WO2020218622A1 - フルオロポリマー水性分散液の製造方法及びフルオロポリマー水性分散液 - Google Patents
フルオロポリマー水性分散液の製造方法及びフルオロポリマー水性分散液 Download PDFInfo
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- C08L27/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L27/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L27/12—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing fluorine atoms
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- C08L2201/50—Aqueous dispersion, e.g. containing polymers with a glass transition temperature (Tg) above 20°C
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a method for producing a fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion and a fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion.
- Fluorinated anionic surfactants have been used to produce fluoropolymers by emulsion polymerization. Recently, it has been proposed to use a hydrocarbon-based surfactant instead of the fluorinated anionic surfactant (see, for example, Patent Documents 1 to 3).
- the present disclosure provides a method for producing an aqueous dispersion of a fluoropolymer in which the amount of a specific fluoropolymer-containing compound is reduced even when it is obtained by using a hydrocarbon-based surfactant.
- a novel fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion in which the amount of a specific fluoropolymer-containing compound is reduced is provided.
- the present disclosure includes a step A in which a fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion obtained by using a hydrocarbon-based surfactant is brought into contact with an anion exchange resin A or a synthetic adsorbent, and the anion exchange resin A has the following general formula. (A1): -N + R 1 R 2 R 3 X - (In the formula, R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are the same or different hydrogen atoms or organic groups, and at least one of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 is an organic group having 3 or more carbon atoms.
- X is a counter ion), or an ion exchange group represented by the following general formula (A2): -NR 4 R 5 (In the formula, R 4 and R 5 are the same or different hydrogen atoms or organic groups, and at least one of R 4 and R 5 is an organic group having two or more carbon atoms).
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are organic groups having 4 or more carbon atoms. Further, in the general formula (A1), it is also preferable that R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are organic groups having 2 or more carbon atoms.
- the synthetic adsorbent preferably has a pore volume of 0.6 to 2.5 cm 3 / g.
- step A it is preferable to carry out step A twice or more.
- the production method of the present disclosure further comprises a step B of bringing the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion into contact with the anion exchange resin B, and the anion exchange resin B is preferably different from the anion exchange resin A.
- the anion exchange resin B has the following general formula (B1): -N + (CH 3) 3 X - An ion exchange group represented by (X represents a counterion in the formula), or the following general formula (B2): -N + (CH 3) 2 ( C 2 H 4 OH) X - It is preferable to have an ion exchange group represented by (X represents a counterion in the formula).
- the step B is preferably performed before the step A.
- the production method of the present disclosure preferably further includes a step C of adding a nonionic surfactant to the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion that has undergone the step A for phase separation and concentration, and the step C is carried out twice or more. Is more preferable.
- the phase-separated concentration is carried out by heating the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion at a temperature equal to or higher than the cloud point of the nonionic surfactant by 5 ° C. or higher, and then allowing it to stand to concentrate with the supernatant phase. It is preferably one that separates into phases.
- the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is heated at a temperature 5 ° C. lower than the cloud point of the nonionic surfactant and then allowed to stand, and then concentrated with the supernatant phase. It is preferably one that separates into phases.
- the present disclosure is also a fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion containing a fluoropolymer and water, which contains a compound represented by the following general formula (1), and the total content of the compounds represented by the following general formula (1) is fluoro. It is also a fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion characterized by being 1000 ppb or less with respect to the polymer.
- a fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion in which the amount of a specific fluoropolymer-containing compound is reduced can be obtained even when it is obtained by using a hydrocarbon-based surfactant. be able to.
- the fluororesin is a partially crystalline fluoropolymer and is a fluoroplastics.
- the fluororesin has a melting point and is thermoplastic, but may be melt-processable or non-melt-processable.
- the melt processability means that the polymer can be melted and processed by using conventional processing equipment such as an extruder and an injection molding machine. Therefore, in the melt processable fluororesin, the melt flow rate measured by the measuring method described later is usually 0.01 to 500 g / 10 minutes.
- the fluororubber is an amorphous fluoropolymer.
- “Amorphous” means the melting peak ( ⁇ H) that appears in the differential scanning calorimetry [DSC] (heating rate 10 ° C./min) or differential thermal analysis [DTA] (heating rate 10 ° C./min) of the fluoropolymer. ) Is 4.5 J / g or less.
- Fluororubber exhibits elastomeric properties by cross-linking. Elastomer properties mean properties that allow the polymer to be stretched and retain its original length when the forces required to stretch the polymer are no longer applied.
- the partially fluoropolymer is a fluoropolymer containing a fluoromonomer unit and having a perfluoromonomer unit content of less than 90 mol% with respect to all polymerization units, and has a glass transition temperature of 20 ° C. or less. It is a fluoropolymer having a melting peak ( ⁇ H) of 4.5 J / g or less.
- the perfluoro rubber is a fluoropolymer having a perfluoromonomer unit content of 90 mol% or more with respect to all polymerization units, and has a glass transition temperature of 20 ° C. or less. It is a fluoropolymer having a melting peak ( ⁇ H) of 4.5 J / g or less, and further, a polymer having a concentration of fluoropolymers contained in the fluoropolymer of 71% by mass or more.
- the concentration of fluorine atoms contained in the fluoropolymer is obtained by calculating the concentration (mass%) of the fluorine atoms contained in the fluoropolymer from the type and content of each monomer constituting the fluoropolymer. ..
- the perfluoromonomer is a monomer that does not contain a carbon atom-hydrogen atom bond in the molecule.
- the perfluoromonomer may be a monomer in which some of the fluorine atoms bonded to carbon atoms are replaced with chlorine atoms, and in addition to carbon atoms, nitrogen atoms and oxygen atoms. , Sulfur atom, phosphorus atom, boron atom or silicon atom.
- the perfluoromonomer is preferably a monomer in which all hydrogen atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms.
- the perfluoromonomer does not contain a monomer that provides a cross-linking site.
- the monomer that gives a cross-linking site is a monomer (curesite monomer) having a cross-linking group that gives a cross-linking site to the fluoropolymer for forming a cross-link with a curing agent.
- the content of each monomer constituting the fluoropolymer can be calculated by appropriately combining NMR, FT-IR, elemental analysis, and fluorescent X-ray analysis according to the type of monomer.
- organic group means a group containing one or more carbon atoms or a group formed by removing one hydrogen atom from an organic compound.
- An example of the "organic group” is Alkyl groups, which may have one or more substituents, An alkenyl group which may have one or more substituents, An alkynyl group, which may have one or more substituents, A cycloalkyl group which may have one or more substituents, Cycloalkenyl groups, which may have one or more substituents, A cycloalkazienyl group which may have one or more substituents, Aryl groups, which may have one or more substituents, An aralkyl group which may have one or more substituents, A non-aromatic heterocyclic group, which may have one or more substituents, Heteroaryl groups, which may have one or more substituents, Cyano group, Holmil group, RaO-, RaCO-, RaSO 2- , RaCOO-,
- substituteduent group means a substitutable group.
- substitutable group examples include an aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a heterocyclic group, an acyl group, an acyloxy group, an acylamino group, an aliphatic oxy group, an aromatic oxy group, a heterocyclic oxy group, and an aliphatic oxycarbonyl group.
- the aliphatic group may be saturated or unsaturated, and may be a hydroxy group, an aliphatic oxy group, a carbamoyl group, an aliphatic oxycarbonyl group, an aliphatic thio group, an amino group, or an aliphatic amino group. , Acylamino group, carbamoylamino group and the like.
- the aliphatic group include an alkyl group having a total carbon atom number of 1 to 8, preferably 1 to 4, such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a vinyl group, a cyclohexyl group, and a carbamoylmethyl group.
- the aromatic group includes, for example, a nitro group, a halogen atom, an aliphatic oxy group, a carbamoyl group, an aliphatic oxycarbonyl group, an aliphatic thio group, an amino group, an aliphatic amino group, an acylamino group, a carbamoylamino group and the like. You may be doing it.
- the aromatic group include aryl groups having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 6 to 10 total carbon atoms, for example, a phenyl group, a 4-nitrophenyl group, a 4-acetylaminophenyl group, and a 4-methanesulfonylphenyl group. And so on.
- the heterocyclic group has a halogen atom, a hydroxy group, an aliphatic oxy group, a carbamoyl group, an aliphatic oxycarbonyl group, an aliphatic thio group, an amino group, an aliphatic amino group, an acylamino group, a carbamoylamino group and the like. You may.
- Examples of the heterocyclic group include a 5- to 6-membered heterocycle having a total carbon number of 2 to 12, preferably 2 to 10, such as a 2-tetrahydrofuryl group and a 2-pyrimidyl group.
- the acyl group includes an aliphatic carbonyl group, an arylcarbonyl group, a heterocyclic carbonyl group, a hydroxy group, a halogen atom, an aromatic group, an aliphatic oxy group, a carbamoyl group, an aliphatic oxycarbonyl group, an aliphatic thio group, and an amino group. , It may have an aliphatic amino group, an acylamino group, a carbamoylamino group and the like.
- acyl group examples include an acyl group having a total carbon atom number of 2 to 8, preferably 2 to 4, such as an acetyl group, a propanoyl group, a benzoyl group, and a 3-pyridinecarbonyl group.
- the acylamino group may have an aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a heterocyclic group and the like, and has, for example, an acetylamino group, a benzoylamino group, a 2-pyridinecarbonylamino group, a propanoylamino group and the like. You may be.
- Examples of the acylamino group include an acylamino group having a total carbon number of 2 to 12, preferably 2 to 8, and an alkylcarbonylamino group having a total carbon number of 2 to 8, such as an acetylamino group, a benzoylamino group, and a 2-pyridinecarbonylamino group.
- Groups, propanoylamino groups and the like can be mentioned.
- the aliphatic oxycarbonyl group may be saturated or unsaturated, and may be a hydroxy group, an aliphatic oxy group, a carbamoyl group, an aliphatic oxycarbonyl group, an aliphatic thio group, an amino group, or an aliphatic group. It may have an amino group, an acylamino group, a carbamoylamino group and the like.
- Examples of the aliphatic oxycarbonyl group include an alkoxycarbonyl group having a total carbon atom number of 2 to 8, preferably 2 to 4, such as a methoxycarbonyl group, an ethoxycarbonyl group, and a (t) -butoxycarbonyl group.
- the carbamoyl group may have an aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a heterocyclic group and the like.
- Examples of the carbamoyl group include an unsubstituted carbamoyl group, an alkylcarbamoyl group having a total carbon number of 2 to 9, preferably an unsubstituted carbamoyl group, and an alkylcarbamoyl group having a total carbon number of 2 to 5, for example, an N-methylcarbamoyl group. Examples thereof include N, N-dimethylcarbamoyl group and N-phenylcarbamoyl group.
- the aliphatic sulfonyl group may be saturated or unsaturated, and may be a hydroxy group, an aromatic group, an aliphatic oxy group, a carbamoyl group, an aliphatic oxycarbonyl group, an aliphatic thio group, or an amino group. , It may have an aliphatic amino group, an acylamino group, a carbamoylamino group and the like.
- Examples of the aliphatic sulfonyl group include an alkylsulfonyl group having a total carbon number of 1 to 6, preferably a total carbon number of 1 to 4, such as a methanesulfonyl group.
- the aromatic sulfonyl group includes a hydroxy group, an aliphatic group, an aliphatic oxy group, a carbamoyl group, an aliphatic oxycarbonyl group, an aliphatic thio group, an amino group, an aliphatic amino group, an acylamino group, a carbamoylamino group and the like. You may be doing it.
