WO2020230785A1 - 細胞融合を誘導するワクシニアウイルス及びその利用 - Google Patents
細胞融合を誘導するワクシニアウイルス及びその利用 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a vaccinia virus that induces cell fusion of infected cells.
- This cancer virus therapy is a method of utilizing the original property of the virus, which is to kill the infected cells / tissues while proliferating and propagating them, in the treatment of cancer.
- This cancer virus therapy exerts anticancer effects by various mechanisms, firstly by oncolytic virus by virus growth and secondly by inducing antitumor immunity.
- Non-Patent Document 1 There is a vaccine strain of vaccinia virus that was once established in Japan and used in humans as a smallpox vaccine and has been proven to be highly safe (see Non-Patent Document 1). However, since it still maintains weak proliferation in normal tissues, it was essential to improve its proliferation only in cancer cells in order to establish it as a safer cancer virus therapy. Therefore, based on this vaccine strain, we will improve it by gene recombination technology, and use the MAPK / ERK pathway control abnormality in a wide range of cancers as an index to develop a recombinant vaccinia virus that proliferates and destroys cancer cells specifically. Successful (see Patent Documents 1 and 2).
- An object of the present invention is to provide a vaccinia virus that induces cell fusion of infected cells and a method for producing the same.
- the present inventor In investigating the antitumor effect of vaccinia virus, the present inventor induces cell fusion of infected cells when a gene such as K2L gene or HA gene of vaccinia virus is deleted, resulting in cell death. I found that. That is, the anticancer effect was exhibited by infecting cancer cells with a vaccinia virus lacking the K2L gene or HA gene. Furthermore, they have found that a synergistic anticancer effect can be exerted by deleting the K2L gene or HA gene of an oncolytic vaccinia virus, and have completed the present invention.
- the present invention is as follows.
- [1] A vaccinia virus mutated to cause finely infected cell fusion.
- the vaccinia virus of [1] which lacks the functions of the K2L gene or HA gene, or the K2L gene and HA gene, causes cell fusion in infected cells and induces cell death.
- the vaccinia virus of [3] which does not proliferate in normal cells, but proliferates specifically in cancer cells and has oncolytic activity that specifically damages cancer cells.
- a pharmaceutical composition for treating cancer which comprises the vaccinia virus according to any one of [1] to [5].
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising the vaccinia virus vector of [7] or [8] for the treatment of cancer or for use as a vaccine against cancer, virus, bacteria or protozoan.
- a combination pharmaceutical kit for treating cancer which comprises the vaccinia virus according to any one of [1] to [5] in combination with an immune checkpoint inhibitor.
- the combination pharmaceutical kit of [14], wherein the immune checkpoint inhibitor is an anti-PD-1 antibody or an anti-PD-L1 antibody.
- the vaccinia virus according to any one of [1] to [5] to be used in combination with an immune checkpoint inhibitor for cancer treatment.
- the vaccinia virus of [16], wherein the immune checkpoint inhibitor is an anti-PD-1 antibody or an anti-PD-L1 antibody.
- the vaccinia virus When a gene such as the K2L gene or HA gene of vaccinia virus is deleted, the vaccinia virus induces cell fusion of infected cells, and the anticancer effect is improved.
- the oncolytic ability is improved by increasing the proliferation and transmission ability of the virus, and in addition, apoptosis and necrosis occur actively.
- ICD is induced more efficiently, and CD8 T cell infiltration to the administered side and the non-administered side occurs actively.
- cancer immunity becomes easier to work.
- oncolytic viruses that induce cell fusion are more efficient than oncolytic viruses that do not induce cell fusion by converting COLD tumors, which are difficult to immunize, into HOT tumors, which are easily immune-attacked. Demonstrates anti-cancer effect.
- FIGS. 1A-C show the structure of VGF-LucGFP / O1L-DsRed and the cell fusion induction gene recombinant vaccinia virus derived from it
- FIGS. The structure of VGF-Luc / O1L-LacZ and its derived cell fusion-inducing transgenic vaccinia virus is shown.
- FIG. 5-1A shows apoptosis that occurred in A549 and FIG.
- FIG. 5-1B shows necrosis. It is a figure which shows the cell death by a cell fusion induction gene recombination vaccinia virus.
- FIG. 5-2A shows the apoptosis that occurred in CT26 and FIG. 5-2B shows necrosis. It is a figure which shows the immunoprokaryotic cell death (ICD) by a cell fusion induction gene recombination vaccinia virus.
- FIG. 6A shows the ICD of A549 and FIG. 6B shows the ICD of CT26. It is a figure which shows the experimental system of the allograft model mouse.
- FIG. 7A shows direct administration of the virus to one side of the tumor and FIG. 7B shows the administration and detection schedule.
- FIG. 8-2A shows the growth of vaccinia virus on the administration side
- FIG. 8-2B shows the growth of vaccinia virus on the non-administration side.
- FIG. 9A shows the tumor volume on the administration side
- FIG. 9B shows the tumor volume on the non-administration side.
- FIG. 11A shows the result of administration of isotype control
- FIG. 11B shows the result of administration of anti-CD8 antibody.
- FIG. 11A and 11B shows the results on the administration side, and the graph on the right shows the results on the non-administration side.
- FIG. 12A shows direct administration of the virus to one side of the tumor and
- FIG. 12B shows the administration and detection schedule.
- FIG. 12A shows the growth distribution of the cell fusion induction gene recombinant vaccinia virus in the advanced allogeneic transplantation model mouse.
- FIG. 17A shows direct administration of the virus to one side of the tumor and FIG. 17B shows the administration and detection schedule. It is a figure which shows the tumor volume after the cell fusion induction gene recombination vaccinia virus treatment in the allogeneic transplant model mouse which combined with the anti-PD-1 antibody.
- FIG. 18A shows the result when the anti-PD-1 antibody was not used, and FIG.
- FIGS. 18A and 18B shows the result when the anti-PD-1 antibody was used in combination.
- the graph on the left of FIGS. 18A and 18B shows the results on the administration side, and the graph on the right shows the results on the non-administration side.
- the vaccinia virus of the present invention is a vaccinia virus mutated so as to have cell fusion ability.
- the cell fusion ability means that when a vaccinia virus infects a cell, it can cause cell fusion between the infected cells.
- the vaccinia virus mutated to have cell fusion ability lacks the function of the gene that suppresses the cell fusion ability originally possessed by vaccinia virus, or a gene that promotes cell fusion is inserted and expressed. ..
- Examples of the genes originally possessed by the vaccinia virus that is involved in cell fusion and suppresses the cell fusion ability include the K2L gene and the HA (A56R) gene, and the vaccinia virus of the present invention is the K2L gene or HA gene, or the K2L gene and HA.
- the function of the gene is deficient, and therefore the phenotype is changed so as to have cell fusion ability.
- Figure 8 on page 5159 of Wagenaar et al., Journal of Virology, Vol.82, No.11, June2008, p.5153-5160, HA in cells infected with the vaccinia virus.
- a complex of (A56R) protein and K2L protein is immobilized on the cell membrane via the transmembrane region of HA.
- the entry / fusion complex (EFC) composed of multiple viral proteins (A21L, A28L, G3L, H2R, J5L, L5R) is fixed on the membrane of the mature virus in cooperation with the viral proteins G9R and A16L. It is considered that G9R and A16L act on HA and K2L on the cell membrane to inhibit the fusion between the virus and infected cells. From this, the dysfunction of HA and K2L eliminates the inhibitory function and can induce cell fusion.
- genes inherent in vaccinia virus that is involved in cell fusion and suppresses cell fusion ability in addition to K2L and HA that encode viral proteins, A16L, A21L, A25L, A26L, A28L, G3L, G9R, H2R, Examples include J5L and L5R genes.
- G9R by mutating H at position 44 to Y, fusion is induced even if the molecule that suppresses fusion is normal. Therefore, cell fusion can be induced or enhanced by deficient in one or more of these functions or by introducing mutations. Examples of combinations include deficiency of K2L and mutation of the 44th H of G9R to Y.
- viral proteins with fusion ability are known, and by inserting this gene into a virus containing different oncolytic viruses and expressing it, it can be mutated so as to have cell fusion ability.
- examples of such genes include genes encoding H (hemagglutinin) protein and F (fusion) protein derived from measles virus.
- H hemagglutinin
- F fusion protein derived from measles virus.
- VSV vesicular stomatitis virus
- GaLV GaLV envelope derived from the Tenagazaru leukemia virus
- GaLV Tenagazaru leukemia virus
- VSV that expresses FAST protein derived from Reovirus adenovirus that expresses HIV envelope derived from HIV
- VSV that expresses F protein derived from Newcastle disease virus (NDV) VSV that expresses F protein derived from Newcastle disease virus (NDV)
- NDV Newcastle disease virus
- Adenoviruses that express proteins have been reported (Krabee et al., Cancers 2018, 10, 216; doi: 10.3390 / cancers10070216).
- genes that promote cell fusion genes encoding FAST protein derived from leovirus, genes encoding HIV envelope derived from HIV, genes encoding F protein derived from NDV, and F protein derived from SV5 are encoded. Genes and the like can also be mentioned.
- the K2L gene is known as a serine protease inhibitor, but there are many unclear points about its function.
- the HA gene is a glycoprotein induced on the surface of infected cells and is known as an hemagglutinin.
