can be obtained by firing graphite.
- graphite examples include natural graphite materials and artificial graphite.
- flaky graphite obtained by flaking natural graphite which is usually called graphite, is preferable.
- the flaky graphite means graphite having 400 or less layers of graphene sheets.
- the graphene sheets are mainly bonded to each other by van der Waals force.
- the number of layers of graphene sheets in flaky graphite is such that the battery active material that can be combined with lithium ions and the flaky graphite are more evenly dispersed, and the expansion of the battery material using the composite active material for lithium secondary batteries is greater. It is preferably 300 or less, more preferably 200 or less, and even more preferably 150 or less, in terms of being suppressed and / or having more excellent cycle characteristics of the lithium secondary battery.
- the number of layers of the graphene sheet is preferably 5 or more from the viewpoint of handleability.
- the number of graphene sheet layers in flaky graphite can be measured using a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the average thickness of the flaky graphite is preferably 40 nm or less, more preferably 22 nm or less, in that the rate characteristics of the lithium secondary battery are more excellent.
- the average thickness of the flaky graphite is preferably 4 nm or more because the manufacturing procedure is simplified.
- the average thickness is measured by observing flaky graphite by TEM, measuring the thickness of the laminated graphene sheet layers in 10 or more flaky graphite, and arithmetically averaging the values. A method of obtaining the average thickness is used.
- Flaked graphite is obtained by peeling a graphite compound between its layer surfaces and thinning it.
- flaky graphite examples include so-called expanded graphite.
- Expanded graphite contains graphite, and in expanded graphite, for example, scaly graphite is treated with concentrated sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide solution, etc., and these chemicals are intercalated in the gaps of the graphene sheet. It is obtained by further heating and widening the gaps in the graphene sheet when the intercalated chemical solution is vaporized.
- a predetermined composite active material for a lithium secondary battery can be produced using expanded graphite as a starting material. That is, expanded graphite can also be used as the graphite in the composite active material for the lithium secondary battery.
- the graphite expanded graphite that has been subjected to a spheroidizing treatment can also be mentioned.
- the procedure for spheroidization will be described in detail later.
- the expanded graphite is spheroidized, it is spheroidized together with other components (for example, precursors of hard carbon and soft carbon, battery active material capable of combining with lithium ions, etc.). The process may be carried out.
- the crystalline carbon or graphite preferably satisfies at least one of the following (1) to (3).
- the purity is 99% by weight or more, or the amount of impurities is 10,000 ppm or less.
- the amount of S is 1% by weight or less
- the BET specific surface area is 100 m 2 / g or less.
- the purity is 99% by weight or more or the amount of impurities is 10,000 ppm or less, the irreversible capacity due to the formation of SEI derived from impurities decreases, so that the initial charge / discharge efficiency, which is the discharge capacity with respect to the initial charge capacity, tends to be difficult to decrease. ..
- the amount of S is 1% by weight or less, the irreversible capacity decreases as in (1), so that the initial charge / discharge efficiency is unlikely to decrease. More preferably, the amount of S is 0.5% by weight or less.
- the BET specific surface area of crystalline carbon or graphite is more preferably 5 to 100 m 2 / g, and particularly preferably 20 to 50 m 2 / g.
- the BET specific surface area of the crystalline carbon or graphite is 100 m 2 / g or less, the area where the crystalline carbon or graphite reacts with the electrolytic solution can be reduced, so that the initial charge / discharge efficiency is less likely to decrease.
- the specific surface area of crystalline carbon or graphite was measured using the BET method (JIS Z 8830, one-point method) by nitrogen adsorption.
- the amount of impurities was measured by ICP emission spectroscopic analysis using the following 26 elements (Al, Ca, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, V, Zn, Zr, Ag, As, Ba, Be, It is measured by the impurity semi-quantitative value of Cd, Co, Cu, Mo, Pb, Sb, Se, Th, Tl, U). Further, the amount of S is measured by combustion absorption treatment of graphite by an oxygen flask combustion method, filtering with a filter, and ion chromatography (IC) measurement.
- ICP emission spectroscopic analysis using the following 26 elements (Al, Ca, Cr, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, V, Zn, Zr, Ag, As, Ba, Be, It is measured by the impurity semi-quantitative value of Cd, Co, Cu, Mo, Pb, Sb, Se, Th, Tl, U). Further, the amount of S is measured by combustion absorption treatment of graphite by
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of the first particles in the method for producing a composite active material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention
- FIG. 3 is a third in the method for producing a composite active material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of an aggregate of the second particles of FIG.
- the method for producing the composite active material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention is the method for producing the composite active material for a lithium secondary battery described above, and the Si-based material 2 is used.
- a plurality of first steps of coating the polymer film 3a to obtain the first particles 11 and a second step of mixing or coating the first particles 11 with the precursor 1a of amorphous carbon to obtain the second particles 12. Includes a third step of assembling the second particles 12 of the above and firing the aggregate 13 to form a fired body.
- the method for producing a composite active material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention it is possible to manufacture an electrode material in which a volume change is suppressed at the time of initial charging, and a lithium secondary battery having a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics can be produced. It is possible to produce a feasible composite active material for a lithium secondary battery.
- the polymer film is formed by using, for example, a monomer, an initiator and, if necessary, a dispersant.
- This solution preferably contains a dispersant.
- firing is performed in, for example, an inert atmosphere.
- the third step is a step of mixing the second particles with crystalline carbon as needed to obtain a first mixture, and a step of granulating and compacting the first mixture to obtain a second mixture.
- a step of pulverizing and spheroidizing the second mixture to form substantially spherical composite particles, and a step of firing the composite particles as a fired body in an inert atmosphere may be included.
- the above-mentioned production method may or may not further include the fourth step of carbon-coating the fired body, but it is preferable to include the fourth step.
- the Si-based material it is preferable to use a powder having a particle size (D50) of 0.01 to 5 ⁇ m.
- the raw material (state of ingot, wafer, powder, etc.) of the above-mentioned Si-based material is pulverized by a pulverizer, and a classifier is used in some cases.
- the raw material of the Si-based material is a mass such as an ingot or a wafer, it can be first pulverized using a coarse crusher such as a jaw crusher and then pulverized using a pulverizer.
- Examples of such a fine crushing device include a ball mill, a medium stirring mill, in which a crushing medium such as a ball or a bead is moved and the crushed material is crushed by utilizing the impact force, the frictional force, and the compressive force due to the kinetic energy.
- Roller mills that use the compressive force of rollers to crush jet mills that collide objects to be crushed with lining materials at high speed or collide with each other, and crush by the impact force of the impact, hammers, blades, pins, etc.
- wet crushing either wet crushing or dry crushing can be used.
- dry crushing for example, a wet bead mill is used, and the diameter of the beads is gradually reduced to obtain very fine particles.
- dry classification wet classification or sieving classification can be used.
- Dry classification mainly uses airflow, and the processes of dispersion, separation (separation of fine particles and coarse particles), collection (separation of solid and gas), and discharge are performed sequentially or simultaneously, and interference between particles and particles Pretreatment (adjustment of moisture, dispersibility, humidity, etc.) is performed before classification so that the classification efficiency is not reduced due to the shape, turbulence of airflow, velocity distribution, influence of static electricity, etc., or the moisture content of the airflow used. And adjust the oxygen concentration.
- crushing and classification are performed at once, and it is possible to obtain a desired particle size distribution.
- a method for obtaining a Si-based material having a predetermined particle size a method of heating the Si-based material with plasma or a laser to evaporate it and coagulating it in an inert atmosphere, or CVD or plasma using a gas raw material.
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- ultrafine particles by CVD or the like are suitable for obtaining ultrafine particles of 0.1 ⁇ m or less.
- the surface of the Si-based material may or may not be modified, but it is preferable to modify the surface of the Si-based material particles in advance in order to promote the reaction between the Si-based material and the monomer.
- the modification referred to here is a step of changing the surface state of a Si-based material by a chemical reaction using a surface modifier to facilitate coating of a polymer (polymer film).
- the surface modifier it is preferable to use one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of molecules containing an alkoxide group, a carboxy group, or a hydroxy group in the molecule, a base, and an oxidizing agent.
- Specific surface modifiers include, for example, vinyl-based surface modifiers such as vinyltrimethoxysilane and vinyltriethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane, and 3-glycidoxypropylmethyldiethoxysilane.
- the surface modifier is preferably 3-methacryloxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane, 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-methacryloxypropylmethyldiethoxysilane, 3-methacryloxypropyltriethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, or hydrogen.
- One or more selected from the group of hydrogen oxide, nitrate, hydrochloric acid, ammonia and sodium hydroxide particularly preferably one or more selected from the group of 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, hydrochloric acid and ammonia. ..
- a surface modifier When using a surface modifier, it is preferable to add 0.1 to 800 parts by mass of the surface modifier to 100 parts by mass of the Si-based material.
- a polycarboxylic acid-based stabilizer may be added to prevent agglutination of particles during the reforming reaction.
- it is dissolved in water such as ammonia, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or sodium hydrogencarbonate to show alkalinity, or in water such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid or sulfuric acid.
- a residual reaction accelerator such as an acidic compound may be added. Ammonia, hydrochloric acid, or nitric acid is preferable because it has high reactivity and no metal compound remains.
- the solvent used in the reaction may be any solvent that can dissolve the surface modifier.
- examples of such a solvent include water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, hexane, dichloromethane, chloroform and the like.
- a mixed solvent of two or more of these may be used if necessary.
- a mixed solvent of water and ethanol is preferably 10 to 100 parts by mass of water with respect to 100 parts by mass of ethanol.
- the ratio of water to ethanol in the mixed solvent is within this range, the Si-based material in the solvent is easily dispersed, and the reforming reaction is sufficiently easy to proceed.
- the surface-modified Si-based material may be crushed and atomized using a ball mill or a bead mill, if necessary. Zirconia or alumina is preferable as the balls used for crushing.
- the crushing time is preferably 1 to 24 hours, more preferably 1 to 12 hours.