- Examples of the aromatic sulfonyl group include an arylsulfonyl group having a total carbon atom number of 6 to 10, such as a benzenesulfonyl group.
- the amino group may have an aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a heterocyclic group and the like.
- the acylamino group may have, for example, an acetylamino group, a benzoylamino group, a 2-pyridinecarbonylamino group, a propanoylamino group and the like.
- the acylamino group includes an acylamino group having a total carbon number of 2 to 12, preferably a total carbon number of 2 to 8, and more preferably an alkylcarbonylamino group having a total carbon number of 2 to 8, such as an acetylamino group and a benzoylamino group. Examples include a group, a 2-pyridinecarbonylamino group, a propanoylamino group and the like.
- the aliphatic sulfonamide group, aromatic sulfonamide group, heterocyclic sulfonamide group may be, for example, a methanesulfonamide group, a benzenesulfonamide group, a 2-pyridinesulfonamide group, or the like.
- the sulfamoyl group may have an aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a heterocyclic group and the like.
- the sulfamoyl group includes a sulfamoyl group, an alkylsulfamoyl group having a total carbon number of 1 to 9, a dialkylsulfamoyl group having a total carbon number of 2 to 10, and an arylsulfamoyl group having a total carbon number of 7 to 13.
- Heterocyclic sulfamoyl group having 2 to 12 total carbon atoms more preferably sulfamoyl group, alkyl sulfamoyl group having 1 to 7 total carbon atoms, dialkyl sulfamoyl group having 3 to 6 total carbon atoms, total carbon
- Examples include groups, 4-pyridinesulfamoyl groups and the like.
- the aliphatic oxy group may be saturated or unsaturated, and may have a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, an i-propyloxy group, a cyclohexyloxy group, a methoxyethoxy group, or the like.
- Examples of the aliphatic oxy group include an alkoxy group having a total carbon atom number of 1 to 8, preferably 1 to 6, such as a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, an i-propyloxy group, a cyclohexyloxy group, and a methoxyethoxy group.
- the aromatic amino group and the heterocyclic amino group are an aliphatic group, an aliphatic oxy group, a halogen atom, a carbamoyl group, a heterocyclic group fused with the aryl group, an aliphatic oxycarbonyl group, preferably a total number of carbon atoms.
- the aliphatic thio group may be saturated or unsaturated, and an alkylthio group having a total carbon number of 1 to 8, more preferably a total carbon number of 1 to 6, such as a methylthio group and an ethylthio group. , Carbamoylmethylthio group, t-butylthio group and the like.
- the carbamoylamino group may have an aliphatic group, an aryl group, a heterocyclic group and the like.
- Examples of the carbamoylamino group include a carbamoylamino group, an alkylcarbamoylamino group having a total carbon number of 2 to 9, a dialkylcarbamoylamino group having a total carbon number of 3 to 10, and an arylcarbamoylamino group having a total carbon number of 7 to 13.
- Heterocyclic carbamoylamino group having 3 to 12 total carbon atoms preferably carbamoylamino group, alkylcarbamoylamino group having 2 to 7 total carbon atoms, dialkylcarbamoylamino group having 3 to 6 total carbon atoms, total number of carbon atoms 7-11 arylcarbamoylamino groups, heterocyclic carbamoylamino groups with 3-10 total carbon atoms, such as carbamoylamino groups, methylcarbamoylamino groups, N, N-dimethylcarbamoylamino groups, phenylcarbamoylamino groups, 4- Examples thereof include a pyridinecarbamoylamino group.
- the range represented by the end points includes all the numerical values included in the range (for example, 1 to 10 are 1.4, 1.9, 2.33, 5. 75, 9.98, etc. are included).
- At least 1 includes all numbers greater than or equal to 1 (eg, at least 2, at least 4, at least 6, at least 8, at least 10, at least 25, at least 50, at least. 100 etc.).
- ppm and ppb mean values obtained in terms of mass unless otherwise specified.
- the method for producing a purified fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion of the present disclosure includes a step A of contacting a fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion obtained by using a hydrocarbon-based surfactant with an anion exchange resin A or a synthetic adsorbent, as described above.
- the anion exchange resin A has the following general formula (A1): -N + R 1 R 2 R 3 X - (In the formula, R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are the same or different hydrogen atoms or organic groups, and at least one of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 is an organic group having 3 or more carbon atoms.
- X represents a counter ion), or an ion exchange group represented by the following general formula (A2): -NR 4 R 5 (In the formula, R 4 and R 5 are the same or different hydrogen atoms or organic groups, and at least one of R 4 and R 5 is an organic group having two or more carbon atoms). It has an exchange group.
- the "purified fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion" is not limited as long as it is at least the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion obtained through the above step A. Further, when the term “fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion” is simply described in the present specification, it is subjected to the above-mentioned step A (if necessary, step B, step C, etc., which will be further described later) unless otherwise specified. A fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is shown.
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are the same or different hydrogen atoms or organic groups. All of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 may be organic groups, or one may be a hydrogen atom and two may be organic groups. Further, two may be hydrogen atoms and one may be an organic group. The organic group has one or more carbon atoms. The organic group preferably has 2 or more carbon atoms.
- the above R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are one of the preferable forms in which they are organic groups having 2 or more carbon atoms.
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 is an organic group having 3 or more carbon atoms.
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 one may be an organic group having 3 or more carbon atoms, and two may be a hydrogen atom or an organic group having 1 or 2 carbon atoms. Further, two may be an organic group having 3 or more carbon atoms, and one may be a hydrogen atom or an organic group having 1 or 2 carbon atoms. All of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 may be organic groups having 3 or more carbon atoms.
- the number of carbon atoms of the organic group is preferably 10 or less, more preferably 8 or less, and even more preferably 6 or less.
- the organic group may have 5 or less carbon atoms.
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are organic groups having 4 or more carbon atoms.
- the organic group in R 1 , R 2 and R 3 is preferably an alkyl group, an alkanol group or an alkenyl group, more preferably an alkyl group or an alkanol group, and further preferably an alkyl group.
- alkyl group is a general term for the remaining groups obtained by removing one hydrogen atom from an aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon, and is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms. It also contains a cyclic alkyl group having 3 or more carbon atoms.
- alkanol group is a general term for the remaining groups obtained by removing one hydrogen atom from alkanol, and is a linear or branched alkanol group having 1 or more carbon atoms or 3 or more carbon atoms. Also includes the cyclic alkanol group of.
- the above R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are the same or different, an alkyl group having 2 or more carbon atoms or an alkanol group having 1 or more carbon atoms, and at least one of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 has 3 carbon atoms.
- the above alkyl group is preferable.
- the above R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are the same or different, an alkyl group having 2 or more carbon atoms or an alkanol group having 2 or more carbon atoms, and at least one of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 has 3 carbon atoms.
- the above alkyl group is one of the more preferable forms.
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are also the same or different, an alkyl group having 2 or more carbon atoms or an alkanol group having 1 or more carbon atoms, and at least one of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 has a carbon number of carbon. It is also one of the preferable forms to have 4 or more alkyl groups. Further, R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are the same or different, an alkyl group having 2 or more carbon atoms or an alkanol group having 2 or more carbon atoms, and at least one of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 is carbon. It is also one of the preferable forms that it is an alkyl group of several 4 or more.
- the alkyl group preferably has 10 or less carbon atoms, more preferably 8 or less, and even more preferably 6 or less.
- the alkyl group may have 5 or less carbon atoms.
- the alkanol group preferably has 10 or less carbon atoms, more preferably 8 or less carbon atoms, and even more preferably 6 or less carbon atoms.
- the alkanol group may have 5 or less carbon atoms.
- X is a counterion.
- X include Cl, OH, Br, I, NO 3 , SO 4, and the like, and Cl, OH, and OH are preferable.
- a divalent anion such as SO 4
- one counterion coordinates with two repeating units of the general formula (A1).
- R 4 and R 5 are the same or different hydrogen atoms or organic groups, and at least one of R 4 and R 5 is an organic group having two or more carbon atoms. R 4 and R 5 may be all organic groups. Further, one may be a hydrogen atom and one may be an organic group.
- R 4 and R 5 are organic groups having 2 or more carbon atoms.
- one may be an organic group having 2 or more carbon atoms, and one may be a hydrogen atom or an organic group having 1 carbon atom. Further, both R 4 and R 5 may be organic groups having 2 or more carbon atoms.
- At least one of R 4 and R 5 may be an organic group having 3 or more carbon atoms, or may be an organic group having 4 or more carbon atoms.
- R 4 and R 5 are organic groups having 2 or more carbon atoms.
- the number of carbon atoms of the organic group is preferably 10 or less, more preferably 8 or less, and even more preferably 6 or less.
- the organic group may have 5 or less carbon atoms.
- the organic group in R 4 and R 5 is preferably an alkyl group, an alkanol group or an alkenyl group, more preferably an alkyl group or an alkanol group, and further preferably an alkyl group.
- the R 4 and R 5 may be the same or different alkyl group or alkanol group, and at least one of the R 4 and R 5 may be an alkyl group having 2 or more carbon atoms or an alkanol group having 2 or more carbon atoms. It is one of the more preferable forms.
- the alkyl group preferably has 10 or less carbon atoms, more preferably 8 or less, and even more preferably 6 or less.
- the alkyl group may have 5 or less carbon atoms.
- the alkanol group preferably has 10 or less carbon atoms, more preferably 8 or less carbon atoms, and even more preferably 6 or less carbon atoms.
- the alkanol group may have 5 or less carbon atoms.
- the anion exchange resin A preferably has a group represented by the general formula (A1) or a group represented by the general formula (A2) bonded to the resin base.
- the anion exchange resin A include a resin base made of a styrene-based or acrylic-based polymer in which a group represented by the general formula (A1) or a group represented by the general formula (A2) is bonded. Be done.
- the styrene-based or acrylic-based polymer as the resin base is not limited, and for example, the resin base used in a known anion exchange resin can be used. From the viewpoint of the removal efficiency of the fluorine-containing compound, the anion exchange resin A preferably has a styrene-based resin base.
- the basicity of the anion exchange resin A can be variously set depending on the type of polymer skeleton and / or ion exchange group.
- the anion exchange resin A preferably has a pore diameter of 1 to 5000 ⁇ .
- the pore diameter is preferably 50 ⁇ or more, more preferably 100 ⁇ or more, and even more preferably 150 ⁇ or more. Further, it may be 200 ⁇ or more, or 250 ⁇ or more. Further, the pore diameter may be 1000 ⁇ or less.
- the pore diameter can be calculated by measuring the specific surface area and the total pore volume by, for example, a gas adsorption method.
- the anion exchange resin A preferably has a total exchange capacity of 0.1 eq / L-Resin or more. More preferably, it is 0.3 eq / L-Resin or more, further preferably 0.5 eq / L-Resin or more, and particularly preferably 0.7 eq / L-Resin or more.
- the upper limit is preferably 5.0 eq / L-Resin or less, more preferably 2.0 eq / L-Resin or less, and particularly preferably 1.5 eq / L-Resin or less.
- the water content of the anion exchange resin A is preferably 20% by mass or more, more preferably 30 to 70% by mass, and even more preferably 35 to 65% by mass.
- the water content of the anion exchange resin A is 30% by mass or more, the fluorine-containing compound can be efficiently removed.
- the fluorine-containing compound easily diffuses into the particles of the anion exchange resin A.