- the base sequence of the wild-type K2L gene is represented by SEQ ID NO: 20, and the base sequence of the wild-type HA gene is represented by SEQ ID NO: 21.
- a deficiency in the function of the K2L gene or HA gene of vaccinia virus means that the K2L gene or HA gene is not expressed, or that the expressed protein does not retain the normal function of the K2L protein or HA protein even if it is expressed.
- all or part of the K2L gene or HA gene may be deleted.
- the gene may be mutated by substituting, deleting or adding a base to prevent normal K2L protein or HA protein from being expressed.
- a foreign gene may be inserted into the K2L gene or the HA gene.
- Deletion of gene function can be performed by, for example, known genome editing, homologous recombination, RNA interference method, antisense method, gene insertion method, artificial mutation method, PTGS method using a viral vector, or the like.
- RNA interference method for example, known genome editing, homologous recombination, RNA interference method, antisense method, gene insertion method, artificial mutation method, PTGS method using a viral vector, or the like.
- Homologous recombination is a phenomenon in which two DNA molecules recombined with each other via the same base sequence in a cell, and is a method often used for recombination of viruses having huge genomic DNA such as vaccinia virus. is there.
- a plasmid (called a transfer vector) in which other DNAs are linked is constructed by dividing the sequence of the K2L gene or HA gene site of the target vaccinia virus in the center, and this is used as a cell infected with the vaccinia virus.
- the viral DNA that became naked in the process of virus replication and the same sequence part on the transfer vector are exchanged, and the sandwiched DNA is integrated into the target gene of the viral genome, and the gene is integrated into the target gene. Loss of function.
- the cells used at this time include BSC-1 cells, HTK-143 cells, Hep2 cells, MDCK cells, Vero cells, HeLa cells, CV1 cells, COS cells, RK13 cells, BHK-21 cells, primary rabbit kidney cells, and other vaccinia viruses. Can use cells that can infect.
- the vector may be introduced into cells by a known method such as a calcium phosphate method, a cationic ribosome method, or an electroporation method.
- Genome editing is a method of modifying a target gene using a site-specific nuclease.
- ZFN zinc finger CRISPR
- the method using the CRISPR / Cas9 system is preferable.
- any sequence is cleaved by guideRNA (crRNA, tracrRNA) containing a sequence complementary to the target sequence of the gene whose function is to be deleted by cleaving and Cas9 which is a nuclease.
- crRNA, tracrRNA guideRNA
- Cas9 which is a nuclease.
- NHEJ non-homologous end binding
- base deletion and the like are induced, and the gene can be knocked out.
- HDR homologous recombination type repair
- HDR homologous recombination type repair
- a target sequence in the gene may be selected and a guide RNA sequence containing a sequence complementary to the sequence may be designed.
- the base length of guideRNA is preferably 20 or more.
- genome editing is performed by the CRISPR / Cas9 system, the Cas9 protein and guideRNA may be co-expressed. For example, a vector that co-expresses both may be introduced.
- Genome editing with CRISPR / Cas9 can be performed using a commercially available CRISPR / Cas9 tool.
- the strain of the vaccinia virus for producing the vaccinia virus of the present invention is not limited, but the Lister strain, the LC16 strain established from the Lister strain, the LC16mO strain, and the LC16m8 strain (Hashizume So, Clinical and Virus vol.3, No.3, 269, 1975, etc.), New York City Board of Health (NYBH), Wyeth, Copenhagen, Western Reserve (WR), Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA), EM63, Ikeda, Dalian , Tian Tan stock, etc.
- the LC16mO strain is a strain created from the Lister strain via the LC16 strain, and the LC16m8 strain has a frame shift mutation in the B5R gene, which is a gene encoding a virus membrane protein, further produced from the LC16mO strain. It is a strain that has been attenuated due to the expression and non-function of the protein (protein nucleic acid enzyme Vol.48 No.12 (2003), p.1693-1700).
- the vaccinia virus used in the present invention is preferably attenuated and has no pathogenicity in that the safety when administered to humans has been established.
- attenuated strains include strains in which the B5R gene is partially or completely deleted.
- the B5R gene encodes a protein present in the envelope of vaccinia virus, and the B5R gene product is involved in virus infection and proliferation.
- the B5R gene product is present on the surface of infected cells and on the envelope of the virus, and acts to increase the efficiency of infection when the virus infects and propagates to adjacent cells or other parts of the host body, and the plaque size and host of the virus. It is also involved in the region. Deletion of the B5R gene reduces plaque size and pock size when infecting animal cells.
- the vaccinia virus in which the B5R gene is partially or completely deleted, does not have the normal function of the gene product of the B5R gene, has low skin proliferation, and does not cause side effects even when administered to humans.
- the attenuated strain in which the B5R gene is deleted include the m8 ⁇ strain (also referred to as LC16m8 ⁇ strain) established by completely deleting the B5R gene from the above LC16m8 strain. It is also possible to use an mO ⁇ strain (also referred to as LCmO ⁇ strain) established by completely deleting the B5R gene from the LC16mO strain.
- vaccinia virus strain in which these B5R genes are partially or completely deleted is described in WO 2005/054451 and can be obtained based on the description. Whether the vaccinia virus partially or completely deletes the B5R gene and lacks the function of the B5R protein can be determined, for example, by plaque size, pock size, and Vero cells formed when infecting RK13 cells. It can be judged by using the virus growth in the virus, the skin pathogenicity in rabbits, etc. as indicators. In addition, the gene sequence of vaccinia virus may be examined.
- the vaccinia virus having the B5R gene expresses the B5R gene in cancer cells and causes damage to the cancer cells by the action of the B5R protein. Therefore, it is desirable that the vaccinia virus used in the present invention express the complete B5R gene.
- the complete B5R gene is newly introduced into the vaccinia virus lacking the B5R gene.
- the B5R gene may be inserted into the vaccinia virus genome.
- the B5R gene may be inserted into the vaccinia virus by any method, for example, by a known homologous recombination method. Further, the position where the B5R gene is inserted in this case may be between the B4R gene and the B6R gene in which the B5R gene originally existed, or may be an arbitrary site in the genome of the vaccinia virus. Furthermore, the B5R gene may be constructed in advance as a DNA construct and introduced into the vaccinia virus.
- the K2L gene or HA gene of vaccinia virus is deficient, and the K2L or HA function does not work, which increases the growth and transmission ability of the virus, which improves the oncolytic ability and induces cell death of infected cancer cells.
- cell death includes apoptosis and necrosis. It also causes cell fusion in infected cancer cells.
- ICD immunoprokaryotic cell death
- the ability to induce immunoprokaryotic cell death (ICD) is improved.
- ICD immunoprokaryotic cell death
- the infiltration of CD8 T cells into the cancer cells occurs actively and attacks the cancer cells.
- systemic anti-cancer immune activity is improved.
- a decrease in immunosuppressive cells such as Treg, TAM, and MDSC is also observed.
- the K2L gene or HA gene of vaccinia virus is deleted, and the function of K2L or HA does not work, so that the anticancer effect of vaccinia virus is improved.
- the vaccinia virus used in the present invention is preferably an oncolytic virus that has tumor cell-specific cytolytic properties and can infect cancer cells and kill the cancer cells.
- gene modification is added such that the function of a specific protein is deleted or the expression of a specific gene or protein is suppressed.
- Such genes include hemagglutinin (HA) gene; thymidine kinase (TK) gene; F fragment; F3 gene; vaccinia virus growth factor (VGF) gene (US Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0031681); O1L Hemorrhage region or A-type inclusion region (US Pat. No. 6,596,279); Hind IIIF, F13L or Hind IIIM region (US Pat. No. 6,548,068); A33R, A34R or A36R gene (Katz et al.
- HA hemagglutinin
- TK thymidine kinase
- F fragment F3 gene
- VVF vaccinia virus growth factor
- a plurality of these genes may be deleted.
- two genes, the VGF gene and the O1L gene may be deleted.
- a vaccinia virus lacking the functions of two genes, the VGF gene and the O1L gene, is described in International Publication No. WO 2015/076422.
- vaccinia virus proliferation occurs. Significantly declines.
- the Ras / Raf / MEK / ERK metabolic pathway is abnormally activated, which supplements the activation function of ERK by VGF and O1L of vaccinia virus, so that vaccinia virus can proliferate.
- the vaccinia virus proliferates specifically in cancer cells, destroying the cancer cells and causing injury.
- the ability to synergistically bring about cell death to cancer cells is improved in combination with the increase in cell fusion ability due to the deletion of the K2L gene or HA gene.
- Deletion of these genes can be performed by the above-mentioned genome editing, homologous recombination, RNA interference method, antisense method, gene insertion method, artificial mutation method, PTGS method using a viral vector, or the like.
- Cancers targeted for cancer virus treatment with vaccinia virus are not limited, and ovarian cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, colon cancer, anal / rectal cancer, esophageal cancer, uterine cancer, breast cancer , Bladder cancer, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, head and neck cancer, brain / nerve tumor, thoracic adenocarcinoma, lymphoma / leukemia, bone / osteosarcoma, smooth myoma, rhombic myoma, melanoma and all other cancer types can be mentioned.
- the pharmaceutical composition for treating cancer containing the vaccinia virus of the present invention contains a pharmaceutically effective amount of the vaccinia virus of the present invention as an active ingredient, and is a sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solution, suspension, or emulsion. It may be in the form. Further, pharmaceutically acceptable diluents such as salts, buffers and adjuvants, auxiliaries, carriers and the like may be contained. Administration may be by various parenteral routes, such as subcutaneous, intravenous, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intranasal, and transdermal routes. In addition, it may be locally administered to the cancerous part.