- the surface-modified Si-based material that has been atomized by centrifugation may be separated if necessary. At this time, in the centrifugation, the solvent used for modifying the surface of the Si-based material may be replaced with water.
- the reaction temperature is preferably 40 to 100 ° C.
- the reaction time is preferably 0.5 to 72 hours, more preferably 0.5 to 24 hours. When the reaction time is within this range, the reaction reaction between the Si-based material and the monomer proceeds sufficiently, and the productivity is less likely to decrease.
- Examples of the monomer to react with the Si-based material include styrene, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-propyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, sec-butyl methacrylate, and isobutyl methacrylate.
- Acrylic acid-based such as tert-butyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, isobonyl methacrylate, benzyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, hydroxybutyl methacrylate, triethylene glycol methacrylate, etc.
- Itaconic acid anhydride itaconic acid, acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, sec-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, tert- acrylate- Acrylic acid-based monomers such as butyl, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, isobornyl acrylate, benzyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, glycidyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, and hydroxybutyl acrylate, Methacrylicamides such as methacrylicamide, N-methylacrylamide, N, N'-dimethylacrylamide, N-tert-butylmethacrylate, Nn-butylmethacrylate, N-methylolmethacrylate, N-ethylolmethacrylate,
- Monomer N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide, N-tert-butylacrylamide, Nn-butylacrylamide, N-methylolacrylamide, N-ethylolacrylamide and other acrylamide-based monomers, benzo Vinyl acid, diethylaminostyrene, diethylaminoalpha-methylstyrene, p-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid, sodium p-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid salt, lithium p-vinylbenzenesulfonic acid salt, divinylbenzene, vinyl acetate, butyl acetate, vinyl chloride, fluoride Vinyl, vinyl bromide, maleic anhydride, N-phenylmaleimide, N-butylmaleimide, N-vinylpyrrolidone, N-vinylcarbazole, acrylic acid, aniline, pyrrole, polyol-based monomer used for urethane poly
- the high molecular weight monomer is preferably styrene, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-propyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, sec-butyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, tert-methacrylate.
- Acrylic-based monomers such as butyl, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, isobonyl methacrylate, benzyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, hydroxybutyl methacrylate, triethylene glycol methacrylate, itaconic acid Anhydrous, itaconic acid, acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, sec-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, acrylic Acrylic acid-based monomers such as 2-ethylhexyl acid, isobornyl acrylate, benzyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, glycidyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, hydroxybutyl
- Examples of the initiator to be used include azo compounds such as azobisisobutyronitrile, potassium persulfate, ammonium persulfate, benzoyl peroxide, diisobutyryl peroxide, di-n-propylperoxydicarbonate, and diisopropylperoxydi.
- azo compounds such as azobisisobutyronitrile, potassium persulfate, ammonium persulfate, benzoyl peroxide, diisobutyryl peroxide, di-n-propylperoxydicarbonate, and diisopropylperoxydi.
- Examples of the solvent used for obtaining the monomer slurry include water, ethanol, methanol, isopropyl alcohol, propanol or toluene, and preferably water, ethanol or methanol, particularly preferably water or ethanol. These can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the content of the monomer in the monomer slurry is preferably 0.5 to 20% by weight, particularly preferably 0.5 to 10% by weight.
- the coating material around the Si-based material can have a sufficient thickness.
- the content of the initiator in the monomer slurry is preferably 0.01 to 3% by weight, particularly preferably 0.01 to 1% by weight.
- the monomer slurry preferably contains a dispersant in order to improve the dispersibility of the Si-based material or to promote the polymerization.
- the dispersant include styrene sulfonic acid-based dispersants such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sodium styrene sulfonate, lithium styrene sulfonate, ammonium styrene sulfonate, and ethyl styrene sulfonic acid ester, carboxy styrene, and polyacrylic acid.
- styrene sulfonic acid-based dispersants such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sodium styrene sulfonate, lithium styrene sulfonate, ammonium styrene sulfonate, and ethyl styrene
- Polycarboxylic acid dispersants such as polymethacrylic acid, naphthalene sulfonic acid formarin condensation dispersants, polyethylene glycol, polycarboxylic acid partially alkyl ester dispersants, polyether dispersants, polyalkylene polyamine dispersants, alkyl sulfonic acids Examples thereof include system dispersants, quaternary ammonium dispersants, higher alcohol alkylene oxide dispersants, polyhydric alcohol ester dispersants, alkylpolyamine dispersants or polyphosphate dispersants, and polyacrylic acid-based additives are preferable.
- the content of the dispersant in the monomer slurry is preferably 3% by weight or less, and particularly preferably 0.001 to 2% by weight. When the amount of the dispersant is within this range, the aggregation of Si-based materials is less likely to proceed. Alternatively, the film thickness of the polymer (polymer film) around the Si-based material is less likely to be thinned.
- the monomer slurry may contain a polymerization accelerator in order to promote polymerization.
- a polymerization accelerator examples include pH adjusters such as sodium hydrogen carbonate and potassium hydroxide.
- the polymerization accelerator is preferably sodium hydrogen carbonate.
- the polymer film coated on the obtained Si-based material is removed by firing described later to form voids.
- Examples of the method of mixing or coating the amorphous carbon precursor with the Si-based material (first particle) coated with the polymer film include one of the following production methods 1 and 2.
- Manufacturing method 1 A method of mixing or coating a polymer, which is a precursor of amorphous carbon, around a polymer film by polymerization.
- Manufacturing method 2 A method of mixing or coating a Si-based material (first particle) coated with a polymer film and a precursor of amorphous carbon by wet or dry mixing.
- the polymer used as a precursor of amorphous carbon used in the production method 1 is not particularly limited as long as it is carbonized by firing to become amorphous carbon.
- polyaniline, polypyrrole and polyacrylonitrile are preferable.
- the polymer serving as a precursor of amorphous carbon is particularly preferably polyaniline or polyacrylonitrile. Of these, polyacrylonitrile is more preferable. In this case, a more dense matrix can be obtained, and the invasion of the electrolytic solution into the composite active material is suppressed, so that the decomposition of the electrolytic solution inside the composite active material is suppressed, and the cycle characteristics are improved.
- the above-mentioned initiator, monomer, dispersant, polymerization accelerator and solvent can be used.
- the first particles serve as seeds and the reaction is promoted, it is not necessary to add the surface modifier, but the above-mentioned surface modifier may be added if necessary.
- the precursor of the amorphous carbon used in the production method 2 is not particularly limited as long as it becomes amorphous carbon after firing.
- polyaniline polypyrrole, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohol, polyglycerin, polyparaphenylene vinylene.
- Polygonic resin resorcinol-formaldehyde resin, phenol resin, epoxy resin, melamine resin, urea resin, cyanate resin, furan resin, ketone resin, unsaturated polyester resin, urethane resin, acrylonitrile-styrene (AS) resin, acrylonitrile-butadiene- Styrene (ABS) resin, pyrrole, dopamine, ammonium alginate, cellulose, glucose, saccharin, fructose and other sugars, coal-based pitch (eg, coal tar pitch), petroleum-based pitch, mesophase pitch, coke, low-molecular-weight heavy oil, Alternatively, their derivatives and the like can be mentioned.
- AS acrylonitrile-styrene
- ABS acrylonitrile-butadiene- Styrene
- dopamine ammonium alginate
- cellulose glucose, saccharin, fructose and other sugars
- coal-based pitch eg,
- saccharides such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohol, polyimide resin, resorcinol-formaldehyde resin, phenol resin, dopamine, glucose, saccharin, fructose, coal-based pitch (for example, coal tar pitch), petroleum-based pitch, or Derivatives thereof and the like are preferable.
- the precursor of amorphous carbon is particularly preferably polyaniline, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohol, phenolic resin, coal-based pitch (eg, coal tar pitch) or derivatives thereof.
- the method of mixing the first particle and the amorphous carbon precursor is not particularly limited.
- a method of mixing the dried product of the first particle and the amorphous carbon precursor in a solid state, and drying of the first particle A method of impregnating a product with a slurry containing an amorphous carbon precursor and mixing it, a method of adding an amorphous carbon precursor to a slurry containing first particles and mixing them in a liquid phase, and the like can be used.
- the dried product of the first particle and the amorphous carbon precursor in a solid state for example, after the first particle is dried, the dried product of the first particle and the amorphous carbon precursor are mixed in a ball mill.
- a ball mill mixing inside, mixing using a ball mill, a bead mill, a pot mill, a roller mill, a jet mill, or the like is preferable, and mixing in a dairy pot or a ball mill is particularly preferable.
- a method of impregnating the dried product of the first particles with a slurry containing an amorphous carbon precursor and mixing the mixture for example, after the first particles are dried, the amorphous carbon precursor is dissolved in a solvent.
- a method of forming a slurry, adding it to the dried product of the first particles, and mixing the mixture can be used.
- the solvent is not particularly limited as long as it can dissolve or disperse the precursor of amorphous carbon, for example, alcohols such as ethanol, methanol and isopropyl alcohol, ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and diethyl ether, benzene, nitrobenzene, toluene, xylene and the like.
- alcohols such as ethanol, methanol and isopropyl alcohol
- ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and diethyl ether
- benzene nitrobenzene, toluene, xylene and the like.
- Examples include aromatic compounds, pyridine, piperidine, cyclohexanone, cyclohexane, hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, dichloromethane, chloroform, cleosort oil, glycerin, water, etc.
- Alcohols such as ethanol and methanol, ethers such as tetrahydrofuran.
- Aromatic compounds such as toluene and xylene, cyclohexanone, water and the like are preferable, and ethanol, xylene, water and the like are particularly preferable.
- the mixing method is not particularly limited, and a general mixer or stirrer such as a magnetic stirrer, a three-one motor, a homomixer, an in-line mixer, a bead mill, or a ball mill can be used.
- the solvent used as the slurry is not particularly limited, and is, for example, alcohols such as ethanol, methanol and isopropyl alcohol, ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and diethyl ether, aromatic compounds such as benzene, nitrobenzene, toluene and xylene, pyridine and piperidine.