- the water content of the anion exchange resin A is 70% by mass or less, the decrease in the strength of the particles of the anion exchange resin A due to insufficient cross-linking can be suppressed.
- the water content can be measured by the following method.
- Moisture content (mass%) (mass of resin before drying (g) -mass of resin after drying (g)) / mass of resin before drying (g) x 100
- the anion exchange resin A is usually spherical.
- the average particle size of the anion exchange resin A is preferably 0.1 to 5 mm, more preferably 0.2 to 2 mm, and particularly preferably 0.3 to 1.5 mm. When the average particle size of the anion exchange resin A is within the above range, the filling tower of the anion exchange resin is less likely to be blocked.
- the average particle size is a value obtained by a sieving method. Specifically, first, the anion exchange resin A is placed in a sieve shaker, and the particle size distribution is measured by sieving. Then, the diameter of the sieve mesh corresponding to the residual classification total of 50% is obtained, and this is used as the average particle size.
- anion exchange resin A a commercially available product may be used, and examples thereof include PFA694E and A592E manufactured by Purolite Co., Ltd.
- the synthetic adsorbent is a porous resin having no ion exchange group, and a known synthetic adsorbent known as a synthetic adsorbent can be adopted.
- the ion exchange group include an amino group, a quaternary ammonium group, a carboxylic acid group, a sulfonic acid group and the like.
- a styrene resin such as a styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer
- an acrylic resin such as a (meth) acrylic acid ester-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate copolymer, a methacrylic resin, and a polyvinyl resin , Dextran-based resin and the like.
- the synthetic adsorbent preferably has a pore size of 1 to 5000 ⁇ .
- the pore diameter is preferably 50 ⁇ or more, more preferably 100 ⁇ or more, and even more preferably 150 ⁇ or more. Further, it may be 200 ⁇ or more, or 250 ⁇ or more. Further, the pore diameter may be 1000 ⁇ or less, or 700 ⁇ or less.
- the pore diameter can be calculated by measuring, for example, the specific surface area and the total pore volume by a gas adsorption method.
- the synthetic adsorbent preferably has a specific surface area of 300 m 2 / g or more. The specific surface area is more preferably equal to or greater than 400m 2 / g, 500m 2 / g or more and more preferably, 600m 2 / g or more is preferable in especially.
- the upper limit of the specific surface area is not limited, but may be, for example, 2000 m 2 / g or less, 1500 m 2 / g or less, or 1000 m 2 / g or less.
- the synthetic adsorbent preferably has a pore volume of 0.6 to 2.5 cm 3 / g. More preferably, it is 0.9 to 2.3 cm 3 / g, further preferably 1.1 to 2.1 cm 3 / g, and particularly preferably 1.3 to 2.0 cm 3 / g. .. If the pore volume is less than 0.6 cm 3 / g, the adsorptivity of the fluorine-containing compound may be lowered, and if it exceeds 2.5 cm 3 / g, the adsorbent may be damaged.
- the pore volume means a value measured by the nitrogen method.
- the synthetic adsorbent preferably contains water from the viewpoint of increasing the removal efficiency of the fluorine-containing compound.
- the water content is preferably 20 to 80% by mass, more preferably 40 to 75% by mass, and particularly preferably 50 to 70% by mass. If the water content of the synthetic adsorbent is less than 20% by mass, the removal efficiency of the fluorine-containing compound may be low, and if it exceeds 80% by mass, the weighing may become unstable.
- Synthetic adsorbents are usually spherical.
- the average particle size of the synthetic adsorbent is preferably 0.1 to 2.0 mm, more preferably 0.2 to 1.5 mm, and particularly preferably 0.3 to 1.0 mm.
- the average particle size of the synthetic adsorbent means a 50% mass value obtained by plotting the integrated mass after classification by sieving on a graph.
- the temperature in the above step A is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 0 to 50 ° C. From the viewpoint of increasing the removal efficiency, 5 ° C. or higher is preferable. Further, 40 ° C. or lower is preferable, and 35 ° C. or lower is more preferable. Further, the temperature may be 20 ° C. or lower.
- the pressure in the above step A is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 0.1 to 10 atm, and can be carried out at normal pressure (about 1 atm).
- the contact time in the step A is not particularly limited, and may be 0.1 seconds to 100 hours, 1 second to 50 hours, or 1 second to 10 hours. Further, it may be 1 second to 1 hour.
- the amount of the anion exchange resin A or the synthetic adsorbent with respect to the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is not limited, but may be, for example, 0.01 to 1000 g with respect to 1000 g of the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion. With respect to 1000 g of the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion, 0.1 g or more is preferable, 1 g or more is more preferable, and 5 g or more is further preferable. Further, 500 g or less is preferable.
- the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is brought into contact with the anion exchange resin A or the synthetic adsorbent, and then the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion and the anion exchange resin A or the synthetic adsorbent are separated to form the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion.
- This may be a step of recovering the dispersion liquid (purified fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion liquid) and recovering the anion exchange resin A or the synthetic adsorbent.
- the contact in the step A may be a batch type or a flow type. Further, the above step A may be performed once or may be repeated twice or more. Since the fluorine-containing compound can be further reduced, the step A is preferably performed twice or more. The upper limit of the number of times is not limited, but may be 10 times or less, for example.
- a commonly used method can be adopted. For example, by a method of adding an anion exchange resin A or a synthetic adsorbent to a fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion and stirring the mixture, or a column method of flowing a fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion through a column packed with an anion exchange resin A or a synthetic adsorbent. Can be carried out.
- the packed column used in the column method may be a mobile type, a fixed layer type, or a fluidized bed type.
- the anion exchange resin A or the synthetic adsorbent and the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion after the step A are used. It is preferable to include a separation step of separating the liquid.
- the method for separating the anion exchange resin A or the synthetic adsorbent from the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion after the step A is not limited, and for example, filtration or the like can be used.
- the production method of the present disclosure further preferably includes a step B of contacting the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion with the anion exchange resin B.
- the anion exchange resin B may be the same as or different from the anion exchange resin A, but is preferably different from the anion exchange resin A.
- the anion exchange resin B preferably has an ion exchange group (however, excluding the group represented by the general formula (A1) and the group represented by the general formula (A2)), for example. It preferably has an amino group and / or a quaternary ammonium group.
- the ion exchange group the following general formula (B1): -N + (CH 3) 3 X - (In the formula, X represents a counterion.)
- a group represented by (X represents a counterion in the formula) is preferable.
- Examples of X in the general formulas (B1) and (B2) include Cl, OH, Br, I, NO 3 , SO 4, and the like, and Cl or OH is preferable.
- a divalent anion such as SO 4
- one counterion coordinates with two repeating units of the general formula (A1).
- the anion exchange resin B is preferably one in which the ion exchange group is bonded to a resin base, and examples of the resin base include styrene-based or acrylic-based polymers.
- the styrene-based or acrylic-based polymer as the resin base is not limited, and for example, the resin base used in a known anion exchange resin can be used.
- the anion exchange resin B preferably has a styrene-based resin base.
- the anion exchange resin B may be weakly basic or strongly basic. A strongly basic anion exchange resin is preferable.
- the basicity of the anion exchange resin B can be variously set depending on the type of polymer skeleton and / or ion exchange group.
- the anion exchange resin B preferably has a pore diameter of 1 to 5000 ⁇ .
- the pore diameter is preferably 50 ⁇ or more, more preferably 100 ⁇ or more, and even more preferably 150 ⁇ or more. Further, it may be 200 ⁇ or more, or 250 ⁇ or more. Further, the pore diameter may be 1000 ⁇ or less.
- the pore diameter can be calculated by measuring the specific surface area and the total pore volume by, for example, a gas adsorption method.
- the anion exchange resin B preferably has a total exchange capacity of 0.1 eq / L-Resin or more. More preferably, it is 0.3 eq / L-Resin or more, further preferably 0.5 eq / L-Resin or more, and particularly preferably 0.7 eq / L-Resin or more.
- the water content of the anion exchange resin B is preferably 20% by mass or more, more preferably 30 to 70% by mass, and even more preferably 35 to 65% by mass.
- the water content of the anion exchange resin B is 30% by mass or more, the fluorine-containing compound can be efficiently removed. In addition, the fluorine-containing compound easily diffuses into the particles of the anion exchange resin B.
- the water content of the anion exchange resin B is 70% by mass or less, the decrease in the strength of the particles of the anion exchange resin B due to insufficient cross-linking can be suppressed.
- the water content can be measured by the same method as the anion exchange resin A described above.
- the anion exchange resin B is usually spherical.
- the average particle size of the anion exchange resin B is preferably 0.1 to 5 mm, more preferably 0.2 to 2 mm, and particularly preferably 0.3 to 1.5 mm. When the average particle size of the anion exchange resin B is within the above range, the filling tower of the anion exchange resin is less likely to be blocked.
- the average particle size is a value obtained by a sieving method. Specifically, first, the anion exchange resin B is placed in a sieve shaker, and the particle size distribution is measured by sieving. Then, the diameter of the sieve mesh corresponding to the residual classification total of 50% is obtained, and this is used as the average particle size.
- anion exchange resin B a commercially available product may be used.
- Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation's Diaion (trademark) SA series Purolite Co., Ltd.'s A400, A300, etc.
- DuPont's Amberlite (trademark) ) Series Amber Jet TM series such as IRA4002OH, etc.
- Amberlite (trademark) ) Series Amber Jet TM series such as IRA4002OH, etc.
- the step B may be performed before the step A or after the step A, but it is preferable to perform the step B before the step A because the removal efficiency of the fluorine-containing compound is high.
- the production method of the present disclosure includes a step B in which a fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion obtained by using a hydrocarbon-based surfactant is brought into contact with an anion exchange resin B, and a fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion obtained through the step B. Is preferably included in the step A of contacting the anion exchange resin A or the synthetic adsorbent.
- the temperature in the step B is not limited, but may be, for example, 0 to 50 ° C. From the viewpoint of increasing the removal efficiency, 5 ° C. or higher is preferable. Further, 40 ° C. or lower is preferable, and 35 ° C. or lower is more preferable. Further, the temperature may be 20 ° C. or lower.
- the pressure in the step B is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 0.1 to 10 atm, and can be carried out at normal pressure (about 1 atm).
- the contact time in the step B is not particularly limited, and may be 0.1 seconds to 100 hours, 1 second to 50 hours, or 1 second to 10 hours. Further, it may be 1 second to 1 hour.
- the contact in the step B may be a batch type or a flow type.
- the above step B may be performed once or may be repeated twice or more.
- the amount of the anion exchange resin B with respect to the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is not limited, but may be 0.01 to 1000 g with respect to 1000 g of the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion, for example. With respect to 1000 g of the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion, 0.1 g or more is preferable, 1 g or more is more preferable, and 5 g or more is further preferable. Further, 500 g or less is preferable.
- step B As a method for bringing the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion into contact with the anion exchange resin B, a commonly used method can be adopted, and the method described in the above step A can be appropriately adopted.
- a method of adding the anion exchange resin B to the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion and stirring the mixture can be mentioned.
- the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is brought into contact with the anion exchange resin B and then with the anion exchange resin B. , It is preferable to separate the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion after step B.
- the method for separating the anion exchange resin B and the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is not limited, and for example, filtration or the like can be used.
- the step B can be a step of bringing the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion into contact with the anion exchange resin B and then recovering the anion exchange resin B.
- the anion exchange resins A and B used in the above steps A and B, and the synthetic adsorbent are treated with an alkaline solution containing water and an organic solvent to elute the adsorbed fluorine-containing compound and re-elute. It can also be used.