- the effective dose can be appropriately determined depending on the age, sex, health, body weight, etc. of the subject. For example, for human adults, about 10 2 to 10 10 plaque-forming units (PFU) per dose, but not limited.
- the present invention also includes a method for treating cancer, which comprises administering the above-mentioned vaccinia virus to a cancer patient.
- the vaccinia virus of the present invention may contain a foreign gene (foreign DNA or foreign polynucleotide).
- foreign genes foreign DNA or foreign polynucleotides
- the marker gene is also called a reporter gene, and is a luciferase (LUC) gene, a fluorescent protein gene such as green fluorescent protein (GFP), a fluorescent protein gene such as red fluorescent protein (DsRed), a ⁇ -glucuronidase (GUS) gene, and a black.
- LOC luciferase
- GFP green fluorescent protein
- DsRed red fluorescent protein
- GUS ⁇ -glucuronidase
- Examples thereof include a lamphenocor acetyltransferase (CAT) gene and a ⁇ -galactosidase (LacZ) gene.
- CAT lamphenocor acetyltransferase
- LacZ ⁇ -galactosidase
- An oncolytic vaccinia virus containing these foreign genes can be called a vaccinia virus vector.
- the therapeutic genes are genes that can be used for the treatment of specific diseases such as cancer and infectious diseases, and are tumor suppressor genes such as p53 and Rb, interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-2, IL-3, and IL. -4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13, IL-14, IL-15, IL-17 , IL-18, IL-24, Chemokin 2 (CCL2), CCL5, CCL19, CCL21, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CD40L, CD70, CD80, CD137L, OX-40L, GITRL, LIGHT, ⁇ -interferon, ⁇ -interferon , ⁇ -Interferon, angiostatin, thrombospondin, endostatin, METH-1, METH-2, GM-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF, MIP1a, FLT3L, HP
- Examples thereof include genes encoding physiologically active substances and genes encoding antibodies having an inhibitory effect on CTLA4, PD1 and PD-L1.
- a vaccinia virus that expresses luciferase or GFP can easily and quickly detect cancer cells that are infected cells.
- the therapeutic gene for cancer can exert a cancer therapeutic effect as well as the oncolytic property of the vaccinia virus.
- the vaccinia virus vector into which the foreign genes have been introduced can be used as a vaccine against various viruses, bacteria, protozoa and cancer. Can be done.
- infection defense antigens such as human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis virus, herpes virus, mycobacteria, malaria protozoa, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus, or WT1, MART-1, NY- ESO-1, MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3, MAGE-A4, Glypican-3, KIF20A, Survivin, AFP-1, gp100, MUC1, PAP-10, PAP-5, TRP2-1, SART-1, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, NEIL3, MPHOSPH1, DEPDC1, FOXM1, CDH3, TTK, TOMM34, URLC10, KOC1, UBE2T, TOPK, ECT2, MESOTHELIN, NKG2D, P1A, 5T4, B7-H6, BCMA, CD123, CD133, CD138, CD171, CD19 CD20, CD22, CD23, CD30, CD33, CD38, CD44, CEA, cMet, CS
- These foreign genes can be introduced, for example, by using a method of homologous recombination. Homologous recombination may be carried out by the method described above.
- a plasmid transfer vector in which a foreign gene to be introduced is linked into a DNA sequence at a site to be introduced may be prepared and introduced into cells infected with vaccinia virus.
- the foreign gene transfer region is preferably in a gene that is not essential for the life cycle of vaccinia virus.
- the promoter is not limited, but the above-mentioned PSFJ1-10, PSFJ2-16, p7.5K promoter, p11K promoter, T7.10 promoter, CPX promoter, HF promoter, H6 promoter, T7 hybrid promoter and the like can be used. ..
- the method for introducing a foreign gene into the vaccinia virus vector of the present invention can be carried out by a known method for constructing a recombinant vaccinia virus vector.
- the present invention also includes combined treatment of a vaccinia virus having cell fusion ability and an immune checkpoint inhibitor.
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors are anti-PD-1 (Programmed cell death 1) antibody, anti-PD-L1 (Programmed cell-death ligand 1) antibody, anti-CTLA-4 antibody, anti-PD-L2 antibody, anti-LAG-3 antibody. , PD-1 antagonist, PD-L1 antagonist, etc.
- anti-PD-1 antibody and anti-PD-L1 antibody are preferable.
- the anti-PD-1 antibody include Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, Spartanizumab, Cemiplimab, Tislelizumab, Camrelizumab and the like
- examples of the anti-PD-L1 antibody include Avelumab, Durvalumab and Atezolizumab.
- the immune checkpoint inhibitor may be administered by a known method.
- the dose of the immune checkpoint inhibitor varies depending on symptoms, age, body weight and other conditions, but for example, a dose of 0.001 mg to 100 mg is injected subcutaneously at intervals of days, weeks or months, intramuscularly. It may be administered by injection, intravenous injection, or the like.
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors may contain carriers, diluents, excipients and the like commonly used in the field of formulation.
- lactose, magnesium stearate and the like are used as carriers and excipients for tablets.
- aqueous solution for injection physiological saline, isotonic solution containing glucose and other auxiliary agents, etc. are used, and alcohol, polyalcohol such as propylene glycol, and solubilizing agent such as nonionic surfactant are used in combination. May be.
- a solubilizing agent such as benzyl benzoate and benzyl alcohol may be used in combination.
- the vaccinia virus and immune checkpoint inhibitor having cell fusion ability of the present invention can exert a synergistic effect in the treatment of cancer.
- the cancer therapeutic effect when the vaccinia virus having cell fusion ability and the immune checkpoint inhibitor are used in combination is when the vaccinia virus having cell fusion ability is used alone or when the immune checkpoint inhibitor is used alone. Significantly higher than the cancer treatment effect.
- the vaccinia virus having cell fusion ability of the present invention can be administered at the same time as, separately, or continuously from the administration of the immune checkpoint inhibitor.
- the vaccinia virus having cell fusion ability can also be administered before or after administration of the immune checkpoint inhibitor.
- the vaccinia virus capable of cell fusion is administered prior to administration of the immune checkpoint inhibitor.
- the present invention also includes a combination, combination formulation or combination pharmaceutical kit containing a vaccinia virus having cell fusion ability and an immune checkpoint inhibitor.
- the present invention also includes a method of using a combination of a vaccinia virus having cell fusion ability and an immune checkpoint inhibitor in the manufacture of a drug for treating cancer.
- the present invention also includes a medicament containing a vaccinia virus having cell fusion ability and an immune checkpoint inhibitor.
- the present invention further includes a vaccinia virus capable of cell fusion for use in combination with an immune checkpoint inhibitor.
- Example 1 Structure of vaccinia virus capable of cell fusion In mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent recombinant vaccinia virus (International Publication No. W02015 / 076422) in which both VGF and O1L do not function, the VGF gene and O1L gene
- the BFP gene region was amplified by two primers (SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2) using the DNA of pTagBFP-N (FP172, Evrogen) as a template.
- Each PCR product was cleaved with restriction enzymes SfiI and EcoRI, cloned into the same restriction enzyme site of the pTK-SP-LG vector (International Publication No.
- Shuttle vector pTNshuttle for expressing BFP in the opposite direction to VGF by cleaving the pUC19-O1L vector (International Publication No. WO2015 / 076422) with the restriction enzyme XbaI and cloning it to the Blunt-treated site.
- pUC19-O1L-P-DsRed for expressing DsRed in the same direction as O1L was constructed under the p7.5K promoter instead of the synthetic vaccinia virus promoter by the same method as in International Publication No. WO2015 / 076422. did.
- the medium was removed, and the plaque expressing BFP was scraped off with the tip of a chip and suspended in opti-MEM medium (Invitrogen). This operation was repeated 3 times or more on BSC1 cells to purify plaque.
- genomic DNA was extracted from 200 ⁇ L of the plaque using the High Pure Viral Nucleic Acid Kit (Roche) according to the manual and subjected to PCR screening. For O1L, PCR was performed with two primers (SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4), and the nucleotide sequence of the PCR product was confirmed by direct sequence for the clone in which the PCR product of a predetermined size was detected.
- VGF-LucGFP / O1L-BFP A virus clone VGF-LucGFP / O1L-BFP, which has no problem with the base sequence, was selected, amplified in A549 cells, and then the virus titer was measured in RK13 cells and used for the experiment. Based on this vaccinia virus (VGF-LucGFP / O1L-BFP) and transfer vector plasmid DNA (pUC19-O1L-P-DsRed), the recombinant virus was recovered by the same method as above using the expression of DsRed as an index. , VGF-LucGFP / O1L-DsRed.
- K2L is a gene with a total length of 1110 bp, and guanine at position 762 bp was mutated to adenine. This revealed that the 254th amino acid was mutated from tryptophan to a stop codon, resulting in a nonsense mutation.
- HA was a gene with a total length of 933 bp, and adenine at 70 bp was deficient. This revealed that a frameshift mutation occurred.
- the obtained virus clones with cell fusion ability are VGF-LucGFP / K2Lmut / O1L against the parent virus VGF-LucGFP / O1L-DsRed (International Publication No. W02015 / 076422) (Fig. 1A).