- alcohols such as ethanol and methanol, ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, aromatic compounds such as toluene and xylene, cyclohexanone and water are preferable, and ethanol, xylene and water are particularly preferable.
- the temperature at which a plurality of mixtures (second particles) obtained by mixing or coating an amorphous carbon precursor with the first particles are assembled and fired is preferably 300 to 1500 ° C, more preferably 500 to 1300 ° C. Yes, especially preferably 600 to 1100 ° C.
- the firing temperature is 300 ° C. or higher, the polymer formed around the Si-based material is less likely to remain, resulting in a decrease in the initial volume discharge capacity, a decrease in the initial charge / discharge efficiency, and an increase in the initial electrode expansion rate. Hateful.
- the firing temperature is 1500 ° C. or lower, the reaction between the Si-based material and the inert gas described later is unlikely to occur, and the discharge capacity tends to be less likely to decrease.
- the firing is performed in an atmosphere of an inert gas.
- an inert gas nitrogen, argon, helium and the like are preferable, and nitrogen is particularly preferable.
- the polymer film 3a around the Si-based material 2 is volatilized, voids 3 are formed around the Si-based material 2, and the amorphous carbon precursor of the aggregate 13 of the second particles 13 is formed. Is carbonized to form matrix 1, and composite particles of amorphous carbon and Si-based material are produced as a fired body.
- a method of carbon-coating the composite particles As a method of carbon-coating the composite particles, a method of carbon-coating by a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) method, a method of vaporizing a carbon precursor under heating and carbon-coating, or a method of mixing a carbon precursor with the composite particles is performed. A method of carbon coating by further firing can be mentioned.
- CVD Chemical Vapor Deposition
- the method of carbon-coating the composite particles by the CVD method can be carbon-coated by heating the carbon compound.
- examples of the carbon compound used include methane, ethylene, acetylene, propylene, benzene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, anthracene, pyrene, acenaphthylene, dihydroanthracene, diphenylene sulfide, thioxanthene, thianthracene, carbazole, acrydin, and condensed poly.
- Examples thereof include ring phenazine compounds, among which ethylene, acetylene, propylene, toluene, xylene, naphthalene, anthracene and the like are preferable, and ethylene, anthracene, toluene and the like are particularly preferable.
- the temperature at which the carbon compound is heated is preferably 300 to 1500 ° C, particularly preferably 500 to 1100 ° C or the like.
- the carbon compound may be coated on the composite particles as carbon, and it does not matter whether the pressure is normal pressure or reduced pressure.
- the carbon precursor used in the method of vaporizing the carbon precursor under heating and coating it with carbon is not particularly limited as long as it becomes carbon after firing.
- Examples of such carbon precursors include polyaniline, polypyrrole, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohol, polyglycerin, polyparaphenylene vinylene, polyimide resin, resorcinol-formaldehyde resin, phenol resin, epoxy resin, melamine resin, urea resin, and cyanate resin.
- saccharides such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohol, polyimide resin, resorcinol-formaldehyde resin, phenol resin, dopamine, glucose, saccharin, fructose, coal-based pitch (for example, coal tar pitch), petroleum-based pitch, or Derivatives thereof and the like are preferable, and polyaniline, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohol, phenolic resin, coal-based pitch (for example, coal tar pitch) or derivatives thereof are particularly preferable.
- the temperature at the time of heating may be any temperature as long as the carbon precursor is vaporized, preferably 300 to 1500 ° C, particularly preferably 500 to 1300 ° C, and more preferably 600 to 1100 ° C.
- the temperature is 300 ° C. or higher, the carbon precursor is less likely to remain, the initial volume discharge capacity is less likely to decrease, the initial charge / discharge efficiency is less likely to decrease, and the initial electrode expansion coefficient is less likely to increase.
- the temperature is 1500 ° C. or lower, the reaction between the Si-based material and the inert gas described later is unlikely to occur, and the discharge capacity tends to be less likely to decrease.
- the carbon precursor is vaporized under heating in an inert gas atmosphere.
- the inert gas used include nitrogen, argon, helium and the like. Among them, nitrogen is preferable.
- the method for coating the carbon precursor in the method of coating the carbon precursor by mixing the carbon precursor with the composite particles and then firing the composite particles is the same as the method of mixing the first particles and the amorphous carbon precursor described above. Can be used.
- the carbon precursor in the method of carbon-coating by mixing the carbon precursor with the composite particles and further firing is the same as the carbon precursor used in the method of vaporizing the carbon precursor under heating and carbon-coating. Can be used.
- the temperature at the time of firing may be any temperature as long as the carbon precursor is vaporized, preferably 300 to 1500 ° C, particularly preferably 500 to 1300 ° C, and more preferably 600 to 1100 ° C.
- the temperature is 300 ° C. or higher, the carbon precursor is less likely to remain, the initial volume discharge capacity is less likely to decrease, the initial charge / discharge efficiency is less likely to decrease, and the initial electrode expansion coefficient is less likely to increase.
- the temperature is 1500 ° C. or lower, the reaction between the Si-based material and the inert gas described later is unlikely to occur, and the discharge capacity tends to be less likely to decrease.
- the carbon precursor When the carbon precursor is fired, it is preferably carried out in an inert gas atmosphere, and examples of the inert gas used include nitrogen, argon and helium, and among them, nitrogen is preferable.
- the crystalline carbon to be mixed with the second particles as needed natural graphite, artificial graphite obtained by graphitizing the pitch of petroleum or coal, or the like can be used.
- the shape of the crystalline carbon a scaly shape, an oval shape or a spherical shape, a columnar shape, a fibrous shape or the like is used. Further, these crystalline carbons are acid-treated and oxidized, and then expanded by heat treatment, and a part of the graphite layers is peeled off to form an accordion-like expanded graphite or a crushed product of expanded graphite, ultrasonic waves, or the like. Graphene or the like delaminated by the above can also be used.
- Expanded graphite or a crushed product of expanded graphite is superior in flexibility to other crystalline carbons, and in the step of forming composite particles described later, the crushed particles are rebonded to form substantially spherical composite particles. Can be easily formed.
- the particle size of crystalline carbon before being mixed with the second particles is preferably 1 to 100 ⁇ m for natural graphite or artificial graphite, 5 ⁇ m to 5 mm for expanded graphite or pulverized expanded graphite, and graphene.
- the crystalline carbon When the crystalline carbon is mixed with the second particles, a more Si-based material and the crystalline carbon can be bound to each other, so that a carbon compound can be added.
- the carbon compound it is preferable that a Si-based material and crystalline carbon can be bonded and there is no residual carbon component after firing.
- the solvent includes, for example, quinoline, pyridine, toluene, benzene, tetrahydrofuran, cleosort oil, tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexanone, nitrobenzene.
- Glycerin, menthol, polyvinyl alcohol, water, ethanol, methanol can be used.
- a kneader (kneader) ( A kneader) or a radige mixer
- a solvent in addition to the above-mentioned kneader, a three-one motor, a stirrer, a Nauter mixer, a Reedige mixer, a Henschel mixer, a high-speed mixer, a homomixer, an in-line mixer and the like can be used.
- the jacket When removing the solvent using a solvent, the jacket can be heated as it is with these devices, or the solvent can be removed with a vibration dryer, paddle dryer, rotary evaporator, thin film evaporator, spray dryer, conical dryer, vacuum dryer, etc. can do.
- solid-liquid separation Prior to the drying operation, solid-liquid separation can be performed with a device such as a centrifuge, a filter press, a suction filter, or a pressure filter. If excess carbon compounds remain, the composite active materials will be connected to each other after firing, and then crushing and crushing steps will be required, and this will cause a decrease in the capacity of the negative electrode. It is preferable to do so.
- a mixture of Si-based material, crystalline carbon and, if necessary, a carbon compound (first mixture) is granulated and compacted. .. Further, the mixture after removing the solvent is compressed by a compressor such as a roller compactor and roughly pulverized by a crusher, whereby granulation and consolidation can be performed.
- the size of these granulated / consolidated products is preferably 0.1 to 5 mm from the viewpoint of ease of handling in the subsequent pulverization step.
- Granulation and compaction methods include ball mills and medium stirring mills that use compressive force to crush crushed materials, roller mills that crush crushed materials using the compressive force of rollers, and lining materials at high speed. Jet mills that collide with each other or collide with each other and crush by the impact force of the impact, hammer mills and blades that crush the crushed material by using the impact force of the rotation of the rotor with fixed hammers, blades, pins, etc.
- a dry pulverization method such as a mill, a pin mill, or a disc mill is preferable.
- dry classification such as wind power classification and sieving is used. In the type in which the crusher and the classifier are integrated, crushing and classification are performed at once, and a desired particle size distribution can be obtained.
- a method of pulverizing and spheroidizing the mixture (second mixture) obtained by granulation and compaction a method of pulverizing by the above-mentioned pulverization method to adjust the particle size and then passing through a dedicated spheroidizing device is used.
- Dedicated spherical devices include Hosokawa Micron's Faculty (trade name), Nobilta (trade name), Mechanofusion (trade name), Nippon Coke Industries, Inc. COMPOSI, Nara Machinery Co., Ltd.'s hybridization system, and EarthTechnica Co., Ltd. Examples include Cryptron Orb and Cryptron Eddie.
- substantially spherical composite particles can be obtained.
- the obtained composite particles are fired to obtain a fired body.
- the firing temperature is preferably 300 to 1200 ° C, particularly preferably 600 to 1200 ° C.
- the firing temperature is 300 ° C. or higher, the unthermally decomposed components of the polymer film coated on the Si-based material are less likely to remain, the initial charge / discharge efficiency is less likely to decrease, and the initial charge expansion rate is less likely to increase.
- the firing temperature is 1200 ° C. or lower, the reaction between the Si-based material and carbon is less likely to occur, and the discharge capacity is less likely to decrease.
- the composite particles are fired in an inert gas atmosphere.
- the inert gas used include nitrogen, argon, helium and the like. Among them, nitrogen is preferable.