- alkali hydroxides of alkali metals such as NaOH and KOH, NH 4 OH and the like can be used. Further, the eluted fluorine-containing compound may be recovered.
- the production method of the present disclosure preferably includes a step of adding a nonionic surfactant to the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion before the step A.
- the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion obtained by using the hydrocarbon-based surfactant usually contains a hydrocarbon-based surfactant, but the amount of the hydrocarbon-based surfactant is reduced by the step A, and the aqueous dispersion is prepared. Stability may be reduced.
- a nonionic surfactant before the step A, the stability of the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion liquid that has undergone the step A can be improved.
- the amount of the nonionic surfactant added is not particularly limited as long as the stability of the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion can be maintained. For example, it is preferably 5% by mass or more, more preferably 10% by mass or more, and further preferably 15% by mass or more with respect to the fluoropolymer contained in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion.
- the step B is performed before the step A, it is preferable to include a step of adding the nonionic surfactant to the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion before the step B.
- the nonionic surfactant is, for example, the following general formula (i).
- R 6- OA 1- H (i) (In the formula, R 6 is a linear or branched primary or secondary alkyl group having 8 to 18 carbon atoms, and A 1 is a polyoxyalkylene chain.) Can be mentioned.
- the carbon number of R 6 is preferably 10 to 16, and more preferably 12 to 16. When the carbon number of R 6 is 18 or less, good dispersion stability of the aqueous dispersion can be easily obtained. Further, when the carbon number of R 6 exceeds 18, it is difficult to handle because the flow temperature is high. When the carbon number of R 6 is smaller than 8, the surface tension of the aqueous dispersion becomes high, and the permeability and wettability tend to decrease.
- the polyoxyalkylene chain may be composed of oxyethylene and oxypropylene.
- the polyoxyalkylene chain is preferably a polyoxyalkylene chain consisting of an average number of repetitions of 5 to 20 oxyethylene groups and an average number of repetitions of 0 to 2 of oxypropylene groups, and is a hydrophilic group.
- the number of oxyethylene units can include either the broad or narrow monomodal distribution usually provided, or the broader or bimodal distribution obtained by blending.
- the oxyethylene group and the oxypropylene group in the polyoxyalkylene chain may be arranged in a block shape or a random shape.
- polyoxyalkylene chain from the viewpoint of the viscosity and stability of the aqueous dispersion, a polyoxyalkylene chain composed of an average number of repetitions of 7 to 12 oxyethylene groups and an average number of repetitions of 0 to 2 of oxypropylene groups is used. preferable. In particular, it is preferable that A 1 has an average of 0.5 to 1.5 oxypropylene groups because low foaming property is good.
- R 6 is (R') (R'') HC-, where R'and R'' are the same or different linear, branched or cyclic alkyl groups. Yes, the total amount of carbon atoms is at least 5, preferably 7-17. Preferably, at least one of R'or R'' is a branched or cyclic hydrocarbon group.
- Specific examples of the compound (polyoxyethylene alkyl ether) represented by the above general formula (i) include C 13 H 27- O- (C 2 H 4 O) 10- H and C 13 H 27- O- (. C 2 H 4 O) 8- H, C 12 H 25- O- (C 2 H 4 O) 10- H, C 10 H 21 CH (CH 3 ) CH 2- O- (C 2 H 4 O) 9 -H, C 13 H 27 -O- ( C 2 H 4 O) 9 - (CH (CH 3) CH 2 O) -H, C 16 H 33 -O- (C 2 H 4 O) 10 -H, HC (C 5 H 11 ) (C 7 H 15 ) -O- (C 2 H 4 O) 9- H and the like can be mentioned.
- Examples of commercially available products of the compound (polyoxyethylene alkyl ether) represented by the general formula (i) include Genapol X080 (product name, manufactured by Clariant) and Neugen TDS-80 (trade name).
- TDS series manufactured by Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.
- Leocol TD-90 trade name
- Leocol TD series manufactured by Lion
- Lionol registered trademark
- TD series manufactured by Lion
- T-Det A138 examples thereof include the T-Det A series (manufactured by Harcros Chemicals) and the Tergitol (registered trademark) 15-S series (manufactured by Dow Chemicals).
- the nonionic surfactant has an ethoxylate of 2,6,8-trimethyl-4-nonanol having an average of about 4 to about 18 ethylene oxide units, and an average of about 6 to about 12 ethylene oxide units 2, It is also preferable that it is an ethoxylate of 6,8-trimethyl-4-nonanol, or a mixture thereof.
- This type of nonionic surfactant is also commercially available, for example, as TERGITOR TMN-6, TERGITOR TMN-10, and TERGITOR TMN-100X (all product names, manufactured by Dow Chemical Co., Ltd.).
- the hydrophobic group of the nonionic surfactant may be any of an alkylphenol group, a linear alkyl group and a branched alkyl group.
- examples of the polyoxyethylene alkyl phenyl ether-based nonionic compound include the following general formula (ii). R 7- C 6 H 4- O-A 2- H (ii) (In the formula, R 7 is a linear or branched primary or secondary alkyl group having 4 to 12 carbon atoms, and A 2 is a polyoxyalkylene chain.) Can be mentioned.
- Specific examples of the polyoxyethylene alkyl phenyl ether-based nonionic compound include Triton (registered trademark) X-100 (trade name, manufactured by Dow Chemical Co., Ltd.) and the like.
- nonionic surfactant examples include polyol compounds. Specific examples thereof include those described in International Publication No. 2011/014715.
- a typical example of a polyol compound is a compound having one or more sugar units as a polyol unit.
- the sugar unit may be modified to contain at least one long chain.
- Suitable polyol compounds containing at least one long chain moiety include, for example, alkyl glycosides, modified alkyl glycosides, sugar esters, and combinations thereof.
- sugars include, but are not limited to, monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and sorbitan. Examples of monosaccharides include pentose and hexose.
- Typical examples of monosaccharides include ribose, glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, arabinose and xylose.
- Examples of oligosaccharides include 2 to 10 oligomers of the same or different monosaccharides.
- Examples of oligosaccharides include, but are not limited to, saccharose, maltose, lactose, raffinose, and isomaltose.
- a suitable sugar for use as a polyol compound is a five-membered ring of four carbon atoms and one heteroatom (typically oxygen or sulfur, but preferably an oxygen atom).
- examples thereof include a cyclic compound containing, or a cyclic compound containing a six-membered ring of five carbon atoms and one heteroatom as described above, preferably an oxygen atom. They further contain at least 2 or at least 3 hydroxy groups (-OH groups) attached to the carbocyclic atom.
- the sugar is a hydrogen atom of a hydroxy group (and / or a hydroxyalkyl group) attached to a carbocyclic atom such that an ether or ester bond is formed between the long chain residue and the sugar moiety.
- the sugar-based polyol may contain one sugar unit or a plurality of sugar units.
- One sugar unit or a plurality of sugar units may be modified with the long chain portion as described above.
- Specific examples of sugar-based polyol compounds include glycosides, sugar esters, sorbitan esters, and mixtures and combinations thereof.
- Preferred types of polyol compounds are alkyl or modified alkyl glucosides. These types of surfactants contain at least one glucose moiety. (In the formula, x represents 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and R 1 and R 2 independently represent H or a long chain unit containing at least 6 carbon atoms. However, compounds represented by (but at least one of R 1 and R 2 is not H) can be mentioned. Typical examples of R 1 and R 2 include aliphatic alcohol residues.
- fatty alcohols examples include hexanol, heptanol, octanol, nonanol, decanol, undecanol, dodecanol (lauryl alcohol), tetradecanol, hexadecanol (cetyl alcohol), heptadecanol, octadecanol (stearyl alcohol), Eikosanoic acid and combinations thereof can be mentioned.
- the above formula represents a specific example of an alkylpolyglucoside exhibiting a pyranose form of glucose, although other sugars or sugars of the same but different enantiomers or diastereomeric forms may be used. Understood.
- Alkyl glucosides are available, for example, by acid-catalyzed reactions of glucose, starch, or n-butyl glucosides with fatty alcohols, from which a mixture of various alkyl glucosides is typically obtained (Alkylporygylcosine, Rombp). , Lexikon Chemie, Version 2.0, Starch / New York, Georg Timee Verlag, 1999).
- fatty alcohols examples include hexanol, heptanol, octanol, nonanol, decanol, undecanol, dodecanol (lauryl alcohol), tetradecanol, hexadecanol (cetyl alcohol), heptadecanol, octadecanol (stearyl alcohol), Eikosanoic acid and combinations thereof can be mentioned.
- Alkyl glucosides are commercially available under the trade names GLUCOPON or DISPONIL from Cognis GmbH, Dusseldorf, Germany.
- nonionic surfactants include bifunctional block copolymers supplied by BASF as the Pluronic® R series, and tridecyl alcohol alkoxylates supplied by BASF as the Iconol® TDA series. Hydrocarbon-containing siloxane surfactants can be mentioned.
- the nonionic surfactant preferably does not contain an aromatic moiety.
- the production method of the present disclosure preferably includes a step of concentrating the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion that has undergone the step A after the step A.
- concentration method include phase separation concentration, ion exchanger method, membrane concentration and the like.
- the above-mentioned phase separation concentration, ion exchanger method and membrane concentration can be carried out under conventionally known treatment conditions, and are not particularly limited, but are not particularly limited, but are limited to International Publication No. 2004/050719 Pamphlet, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-532583 It can be carried out by the method described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 55-20630.
- phase separation concentration is preferable.
- Phase separation and concentration are usually carried out by adding a nonionic surfactant.
- the production method of the present disclosure preferably further includes a step C of adding a nonionic surfactant to the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion that has undergone the step A to separate and concentrate the phase.
- the aqueous dispersion to which the nonionic surfactant is added is heated to separate the fluoropolymer-free phase (supernatant phase) and the fluoropolymer-containing phase (concentrated phase). This can be done by removing the fluoropolymer-free phase and recovering the fluoropolymer-containing phase.
- phase separation and concentration may be carried out by allowing the nonionic surfactant to be used to stand at a temperature 10 ° C. lower than the cloud point. Further, the phase separation and concentration may be carried out by allowing to stand at a temperature 10 ° C. higher than the cloud point.
- the nonionic surfactant described in the step of adding the nonionic surfactant to the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion, which is carried out before the step B described above, can be used. ..
- the nonionic surfactant preferably does not contain an aromatic moiety.
- the amount of the nonionic surfactant added is not limited, but is preferably 50% by mass or less, more preferably 20% by mass or less, still more preferably 20% by mass or less, based on 100% by mass of the fluoropolymer. Can be added in an amount of 15% by weight or less. If the amount to be added is within the above range, for example, it can be added in an amount of 0.1% by mass or more with respect to 100% by mass of the fluoropolymer.
- step C is performed twice or more. It is more preferable that step C is performed three times or more.
- the upper limit of the number of times is not limited, but may be 10 times or less, for example.
- step C is performed twice or more, the phase separation and concentration in the first step C is carried out by heating at a temperature 5 ° C. lower than the cloud point of the nonionic surfactant and then allowing it to stand, and then the phase is separated from the supernatant. It is preferably separated into a concentrated phase.
- the heating temperature is more preferably 3 ° C. lower than the cloud point, more preferably above the cloud point, and particularly preferably above the cloud point.