- each recombinant virus was mass-cultured and purified in A549 cells, and then the virus titer was measured in RK13 cells for experiments. Served.
- the Luc2 gene region was amplified with two primers (SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8) using the DNA of pGL4.20 (F6751, Promega) as a template.
- Each PCR product is cleaved with restriction enzymes BspEI and NheI, cloned into the AgeI and NheI restriction enzyme sites of the pTNshuttle / VGF-SP-BFP vector to replace it with the BFP gene, and pTNshuttle / VGF-SP-Luc It was constructed.
- the E. coli LacZ gene (SEQ ID NO: 9) synthesized for codon optimization in H.
- sapiens is cleaved with restriction enzymes AgeI and NheI, and the same pTNshuttle / O1L-SP-BFP vector is used to replace it with the BFP gene. Cloning was performed at the restriction enzyme site to construct pTNshuttle / O1L-SP-LacZ.
- VGF-LucGFP Vaccinia virus
- VGF-LucGFP transfer vector plasmid DNA
- pTNshuttle transfer vector plasmid DNA
- the recombinant virus was recovered by the same method as above using the disappearance of GFP expression as an index, and used as VGF-Luc / O1L-DsRed or VGF-Luc / K2Lmut / O1L-DsRed. ..
- VGF-Luc / O1L-DsRed or VGF-Luc / K2Lmut / O1L-DsRed the transfer vector plasmid DNA
- pTNshuttle / O1L-SP-LacZ the transfer vector plasmid DNA
- the nucleotide sequence of the PCR product was confirmed by direct sequence.
- the virus clone VGF-Luc / O1L-LacZ or VGF-Luc / K2Lmut / O1L-LacZ having no problem with the base sequence was used (Fig. 1D and E).
- Each recombinant virus was mass-cultured in A549 cells, purified, and then the virus titer was measured in RK13 cells and used for experiments.
- Example 2 Characteristic analysis of vaccinia virus having cell fusion ability VGF-LucGFP / O1L-DsRed not having cell fusion ability and VGF-LucGFP / K2Lmut / O1L-DsRed and VGF-LucGFP / O1L-BFP / having cell fusion ability
- Each virus was infected to compare HAmut.
- First, put various cancer cells human ovarian cancer RMG1 cells, human colon cancer CaCO2 cells, human lung cancer A549 cells, mouse colon cancer CT26 cells
- RMG1 cells human ovarian cancer RMG1 cells, human colon cancer CaCO2 cells, human lung cancer A549 cells, mouse colon cancer CT26 cells
- VGF-LucGFP / O1L-DsRed VGF-LucGFP / K2Lmut / O1L-DsRed
- VGF-LucGFP / O1L-DsRed As a result, compared to VGF-LucGFP / O1L-DsRed, VGF-LucGFP / K2Lmut / O1L-DsRed and VGF-LucGFP / O1L-BFP / HAmut infect various cancer cells while fusing cells. It turned out (Fig. 2).
- VGF-LucGFP / O1L-DsRed and VGF-LucGFP / K2Lmut / O1L-DsRed were used to verify whether the cell fusion changes affect the anticancer effect.
- FIG. 3-1 shows an image of infected cells.
- cell viability was measured using CellTiter96 (registered trademark) Aqueous Non-radioactive Cell Proliferation Assay (Promega).
- Figure 3-2 shows cytotoxicity by cell viability.
- the amount of virus produced by VGF-LucGFP / O1L-DsRed and VGF-LucGFP / K2Lmut / O1L-DsRed was measured for virus titer ( Titeration).
- Titer measurement was performed by infecting a 12-well plate with each virus serially diluted (10 -1 to 10-5 times diluted) in RK13 seeded with 80% confluent, and using Eagle MEM containing 0.8% methylcellulose and 5% FBS medium 3 After culturing for one day, the virus titer was calculated by measuring the number of virus plaques formed. As a result, it was confirmed that there was no change in the amount of virus produced between VGF-LucGFP / O1L-DsRed and VGF-LucGFP / K2Lmut / O1L-DsRed.
- Figure 3-3 shows the production amount by titer.
- Example 3 Anticancer effect of vaccinia virus having cell fusion ability
- Human ovarian cancer cells (SKOV3: 2.0 ⁇ 10 4 / well), human pancreatic cancer cells (Panc1: 2.0 ⁇ 10 4 / well), human colon cancer cells (CaCO2: 2.0 ⁇ 10 4 / well), human breast cancer cells (MDA) -MB-231: 2.0 x 10 4 / well
- human lung cancer cells (A549: 1.0 x 10 4 / well)
- human prostate cancer cells PC3: 2.5 x 10 4 / well
- human skin cancer cells A431: 2.0) ⁇ 10 4 / well
- mouse melanoma cells B16-F10: 1.5 ⁇ 10 4 / well
- mouse colon cancer cells (CT26: 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 / well) and mouse lung cancer cells (TC1: 4.0 ⁇ 10 3 / well)
- CT26 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 / well
- mouse lung cancer cells (TC1: 4.0 ⁇ 10 3 / well)
- Example 4 Analysis of anticancer effect mechanism of vaccinia virus having cell fusion ability in vitro Apoptotic / Necrotic whether apoptosis and necrosis are significantly occurring in human lung cancer cell line (A549) and mouse colon cancer cell line (CT26) / Validated using Healthy Cells Detection Kit (Takara Bio).
- A549 or CT26 is seeded on a 96-well plate at 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 / well, and after culturing at 37 ° C for 24 hours, each virus solution of VGF-Luc / O1L-lacZ or VGF-Luc / K2Lmut / O1L-lacZ is applied to A549 as MOI.
- Example 5 Therapeutic effect of vaccinia virus having cell fusion ability in vivo
- a mouse colorectal cancer cell line (CT26) was transplanted subcutaneously into both sides of the abdomen of BALB / cAjcl mice in 5.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells and grown for 5 or 6 days until the tumor became 42-94 mm 3 (mean 60 mm 3 ) (Fig.). 7A).
- VGF-Luc / O1L-lacZ and VGF-Luc / K2Lmut / O1L-lacZ were administered directly into one tumor at 5.0 ⁇ 10 7 PFU three times every other day (Day 0, 2, 4).
- Vivo Glo Luciferin Promega
- FLuc luminescence of the virus was detected non-invasively using an in vivo imaging system (Berthold, NightSHADE LB985) (Day 1, 3, 5, 7). ) (Fig. 7B).
- FIG. 8-1 shows the detection results of virus FLuc 3 days after virus administration.
- VGF-Luc / K2Lmut / O1L-lacZ expressed a higher signal on the virus administration side than VGF-Luc / O1L-lacZ 3 days after virus administration.
- no virus signal could be confirmed even when the virus was administered.
- the expression of virus FLuc was quantified, it was found that there was a significant difference in the two-way ANOVA statistical analysis on the administration side 3 days after the administration of the virus (* P ⁇ 0.05) (Fig. 8-Fig. 8-). 2). From this, it was confirmed that VGF-Luc / K2Lmut / O1L-lacZ is more actively propagated and transmitted in vivo than VGF-Luc / O1L-lacZ.
- VGF-Luc / K2Lmut / O1L-lacZ virus-administered mice suppressed tumor growth on the virus-administered side and non-administered side compared with virus-non-administered (PBS) mice and VGF-Luc / O1L-lacZ virus-administered mice. It was.
- VGF-Luc / K2Lmut / O1L-lacZ virus-administered mice had a significant difference between the tumor volumes of the PBS mice and the VGF-Luc / O1L-lacZ virus-administered mice on the virus-administered side and the non-administered side. This was confirmed by Two-Way ANOVA statistical analysis (** P ⁇ 0.01, *** P ⁇ 0.001) (Fig. 9).
- Example 6 Analysis of therapeutic effect mechanism of vaccinia virus having cell fusion ability in vivo
- immunological analysis was performed using flow cytometry.
- a mouse colon cancer cell line (CT26) was transplanted subcutaneously into both sides of the abdomen of BALB / cAjcl mice in 5.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells and grown for 5 days until the tumor became 50 to 111 mm 3 (mean 60 mm 3 ).
- VGF-Luc / O1L-lacZ and VGF-Luc / K2Lmut / O1L-lacZ were administered directly into one tumor at 5.0 ⁇ 10 7 PFU three times every other day (Day 0, 2, 4).
- Tumors on both sides of the abdomen were collected in Serum free RPMI 5 days after virus administration (Day 5), and the tumor tissue was dispersed using gentleMACS (Miltenyi Biotec). After filtering the cells with a 100 ⁇ m strainer and performing hemolysis treatment, the cells were counted and adjusted to 5.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells. The prepared cells were blocked with Fc block (BD Bioscience), cell surface antigen staining and intracellular antigen staining were performed, and CD8, CD4, Treg, TAM, and MDSC were analyzed by CytoFLEX (BECKMAN COULTER).
- immunosuppressive cells such as Treg, TAM, and MDSC
- the result of verifying the therapeutic effect by measuring the tumor volume is shown in FIG. FIG. 11A shows the result when isotype control was administered, and FIG. 11B shows the result when the anti-CD8 antibody was administered.