- a method of carbon-coating the fired body As a method of carbon-coating the fired body, a method of carbon-coating by the above-mentioned CVD method, a method of vaporizing the carbon precursor under heating and carbon-coating, or a method of mixing the carbon precursor with the fired powder and further firing. Therefore, a carbon coating method can be used.
- the electrode composition for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention contains the composite active material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention, a binder, and a solvent.
- the electrode composition for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention it is possible to manufacture an electrode material in which the volume change is suppressed at the time of initial charging, and it is possible to realize a lithium secondary battery having a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics.
- the electrodes of the secondary battery can be manufactured.
- binder to be used known materials can be used, for example, fluororesins such as polyvinylidene fluoride and polytetrafluoroethylene, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), polyethylene, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyacrylic acid or Glue is used.
- fluororesins such as polyvinylidene fluoride and polytetrafluoroethylene, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), polyethylene, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyacrylic acid or Glue is used.
- solvent examples include water, isopropyl alcohol, N-methylloridone, dimethylformamide and the like.
- the electrode composition for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention can be obtained by mixing the composite active material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention and a binder and forming a paste using a solvent.
- a known stirrer, mixer, kneader, kneader or the like may be used to stir and mix the composite active material for the lithium secondary battery, the binder and the solvent. good.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing an example of the electrode of the present invention.
- the electrode 200 for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention contains the above-mentioned composite active material 100 for a lithium secondary battery.
- the electrode for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention it is possible to realize a lithium secondary battery having a high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics while suppressing a volume change at the time of initial charging.
- the electrode for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention is useful as a negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery.
- a method for producing a negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery using the composite active material for a lithium secondary battery of the present invention a known method can be used.
- a slurry containing a negative electrode mixture is prepared as the above-mentioned electrode composition for a lithium secondary battery.
- a current collector for example, on a copper foil
- a negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery can be obtained.
- a current collector having a three-dimensional structure is preferable in that the battery cycle is more excellent.
- the material of the current collector having a three-dimensional structure include carbon fiber, sponge-like carbon (a sponge-like resin coated with carbon), and a metal other than copper.
- Examples of the current collector (porous current collector) having a three-dimensional structure include a porous body of a metal or carbon conductor.
- Examples of the porous body of such a conductor include a plain woven wire mesh, an expanded metal, a lath mesh, a metal foam, a metal woven fabric, a metal non-woven fabric, a carbon fiber woven fabric, and a carbon fiber non-woven fabric.
- a negative electrode mixture-containing slurry using a composite active material for a lithium secondary battery it is preferable to add at least one selected from the group consisting of conductive carbon black, carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes as a conductive material. .. Even if the shape of the composite active material for the lithium secondary battery obtained by the above step is granulated (particularly, substantially spherical), the group consisting of carbon black, carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes in the negative electrode mixture-containing slurry. By blending one or more selected from the above, the contact between the particles of the composite active material is less likely to be point contact.
- One or more selected from the group consisting of carbon black, carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes can be concentratedly aggregated in the capillary portion formed by contact with the composite active material for the lithium secondary battery when the slurry solvent is dried. Therefore, it is possible to prevent contact breakage (increased resistance) due to the cycle.
- the blending amount of one or more selected from the group consisting of carbon black, carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes is preferably 0.2 to 4 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the composite active material for a lithium secondary battery. , 0.5 to 2 parts by mass, more preferably.
- Examples of carbon nanotubes include single-wall carbon nanotubes and multi-wall carbon nanotubes.
- the lithium secondary battery includes the negative electrode as the above-mentioned electrode, the positive electrode, the electrolytic solution, and the separator.
- the lithium secondary battery may further include other battery components (eg, current collector, gasket, sealing plate, case, etc.).
- the lithium secondary battery can have a cylindrical shape, a square shape, a button shape, or the like according to a conventional method.
- Positive electrode As the positive electrode used in the lithium secondary battery having the negative electrode obtained by using the composite active material for the lithium secondary battery of the present invention, a positive electrode using a known positive electrode material can be used.
- Examples of the method for producing the positive electrode include known methods, such as a method of applying a positive electrode mixture composed of a positive electrode material, a binder and a conductive agent to the surface of a current collector.
- the cathode material cathode active material
- chromium oxide, titanium oxide, cobalt oxide, or metal oxides such as vanadium pentoxide, LiCoO 2, LiNiO 2, LiNi 1-y Co y O 2, LiNi 1-x-y having Co x Al y O 2, LiMnO 2, LiMn 2 O 4, LiFeO 2 lithium metal oxides such as titanium sulfide, chalcogen compounds of transition metals such as molybdenum sulfide, polyacetylene, polyparaphenylene, conductive polypyrrole Conjugated polymer substances and the like can be mentioned.
- Electrolytic solution A known electrolytic solution can be used as the electrolytic solution used in the lithium secondary battery having a negative electrode obtained by using the composite active material for the lithium secondary battery of the present invention.
- Lithium salt can be used.
- LiPF 6 and LiBF 4 are preferable from the viewpoint of oxidation stability.
- the electrolyte salt concentration in the electrolyte solution is preferably 0.1 to 5 mol / liter, more preferably 0.5 to 3 mol / liter.
- Examples of the solvent used in the electrolytic solution include carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate, 1,1- or 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran and 2 -Methyl tetrahydrofuran, ⁇ -butyrolactone, 1,3-dioxofuran, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, anisole, ethers such as diethyl ether, sulfolanes, thioethers such as methyl sulfolane, acetonitrile, chloronitrile, propionitrile, etc.
- carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate
- 1,1- or 1,2-dimethoxyethane 1,2-diethoxyethane
- tetrahydrofuran and 2 -Methyl tetrahydrofuran
- a polymer electrolyte such as a polymer solid electrolyte or a polymer gel electrolyte may be used instead of the electrolytic solution.
- the polymer compound constituting the matrix of the polymer solid electrolyte or the polymer gel electrolyte include ether-based polymer compounds such as polyethylene oxide and its crosslinked product, methacrylate-based polymer compounds such as polymethacrylate, and acrylate-based compounds such as polyacrylate.
- Fluoropolymer compounds such as polymeric compounds, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) or vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymers are preferred. These can also be mixed and used. From the viewpoint of redox stability and the like, a fluoropolymer compound such as PVDF or a vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer is particularly preferable.
- a known material can be used as the separator used in the lithium secondary battery having a negative electrode obtained by using the composite active material for the lithium secondary battery of the present invention.
- the separator include woven fabrics, non-woven fabrics, and microporous membranes made of synthetic resin.
- a microporous membrane made of synthetic resin is preferable, and among them, a polyolefin-based microporous membrane is preferable in terms of film thickness, membrane strength, membrane resistance, and the like. Specifically, it is a microporous membrane made of polyethylene and polypropylene, or a microporous membrane made of a composite thereof.
- the lithium secondary battery of the present invention is used in various portable electronic devices, and in particular, a notebook computer, a notebook word processor, a palm top (pocket) computer, a mobile phone, a mobile fax, a mobile printer, a headphone stereo, a video camera, and a portable television.
- Portable CD Portable MD, Electric Shaving Machine, Electronic Notebook, Transceiver, Electric Tool, Radio, Tape Recorder, Digital Camera, Portable Copy Machine, Portable Game Machine, etc.
- the lithium secondary battery of the present invention includes an electric vehicle, a hybrid vehicle, a vending machine, an electric cart, a power storage system for road leveling, a household power storage, a distributed power storage system (built into a stationary electric product), and an emergency. It can also be used as a secondary battery for hourly power supply systems.
- Example 1 (Silicon surface modification process) An ethanol slurry containing silicon particles having a D50 of 200 nm was put into a beaker so that the amount of silicon was 17.5 g. Next, the ethanol slurry was irradiated with ultrasonic waves for 15 minutes, and then ethanol was added so that the total amount of ethanol was 442 g to obtain a silicon slurry. Then, 39 g of a polycarboxylic acid-based dispersant, 1.0 g of hydrochloric acid, and 140 g of water were added to the silicon slurry, and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes under the condition of a rotation speed of 250 rpm.
- a polycarboxylic acid-based dispersant 1.0 g of hydrochloric acid, and 140 g of water were added to the silicon slurry, and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes under the condition of a rotation speed of 250 rpm.
- TEOS tetraethoxysilane
- LiSS lithium p-styrene sulfonate
- the polystyrene-coated silicon slurry was weighed in a beaker so that the solid content was 29 g, and water was added so that the total amount of water was 1380 g. After purging the inside of the flask with nitrogen, the liquid temperature was raised to 35 ° C. Then, 40 g of acrylonitrile monomer was added, and the mixture was stirred for 2 hours. Then, the liquid temperature was raised to 62 ° C., and an APS aqueous solution (APS concentration: 1.0% by weight) obtained by dissolving 0.4 g of APS in 40 g of water was added into the flask. Then, heating and stirring were continued for 10 hours under reflux. The obtained reaction solution was centrifuged under the conditions of a rotation speed of 4800 rpm and a rotation time of 25 minutes, and the precipitate was redispersed in ethanol to obtain a polymer-coated silicon slurry.
- this granulated / compacted product was placed in a blade mill and pulverized at 15,000 rpm for 360 seconds while being water-cooled, and at the same time sphericalized to obtain a substantially spherical composite powder having a light bulk density of 253 g / L.
- the obtained negative electrode mixture-containing slurry was applied to a copper foil having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m using an applicator so that the solid content coating amount was 2.0 mg / cm 2, and the mixture was vacuum dried at 90 ° C. for 12 hours. It was dry. After drying, it is punched into a circle of 14 mm ⁇ , roll-pressed under the conditions of 100 ° C., feed rate 1 m / min, and pressure 4.0 t / cm 2 , and further heat-treated at 110 ° C. for 2 hours under vacuum to a thickness of 35 ⁇ m. A negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery having a negative electrode mixture layer formed therein was obtained.