- the phase separation and concentration in the second or subsequent step C is performed by heating at a temperature 5 ° C. lower than the cloud point of the nonionic surfactant and then allowing it to stand to separate into a supernatant phase and a concentrated phase. It is preferable that it is a thing.
- the heating temperature is more preferably 3 ° C. lower than the cloud point, and particularly preferably heating to the cloud point.
- the following fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion can be efficiently removed from the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion to obtain a purified fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion in which the amount of the following fluoropolymer is reduced.
- the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion to be subjected to the treatment preferably contains a fluoropolymer compound represented by the following general formula (1) or (2).
- P is 1 or 2.
- Q is 1 or 2.
- the metal atom include monovalent and divalent metal atoms, and examples thereof include alkali metals (Group 1) and alkaline earth metals (Group 2), and specific examples thereof include Na, K, and Li. To. As the above R 5 , the four R 5s may be the same or different.
- R 5 may be H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and may be H or an organic group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Further, in one embodiment, it is an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Defined above can be applied to all R 5 as described below.
- m may be 5 to 11.
- n may be 6 to 12.
- the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion may contain a fluorine-containing compound represented by the general formula (1) and may not contain a fluorine-containing compound represented by the general formula (2), or may be a general formula (1). It does not contain the fluorinated compound shown, but may contain the fluorinated compound represented by the general formula (2), or the fluorinated compound represented by the general formula (1) and the fluorinated compound represented by the general formula (2). It may contain both fluorine-containing compounds. Further, it may contain two or more kinds of fluorine-containing compounds included in the general formula (1), and may contain two or more kinds of fluorine-containing compounds included in the general formula (2).
- the fluorine-containing compound represented by the general formula (1) and the compound represented by the general formula (2) may contain at least one kind, and may contain two or more kinds or three or more kinds. However, 4 or more types may be included.
- the fluorine-containing compounds in which n is 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 and 19 are included, and n is 4, 6, 8, 10 , 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 may be a mode containing no fluorine-containing compound, or n is 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20. May be a mode that does not contain a fluorine-containing compound in which n is 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 and 19, or includes all of a fluorine-containing compound in which n is 4 to 20. It may be an embodiment.
- the concentration of the fluoropolymer-containing compound represented by the general formula (1) or (2) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion to be treated is not particularly limited, and the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion having an arbitrary concentration.
- the liquid can be processed.
- the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion to be treated may have a total content of the compounds represented by the above general formulas (1) and (2) of more than 1 ppm and 2 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 5 ppm or more, 10 ppm or more, and 50 ppm or more.
- the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (1) or (2) in the aqueous dispersion of the fluoropolymer is a certain level or more as described above.
- the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion to be treated may have a total content of the fluoropolymer compounds represented by the general formulas (1) and (2) of 30,000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer, and is 10,000 ppm or less. It may be 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, 1000 ppm or less, 500 ppm or less, and 200 ppm or less.
- the total amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the total content is the sum of the contents of all the fluorine-containing compounds included in the general formula (1) and the contents of all the fluorine-containing compounds included in the general formula (2).
- the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion obtained by the polymerization of the fluoropolymer may be used as it is, or the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion produced by the polymerization of the fluoropolymer is diluted or concentrated to be generally used.
- the total amount of the fluoropolymers represented by the formulas (1) and (2) may be within the above range.
- ppm means a value obtained in terms of mass unless otherwise specified.
- Each of the amounts may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, and more than 1 ppm with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 5 ppm or more, and may be 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (1) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the at least one amount may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, 1000 ppm or less, 500 ppm or less, and 200 ppm, respectively, with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be: When the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 3 in the general formula (1) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (1) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 3 in the general formula (1) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 4 in the general formula (1) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (1) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 4 in the general formula (1) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 5 in the general formula (1) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (1) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 5 in the general formula (1) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 6 in the general formula (1) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (1) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 6 in the general formula (1) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 7 in the general formula (1) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (1) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 7 in the general formula (1) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 8 in the general formula (1) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (1) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 8 in the general formula (1) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 9 in the general formula (1) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (1) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 9 in the general formula (1) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 10 in the general formula (1) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (1) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 10 in the general formula (1) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less. When the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 11 in the general formula (1) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (1) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 11 in the general formula (1) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 12 in the general formula (1) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (1) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 12 in the general formula (1) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 13 in the general formula (1) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (1) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 13 in the general formula (1) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 14 in the general formula (1) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (1) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 14 in the general formula (1) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 15 in the general formula (1) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (1) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 15 in the general formula (1) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 16 in the general formula (1) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (1) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 16 in the general formula (1) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 17 in the general formula (1) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (1) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 17 in the general formula (1) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 18 in the general formula (1) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (1) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 18 in the general formula (1) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 19 in the general formula (1) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (1) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having m of 19 in the general formula (1) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- At least one of the fluoropolymers in which n in the general formula (2) is 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, 0.5 ppm or more, 1 ppm or more, and 5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (2) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above. Further, a fluoropolymer having n in the general formula (2) of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20.
- the at least one amount may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, further 1000 ppm or less, 500 ppm or less, and 200 ppm or less, respectively, with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be there.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 4 in the general formula (2) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (2) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 4 in the general formula (2) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 5 in the general formula (2) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (2) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 5 in the general formula (2) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 6 in the general formula (2) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (2) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 6 in the general formula (2) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 7 in the general formula (2) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (2) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 7 in the general formula (2) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 8 in the general formula (2) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (2) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 8 in the general formula (2) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less. When the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 9 in the general formula (2) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (2) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 9 in the general formula (2) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 10 in the general formula (2) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (2) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 10 in the general formula (2) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 11 in the general formula (2) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (2) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 11 in the general formula (2) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 12 in the general formula (2) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (2) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 12 in the general formula (2) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less. When the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 13 in the general formula (2) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (2) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 13 in the general formula (2) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 14 in the general formula (2) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (2) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 14 in the general formula (2) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 15 in the general formula (2) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (2) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 15 in the general formula (2) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 16 in the general formula (2) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (2) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 16 in the general formula (2) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 17 in the general formula (2) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (2) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 17 in the general formula (2) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 18 in the general formula (2) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (2) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 18 in the general formula (2) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 19 in the general formula (2) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (2) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 19 in the general formula (2) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 20 in the general formula (2) may be 0.01 ppm or more, 0.1 ppm or more, or 0.5 ppm or more with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 1 ppm or more, 5 ppm or more, and 10 ppm or more. Higher removal efficiency is exhibited when the concentration of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (2) in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is above a certain level as described above.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer having n of 20 in the general formula (2) may be 10,000 ppm or less, 5000 ppm or less, 2000 ppm or less, and 1000 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer. It may be 500 ppm or less, and may be 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the fluoropolymer-containing compound in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is in the above range, the removal efficiency can be further improved.
- the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion preferably contains at least a fluoropolymer having an m of 7 or more in the general formula (1) or a fluoropolymer having an n of 8 or more in the general formula (2).
- the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion preferably contains a fluorine-containing compound having m of 9 or more in the general formula (1) or a fluorine-containing compound having n of 10 or more in the general formula (2), and the general formula (1). It is more preferable to contain a fluoropolymer having m of 11 or more or a fluoropolymer having n of the general formula (2) of 12 or more.
- the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion preferably contains the compound represented by the general formula (1).
- the production method of the present disclosure is particularly effective when it contains a compound represented by the general formula (1).
- it is effective when it contains a fluorine-containing compound having m of 7 or more, more preferably a fluorine-containing compound having m of 9 or more, and further preferably a fluorine-containing compound having m of 11 or more in the general formula (1).
- the fluoropolymer has a concentration of 10 to 90% by mass of the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion.
- the preferable lower limit of the concentration of the fluoropolymer is 15% by mass, the more preferable lower limit is 20% by mass, the preferable upper limit is 80% by mass, and the more preferable upper limit is 70% by mass.
- the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion usually contains an aqueous medium such as water.
- aqueous medium refers to water and water and organic solvents soluble in water (eg, methanol, ethanol, alcohols such as propanol, esters such as methyl acetate, ketones such as acetone, dimethyl ether and the like. It means a mixed medium containing (ether, etc.).
- the pH of the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion may be, for example, 1.5 to 13.5, and may be 2 to 13, and is not particularly limited.
- the pH of the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion in the steps A and B may be 2 to 12, and may be 2 to 11.
- Examples of the method for adjusting the pH of the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion include a method for adjusting the pH by adding an acid or an alkali before the steps A and B.
- the pH of the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion in step B may be acidic, and the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion provided in step A may be alkaline.
- the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion containing the fluoropolymer compound represented by the general formula (1) or the general formula (2) can be obtained by polymerizing with a hydrocarbon-based surfactant.
- the above fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion was obtained by using a hydrocarbon-based surfactant. More specifically, the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is preferably obtained by polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a hydrocarbon-based surfactant.
- the production method of the present disclosure further preferably includes a step of polymerizing a fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a hydrocarbon-based surfactant to obtain a fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion.
- the fluoromonomer preferably has at least one double bond.
- the fluoromonomer include tetrafluoroethylene [TFE], hexafluoropropylene [HFP], chlorotrifluoroethylene [CTFE], vinyl fluoride, vinylidene fluoride [VDF], trifluoroethylene, fluoroalkyl vinyl ether, and fluoroalkylethylene.
- a fluoromonomer represented by General formula (120): CF 2 CF-OCH 2- Rf 121 (In the formula, Rf 121 is a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms).
- CF 2 CFOCF 2 ORf 131
- Rf 131 is a linear or branched perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a cyclic perfluoroalkyl group having 5 to 6 carbon atoms, and 2 to 6 carbon atoms containing 1 to 3 oxygen atoms. It is a linear or branched perfluorooxyalkyl group of.).
- General formula (140): CF 2 CFO (CF 2 CF (Y 141 ) O) m (CF 2 ) n F (In the formula, Y 141 represents a fluorine atom or a trifluoromethyl group.
- M is an integer of 1 to 4.
- n is an integer of 1 to 4.
- CF 2 CF-O- (CF 2 CFY 151- O) n- (CFY 152 ) m- A 151
- Y 151 represents a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a -SO 2 F group or a perfluoroalkyl group.
- the perfluoroalkyl group may contain etheric oxygen and a -SO 2 F group. , 0 to 3.
- n Y 151 may be the same or different.
- Y 152 represents a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom or a -SO 2 F group. M is.
- Y 152 represents an integer of 1 to 5 may be different or may be the same .
- a 151 represents the -SO 2 X 151, -COZ 151 or -POZ 152 Z 153.
- X 151 represents F, Cl, Br, I, -OR 151 or -NR 152 R 153 ;
- Z 151 , Z 152 and Z 153 represent the same or different, -NR 154 R 155 or -OR 156 .
- R 151 , R 152 , R 153 , R 154 , R 155 and R 156 represent alkyl, aryl, or sulfonyl-containing groups that may contain H, ammonium, alkali metal, or fluorine atoms, which may be identical or different. It is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of fluoromonomers represented by.).
- perfluoroorganic group means an organic group in which all hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms.
- the perfluoroorganic group may have ether oxygen.
- Examples of the fluoromonomer represented by the general formula (110) include a fluoromonomer in which Rf 111 is a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- the number of carbon atoms of the perfluoroalkyl group is preferably 1 to 5.
- Examples of the perfluoroorganic group in the general formula (110) include a perfluoromethyl group, a perfluoroethyl group, a perfluoropropyl group, a perfluorobutyl group, a perfluoropentyl group, a perfluorohexyl group and the like.