- Example 7 Therapeutic effect of vaccinia virus having cell fusion ability in advanced cancer-bearing model mice The same species of virus growth and transmission in vivo when the tumor volume becomes larger in the mouse body and examination of the therapeutic effect of the virus. It was examined by a transplantation model. Transplanted into the abdominal side skin of BALB / cAJcl mouse mouse colon cancer cell line (CT26) at 5.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells, tumors were allowed to grow 87 ⁇ 253 mm 3 about 10 days until the (average 150 mm 3) ( Figure 12A ).
- CT26 BALB / cAJcl mouse mouse colon cancer cell line
- FIG. 13-1 shows the detection results of virus FLuc expression on the first day after virus administration.
- VGF-Luc / K2Lmut / O1L-lacZ expressed a higher signal than VGF-Luc / O1L-lacZ one day after virus administration (Fig. 13-1). Furthermore, when FLuc was quantified, it was found that there was a significant difference in the two-way ANOVA statistical analysis 1 day after virus administration (Fig. 13-2) (*** P ⁇ 0.001). From this, it was confirmed that VGF-Luc / K2Lmut / O1L-lacZ actively propagates and propagates the virus in vivo. After that, the anticancer effect of the virus was examined by measuring the tumor diameter.
- VGF-Luc / K2Lmut / O1L-lacZ virus-administered mice significantly suppressed tumor volume 19 days after virus administration compared to virus-non-administered (PBS) mice and VGF-Luc / O1L-lacZ virus-administered mice. It was confirmed by Two-Way ANOVA statistical analysis (* ⁇ 0.05, *** ⁇ 0.001) (Fig. 14).
- Example 8 Anticancer effect of vaccinia virus having both cell fusion ability and tumor targeting ability
- the improvement of anticancer effect by cell fusion is not limited to cell fusion to the above K2L mutation, but by any mutation, deletion or foreign gene insertion.
- VGF-LucGFP / ⁇ K2L-BFP / O1L-DsRed (Fig. 15-1A) Clone deficient in K2L and capable of cell fusion, and deficient in VGF and O1L to ensure tumor specificity
- VGF-LucGFP (Fig. 15-1B) Clone that guarantees tumor specificity by deficiency of VGF TK-GFP
- Fig. 15-1C Clone that guarantees tumor specificity by TK deficiency unmodified Virus
- a plasmid with pTNshuttle / ⁇ K2L-BFP was prepared. Based on the vaccinia virus (VGF-LucGFP / O1L-DsRed) and the transfer vector plasmid DNA (pTNshuttle / ⁇ K2L-BFP), the recombinant virus was recovered by the same method as above using the expression of BFP as an index, and by PCR. It was used for screening.
- K2L For K2L, PCR was performed with the same primers (SEQ ID NO: 12 and SEQ ID NO: 13) as above, and for clones in which a PCR product of a predetermined size was detected, the base sequence of the PCR product was confirmed by direct sequence, and VGF- It was designated as LucGFP / ⁇ K2L-BFP / O1L-DsRed (Fig. 15-1A).
- the K2L gene region was amplified by two primers (SEQ ID NO: 16 and SEQ ID NO: 17) using the genomic DNA of the LC16mO strain as a template.
- the PCR product was cleaved with restriction enzymes XbaI and MfeI and cloned into the restriction enzyme sites XbaI and EcoRI of the pUC19 vector to construct pUC19-K2L.
- pTNshuttle / TK-SP-BFP was cleaved with restriction enzymes SphI and EcoRI, and after Blunt treatment, the SP-BFP fragment was cloned into the site where pUC19-K2L vector was cleaved with restriction enzyme ClaI and treated with Blunt.
- vaccinia virus LC16mO strain, which is an unmodified unmodified virus that has not been genetically modified
- transfer vector plasmid DNA pTNshuttle / K2L-SP-BFP
- the recombinant virus was collected at the site and used for screening by PCR.
- K2L PCR was performed with the same primers (SEQ ID NO: 12 and SEQ ID NO: 13) as above, and for clones in which a PCR product of a predetermined size was detected, the base sequence of the PCR product was confirmed by direct sequence, and K2L- It was designated as BFP (Fig. 15-1G).
- pEGFP-N1 (Clontech Co., Ltd.) was cleaved with restriction enzymes AgeI and NotI, and the pTNshuttle / TK-SP-BFP vector was used to replace it with the BFP gene. Cloning was performed at the same restriction enzyme site to construct pTNshuttle / TK-SP-GFP. Based on the vaccinia virus (LC16mO strain, which is an unmodified unmodified virus that has not been genetically modified) and the transfer vector plasmid DNA (pTNshuttle / TK-SP-GFP), the same method as above using the expression of GFP as an index.
- vaccinia virus LC16mO strain, which is an unmodified unmodified virus that has not been genetically modified
- pTNshuttle / TK-SP-GFP transfer vector plasmid DNA
- the recombinant virus was collected at the site and used for screening by PCR.
- PCR was performed with two primers (SEQ ID NO: 18 and SEQ ID NO: 19), and for clones in which a PCR product of a predetermined size was detected, the base sequence of the PCR product was confirmed by direct sequence, and TK-GFP was obtained.
- Fig. 15-1C Recombinant vaccinia virus VGF-LucGFP (International Publication No. W02015 / 076422) in which VGF does not function or the above-mentioned recombinant vaccinia virus in which TK does not function in order to produce a vaccinia virus having both cell fusion ability and tumor targeting ability.
- TK-GFP transfer vector plasmid DNA
- transfer vector plasmid DNA pTNshuttle / K2L-SP-BFP
- the recombinant virus was recovered by the same method as above using the expression of BFP as an index, and subjected to PCR screening.
- VGF use the same primers as above (SEQ ID NO: 10 and SEQ ID NO: 11)
- K2L use the same primers as above (SEQ ID NO: 12 and SEQ ID NO: 13)
- TK use the same primers as above (SEQ ID NO: 18).
- the nucleotide sequence of the PCR product was confirmed by direct sequence, and VGF-LucGFP / K2L-BFP (Fig. 15-1E), Alternatively, it was designated as K2L-BFP / TK-GFP (Fig. 15-1F). After mass culturing each recombinant virus in A549 cells, the virus titer was measured in RK13 cells and used for the experiment.
- VGF-LucGFP / O1L-DsRed (Fig. 1A), VGF-LucGFP / K2Lmut / O1L-DsRed (Fig. 1B), VGF-LucGFP / ⁇ K2L-BFP / O1L-" are shown in FIGS. 15-2 and 15-3.
- DsRed (Fig. 15-1A), VGF-LucGFP / O1L-BFP / HAmut (Fig. 1C), VGF-LucGFP (Fig. 15-1B), VGF-LucGFP / K2L-BFP (Fig. 15-1E), TK-GFP (Fig.
- VGF-LucGFP / O1L-DsRed compared to the virus without deletion (VGF-LucGFP / O1L-DsRed), the cell viability was significantly reduced in all of the natural mutations of K2L, total deficiency of K2L, and spontaneous mutations of HA.
- VF-LucGFP / K2Lmut / O1L-DsRed VGF-LucGFP / ⁇ K2L-BFP / O1L-DsRed
- VGF-LucGFP / O1L-BFP / HAmut *** P ⁇ 0.0001). From this, it was shown that the anticancer effect is improved when cell fusion is induced by the inactivity of K2L or HA regardless of the method of mutation or deletion.
- VGF-LucGFP recombinant virus
- TK-GFP recombinant virus
- Unmodified Virus Unmodified Virus
- the anticancer effect is improved by causing cell fusion by vaccinia virus.
- the mechanism was analyzed, it was found that it was caused by the following three points.
- the oncolytic ability is improved by increasing the proliferation and transmission ability of the virus, and in addition, apoptosis and necrosis occur actively.
- ICD is induced more efficiently, and CD8 T cell infiltration to the administered side and the non-administered side occurs actively.
- cancer immunity becomes easier to work.
- oncolytic viruses that induce cell fusion are higher than oncolytic viruses that do not induce cell fusion by converting COLD tumors, which are difficult to immunize more efficiently, into HOT tumors, which are more susceptible to immune attack. It exerts an anticancer effect (Fig. 16).
- Example 8 Combination therapeutic effect of vaccinia virus capable of cell fusion and anti-PD-1 antibody Since it was suggested that the action of CD8 T cells is important for the therapeutic effect of the virus, especially the therapeutic effect on the non-administered side, immunity
- the action of CD8 T cells was promoted in combination with the anti-PD-1 antibody, which is a checkpoint inhibitor. Transplanted into the abdominal sides subcutaneously BALB / cAJcl mouse mouse colon cancer cell line (CT26) at 5.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells, tumors were allowed to grow 5 days until 42 ⁇ 135mm 3 (average 70 mm 3).
- VGF-Luc / O1L-lacZ and VGF-Luc / K2Lmut / O1L-lacZ were administered directly into one tumor at 5.0 ⁇ 10 7 PFU three times every other day (Day 0, 2, 4).
- PBS or InVivoPlus anti-mouse PD-1 Clone RMP1-14 BioXCell
- the antibody was administered the day after the administration of vaccinia virus. From the second administration of vaccinia virus, vaccinia virus and antibody were administered alternately every day, and the virus was administered 3 times in total and the antibody was administered 5 times in total. The result of verifying the therapeutic effect by measuring the tumor volume is shown in FIG.
- FIG. 19 shows the survival curve of mice combined with anti-PD-1 antibody after virus administration.
- mice were retransplanted into the completely cured mouse.