- the cell for evaluating the initial charge expansion coefficient is a screw cell in a glove box containing the above negative electrode, a 24 mm ⁇ polypropylene separator, a 21 mm ⁇ glass filter, 18 mm ⁇ metallic lithium having a thickness of 0.2 mm, and a stainless steel foil as a base material thereof. It was prepared by dipping it in an electrolytic solution, laminating it in this order, and finally screwing the lid. The material of the bottom surface and the lid of the screw cell was made of conductive SUS. Then, the negative electrode was brought into contact with the bottom surface of the screw cell, and the metallic lithium was brought into contact with the lid.
- FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
- a mixed solvent in which ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 1: 1 so as to have a concentration of 2% by volume, and 1.2 mol of LiPF 6 was added. The one dissolved to a concentration of / liter was used.
- the cell for evaluating the initial charge expansion rate was further placed in a closed glass container containing silica gel, and the closed glass container was sealed with a silicon rubber lid through which a pair of electrodes penetrated. .. At this time, the pair of electrodes were electrically connected to the bottom surface and the lid of the cell for evaluating the initial charge expansion rate. After that, a pair of electrodes were connected to the charging / discharging device.
- the cycle characteristic evaluation cell (evaluation coil cell) is a glove box in which the negative electrode, a 21 mm ⁇ glass filter, a 16 mm ⁇ metal lithium having a thickness of 0.6 mm, and a stainless steel foil as a base material are dipped into an electrolytic solution. Then, they were laminated in this order, and finally the lid was screwed in to prepare the mixture.
- FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
- a mixed solvent in which ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 1: 1 so as to have a concentration of 2% by volume
- LiPF 6 was added at 1.2 mol / liter.
- the one dissolved to the concentration of was used.
- the cycle characteristic evaluation cell was further placed in a sealed glass container containing silica gel, the sealed glass container was sealed with a silicon rubber lid through which the electrode penetrated, and then the electrode was connected to the charging / discharging device.
- Discharge was performed with a constant current of 0.5 mA up to a voltage value of 1.5 V.
- the initial discharge capacity and the initial charge / discharge efficiency are the results of the initial charge / discharge test.
- the cycle characteristics were evaluated as the charge / discharge efficiency of the 20th cycle when the charge / discharge test was performed 20 times under the above-mentioned charge condition and discharge condition (charge / discharge condition), and the charge / discharge efficiency of the 20th cycle was evaluated.
- Voltage / discharge condition charge / discharge condition
- the obtained negative electrode was cut using a cross section polisher, and the cross section was observed at a magnification of 30,000 times using SEM to obtain a cross section SEM image.
- the results are shown in FIG. From the cross-sectional SEM image shown in FIG. 6, in the composite active material, the Si-based material is encapsulated in the amorphous carbon, and there are a plurality of structures in which the Si-based material is encapsulated in the amorphous carbon, and the composite active material is amorphous. It was found that carbon contained voids. That is, it was found that the composite active material has a plurality of voids in the matrix made of amorphous carbon, and the Si-based material is contained in each void.
- the ratio of the volume of the voids to the volume of the Si-based material is 3.0, the average diameter of the voids is 240 nm, the shortest distance between the Si-based material and the inner wall surface of the voids accommodating it is 0 nm, and the voids.
- the standard deviation of the cross-sectional area distribution is 5.3 ⁇ m 2 , the average number of Si-based materials accommodated per void is 1.2, and the standard deviation of the cross-sectional area distribution of Si-based materials is 4.5 ⁇ m 2. (See Table 1).
- Example 2 (Silicon coating process) The surface-modified silicon slurry prepared by the same method as the silicon surface modification step of Example 1 is weighed so that the silicon solid content is 22.2 g and transferred to a round-bottom flask so that the total water amount is 6120 g. Water was additionally added to. After purging the inside of the flask with nitrogen, the liquid temperature was raised to 35 ° C. Then, 0.84 g of MPS was added into the flask, and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes.
- the polystyrene-coated silicon slurry was weighed in a beaker so that the solid content was 9.0 g, and water was added so that the total water volume was 276 g. After purging the inside of the flask with nitrogen, the liquid temperature was raised to 35 ° C. Then, 80 g of acrylonitrile monomer was added, and the mixture was stirred for 2 hours. Then, the liquid temperature was raised to 62 ° C., and an APS aqueous solution (APS concentration: 1.0% by weight) prepared by dissolving 0.4 g of APS dissolved in 40 g of water was added. Then, heating and stirring were continued for 10 hours under reflux. The obtained reaction solution was centrifuged under the conditions of a rotation speed of 4800 rpm and a rotation time of 25 minutes, and the precipitate was dried in a dryer to obtain a dry powder of polymer-coated silicon.
- Example 2 A cross-sectional SEM image of the obtained negative electrode was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1. From the cross-sectional SEM image, it was found that the composite active material had a plurality of voids in the matrix made of amorphous carbon, and the Si-based material was contained in each void. Also, the ratio of the volume of the void to the volume of the Si-based material, the average diameter of the void, the shortest distance between the Si-based material and the inner wall surface of the void that accommodates it, the standard deviation of the cross-sectional area distribution of the void, and per void.
- the average number of Si-based materials to be accommodated and the standard deviation of the cross-sectional area distribution of Si-based materials were determined. The results are shown in Table 1.
- the half width of the X-ray diffraction peak of the (002) plane of amorphous carbon was 7.5 °.
- Example 3 (Silicon coating process) To the polystyrene-coated silicon slurry obtained by the same method as the silicon coating step of Example 1, 0.91 g of aniline and 1.0 mL of hydrochloric acid were added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. Then, 2.2 g of APS dissolved in 10 mL of water was added to the slurry, and the mixture was stirred for 24 hours. The obtained reaction solution was centrifuged under the conditions of a rotation speed of 4800 rpm and a rotation time of 15 minutes, and the precipitate was dried in a dryer to obtain a dry powder of polymer-coated silicon.
- the ratio of the volume of the void to the volume of the Si-based material, the average diameter of the void, the shortest distance between the Si-based material and the inner wall surface of the void that accommodates it, the standard deviation of the cross-sectional area distribution of the void, and per void were determined. The results are shown in Table 1. In addition, "-" indicates that the corresponding numerical value was not obtained.
- Example 3 the initial charge expansion coefficient evaluation cell and the cycle characteristic evaluation cell were not prepared, and the charge / discharge test and the cycle test were not performed.
- Example 4 (Silicon coating process) The silicon slurry obtained by the same method as the silicon surface modification step of Example 1 was weighed so that the silicon solid content was 16.6 g, transferred to a round bottom flask, and additionally so that the total water amount was 4593 g. Water was added. After purging the inside of the flask with nitrogen, the liquid temperature was raised to 35 ° C. Then, 0.63 g of MPS was added into the flask, and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes.
- Example 1 A cross-sectional SEM image of the obtained negative electrode was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1. From the cross-sectional SEM image, it was found that the composite active material had a plurality of voids in the matrix made of amorphous carbon, and the Si-based material was contained in each void. Also, the ratio of the volume of the void to the volume of the Si-based material, the average diameter of the void, the shortest distance between the Si-based material and the inner wall surface of the void that accommodates it, the standard deviation of the cross-sectional area distribution of the void, and per void. The average number of Si-based materials to be accommodated and the standard deviation of the cross-sectional area distribution of Si-based materials were determined. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 5 (Silicon coating process) The silicon slurry obtained by the same method as the silicon surface modification step of Example 1 is weighed so that the silicon solid content is 8.31 g and transferred to a round bottom flask so that the total water amount is 2293.6 g. Additional water was added. After purging the inside of the flask with nitrogen, the liquid temperature was raised to 35 ° C. Then, 0.315 g of MPS was added into the flask, and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes.
- LiSS aqueous solution LiSS concentration: 0.80% by weight obtained by dissolving 0.242 g of LiSS in 30 g of water was added into the flask.
- the resulting solution was stirred for 2 hours.
- the liquid temperature was raised to 62 ° C., and an APS aqueous solution (APS concentration: 2.2% by weight) obtained by dissolving 0.675 g of APS in 30 g of water was added.
- heating and stirring were continued for 10 hours under reflux to obtain a polystyrene-coated silicon slurry.
- Example 1 A cross-sectional SEM image of the obtained negative electrode was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1. From the cross-sectional SEM image, it was found that the composite active material had a plurality of voids in the matrix made of amorphous carbon, and the Si-based material was contained in each void. Also, the ratio of the volume of the void to the volume of the Si-based material, the average diameter of the void, the shortest distance between the Si-based material and the inner wall surface of the void that accommodates it, the standard deviation of the cross-sectional area distribution of the void, and per void. The average number of Si-based materials to be accommodated and the standard deviation of the cross-sectional area distribution of Si-based materials were determined. The results are shown in Table 1. In Table 1, "-" indicates that the corresponding numerical value was not obtained.
- Example 6 (Silicon coating process) The silicon slurry obtained by the same method as the silicon surface modification step of Example 1 is weighed so that the silicon solid content is 13.85 g and transferred to a round bottom flask so that the total water amount is 3822.7 g. Additional water was added. After purging the inside of the flask with nitrogen, the liquid temperature was raised to 35 ° C. Then, 0.525 g of MPS was added into the flask, and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes.
- Example 2 A cross-sectional SEM image of the obtained negative electrode was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1. From the cross-sectional SEM image, it was found that the composite active material had a plurality of voids in the matrix made of amorphous carbon, and the Si-based material was contained in each void. Also, the ratio of the volume of the void to the volume of the Si-based material, the average diameter of the void, the shortest distance between the Si-based material and the inner wall surface of the void that accommodates it, the standard deviation of the cross-sectional area distribution of the void, and per void.
- Example 7 (Silicon coating process) The silicon slurry obtained by the same method as the silicon surface modification step of Example 1 is weighed so that the silicon solid content is 8.31 g and transferred to a round bottom flask so that the total water amount is 2293.6 g. Additional water was added. After purging the inside of the flask with nitrogen, the liquid temperature was raised to 35 ° C. Then, 0.315 g of MPS was added into the flask, and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes.