- Rf 111 is a perfluoro (alkoxyalkyl) group having 4 to 9 carbon atoms, and Rf 111 is the following formula:
- Rf 111 is the following formula:
- n an integer of 1 to 4.
- CF 2 CF-ORf 161
- Rf 161 represents a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- a fluoromonomer represented by is preferable.
- Rf 161 is preferably a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
- the fluoroalkyl vinyl ether is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of fluoromonomers represented by the general formulas (160), (130) and (140).
- the fluoromonomer represented by the general formula (160) at least one selected from the group consisting of perfluoro (methyl vinyl ether), perfluoro (ethyl vinyl ether), and perfluoro (propyl vinyl ether) is preferable. At least one selected from the group consisting of fluoro (methyl vinyl ether) and perfluoro (propyl vinyl ether) is more preferable.
- CF 2 CFOCF 2 CF (CF 3 ) O (CF 2 ) 3 F
- CF 2 CFO (CF 2 CF (CF 3 ) O) 2 (CF 2 ) ) 3 F
- CF 2 CFO (CF 2 CF (CF 3 ) O) 2 (CF 2 )
- CF 2 CFOCF 2 CF 2 SO 2 F
- CF 2 CFOCF 2 CF (CF 3 ) OCF 2 CF 2 SO 2 F
- CF 2 CFOCF 2 CF ( CF 2 CF 2 SO 2 F) OCF 2 CF 2 SO 2 F
- CF 2 CFOCF 2 CF (SO 2 F) 2
- At least one selected from the group is preferable.
- CH 2 CFCF 2 CF 2 CF 2 CF 3
- CH 2 CFCF 3 is 2, 3 , 3 , 3-Tetrafluoropropylene is preferred.
- fluoroalkylallyl ether examples include, for example.
- General formula (180): CF 2 CF-CF 2- ORf 111 (In the formula, Rf 111 represents a perfluoroorganic group).
- Rf 111 of the general formula (180) is the same as Rf 111 of the general formula (110).
- Rf 111 a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a perfluoroalkoxyalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms is preferable.
- the general formula (230) (In the formula, X 231 and X 232 are independently F, Cl, methoxy groups or fluorinated methoxy groups, and Y 231 is of formula Y 232 or formula Y 233 .
- Z 231 and Z 232 are independently F or a fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.)
- Fluorinated vinyl heterocyclic bodies are mentioned.
- CX 181 2 CX 182- R f 181 CHR 181 X 183
- X 181 and X 182 are independently hydrogen atoms, fluorine atoms or CH 3
- R f 181 are fluoroalkylene groups, perfluoroalkylene groups, fluoro (poly) oxyalkylene groups or perfluoro (poly).
- An oxyalkylene group, R 181 is a hydrogen atom or CH 3
- X 183 is a fluoromonomer represented by an iodine atom or a bromine atom.
- CX 191 2 CX 192- R f 191 X 193
- X 191 and X 192 are independent hydrogen atoms, fluorine atoms or CH 3
- R f 191 is a fluoroalkylene group, a perfluoroalkylene group, a fluoropolyoxyalkylene group or a perfluoropolyoxyalkylene group.
- X 193 is a fluoromonomer represented by an iodine atom or a bromine atom.
- CF 2 CFO (CF 2 CF (CF 3 ) O) m (CF 2 ) n- X 201
- m is an integer of 0 to 5
- n is an integer of 1 to 3
- X 201 is a cyano group, a carboxyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an iodine atom, a bromine atom, or -CH 2 I.
- Fluoromonomono represented by and General formula (210): CH 2 CFCF 2 O (CF (CF 3 ) CF 2 O) m (CF (CF 3 )) n- X 211
- m is an integer of 0 to 5
- n is an integer of 1 to 3
- X 211 is a cyano group, a carboxyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an iodine atom, a bromine atom, or -CH 2 OH.
- Z 221 is linear or branched.
- P is 0 or 1.
- M / n is 0.2 to 5.
- the molecular weight is 500 to 10000 (par). It is a fluoropolyoxyalkylene group.
- X 183 and X 193 are iodine atoms.
- R f 181 and R f 191 are preferably perfluoroalkylene groups having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
- R181 is preferably a hydrogen atom.
- X 201 is preferably a cyano group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an iodine atom, a bromine atom, or -CH 2 I.
- X 211 is preferably a cyano group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an iodine atom, a bromine atom, or -CH 2 OH.
- CF 2 CFOCF 2 CF (CF 3 ) OCF 2 CF 2 CN
- CF 2 CFOCF 2 CF (CF 3 ) OCF 2 CF 2 COOH
- CF 2 CFOCF 2 CF (CF 3 ) OCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 I
- CF 2 CFOCF 2 CF 2 CH 2 I
- CH 2 CFCF 2 OCF (CF 3 ) CF 2 OCF (CF 3 ) CN
- CH 2 CFCF 2 OCF (CF 3 ) CF 2 OCF (CF 3 ) COOH
- CH 2 CFCF 2 OCF (CF 3 ) CF 2 OCF (CF 3 ) CH 2 OH
- CH 2 CHCF 2 CF 2 I
- CF 2 CFO (CF 2 ) 5
- the above fluoromonomer and the fluorine-free monomer may be polymerized.
- the fluorine-free monomer include hydrocarbon-based monomers having reactivity with the fluoromonomer.
- hydrocarbon-based monomer include alkenes such as ethylene, propylene, butylene and isobutylene; alkyl vinyl ethers such as ethyl vinyl ether, propyl vinyl ether, butyl vinyl ether, isobutyl vinyl ether and cyclohexyl vinyl ether; vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, n.
- the fluorine-free monomer may also be a functional group-containing hydrocarbon-based monomer (excluding the monomer that provides a cross-linking site).
- the functional group-containing hydrocarbon monomer include hydroxyalkyl vinyl ethers such as hydroxyethyl vinyl ether, hydroxypropyl vinyl ether, hydroxybutyl vinyl ether, hydroxyisobutyl vinyl ether and hydroxycyclohexyl vinyl ether; itaconic acid, succinic acid, succinic anhydride and fumar.
- Fluoro-free monomer having a carboxyl group such as acid, fumaric anhydride, crotonic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, perfluorobuteneic acid; fluorine-free monomer having a glycidyl group such as glycidyl vinyl ether and glycidyl allyl ether; aminoalkyl Fluorine-free monomers having an amino group such as vinyl ether and aminoalkylallyl ether; fluorine-free monomers having an amide group such as (meth) acrylamide and methylol acrylamide can be mentioned.
- an aqueous dispersion containing particles of a desired fluoropolymer (fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion) can be obtained by polymerizing one or more of the above fluoromonomers.
- the polymerization is also preferably carried out in the presence of a nonionic surfactant.
- a nonionic surfactant General formula (240): Rf 241- (X 241 ) n- Y 241 (In the formula, Rf 241 is a partially fluorinated alkyl group or a fully fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, n is 0 or 1, and X 241 is -O-, -COO- or-.
- Y 241 is-(CH 2 ) p H,-(CH 2 ) p OH or-(OR 241 ) q (OR 242 ) r OH
- p is an integer of 1-12
- r is an integer of 0 to 12
- R 241 and R 242 are alkylene groups having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, except that R 241 and R 242 are different from each other.
- Block polymer represented by, A nonionic polymer having a hydrophobic group consisting of a hydrocarbon group having 8 to 20 carbon atoms and a hydrophilic group consisting of a polyalkylene oxide in the molecule, and General formula (260): R 261 m -Si- (OR 262 ) 4-m (In the formula, R 261 is an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, R 262 is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and m is an integer of 1 to 3). Silicon compound, At least one selected from the group consisting of is preferable.
- block polymer represented by the general formula (250) include a block polymer consisting of at least two segments selected from the group of polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene, and polyoxybutylene. .. Among them, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block polymer and polyoxyethylene-polyoxybutylene block polymer are exemplified, and not only AB type but also ABA type block polymer is preferably exemplified. More preferably, by using a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block polymer or a polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block polymer, a highly concentrated and stable fluoropolymer dispersion can be prepared.
- the content of the polyoxyethylene segment is 10 to 50%, the generation of agglomerates which is considered to be due to re-aggregation is small, which is preferable. It is preferable because the liquid can be prepared.
- the molecular weight is not particularly limited, but may be 1000 to 7000 g / mol, and a dispersion having a low viscosity and excellent dispersibility can be prepared particularly at 2500 to 6500 g / mol.
- a nucleating agent may be used in the above polymerization.
- the preferable amount of the nucleating agent can be appropriately selected depending on the type of the nucleating agent. For example, the amount is 1000 ppm or less, the more preferable amount is 500 ppm or less, and the more preferable amount is 100 ppm or less with respect to the aqueous medium. Yes, a particularly preferable amount is 50 ppm or less, and a particularly preferable amount is 10 ppm or less.
- a fluoropolymer having a smaller primary particle size can be obtained as compared with the case where the polymerization is carried out in the absence of the nucleating agent.
- nucleating agent examples include dicarboxylic acid, perfluoropolyether (PFPE) acid or a salt thereof, and a hydrocarbon-based surfactant.
- PFPE perfluoropolyether
- the nucleating agent preferably does not contain an aromatic ring, and is preferably an aliphatic compound.
- the nucleating agent is preferably added before the addition of the polymerization initiator or at the same time as the addition of the polymerization initiator, but the particle size distribution can also be adjusted by adding the nucleating agent during the polymerization.
- the preferable amount of the dicarboxylic acid is 1000 ppm or less, the more preferable amount is 500 ppm or less, and the more preferable amount is 100 ppm or less with respect to the aqueous medium.
- the perfluoropolyether (PFPE) acid or salt thereof may have an arbitrary chain structure in which oxygen atoms in the main chain of the molecule are separated by a saturated fluorocarbon group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. ..
- PFPE perfluoropolyether
- two or more types of fluorocarbon groups may be present in the molecule.
- a typical structure has a repeating unit expressed by the following equation: (-CFCF 3- CF 2- O-) n (VII) (-CF 2- CF 2- CF 2- O-) n (VIII) (-CF 2 -CF 2 -O-) n - (- CF 2 -O-) m (IX) (-CF 2 -CFCF 3 -O-) n - (- CF 2 -O-) m (X)
- the PFPE acid or salt thereof may have a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof at one end or both ends.
- the PFPE acid or a salt thereof may also have a sulfonic acid, a phosphonic acid group or a salt thereof at one end or both ends.
- the PFPE acid or a salt thereof may have a different group at each terminal.
- the other end of the molecule is usually hyperfluorinated but may contain hydrogen or chlorine atoms.
- the PFPE acid or salt thereof has at least two ether oxygens, preferably at least four ether oxygens, and even more preferably at least six ether oxygens.
- at least one of the fluorocarbon groups separating the ether oxygen more preferably at least two of such fluorocarbon groups, has two or three carbon atoms. Even more preferably, at least 50% of the fluorocarbon groups that separate the ether oxygen have 2 or 3 carbon atoms.
- the PFPE acid or a salt thereof has at least 15 carbon atoms in total, and for example, the preferable minimum value of n or n + m in the repeating unit structure is at least 5.
- the PFPE acid or salt thereof preferably has a number average molecular weight of less than 6000 g / mol.