- a mouse colon cancer cell line (CT26) was administered to the abdomen with 5.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells 101 days after virus administration. It was transplanted again subcutaneously on both sides. For comparison, similar subcutaneous tumor cell transplantation was performed on naive BALB / cAjcl mice of the same age.
- FIG. 20 shows the transition of the tumor diameter after tumor retransplantation. The comparative mice showed the same tumor growth as in FIG. 9, but no tumor growth was observed in the mice re-transplanted after the tumor was completely healed.
- anti-PD-1 antibody greatly enhances the therapeutic effect of vaccinia virus, which has cell fusion ability, and promotes induction of anti-tumor immunity and establishment of immune memory.
- Vaccinia virus which induces cell fusion of infected cells, can be used for cancer treatment. All publications, patents and patent applications cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
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Abstract
Description
[1] 感染した細細に細胞融合を引き起こすように変異したワクシニアウイルス。
[2] K2L遺伝子又はHA遺伝子、あるいはK2L遺伝子及びHA遺伝子の機能が欠損しており、感染した細胞に細胞融合を引き起こし、細胞死を誘導する、[1]のワクシニアウイルス。
[3] 腫瘍溶解性ワクシニアウイルスである、[1]又は[2]のワクシニアウイルス。
[4] 正常細胞内では増殖しないが、癌細胞内で特異的に増殖し、癌細胞を特異的に障害する腫瘍溶解性を有する[3]のワクシニアウイルス。
[5] ワクシニアウイルスが、LC16株、LC16mO株又はB5R遺伝子が発現するように改変されたLC16m8株である、[1]~[4]のいずれかのワクシニアウイルス。
[6] [1]~[5]のいずれかのワクシニアウイルスを含む癌治療のための医薬組成物。
[7] [1]~[5]のいずれかのワクシニアウイルスに外来DNAを導入したワクシニアウイルスベクター。
[8] 外来DNAがマーカーDNA、細胞毒性効果若しくは免疫賦活効果を有する治療用遺伝子、又は癌、ウイルス、細菌若しくは原虫の抗原をコードするDNAである、[7]のワクシニアウイルスベクター。
[9] [7]又は[8]のワクシニアウイルスベクターを含む、癌治療のための、又は癌、ウイルス、細菌若しくは原虫に対するワクチンとして使用するための医薬組成物。
[10] ワクシニアウイルスのK2L遺伝子又はHA遺伝子、あるいはK2L遺伝子及びHA遺伝子の機能を欠損させることを含む、感染した細胞に細胞融合を引き起こし、細胞死を誘導するワクシニアウイルスの製造方法。
[11] 腫瘍溶解性ワクシニアウイルスである、[10]の製造方法。
[12] さらに、ワクシニアウイルス増殖因子(VGF)遺伝子又はO1L遺伝子、あるいはワクシニアウイルス増殖因子(VGF)遺伝子及びO1L遺伝子の機能を欠損させることを含む、[10]又は[11]の製造方法。
[13] ワクシニアウイルスが、LC16株、LC16mO株又はB5R遺伝子が発現するように改変されたLC16m8株である、[10]~[12]のいずれかの製造方法。
[14] [1]~[5]のいずれかのワクシニアウイルスを免疫チェックポイント阻害剤と組合せて含む、がん治療のための組合せ医薬キット。
[15] 免疫チェックポイント阻害剤が抗PD-1抗体又は抗PD-L1抗体である、[14]の組合せ医薬キット。
[16] 免疫チェックポイント阻害剤とがん治療のために併用するための、[1]~[5]のいずれかのワクシニアウイルス。
[17] 免疫チェックポイント阻害剤が抗PD-1抗体又は抗PD-L1抗体である、[16]のワクシニアウイルス。
本明細書は本願の優先権の基礎となる日本国特許出願番号2019-91609号の開示内容を包含する。
本発明のワクシニアウイルスは、細胞融合能を有するように変異させたワクシニアウイルスである。ここで、細胞融合能とは、ワクシニアウイルスが細胞に感染したときに、感染した細胞同士の細胞融合を引き起こし得ることをいう。細胞融合能を有するように変異させたワクシニアウイルスは、ワクシニアウイルスが本来有している細胞融合能を抑制する遺伝子の機能が欠損しているか、あるいは細胞融合を促進する遺伝子が挿入発現されている。
・TK及びHA並びにF14.5Lの機能の欠損(Cancer Research, 2007, Vol.67, p.10038-10046)・TK及びB18Rの機能の欠損(PLoS Medicine, 2007, Vol.4, p.e353)
・TK及びリボヌクレオチド還元酵素の機能の欠損(PLoS Pathogens, 2010, Vol.6, p.e1000984)
・SPI-1及びSPI-2の機能の欠損(Cancer Research, 2005, Vol.65, p.9991-9998)
・SPI-1、SPI-2及びTKの機能の欠損(Gene Therapy, 2007, Vol.14, p.638-647)
・E3L及びK3L領域に変異の導入(国際公開第2005/007824号)
これらの遺伝子の機能が欠損しており、腫瘍溶解性を有するワクシニアウイルスを腫瘍溶解性ワクシニアウイルスと呼ぶ。
VGFとO1Lの両方が機能しない分裂促進因子活性化タンパク質キナーゼ依存性遺伝子組換えワクシニアウイルス(国際公開第W02015/076422号)において、VGF遺伝子及びO1L遺伝子に異なる外来遺伝子の発現ユニットを挿入するため、pTagBFP-N(FP172、Evrogen社)のDNAを鋳型として、2つのプライマー(配列番号1と配列番号2)によって、BFP遺伝子領域を増幅した。その各PCR産物を制限酵素SfiIとEcoRIで切断し、それをpTK-SP-LGベクター(国際公開第WO2015/076422号)の同じ制限酵素部位にクローニングし、合成ワクシニアウイルスプロモーター(Hammond JM. et al., Journal of Virological Methods. 1997; 66(1):135-138)下にBFPを連結したpTNshuttle/TK-SP-BFPを構築した。次に、pTNshuttle/TK-SP-BFPを制限酵素SphIとEcoRIで切断し、Blunt処理後、そのSP-BFP断片を、pUC19-VGFベクター(国際公開第WO2015/076422号)を制限酵素AccIで切断しBlunt処理した部位へ、又はpUC19-O1Lベクター(国際公開第WO2015/076422号)を制限酵素XbaIで切断しBlunt処理した部位へクローニングし、VGFと逆向きにBFPを発現させるためのシャトルベクターpTNshuttle/VGF-ST-BFP、又はO1Lと逆向きにBFPを発現させるためのpTNshuttle/O1L-SP-BFPを構築した。一方、国際公開第WO2015/076422号と同様の方法にて、合成ワクシニアウイルスプロモーターではなく、p7.5Kプロモーターの下、O1Lと同向きにDsRedを発現させるためのpUC19-O1L-P-DsRedを構築した。24wellプレートに80%コンフルエントに培養されたCV1細胞にVGF-LucGFP/O1L-DsRedをMOI=0.1~0.5で感染させ、室温で1時間吸着させた。その後、FuGENE HD(Roche)と混合したトランスファーベクタープラスミドpTNshuttle/O1L-SP-BFPをマニュアルに従って細胞に添加して取り込ませ、37℃にて2~3日間培養した。細胞を回収し凍結融解後、ソニケーション処理し、ほぼコンフルエントになったBSC1細胞に適当に希釈して接種し、0.5%メチルセルロースを含むEagle MEM、5%FBS培地を加え、37℃で2~4日間培養した。培地を除き、BFPを発現したプラークをチップの先で掻き取り、opti-MEM培地(Invitrogen)に浮遊させた。BSC1細胞にてさらに3回以上この作業を繰り返し、プラーク純化をした。プラーク純化後に採取したプラークの浮遊液をソニケーション後、その200μLよりHigh Pure Viral Nucleic Acid Kit(Roche)を用いマニュアルに従ってゲノムDNAを抽出し、PCRによるスクリーニングに供した。O1Lに関しては2つのプライマー(配列番号3と配列番号4)によってPCRを行い、所定の大きさのPCRプロダクトが検出されたクローンについて、PCRプロダクトの塩基配列をダイレクトシーケンスにより確認した。塩基配列に問題が無いウイルスクローンVGF-LucGFP/O1L-BFP、を選択し、A549細胞にて増幅させた後、RK13細胞にてウイルス力価を測定し実験に供した。このワクシニアウイル(VGF-LucGFP/O1L-BFP)とトランスファーベクタープラスミドDNA(pUC19-O1L-P-DsRed)を基に、DsRedの発現を指標に、上記と同様の方法にて組換えウイルスを回収し、VGF-LucGFP/O1L-DsRedとした。