- Example 1 A cross-sectional SEM image of the obtained negative electrode was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1. From the cross-sectional SEM image, it was found that the composite active material had a plurality of voids in the matrix made of amorphous carbon, and the Si-based material was contained in each void. Also, the ratio of the volume of the void to the volume of the Si-based material, the average diameter of the void, the shortest distance between the Si-based material and the inner wall surface of the void that accommodates it, the standard deviation of the cross-sectional area distribution of the void, and per void. The average number of Si-based materials to be accommodated and the standard deviation of the cross-sectional area distribution of Si-based materials were determined. The results are shown in Table 1. In Table 1, "-" indicates that the corresponding numerical value was not obtained.
- Example 8> Silicon surface modification process An ethanol slurry containing silicon particles having a D50 of 200 nm was put into a beaker so that the amount of silicon was 66.2 g, ultrasonic irradiation was performed for 15 minutes, and then added so that the total amount of ethanol was 390 g, and silicon was added. A slurry was obtained. Then, 145.6 g of a polycarboxylic acid-based dispersant, 0.36 g of hydrochloric acid, and 75.3 g of water were added to the above silicon slurry, and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes under the condition of a rotation speed of 500 rpm.
- TEOS tetraethoxysilane
- Example 1 A cross-sectional SEM image of the obtained negative electrode was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1. From the cross-sectional SEM image, it was found that the composite active material had a plurality of voids in the matrix made of amorphous carbon, and the Si-based material was contained in each void. Also, the ratio of the volume of the void to the volume of the Si-based material, the average diameter of the void, the shortest distance between the Si-based material and the inner wall surface of the void that accommodates it, the standard deviation of the cross-sectional area distribution of the void, and per void. The average number of Si-based materials to be accommodated and the standard deviation of the cross-sectional area distribution of Si-based materials were determined. The results are shown in Table 1. In Table 1, "-" indicates that the corresponding numerical value was not obtained.
- Comparative Example 1 the ratio of the volume of the void to the volume of the Si-based material, the average diameter of the void, the shortest distance between the Si-based material and the inner wall surface of the void containing the Si-based material, and the standard deviation of the cross-sectional area distribution of the void. , The average number of Si-based materials contained per void and the standard deviation of the cross-sectional area distribution of Si-based materials were not measured. Therefore, in Table 1, each item is indicated by "-".
- a cell for evaluating the initial charge expansion coefficient and a cell for evaluating cycle characteristics were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, and a charge / discharge test and a cycle test were performed. The results are shown in Table 1. As shown in Table 1, the initial charge capacity was 1112 mAh / g, the initial charge expansion coefficient was 222%, and the charge / discharge efficiency in the 20th cycle was 98.4%.
- Matrix 1a Atypical carbon precursor 2 Si-based material 3 Void 3a Polymer film 11 1st particle 12 2nd particle 13 2nd particle aggregate 100 Lithium secondary battery composite active material 200 Electrode
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Abstract
Description
(1)ICP発光分光分析法による26元素(Al、Ca、Cr、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Na、Ni、V、Zn、Zr、Ag、As、Ba、Be、Cd、Co、Cu、Mo、Pb、Sb、Se、Th、Tl、U)の不純物半定量値より求めた純度が99重量%以上であること。
(2)酸素フラスコ燃焼法によるイオンクロマトグラフィー(IC)測定法によるS量が1重量%以下であること。
(3)BET比表面積100m2/g以下であること。
以下に、本発明のリチウム二次電池用複合活物質(複合材料)について、図1及び図6を用い、本発明の一例を示しながら詳述する。図1は、本発明のリチウム二次電池用複合活物質の一例を示す模式図、図6は本発明の実施例1で製造した複合活物質の断面SEM像(×30,000倍)である。
本発明のリチウム二次電池用複合活物質によれば、初回充電時に体積変化が抑制された電極材料の作製が可能であり、かつ高容量でサイクル特性に優れたリチウム二次電池を実現できる。
r=(面積/π)1/2・・・(A)
V=4πr3/3・・・(B)
(1)純度が99重量%以上、若しくは不純物量が10000ppm以下であること。
(2)S量が1重量%以下であること
(3)BET比表面積が100m2/g以下であること。
次に、本発明のリチウム二次電池用複合活物質の製造方法について図2~4を用いて説明する。図2は、本発明のリチウム二次電池用複合活物質の製造方法における第1粒子の一例を示す模式断面図、図3は、本発明のリチウム二次電池用複合活物質の製造方法における第2粒子の一例を示す模式断面図、図4は、図3の第2粒子の集合体の一例を示す模式断面図である。
本発明のリチウム二次電池用電極組成物は、本発明のリチウム二次電池用複合活物質と、結着剤と、溶剤とを含む。
次に、本発明のリチウム二次電池用電極について図5を用いて説明する。図5は、本発明の電極の一例を示す模式図である。図5に示すように、本発明のリチウム二次電池用電極200は、上述したリチウム二次電池用複合活物質100を含む。
リチウム二次電池は、上述した電極としての負極と、正極と、電解液と、セパレータとを含む。リチウム二次電池は、その他電池構成要素(例えば、集電体、ガスケット、封口板、ケースなど)をさらに含んでもよい。リチウム二次電池は、常法にしたがって円筒型、角型あるいはボタン型などの形態を有することができる。
本発明のリチウム二次電池用複合活物質を使用して得られる負極を有するリチウム二次電池に使用される正極としては、公知の正極材料を使用した正極を使用することができる。
本発明のリチウム二次電池用複合活物質を使用して得られる負極を有するリチウム二次電池に使用される電解液としては、公知の電解液を使用することができる。
本発明のリチウム二次電池用複合活物質を使用して得られる負極を有するリチウム二次電池に使用されるセパレータとしては、公知の材料を使用できる。セパレータとしては、例えば、織布、不織布、合成樹脂製微多孔膜などが例示される。合成樹脂製微多孔膜が好適であり、なかでもポリオレフィン系微多孔膜が、膜厚、膜強度、膜抵抗などの点から好適である。具体的には、ポリエチレンおよびポリプロピレン製微多孔膜、またはこれらを複合した微多孔膜などである。
(シリコン表面改質工程)