- the amount of the hydrocarbon-based surfactant used as the nucleating agent is preferably 40 ppm or less, more preferably 30 ppm or less, still more preferably 20 ppm or less with respect to the aqueous medium. It is presumed that the amount of ppm of the lipophilic nucleation site present in the aqueous medium is smaller than the amount of addition. Therefore, the amount of the lipophilic nucleation site is smaller than the above 50 ppm, 40 ppm, 30 ppm, and 20 ppm, respectively. Since the lipophilic nucleation site is considered to exist as a molecule, even a very small amount of the hydrocarbon-containing surfactant can generate a large amount of lipophilic nucleation site. Therefore, even if the above hydrocarbon-containing surfactant is added to the aqueous medium at about 1 ppm, a beneficial effect can be obtained.
- the preferred lower limit is 0.01 ppm, more preferably 0.1 ppm.
- hydrocarbon-based surfactants are disclosed in US Pat. No. 7,897,682 (Brothers et al.) And US Pat. No. 7,977,438 (Brothers et al.).
- Nonionic surfactants and cationic surfactants, including siloxane surfactants such as the above.
- a nonionic surfactant is preferable. That is, as the nucleating agent, a nonionic surfactant is preferable.
- the nonionic surfactant may not contain an aromatic moiety.
- the nonionic surfactant the nonionic surfactant described in the step of adding the nonionic surfactant to the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion, which is carried out before the step B described above, can be used. ..
- an additive in addition to the hydrocarbon-based surfactant and other compounds having a surface-active ability to be used as desired, an additive can be used to stabilize each compound.
- the additive include a buffer, a pH adjuster, a stabilizing aid, a dispersion stabilizer and the like.
- paraffin wax paraffin wax, fluorine-based oil, fluorine-based solvent, silicone oil and the like are preferable.
- the stabilizing aid may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Paraffin wax is more preferable as the stabilizing aid.
- the paraffin wax may be liquid, semi-solid, or solid at room temperature, but saturated hydrocarbons having 12 or more carbon atoms are preferable.
- the melting point of the paraffin wax is usually preferably 40 to 65 ° C, more preferably 50 to 65 ° C.
- the amount of the stabilizing aid used is preferably 0.1 to 12% by mass, more preferably 0.1 to 8% by mass, based on the mass of the aqueous medium used. It is desirable that the stabilizing aid is sufficiently hydrophobic and is completely separated from the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion such as PTFE aqueous emulsion after emulsion polymerization of the fluoromonomer such as TFE so as not to become a contamination component.
- an aqueous medium, a hydrocarbon-based surfactant, a monomer and, if necessary, other additives are charged into the polymerization reactor, the contents of the reactor are stirred, and the reactor is brought to a predetermined polymerization temperature. It is carried out by retaining, and then adding a predetermined amount of a polymerization initiator to initiate the polymerization reaction. After the start of the polymerization reaction, a monomer, a polymerization initiator, a chain transfer agent, a hydrocarbon-based surfactant, or the like may be additionally added depending on the purpose. A hydrocarbon-based surfactant may be added after the polymerization reaction has started.
- the polymerization temperature is usually 5 to 120 ° C., and the polymerization pressure is 0.05 to 10 MPaG.
- the polymerization temperature and polymerization pressure are appropriately determined by the type of monomer used, the molecular weight of the target fluoropolymer, and the reaction rate.
- the polymerization temperature is more preferably 30 ° C. or higher, and even more preferably 50 ° C. or higher.
- 120 ° C. or lower is more preferable, and 100 ° C. or lower is further preferable.
- the polymerization pressure is more preferably 0.3 MPaG or more, further preferably 0.5 MPaG or more, still more preferably 5.0 MPaG or less, still more preferably 3.0 MPaG or less.
- 1.0 MPaG or more is preferable, 1.2 MPaG or more is more preferable, 1.5 MPaG or more is further preferable, and 2.0 MPaG or more is particularly preferable.
- the total amount of the hydrocarbon-based surfactant added is preferably 0.0001 to 10% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of the aqueous medium.
- a more preferable lower limit is 0.001% by mass, and a more preferable upper limit is 1% by mass. If it is less than 0.0001% by mass, the dispersion force may be insufficient, and if it exceeds 10% by mass, the effect corresponding to the addition amount may not be obtained, and the polymerization rate may be lowered or the reaction may be stopped. There is.
- the amount of the compound added is appropriately determined depending on the type of monomer used, the molecular weight of the target fluoropolymer, and the like.
- the fluoromonomer is polymerized substantially in the absence of a fluorine-containing surfactant.
- substantially in the absence of a fluorine-containing surfactant means that the amount of the fluorine-containing surfactant is 10 ppm or less, preferably 1 ppm or less, and more. It is preferably 100 ppb or less, more preferably 10 ppb or less, and even more preferably 1 ppb or less.
- fluorine-containing surfactant examples include anionic fluorine-containing surfactants.
- the anionic fluorine-containing surfactant may be, for example, a surfactant containing a fluorine atom having a total carbon number of 20 or less in a portion excluding the anionic group.
- the fluorine-containing surfactant may also be a fluorine-containing surfactant having an anionic portion having a molecular weight of 800 or less.
- the "anionic portion” means a portion of the fluorine-containing surfactant excluding the cation. For example, in the case of F (CF 2) n1 COOM of formula (I) to be described later, a part of the "F (CF 2) n1 COO".
- Examples of the fluorine-containing surfactant include a fluorine-containing surfactant having a Log POW of 3.5 or less.
- the LogPOW is the partition coefficient between 1-octanol and water.
- P is the octanol when the octanol / water (1: 1) mixture containing the fluorine-containing interface active agent is phase-separated. Represents the fluorine-containing surfactant concentration / water-containing fluorine-containing surfactant concentration ratio].
- X n0- Rf n0- Y 0 (N 0 ) As the anionic fluorine-containing surfactant, the following general formula (N 0 ): X n0- Rf n0- Y 0 (N 0 ) (In the formula, X n0 is H, Cl or F. Rf n0 has 3 to 20 carbon atoms and is chain, branched or cyclic, with some or all of H substituted by F. The alkylene group may contain one or more ether bonds, and a part of H may be substituted with Cl. Y 0 is an anionic group). Can be mentioned. Anionic group Y 0 is, -COOM, -SO 2 M, or may be a -SO 3 M, -COOM, or may be a -SO 3 M.
- M is, H, a metal atom, NR 7 4, which may imidazolium substituted, a good phosphonium also have a pyridinium which may have a substituent or substituents, R 7 Is H or an organic group.
- the metal atom include alkali metals (Group 1), alkaline earth metals (Group 2), and the like, and examples thereof include Na, K, and Li.
- the R 7 may be an organic group of H or C 1-10 , an organic group of H or C 1-4 , or an alkyl group of H or C 1-4 .
- M is, H, may be a metal atom or NR 7 4, H, an alkali metal (Group 1), alkaline earth metal (Group 2) or NR 7 may be 4, H, Na, K, Li or It may be NH 4 .
- the Rf n0 may be such that 50% or more of H is replaced with fluorine.
- N 0 As a compound represented by the above general formula (N 0 ), The following general formula (N 1 ): X n0- (CF 2 ) m1- Y 0 (N 1 ) (In the formula, X n0 is H, Cl and F, m1 is an integer of 3 to 15, and Y 0 is the one defined above.) The compound represented by the following general formula (N 2).
- Rf n1 is a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms
- m2 is an integer of 0 to 3
- X n1 is F or CF 3
- Y 0 is defined above.
- Rf n2 (CH 2 ) m3- (Rf n3 ) q- Y 0 (N 3 )
- Rf n2 is a partially or fully fluorinated alkyl group which may contain an ether bond having 1 to 13 carbon atoms
- m3 is an integer of 1 to 3
- Rf n3 is linear.
- it is a branched perfluoroalkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms
- q is 0 or 1
- Y 0 is the one defined above.
- N 4 The compound represented by the above general formula (N 4 ).
- Rf n4 is a linear or branched chain moiety or a fully fluorinated alkyl group that may contain an ether bond having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and Y n1 and Y n2 are the same or different.
- N 5 is the general formula (N 5 ) :.
- X n2 , X n3 and X n4 may be the same or different, and may contain an ether bond of H, F, or 1 to 6 carbon atoms, which is a linear or branched chain portion or complete. It is a fluorinated alkyl group.
- Rf n5 is a linear or branched chain moiety or a fully fluorinated alkylene group that may contain an ether bond having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and L is a linking group.
- Y 0 is as defined above. However, the total carbon number of X n2 , X n3 , X n4 and Rf n5 is 18 or less).
- Perfluorocarboxylic acid (II) perfluoropolyether carboxylic acid (III) represented by the following general formula (III), perfluoroalkylalkylene carboxylic acid (IV) represented by the following general formula (IV), the following general Perfluoroalkoxyfluorocarboxylic acid (V) represented by the formula (V), perfluoroalkylsulfonic acid (VI) represented by the following general formula (VI), ⁇ -H represented by the following general formula (VII).
- the perfluorocarboxylic acid (I) has the following general formula (I).
- F (CF 2 ) n1 COM (I) (Wherein, n1 is 3 is an integer of ⁇ 14, M is H, a metal atom, NR 7 4, which may imidazolium substituted, pyridinium which may have a substituent or It is a phosphonium which may have a substituent, and R 7 is represented by H or an organic group).
- ⁇ -H perfluorocarboxylic acid (II) has the following general formula (II).
- H (CF 2 ) n2 COMM (II) (In the formula, n2 is an integer of 4 to 15, and M is the one defined above.).
- the perfluoropolyether carboxylic acid (III) has the following general formula (III).
- Rf 1 is a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms
- n3 is an integer of 0 to 3
- M is the one defined above.
- the perfluoroalkylalkylenecarboxylic acid (IV) is represented by the following general formula (IV).
- Rf 2 (CH 2 ) n4 Rf 3 COM (IV) (In the formula, Rf 2 is a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, Rf 3 is a linear or branched perfluoroalkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and n4 is a perfluoroalkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. It is an integer, and M is as defined above.).
- the alkoxyfluorocarboxylic acid (V) has the following general formula (V).
- Rf 4- O-CY 1 Y 2 CF 2- COMM (V) (In the formula, Rf 4 is a linear or branched chain moiety or a fully fluorinated alkyl group that may contain an ether bond having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and Y 1 and Y 2 are the same or different. , H or F, where M is as defined above).
- the perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid (VI) has the following general formula (VI). F (CF 2 ) n5 SO 3 M (VI) (In the formula, n5 is an integer of 3 to 14, and M is the one defined above.).
- ⁇ -H perfluorosulfonic acid has the following general formula (VII).
- H (CF 2 ) n6 SO 3 M (VII) (In the formula, n6 is an integer of 4 to 14, and M is the one defined above.).
- the perfluoroalkylalkylene sulfonic acid (VIII) has the following general formula (VIII).
- Rf 5 (CH 2 ) n7 SO 3 M (VIII) (In the formula, Rf 5 is a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 13 carbon atoms, n7 is an integer of 1 to 3, and M is the one defined above.) ..
- the alkylalkylene carboxylic acid (IX) has the following general formula (IX).
- Rf 6 (CH 2 ) n8 COM (IX) (In the formula, Rf 6 is a linear or branched chain moiety or a fully fluorinated alkyl group that may contain an ether bond having 1 to 13 carbon atoms, and n8 is an integer of 1 to 3. M is as defined above).
- the fluorocarboxylic acid (X) has the following general formula (X).
- Rf 7- O-Rf 8- O-CF 2- COM (X) (In the formula, Rf 7 is a linear or branched chain moiety or a fully fluorinated alkyl group that may contain an ether bond having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and Rf 8 is an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. It is a linear or branched chain moiety or a fully fluorinated alkyl group, where M is as defined above).