細胞融合能を持たないVGF-LucGFP/O1L-DsRedと細胞融合能を有するVGF-LucGFP/K2Lmut/O1L-DsRed及びVGF-LucGFP/O1L-BFP/HAmutを比較するべく、各ウイルスを感染させた。まず96wellプレートに様々な癌細胞(ヒト卵巣癌RMG1細胞、ヒト大腸癌CaCO2細胞、ヒト肺癌A549細胞、マウス大腸癌CT26細胞)をRMG1, CaCO2 2.0×104/well、A549 1.0×104/well、CT26 6.0×103/wellで播種し、24時間培養後80%コンフルエントになったところでVGF-LucGFP/O1L-DsRed、VGF-LucGFP/K2Lmut/O1L-DsRed、又はVGF-LucGFP/O1L-BFP/HAmutをRMG1、CaCO2、A549はMOI=0.1、CT26はMOI=10に調整し感染させた。感染から72時間後、BZ-X700(キーエンス)を用い感染像の観察を行った。その結果、VGF-LucGFP/O1L-DsRedに比べて、VGF-LucGFP/K2Lmut/O1L-DsRed及びVGF-LucGFP/O1L-BFP/HAmutは、様々な癌細胞において、細胞を融合させながら感染していくことが分かった(図2)。
次にA549以外での細胞生存率を多様なヒト、マウス癌細胞を用い調査した。ヒト卵巣癌細胞(SKOV3:2.0×104/well)、ヒト膵臓癌細胞(Panc1:2.0×104/well)、ヒト大腸癌細胞(CaCO2:2.0×104/well)、ヒト乳癌細胞(MDA-MB-231:2.0×104/well)、ヒト肺癌細胞(A549:1.0×104/well)、ヒト前立腺癌細胞(PC3:2.5×104/well)、ヒト皮膚癌細胞(A431:2.0×104/well)、マウスメラノーマ細胞(B16-F10:1.5×104/well)、マウス大腸癌細胞(CT26:1.0×104/well)及びマウス肺癌細胞(TC1:4.0×103/well)を96wellプレートに播種し、37℃、24時間培養後VGF-LucGFP/O1L-DsRed又はVGF-LucGFP/K2Lmut/O1L-DsRedの各ウイルス液をPanc1, CaCO2, MDA-MB-231, A549, A431はMOI=0.1、SKOV3, PC3はMOI=1、B16-F10, CT26, TC1はMOI=5のいずれかにより感染させた(n=3)。そして、感染からTC1は48時間後、それ以外は72時間後にCellTiter 96(登録商標) Aqueous Nonradioactive Cell Proliferation Assay(Promega)により細胞生存率の測定を行った。
この時、感染像を観察するとVGF-LucGFP/K2Lmut/O1L-DsRedでは細胞融合感染像が確認でき、幅広い癌種でVGF-LucGFP/O1L-DsRedと感染像が異なることが示された(図4-1)。さらに、細胞生存率においてもVGF-LucGFP/K2Lmut/O1L-DsRedではt検定でVGF-LucGFP/O1L-DsRedに比べ有意な減少が見られた(SKOV3:**P= 0.0021, Panc1:***P-= 0.0003, CaCO2:***P < 0.0001, MDA-MB-231:***P= 0.0004, A549:***P < 0.0001, PC3:*P= 0.0284, A431:*P= 0.0480, B16-F10:***P= 0.0004, CT26:**P= 0.0030, TC1:***P-=0.0006)。このことよりにVGF-LucGFP/K2Lmut/O1L-DsRedは幅広い癌種で抗腫瘍効果が向上していることが示された(図4-2)。
ヒト肺癌細胞株(A549)とマウス大腸癌細胞株(CT26)においてアポトーシス、ネクローシスが有意に起きているのかをApoptotic / Necrotic / Healthy Cells Detection Kit(タカラバイオ)を用い検証した。まず、A549又はCT26を96wellプレートに1.0×104/well播種し、37℃、24時間培養後VGF-Luc/O1L-lacZ又はVGF-Luc/K2Lmut/O1L-lacZの各ウイルス液をA549はMOI=1、CT26はMOI=10で感染させた(n=3)。感染から30時間又は22時間後に前述のキットを用いアッセイを行いBZ-X700(キーエンス)で撮影をした後、数値化を行った。結果、A549、CT26の両方でVGF-Luc/O1L-lacZに比べVGF-Luc/K2Lmut/O1L-lacZのアポトーシスとして検出された細胞がt検定で優位に向上していた(A549:*P=0.0355, CT26:*P=0.0264)。さらに、アポトーシスのみならずネクローシスとして検出された細胞もt検定で優位に向上していた(図5)(A549:*P=0.0181, CT26:*P=0.0264)。さらに、抗腫瘍免疫誘導において重要だと言われているImmunogenic cell death(ICD)(免疫原生細胞死)についても検証した。ICDによる免疫誘導のメカニズムとして、HMGB1の細胞外放出やCalreticulinの細胞表面露出などが報告されている。今回は細胞外HMGB1をHMGB1 ELISA KitII(シノテスト)により定量した。A549又はCT26を24wellプレートにA549は5.25×104/well、CT26は3.15×104/well播種し、37℃、24時間培養後VGF-Luc/O1L-lacZ又はVGF-Luc/K2Lmut/O1L-lacZの各ウイルス液をA549はMOI=1、CT26はMOI= 5で感染させた(n=3)。感染から60時間後に細胞上清を回収し、ELISAを行った。結果、A549、CT26の両方でVGF-Luc/O1L-lacZに比べVGF-Luc/K2Lmut/O1L-lacZのHMGB1細胞外放出が有意に上昇していることがt検定により確認できた(図6)(A549:***P=0.0006、CT26:***P=0.0004)。これらの結果よりVGF-Luc/K2Lmut/O1L-lacZではアポトーシス、ネクローシス誘導能の向上、ICDによる抗腫瘍免疫惹起能向上が抗癌効果増強に寄与することが示唆された。
次に同種移植モデルを用い、ウイルスの生体内での増殖、伝播とウイルスの治療効果検討を行った。
マウス大腸癌細胞株(CT26)を5.0×105cellsでBALB/cAjclマウスの腹部両側皮下に移植し、腫瘍が42~94mm3(平均60mm3)になるまで5又は6日間成長させた(図7A)。腫瘍成長後にVGF-Luc/O1L-lacZとVGF-Luc/K2Lmut/O1L-lacZを隔日3回5.0×107PFUで片側の腫瘍内へ直接投与した(Day0, 2, 4)。また、Vivo Glo Luciferin(Promega)の投与によりウイルスのFLuc発光(≒ウイルス増殖、伝播)をin vivoイメージングシステム(Berthold、NightSHADE LB985)を用いて非侵襲的に検出した(Day1, 3, 5, 7)(図7B)。図8-1にウイルス投与後3日時点でのウイルスFLucの検出結果を示す。ウイルスFLucはウイルス投与後3日目でVGF-Luc/K2Lmut/O1L-lacZがVGF-Luc/O1L-lacZよりウイルス投与側で高いシグナルを発現していた。一方、ウイルス非投与側ではウイルスを投与した場合でもウイルスのシグナルは確認できなかった。さらに、ウイルスFLuc発現の数値化を行ったとき、投与側ではウイルス投与後3日目でTwo-Way ANOVA統計解析において有意な差があることが認められた(*P<0.05)(図8-2)。このことよりVGF-Luc/K2Lmut/O1L-lacZはVGF-Luc/O1L-lacZに比べin vivoにおいて盛んにウイルス増殖、伝播が行われていることが確認できた。次に腫瘍径測定によりウイルスの治療効果を検討した。その結果、VGF-Luc/K2Lmut/O1L-lacZウイルス投与マウスはウイルス非投与(PBS)マウス及びVGF-Luc/O1L-lacZウイルス投与マウスと比べウイルス投与側、非投与側の腫瘍増殖を抑制していた。さらに、VGF-Luc/K2Lmut/O1L-lacZウイルス投与マウスは22日後、PBSマウス及びVGF-Luc/O1L-lacZウイルス投与マウスの腫瘍体積と比べ、ウイルス投与側、非投与側において有意な差があることがTwo-Way ANOVA統計解析によって確認できた(**P<0.01, ***P<0.001)(図9)。
次にin vivoにおける治療効果向上のメカニズムを解析するため、フローサイトメトリーを用いて免疫学的解析を行った。マウス大腸癌細胞株(CT26)を5.0×105cellsでBALB/cAjclマウスの腹部両側皮下に移植し、腫瘍が50~111mm3(平均60mm3)になるまで5日間成長させた。腫瘍成長後にVGF-Luc/O1L-lacZとVGF-Luc/K2Lmut/O1L-lacZを隔日3回5.0×107PFUで片側の腫瘍内へ直接投与した(Day0, 2, 4)。ウイルス投与後5日(Day5)で腹部両側の腫瘍をSerum free RPMIに回収し、gentleMACS(Miltenyi Biotec)を用い腫瘍組織を分散した。100μmストレイナーで細胞をろ過し溶血処理を行った後、細胞をカウントし5.0×105cellsになるよう調整した。調整した細胞をFcブロック(BD Bioscience)でブロッキングし、細胞表面抗原染色、細胞内抗原染色を行いCytoFLEX(BECKMAN COULTER)によりCD8、CD4、Treg、TAM、MDSCの解析を行った。死細胞染色には7AAD(BECKMAN COULTER)、細胞表面抗原染色の抗体はCD45(30-F11;BioLegend)、CD3(145-2C11;BioLegend)、CD8(53-6.7;BioLegend)、CD4(GK1.5;Thermo)、CD25(PC61.5;Thermo)、F4/80(BM8;BioLegend)、CD11b(M1/70;BioLegend)、Ly6G(1A8;BioLegend)、Ly6C(AL21;BD Bioscience)、細胞内抗原染色の抗体はFoxP3(FJK-16s;Thermo)を用いた。免疫学的解析により明らかになった免疫細胞浸潤の結果を図10-1及び10-2に記す。CD8 T細胞の浸潤はウイルス投与側ではVGF-Luc/K2Lmut/O1L-lacZ投与により増加の傾向が見られるのみにとどまったが、非投与側ではVGF-Luc/O1L-lacZに比べt検定で有意に上昇していた(*P=0.0413)。次にCD4 T細胞の浸潤は投与側においてはPBSに比べVGF-Luc/K2Lmut/O1L-lacZで有意に減少していた一方で、非投与側では変化していなかった(**P=0.0025)。また、Tregにおいてもウイルス投与側ではPBSに比べVGF-Luc/K2Lmut/O1L-lacZは減少していたが、非投与側での減少は見られなかった(*P=0.0362, **P=0.0094)。さらに、TAMはVGF-luc/K2Lmut/O1L-lacZ投与によりウイルス投与側、非投与側ともPBSに比べ有意に減少していた(*P=0.0383, ***P=0.0002)。最後に、MDSCのG-MDSCはウイルス投与により有意に投与側で上昇していた(*P=0.0179, **P=0.0051)。その一方で、M-MDSCはVGF-Luc/K2Lmut/O1L-lacZ投与の場合のみPBSに比べ投与側で減少していた(*P=0.0417)。このことより、ウイルス投与側ではTreg、TAM、MDSCといった免疫抑制細胞の減少、非投与側ではCD8 T細胞の浸潤増加が治療効果に重要であることが示唆された。