D50が200nmのシリコン粒子を含むエタノールスラリーをシリコン量が17.5gになるようにビーカーに投入した。次に、エタノールスラリーに対し、15分間超音波照射を行った後、合計のエタノール量が442gになるようにエタノールを追加し、シリコンスラリーを得た。その後、上記シリコンスラリーに対してポリカルボン酸系分散剤39g、塩酸1.0g、水140gを添加し、回転数250rpmの条件で30分間撹拌を行った。その後、上記スラリーに対してテトラエトキシシラン(TEOS)35gを添加し、70℃への昇温を行った。70℃で12時間撹拌を行い、その後、得られたシリコンスラリーを回転数4800rpm、回転時間25分の条件で遠心分離処理し、得られたシリコンをエタノール中に再分散させた。得られたスラリーに対して、直径1.0mmのジルコニアボールを用いたボールミルを8時間行い、シリコンスラリーを得た。これを回転数4800rpm、回転時間60分の条件で遠心分離処理し、得られたシリコンを水中に再分散させた。
上記スラリーをシリコン固形分量が13.9gとなるように秤量して丸底フラスコに移し、合計の水量が3800gとなるように追加で水を添加した。フラスコ系内を窒素パージした後、液温を35℃に昇温した。その後、3-メタクリロキシプロピルトリメトキシシラン(MPS)0.53gをフラスコ内に加え、30分間攪拌した。次に、蒸留したスチレンモノマー88gをフラスコ内に添加し、続いて、50gの水に溶解させたp-スチレンスルホン酸リチウム(LiSS)0.43gを溶解させてなるLiSS水溶液(LiSS濃度:0.85重量%)を添加し、得られた溶液を2時間攪拌した。その後、液温を62℃に昇温させ、50gの水に過硫酸アンモニウム(APS)1.1gを溶解させてなるAPS水溶液(APS濃度:2.2重量%)をフラスコ内に添加した。その後、還流下で10時間加熱撹拌を続けた。得られた反応液を回転数4800rpm、回転時間45分の条件で遠心分離処理し、沈殿物を水で再分散することでポリスチレン被覆シリコンスラリーを得た。
この混合乾燥物を3本ロールミルに2回通し、目開き1mmの篩を通し、軽装かさ密度が175g/Lとなるように造粒及び圧密化を行い、造粒・圧密化物を得た。
次に、この造粒・圧密化物をブレードミルに入れて水冷しながら、15000rpmで360秒粉砕し、同時に球形化し、軽装かさ密度253g/Lの略球状複合粉末を得た。
得られた粉末を石英ボートに入れて、管状炉で窒素ガスを流しながら、最高温度900℃で1時間焼成した。これにより、焼成粉を得た。
得られた焼成粉を回転焼成炉にセットし、管内に267ML/MINの流量の窒素ガス及び、133ML/MINの流量のエチレンガスを流し、2rpmにて回転させながら電気ヒーターで920℃まで加熱した。その状態を100分間保持する事で炭素被覆を行い、リチウム二次電池用複合活物質を得た。得られた複合活物質のD50は29.4μm、BET比表面積は6.5m2/gであった。
得られたリチウム二次電池用複合活物質92.5重量%(固形分全量中の含有量。以下同じ。)に対して、導電助剤としてアセチレンブラック0.5重量%、バインダとしてポリカルボン酸系バインダ7.0重量%、及び、水とを混合して負極合剤含有スラリーを調製した。
初回充電膨張率評価用セルは、グローブボックス中でスクリューセルに上記負極、24mmφのポリプロピレン製セパレータ、21mmφのガラスフィルター、18mmφで厚み0.2mmの金属リチウムおよびその基材のステンレス箔を、各々、電解液にディップしたのち、この順に積層し、最後に蓋をねじ込むことによって作製した。なお、スクリューセルの底面部と蓋部の材質は導電性のSUSで構成した。そして、負極はスクリューセルの底面部と接触させ、金属リチウムは蓋部と接触させた。電解液としては、エチレンカーボネートとジエチルカーボネートを体積比1対1で混合した混合溶媒に対し、FEC(フルオロエチレンカーボネート)を2体積%の濃度になるように添加し、LiPF6を1.2モル/リットルの濃度になるように溶解させたものを使用した。
初回充電膨張率(%)=(充電後の負極の膜厚/充電前の負極の膜厚)×100
サイクル特性評価用セル(評価用コイルセル)は、グローブボックス中でコインセルに上記負極、21mmφのガラスフィルター、16mmφで厚み0.6mmの金属リチウムおよびその基材のステンレス箔を、各々、電解液にディップしたのち、この順に積層し、最後に蓋をねじ込むことによって作製した。電解液としては、エチレンカーボネートとジエチルカーボネートを体積比1対1で混合した混合溶媒にFEC(フルオロエチレンカーボネート)を2体積%の濃度となるように添加し、LiPF6を1.2モル/リットルの濃度になるように溶解させたものを使用した。サイクル特性評価用セルは、さらにシリカゲルを入れた密閉ガラス容器に入れて、密閉ガラス容器を、電極が貫通しているシリコンゴムの蓋で封止した後、電極を充放電装置に接続した。
(シリコン被覆工程)
実施例1のシリコン表面改質工程と同様の方法で作製した表面改質シリコンスラリーをシリコン固形分量が22.2gとなるように秤量して丸底フラスコに移し、合計の水量が6120gとなるように追加で水を添加した。フラスコ系内を窒素パージした後、液温を35℃に昇温した。その後、MPS0.84gをフラスコ内に加え、30分間攪拌した。次に、蒸留したスチレンモノマー140gをフラスコ内に添加し、続いて、80gの水にLiSS0.65gを溶解させてなるLiSS水溶液(LiSS濃度:0.81重量%)をフラスコ内に添加し、2時間攪拌した。その後、液温を62℃に昇温させ、80gの水にAPS1.8gを溶解させてなるAPS水溶液(APS濃度:2.2重量%)を添加した。その後、還流下で10時間加熱しながら撹拌を続けた。得られた反応液を回転数4800rpm、回転時間45分の条件で遠心分離処理し、沈殿物を水中に再分散させることでポリスチレン被覆シリコンのスラリーを得た。
次に、この乾燥粉をブレードミルに入れて水冷しながら、15000rpmで150秒粉砕し、同時に球形化した。
得られた粉末を石英ボートに入れて、管状炉で窒素ガスを流しながら、最高温度900℃で1時間焼成した。これにより、焼成粉を得た。
得られた焼成粉を回転焼成炉にセットし、管内に267ML/MINの流量の窒素ガス及び、133ML/MINの流量のエチレンガスを流し、2rpmにて回転させながら電気ヒーターで920℃まで加熱した。その状態を23分間保持する事で炭素被覆を行い、リチウム二次電池用複合活物質を得た。得られた複合活物質の細孔径を測定したところ、22nmであった。
実施例1と同様の方法で負極初回充電膨張率評価用セル、サイクル特性評価用セルを作製し、充放電試験及びサイクル試験を行った。結果を表1に示す。なお、「-」は、該当する数値を求めなかったことを示す。表1に示すように、初回充電容量は1082mAh/g、初回充電膨張率は126%、20サイクル目の充放電効率は99.4%であった。
(シリコン被覆工程)
実施例1のシリコン被覆工程と同様の方法で得たポリスチレン被覆シリコンスラリーにアニリン0.91gと塩酸1.0mLを加え、室温で2時間攪拌した。その後、10mLの水に溶かしたAPS2.2gをスラリーに加え、24時間攪拌した。得られた反応液を回転数4800rpm、回転時間15分の条件で遠心分離処理し、沈殿物を乾燥機で乾燥することでポリマー被覆シリコンの乾燥粉を得た。
得られた乾燥粉を石英ボートに入れて、管状炉で窒素ガスを流しながら、最高温度900℃で1時間焼成した。これにより、リチウム二次電池用複合活物質を得た。
そして、得られたリチウム二次電池用複合活物質を用い、実施例1と同様の方法で負極を作製した。得られた負極について実施例1と同様にして断面SEM画像を取得した。断面SEM画像より、複合活物質は、非晶性炭素からなるマトリクス内に複数の空隙を有しており、各空隙内にSi系材料を収容していることが分かった。また、Si系材料の体積に対する空隙の体積の比、空隙の平均径、Si系材料とそれを収容する空隙の内壁面との最短距離、空隙の断面積分布の標準偏差、空隙一つ当たりに収容されるSi系材料の平均個数、Si系材料の断面積分布の標準偏差を求めた。結果を表1に示す。なお、「-」は、該当する数値を求めなかったことを示す。
(シリコン被覆工程)
実施例1のシリコン表面改質工程と同様の方法で得たシリコンスラリーをシリコン固形分量が16.6gとなるように秤量して丸底フラスコに移し、合計の水量が4593gとなるように追加で水を添加した。フラスコ系内を窒素パージした後、液温を35℃に昇温した。その後、MPS0.63gをフラスコ内に加え、30分間攪拌した。次に、蒸留したスチレンモノマー105gをフラスコ内に添加し、続いて、60gの水に溶解させたLiSS0.49gを溶解させてなるLiSS水溶液(LiSS濃度:0.81重量%)をフラスコ内に添加し、得られた溶液を2時間攪拌した。その後、液温を62℃に昇温させ、60gの水にAPS1.35gを溶解させてなるAPS水溶液(APS濃度:2.2重量%)を添加した。その後、還流下で10時間加熱撹拌を続け、ポリスチレン被覆シリコンスラリーを得た。
得られた乾燥粉を石英ボートに入れて、管状炉で窒素ガスを流しながら、最高温度1100℃で1時間焼成した。これにより、リチウム二次電池用複合活物質を得た。
得られた焼成粉を回転焼成炉にセットし、管内に267ML/MINの流量の窒素ガス及び、133ML/MINの流量のエチレンガスを流し、2rpmにて回転させながら電気ヒーターで920℃まで加熱した。その状態を23分間保持する事で炭素被覆を行い、リチウム二次電池用複合活物質を得た。得られた複合活物質の細孔径を測定したところ、12nmであった。
実施例1と同様の方法で初回充電膨張率評価用セル、サイクル特性評価用セルを作製し、充放電試験及びサイクル試験を行った。結果を表1に示す。表1に示すように、初回充電容量は848mAh/g、初回充電膨張率は118%、20サイクル目の充放電効率は99.4%であった。
(シリコン被覆工程)
実施例1のシリコン表面改質工程と同様の方法で得たシリコンスラリーをシリコン固形分量が8.31gとなるように秤量して丸底フラスコに移し、合計の水量が2293.6gとなるように追加で水を添加した。フラスコ系内を窒素パージした後、液温を35℃に昇温した。その後、MPS0.315gをフラスコ内に加え、30分間攪拌した。次に、蒸留したスチレンモノマー52.62gをフラスコ内に添加し、続いて、30gの水にLiSS0.242gを溶解させてなるLiSS水溶液(LiSS濃度:0.80重量%)をフラスコ内に添加し、得られた溶液を2時間攪拌した。その後、液温を62℃に昇温させ、30gの水にAPS0.675gを溶解させてなるAPS水溶液(APS濃度:2.2重量%)を添加した。その後、還流下で10時間加熱撹拌を続け、ポリスチレン被覆シリコンスラリーを得た。
得られた乾燥粉を石英ボートに入れて、管状炉で窒素ガスを流しながら、最高温度1100℃で1時間焼成した。これにより、リチウム二次電池用複合活物質を得た。
(気相コートによる炭素被覆工程)
実施例1と同様の方法で初回充電膨張率評価用セル、サイクル特性評価用セルを作製し、充放電試験及びサイクル試験を行った。結果を表1に示す。表1に示すように、初回充電容量は1151mAh/g、初回充電膨張率は116%、20サイクル目の充放電効率は99.1%であった。
(シリコン被覆工程)
実施例1のシリコン表面改質工程と同様の方法で得たシリコンスラリーをシリコン固形分量が13.85gとなるように秤量して丸底フラスコに移し、合計の水量が3822.7gとなるように追加で水を添加した。フラスコ系内を窒素パージした後、液温を35℃に昇温した。その後、MPS0.525gをフラスコ内に加え、30分間攪拌した。次に、蒸留したスチレンモノマー43.85gをフラスコ内に添加し、続いて、50gの水にLiSS0.403gを溶解させてなるLiSS水溶液(LiSS濃度:0.80重量%)をフラスコ内に添加し、得られた溶液を2時間攪拌した。その後、液温を62℃に昇温させ、50gの水にAPS1.125gを溶解させてなるAPS水溶液(APS濃度:2.2重量%)を添加した。その後、還流下で10時間加熱撹拌を続け、ポリスチレン被覆シリコンスラリーを得た。
得られた乾燥粉を石英ボートに入れて、管状炉で窒素ガスを流しながら、最高温度1100℃で1時間焼成した。これにより、リチウム二次電池用複合活物質を得た。
(気相コートによる炭素被覆工程)
得られた焼成粉1.64gを回転焼成炉にセットし、管内に267ML/MINの流量の窒素ガス及び、133ML/MINの流量のエチレンガスを流し、2rpmにて回転させながら電気ヒーターで920℃まで加熱した。その状態を37分間保持する事で炭素被覆を行い、リチウム二次電池用複合活物質を得た。
(充放電試験)
実施例1と同様の方法で負極、初回充電膨張率評価用セル、サイクル特性評価用セルを作製し、充放電試験を行った。結果を表1に示す。表1に示すように、初回充電容量は1275mAh/g、初回充電膨張率は116%、20サイクル目の充放電効率は98.8%であった。
(シリコン被覆工程)
実施例1のシリコン表面改質工程と同様の方法で得たシリコンスラリーをシリコン固形分量が8.31gとなるように秤量して丸底フラスコに移し、合計の水量が2293.6gとなるように追加で水を添加した。フラスコ系内を窒素パージした後、液温を35℃に昇温した。その後、MPS0.315gをフラスコ内に加え、30分間攪拌した。次に、蒸留したスチレンモノマー26.31gをフラスコ内に添加し、続いて、と30gの水にLiSS0.242gを溶解させてなるLiSS水溶液(LiSS濃度:0.80重量%)をフラスコ内に添加し、得られた溶液を2時間攪拌した。その後、液温を62℃に昇温させ、30gの水にAPS0.675gを溶解させてなるAPS水溶液(APS濃度:2.2重量%)を添加した。その後、還流下で10時間加熱撹拌を続け、ポリスチレン被覆シリコンスラリーを得た。
得られた乾燥粉を石英ボートに入れて、管状炉で窒素ガスを流しながら、最高温度1100℃で1時間焼成した。これにより、リチウム二次電池用複合活物質を得た。
(気相コートによる炭素被覆工程)
得られた焼成粉2.02gを回転焼成炉にセットし、管内に267ML/MINの流量の窒素ガス及び、133ML/MINの流量のエチレンガスを流し、2rpmにて回転させながら電気ヒーターで920℃まで加熱した。その状態を45分間保持する事で炭素被覆を行い、リチウム二次電池用複合活物質を得た。
実施例1と同様の方法で負極、初回充電膨張率評価用セル、サイクル特性評価用セルを作製し、充放電試験を行った。結果を表1に示す。表1に示すように、初回充電容量は1348mAh/g、初回充電膨張率は122%、20サイクル目の充放電効率は98.7%であった。
(シリコン表面改質工程)
D50が200nmのシリコン粒子を含むエタノールスラリーをシリコン量が66.2gになるようにビーカーに投入し、15分間超音波照射を行い、その後、合計のエタノール量が390gになるように追加し、シリコンスラリーを得た。その後、ポリカルボン酸系分散剤145.6g、塩酸0.36g、水75.3gを上記シリコンスラリーに添加し、回転数500rpmの条件で30分間撹拌を行った。その後、テトラエトキシシラン(TEOS)132.4gを上記スラリーに添加し、70℃に昇温した。70℃で12時間撹拌を行い、その後、得られたシリコンスラリーを回転数4800rpm、回転時間25分の条件で遠心分離処理し、水で再分散した。得られたスラリーに対して、直径1.0mmのジルコニアボールを用いたボールミルを45分行い、シリコンスラリーを得た。
上記シリコンスラリーをシリコン固形分量が8.31gとなるように秤量して丸底フラスコに移し、合計の水量が2293.6gとなるように追加で水を添加した。フラスコ系内を窒素パージした後、液温を35℃に昇温した。その後、MPS0.315gをフラスコ内に加え、30分間攪拌した。カラム処理により重合禁止剤を除去したスチレンモノマー52.62gをフラスコ内に添加し、続いて、30gの水に溶解させたLiSS0.242gを溶解させてなるLiSS水溶液(LiSS濃度:0.80重量%)をフラスコ内に添加し、得られた溶液を2時間攪拌した。その後、液温を62℃に昇温させ、30gの水にAPS0.675gを溶解させてなるAPS水溶液(APS濃度:2.2重量%)を添加した。その後、還流下で10時間加熱撹拌を続け、ポリスチレン被覆シリコンスラリーを得た。
得られた乾燥粉を石英ボートに入れて、管状炉で窒素ガスを流しながら、最高温度1100℃で1時間焼成した。これにより、リチウム二次電池用複合活物質を得た。
(気相コートによる炭素被覆工程)
得られた焼成粉2.15gを回転焼成炉にセットし、管内に267ML/MINの流量の窒素ガス及び、133ML/MINの流量のエチレンガスを流し、2rpmにて回転させながら電気ヒーターで920℃まで加熱した。その状態を49分間保持する事で炭素被覆を行い、リチウム二次電池用複合活物質を得た。
実施例1と同様の方法で初回充電膨張率評価用セル、サイクル特性評価用セルを作製し、充放電試験及びサイクル試験を行った。結果を表1に示す。表1に示すように、初回充電容量は1271mAh/g、初回充電膨張率は121%、20サイクル目の充放電効率は98.7%であった。
D50が200nmのシリコン粒子3質量部に対して7質量部の黒鉛を混合し、比較例のリチウム二次電池用複合活物質とした。
そして、得られたリチウム二次電池用複合活物質を用い、実施例1と同様の方法で負極を作製した。得られた負極について実施例1と同様にして断面SEM画像を取得した。断面SEM画像より、複合活物質は、非晶性炭素からなるマトリクス内にSi系材料を収容していたが、空隙を有してないことが分かった。なお、比較例1については、Si系材料の体積に対する空隙の体積の比、空隙の平均径、Si系材料とそれを収容する空隙の内壁面との最短距離、空隙の断面積分布の標準偏差、空隙一つ当たりに収容されるSi系材料の平均個数、Si系材料の断面積分布の標準偏差を測定しなかった。そのため、表1において、各項目については「-」で示してある。
実施例1と同様の方法で初回充電膨張率評価用セル、サイクル特性評価用セルを作製し、充放電試験及びサイクル試験を行った。結果を表1に示す。表1に示すように、初回充電容量は1112mAh/g、初回充電膨張率は222%、20サイクル目の充放電効率は98.4%であった。
1a 非晶性炭素の前駆体
2 Si系材料
3 空隙
3a 高分子膜
11 第1粒子
12 第2粒子
13 第2粒子の集合体
100 リチウム二次電池用複合活物質
200 電極
Claims (18)
- 複数の空隙を有するマトリクスと、
前記空隙の内に収容されるSi系材料とを含み、
前記マトリクスが非晶性炭素を含み、
前記Si系材料がSiまたはSi合金である、リチウム二次電池用複合活物質。 - 前記Si系材料の体積に対する前記空隙の体積の比が0.5~50である請求項1に記載のリチウム二次電池用複合活物質。
- 前記マトリクスに含まれる前記空隙の平均径が50~1000nmである請求項1又は2に記載のリチウム二次電池用複合活物質。
- 前記マトリクスに含まれる前記空隙の断面積分布の標準偏差が30μm2以下である請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のリチウム二次電池用複合活物質。
- 前記マトリクスに含まれる前記空隙一つ当たりに収容される前記Si系材料の平均個数が4以下である請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載のリチウム二次電池用複合活物質。
- 前記マトリクスに含まれる前記Si系材料の断面積分布の標準偏差が30μm2以下である請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載のリチウム二次電池用複合活物質。
- 前記Si系材料と、前記Si系材料を収容する前記空隙の内壁面との最短距離が10nm以下である請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載のリチウム二次電池用複合活物質。
- 前記複数の空隙のそれぞれの空隙において、その周囲に配置された空隙までの最短距離が1.0μm以下である請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載のリチウム二次電池用複合活物質。
- 前記マトリクスの外側に外層をさらに有し、
前記外層が、結晶性炭素、又は、10nm以上の細孔径を有する非晶性炭素を含む、請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載のリチウム二次電池用複合活物質。 - 前記結晶性炭素が、以下の条件(1)~(3)の少なくとも1つを満たす、請求項9に記載のリチウム二次電池用複合活物質。
(1)ICP発光分光分析法による26元素(Al、Ca、Cr、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Na、Ni、V、Zn、Zr、Ag、As、Ba、Be、Cd、Co、Cu、Mo、Pb、Sb、Se、Th、Tl、U)の不純物半定量値より求めた純度が99重量%以上であること。
(2)酸素フラスコ燃焼法によるイオンクロマトグラフィー(IC)測定法によるS量が1重量%以下であること。
(3)BET比表面積100m2/g以下であること。 - 前記複合活物質の粒径(D50)が0.3~50μmである請求項1~10のいずれか一項に記載のリチウム二次電池用複合活物質。
- 前記複合活物質のBET比表面積が100m2/g以下である請求項1~11のいずれか一項に記載のリチウム二次電池用複合活物質。
- 請求項1に記載のリチウム二次電池用複合活物質を製造する方法であって、
前記Si系材料に高分子膜を被覆して第1粒子を得る第1工程と、
前記第1粒子に非晶性炭素の前駆体を混合または被覆して第2粒子を得る第2工程と、
複数の前記第2粒子を集合させて焼成し、焼成体を形成する第3工程とを含む、リチウム二次電池用複合活物質の製造方法。 - 前記高分子膜が、モノマー、開始剤及び分散剤を用いて形成される、請求項13に記載のリチウム二次電池用複合活物質の製造方法。
- 前記焼成体に炭素被覆する第4工程をさらに含む、請求項13又は14に記載のリチウム二次電池用複合活物質の製造方法。
- 前記非晶性炭素の前駆体がポリアクリロニトリルである請求項13~15のいずれか一項に記載のリチウム二次電池用複合活物質の製造方法。
- 請求項1~12のいずれか一項に記載のリチウム二次電池用複合活物質を含むリチウム二次電池用
電極組成物。 - 請求項1~12のいずれか一項に記載のリチウム二次電池用複合活物質を含むリチウム二次電池用電極。
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| EP4471897A4 (en) * | 2022-06-27 | 2025-12-10 | Btr New Mat Group Co Ltd | NEGATIVE ELECTRODE MATERIAL, ITS PREPARATION PROCESS AND SECONDARY BATTERY |
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| KR102811625B1 (ko) * | 2022-06-10 | 2025-05-28 | 최재권 | 질소 도핑 및 탄소 매트릭스 캡슐화된 실리콘 탄소나노섬유 복합체, 이의 제조방법 및 이를 포함하는 이차전지 |
| CN120035899A (zh) * | 2023-05-19 | 2025-05-23 | 宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司 | 一种电池单体及其制备方法、电池及用电装置 |
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| EP4131488A4 (en) | 2024-10-09 |
| EP4131488A1 (en) | 2023-02-08 |
| US20230216022A1 (en) | 2023-07-06 |
| CN115315833A (zh) | 2022-11-08 |
| JPWO2021193662A1 (ja) | 2021-09-30 |
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