マウス生体内で腫瘍体積がさらに大きくなった場合におけるウイルスの生体内での増殖、伝播とウイルスの治療効果検討を同種移植モデルにより検討した。
マウス大腸癌細胞株(CT26)を5.0×105cellsでBALB/cAjclマウスの腹部片側皮下に移植し、腫瘍が87~253mm3(平均150mm3)になるまで約10日間成長させた(図12A)。腫瘍成長後にVGF-Luc/O1L-lacZとVGF-Luc/K2Lmut/O1L-lacZを隔日3回 5.0×107PFUで腫瘍内へ直接投与した(Day0, 2, 4)。また、Vivo Glo Luciferin(Promega)の投与によりウイルスのFLuc発光(≒ウイルス増殖、伝播)をin vivoイメージングシステム(Berthold、NightSHADE LB985)を用いて非侵襲的に検出した(Day1, 3, 5, 7)(図12B)。図13-1にウイルス投与後1日目でのウイルスFLuc発現の検出結果を示す。ウイルスFLuc発現の検出結果を見るとウイルス投与後1日でVGF-Luc/K2Lmut/O1L-lacZがVGF-Luc/O1L-lacZより高いシグナルを発現していた(図13-1)。さらにFLucの数値化を行ったとき、ウイルス投与後1日でTwo-Way ANOVA統計解析において有意な差があることが認められた(図13-2)(***P<0.001)。このことよりVGF-Luc/K2Lmut/O1L-lacZはin vivoにおいて盛んにウイルス増殖、伝播が行われることが確認できた。その後、腫瘍径測定によりウイルスの抗癌効果を検討した。その結果、VGF-Luc/K2Lmut/O1L-lacZウイルス投与マウスはウイルス非投与(PBS)マウス及びVGF-Luc/O1L-lacZウイルス投与マウスと比べ、ウイルス投与後19日目で腫瘍体積が有意に抑制されていることがTwo-Way ANOVA統計解析により確認できた(*<0.05, ***<0.001)(図14)。
細胞融合による抗癌効果の向上は、上記のK2L変異に細胞融合だけではなく、あらゆる変異や欠失もしくは外来遺伝子挿入によっても適用すること、及び上記のVGFとO1の欠失させることによる腫瘍特異性だけではなく、あらゆる方法と組み合わせることが可能であることを実証するため、以下の様々な細胞融合能と腫瘍標的化能を併せ持つワクシニアウイルスを作製し、In vitroにおける抗癌効果を比較評価した。
VGF-LucGFP/ΔK2L-BFP/O1L-DsRed(図15-1A)
K2Lが欠損し細胞融合能を有しており、かつVGF及びO1Lが欠損し腫瘍特異性を担保しているクローン
VGF-LucGFP(図15-1B)
VGFが欠損することで腫瘍特異性を担保しているクローン
TK-GFP(図15-1C)
TKが欠損することで腫瘍特異性を担保しているクローン
unmodified Virus(図15-1D)
K2L、VGF、O1L及びTKのいずれも欠損していないクローン
VGF-LucGFP/K2L-BFP(図15-1E)
K2Lが欠損し細胞融合能を有しており、かつVGFが欠損することで腫瘍特異性を担保しているクローン
K2L-BFP/TK-GFP(図15-1F)
K2Lが欠損し細胞融合能を有しており、かつTKが欠損することで腫瘍特異性を担保しているクローン
K2L-BFP(図15-1G)
K2Lが欠損し細胞融合能を有しているクローン
これらのクローンの作製方法を以下に示す。
CD8 T細胞の働きがウイルスの治療効果、特に非投与側への治療効果に重要であることが示唆されたため、免疫チェックポイント阻害薬である抗PD-1抗体との併用によりCD8 T細胞の働きを促進した。マウス大腸癌細胞株(CT26)を5.0×105cellsでBALB/cAjclマウスの腹部両側皮下に移植し、腫瘍が42~135mm3(平均70mm3)になるまで5日間成長させた。腫瘍成長後にVGF-Luc/O1L-lacZとVGF-Luc/K2Lmut/O1L-lacZを隔日3回 5.0×107PFUで片側の腫瘍内へ直接投与した(Day0, 2, 4)。加えて、PBSあるいはInVivoPlus anti-mouse PD-1 Clone RMP1-14(BioXCell)をDay 3, 5, 7, 9, 11に200μg / mouse腹腔内投与した(図17)。この際、ワクシニアウイルス投与の翌日に抗体を投与した。ワクシニアウイルス投与2回目からワクシニアウイルスと抗体を1日ごとに交互に投与する形でウイルスは計3回、抗体は計5回投与した。腫瘍体積の測定により治療効果を検証した結果を図18に記す。
本明細書で引用した全ての刊行物、特許及び特許出願はそのまま引用により本明細書に組み入れられるものとする。
Claims (17)
- 感染した細細に細胞融合を引き起こすように変異したワクシニアウイルス。
- K2L遺伝子又はHA遺伝子、あるいはK2L遺伝子及びHA遺伝子の機能が欠損しており、感染した細胞に細胞融合を引き起こし、細胞死を誘導する、請求項1記載のワクシニアウイルス。
- 腫瘍溶解性ワクシニアウイルスである、請求項1又は2に記載のワクシニアウイルス。
- 正常細胞内では増殖しないが、癌細胞内で特異的に増殖し、癌細胞を特異的に障害する腫瘍溶解性を有する請求項3記載のワクシニアウイルス。
- ワクシニアウイルスが、LC16株、LC16mO株又はB5R遺伝子が発現するように改変されたLC16m8株である、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載のワクシニアウイルス。
- 請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載のワクシニアウイルスを含む癌治療のための医薬組成物。
- 請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載のワクシニアウイルスに外来DNAを導入した、ワクシニアウイルスベクター。
- 外来DNAがマーカーDNA、細胞毒性効果若しくは免疫賦活効果を有する治療用遺伝子、又は癌、ウイルス、細菌若しくは原虫の抗原をコードするDNAである、請求項7記載のワクシニアウイルスベクター。
- 請求項7又は8に記載のワクシニアウイルスベクターを含む、癌治療のための、又は癌、ウイルス、細菌若しくは原虫に対するワクチンとして使用するための医薬組成物。
- ワクシニアウイルスのK2L遺伝子又はHA遺伝子、あるいはK2L遺伝子及びHA遺伝子の機能を欠損させることを含む、感染した細胞に細胞融合を引き起こし、細胞死を誘導するワクシニアウイルスの製造方法。
- 腫瘍溶解性ワクシニアウイルスである、請求項10記載の製造方法。
- さらに、ワクシニアウイルス増殖因子(VGF)遺伝子又はO1L遺伝子、あるいはワクシニアウイルス増殖因子(VGF)遺伝子及びO1L遺伝子の機能を欠損させることを含む、請求項10又は11に記載の製造方法。
- ワクシニアウイルスが、LC16株、LC16mO株又はB5R遺伝子が発現するように改変されたLC16m8株である、請求項10~12のいずれか1項に記載の製造方法。
- 請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載のワクシニアウイルスを免疫チェックポイント阻害剤と組合せて含む、がん治療のための組合せ医薬キット。
- 免疫チェックポイント阻害剤が抗PD-1抗体又は抗PD-L1抗体である、請求項14記載の組合せ医薬キット。
- 免疫チェックポイント阻害剤とがん治療のために併用するための、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載のワクシニアウイルス。
- 免疫チェックポイント阻害剤が抗PD-1抗体又は抗PD-L1抗体である、請求項16記載のワクシニアウイルス。
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP4249596A4 (en) * | 2020-11-17 | 2025-03-12 | National University Corporation Tottori University | NEW GENE RECOMBINANT VACCINIAVIRUS AND USE THEREOF |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20220313761A1 (en) | 2022-10-06 |
| EP3970740A4 (en) | 2023-10-18 |
| CN113840914A (zh) | 2021-12-24 |
| JPWO2020230785A1 (ja) | 2020-11-19 |
| US12409198B2 (en) | 2025-09-09 |
| CN113840914B (zh) | 2024-11-05 |
| JP7737141B2 (ja) | 2025-09-10 |
| EP3970740A1 (en) | 2022-03-23 |
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