- the above alkoxyfluorosulfonic acid (XI) has the following general formula (XI).
- Rf 9- O-CY 1 Y 2 CF 2- SO 3 M (XI) (In the formula, Rf 9 is a partially or fully fluorinated alkyl group that is linear or branched and may contain chlorine and may contain ether bonds of 1-12 carbon atoms, Y. 1 and Y 2 are the same or different, H or F, and M is the one defined above).
- the compound (XII) has the following general formula (XII):
- X 1 , X 2 and X 3 may be the same or different and may contain H, F and ether bonds of 1 to 6 carbon atoms in a linear or branched chain moiety or fully fluorinated. It is an alkyl group, Rf 10 is a perfluoroalkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, L is a linking group, and Y 0 is an anionic group. ).
- Y 0 may be -COOM, -SO 2 M, or -SO 3 M, and may be -SO 3 M, or COM (in the formula, M is as defined above).
- Examples of L include a single bond, a moiety capable of containing an ether bond having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a completely fluorinated alkylene group.
- the compound (XIII) has the following general formula (XIII): Rf 11- O- (CF 2 CF (CF 3 ) O) n9 (CF 2 O) n10 CF 2 COM (XIII) (In the formula, Rf 11 is a fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms containing chlorine, n9 is an integer of 0 to 3, n10 is an integer of 0 to 3, and M is the above definition. It is represented by). As the compound (XIII), CF 2 ClO (CF 2 CF (CF 3 ) O) n9 (CF 2 O) n10 CF 2 COONH 4 (mixture having an average molecular weight of 750, in the formula, n9 and n10 are defined above. There is.).
- examples of the anionic fluorine-containing surfactant include a carboxylic acid-based surfactant and a sulfonic acid-based surfactant.
- the polymerization initiator is not particularly limited as long as it can generate radicals in the above polymerization temperature range, and known oil-soluble and / or water-soluble polymerization initiators can be used. Further, the polymerization can be started as a redox in combination with a reducing agent or the like. The concentration of the polymerization initiator is appropriately determined depending on the type of monomer, the molecular weight of the target fluoropolymer, and the reaction rate.
- an oil-soluble radical polymerization initiator or a water-soluble radical polymerization initiator can be used as the polymerization initiator.
- the oil-soluble radical polymerization initiator may be a known oil-soluble peroxide, for example, dialkyl peroxy carbonates such as diisopropyl peroxy dicarbonate and disec-butyl peroxy dicarbonate, and t-butyl peroxy.
- Peroxyesters such as isobutyrate and t-butylperoxypivalate, dialkyl peroxides such as di-butyl peroxide, and di ( ⁇ -hydro-dodecafluorohexanoyl) peroxides and di ( ⁇ -Hydro-TetradecafluoroHeptanoyl) Peroxide, Di ( ⁇ -Hydro-Hexadecafluorononanoyl) Peroxide, Di (Perfluorobutyl) Peroxide, Di (Perfluorovaleryl) Peroxide, Di (Perfluorohexanoyl) peroxide, di (perfluoroheptanoyl) peroxide, di (perfluorooctanoyl) peroxide, di (perfluorononanoyl) peroxide, di ( ⁇ -chloro-hexafluorobutyryl) Peroxide, Di ( ⁇ -Chloro-Decafluor
- the water-soluble radical polymerization initiator may be a known water-soluble peroxide, for example, ammonium salts such as persulfate, perchloric acid and percarbonate, potassium salts, sodium salts, disuccinic acid peroxides and diglutaric acids. Examples thereof include organic peroxides such as peroxide, t-butyl permalate, and t-butyl hydroperoxide. A reducing agent may also be included, and the amount used may be 0.1 to 20 times that of the peroxide.
- a redox initiator that combines an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent as the polymerization initiator.
- the oxidizing agent include persulfate, organic peroxide, potassium permanganate, manganese triacetate, ammonium cerium nitrate and the like.
- the reducing agent include bromate, diimine, oxalic acid and the like.
- the persulfate include ammonium persulfate and potassium persulfate.
- a copper salt and an iron salt to the combination of the redox initiator.
- the copper salt include copper (II) sulfate
- the iron salt include iron (II) sulfate.
- Examples of the redox initiator include potassium permanganate / oxalic acid, ammonium persulfate / persulfate / iron sulfate (II), ammonium persulfate / sulfite / iron sulfate (II), ammonium persulfate / sulfite, ammonium persulfate.
- Iron (II) sulfate manganese triacetate / ammonium persulfate, ammonium cerium nitrate / ammonium persulfate, bromate / sulfite, bromate / ammonium persulfate, etc.
- potassium permanganate / ammonium persulfate / Ammonium persulfate / iron sulfate (II) is preferred.
- a redox initiator either an oxidizing agent or a reducing agent may be charged in advance in the polymerization tank, and then the other may be continuously or intermittently added to initiate polymerization.
- potassium permanganate / oxalic acid it is preferable to charge oxalic acid in the polymerization tank and continuously add potassium permanganate to the oxalic acid.
- the amount of the polymerization initiator added is not particularly limited, but an amount (for example, several ppm to water concentration) or more that does not significantly reduce the polymerization rate is collectively, sequentially, or continuously at the initial stage of polymerization. And add it.
- the upper limit is a range in which the reaction temperature may be raised while removing heat from the apparatus surface with the heat of polymerization reaction, and a more preferable upper limit is a range in which the heat of polymerization reaction can be removed from the apparatus surface.
- the aqueous medium is a reaction medium for polymerizing and means a liquid containing water.
- the aqueous medium is not particularly limited as long as it contains water, and water and a fluorine-free organic solvent such as alcohol, ether, and ketone, and / or a fluorine-containing organic solvent having a boiling point of 40 ° C. or lower are used. And may be included.
- a known chain transfer agent, radical scavenger, and decomposing agent can be further added to adjust the polymerization rate and molecular weight, depending on the purpose.
- chain transfer agent examples include esters such as dimethyl malonate, diethyl malonate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate and dimethyl succinate, as well as isopentane, methane, ethane, propane, methanol, isopropanol and acetone.
- esters such as dimethyl malonate, diethyl malonate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate and dimethyl succinate, as well as isopentane, methane, ethane, propane, methanol, isopropanol and acetone.
- examples thereof include various halogenated hydrocarbons such as mercaptan and carbon tetrachloride, and cyclohexane.
- a bromine compound or an iodine compound may be used as the chain transfer agent.
- Examples of the polymerization method using a bromine compound or an iodine compound include a method in which a fluoromonomer is polymerized in an aqueous medium in the presence of a bromine compound or an iodine compound in a substantially oxygen-free state ( Iodine transfer polymerization method).
- Typical examples of the bromine compound or iodine compound used include, for example, the general formula: R a I x Br y (In the formula, x and y are integers of 0 to 2, respectively, and satisfy 1 ⁇ x + y ⁇ 2, and Ra is a saturated or unsaturated fluorohydrocarbon group having 1 to 16 carbon atoms or chlorofluoro. Examples thereof include a compound represented by a hydrocarbon group or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, which may contain an oxygen atom).
- a bromine compound or an iodine compound iodine or bromine is introduced into the polymer and functions as a cross-linking point.
- bromine compound or iodine compound examples include 1,3-diiodoperfluoropropane, 2-iodoperfluoropropane, 1,3-diiodo-2-chloroperfluoropropane, 1,4-diiodoperfluorobutane, and 1 , 5-Diode-2,4-dichloroperfluoropentane, 1,6-diiodoperfluorohexane, 1,8-diiodoperfluorooctane, 1,12-diiodoperfluorododecane, 1,16-diiodine perfluoro hexadecane, diiodomethane, 1,2-diiodoethane, 1,3-diiodo -n- propane, CF 2 Br 2, BrCF 2 CF 2 Br, CF 3 CFBrCF 2 Br, CFClBr 2, BrCF 2 CFClB
- 1,4-diiodoperfluorobutane, 1,6-diiodoperfluorohexane, and 2-iodoperfluoropropane are used from the viewpoints of polymerization reactivity, cross-linking reactivity, availability, and the like. Is preferable.
- the amount of the chain transfer agent used is usually 1 to 50,000 ppm, preferably 1 to 20,000 ppm, based on the total amount of the fluoromonomer supplied.
- the chain transfer agent may be added collectively into the reaction vessel before the start of the polymerization, may be added collectively after the start of the polymerization, or may be added in a plurality of times during the polymerization. It may be added continuously during the polymerization.
- radical scavenger a compound having no restarting ability after being added or chain-transferred to a free radical in the polymerization system is used. Specifically, a stable radical that easily undergoes a chain transfer reaction with a primary radical or a growth radical and then does not react with a monomer is generated, or a stable radical that easily undergoes an addition reaction with a primary radical or a growth radical. A compound having a function of producing a radical is used.
- the activity of what is generally called a chain transfer agent is characterized by a chain transfer constant and a restart efficiency, but among the chain transfer agents, those having a restart efficiency of almost 0% are called radical scavengers.
- the radical scavenger can also be said to be, for example, a compound in which the chain transfer constant to the fluoromonomer at the polymerization temperature is larger than the polymerization rate constant and the restart efficiency is substantially 0%. “Restart efficiency is substantially zero%” means that the generated radicals turn the radical scavenger into stable radicals.
- Cs) is more preferably 0.5 or more, further preferably 1.0 or more, further preferably 5.0 or more, and particularly preferably 10 or more.
- Examples of the radical scavenger in the present disclosure include aromatic hydroxy compounds, aromatic amines, N, N-diethylhydroxylamine, quinone compounds, terpene, thiocyanate, and cupric chloride (CuCl 2 ). At least one selected from the group is preferred.
- Examples of the aromatic hydroxy compound include unsubstituted phenol, polyhydric phenol, salicylic acid, m- or p-salicylic acid, gallic acid, naphthol and the like.
- Examples of the unsubstituted phenol include notably-, m- or p-nitrophenol, Occasionally-, m- or p-aminophenol, p-nitrosophenol and the like.
- Examples of the polyhydric phenol include catechol, resorcin, hydroquinone, pyrogallol, fluoroglucin, naphthresorcinol and the like.
- aromatic amines include schreib-, m- or p-phenylenediamine, benzidine and the like.
- Examples of the quinone compound include schreib-, m- or p-benzoquinone, 1,4-naphthoquinone, alizarin and the like.
- Examples of thiocyanate include ammonium thiocyanate (NH 4 SCN), potassium thiocyanate (KSCN), sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) and the like.
- As the radical scavenger among them, an aromatic hydroxy compound is preferable, an unsubstituted phenol or a polyhydric phenol is more preferable, and a hydroquinone is further preferable.
- the amount of the radical scavenger added is preferably an amount corresponding to 3 to 500% (molar basis) of the polymerization initiator concentration from the viewpoint of reducing the standard specific gravity.
- a more preferred lower limit is 5% (molar basis), even more preferably 8% (molar basis), even more preferably 10% (molar basis), and even more preferably 13% (molar basis) or 15%.
- a more preferred upper limit is 400% (molar basis), even more preferably 300% (molar basis), even more preferably 200% (molar basis), and even more preferably 100% (molar basis). ..
- the decomposing agent of the polymerization initiator may be any compound capable of decomposing the polymerization initiator used, for example, sulfite, bicarbonate, bromate, diimine, diimine salt, oxalic acid, oxalate, copper salt. , And at least one selected from the group consisting of iron salts is preferable.
- sulfites include sodium sulfite and ammonium sulfite.
- the copper salt include copper (II) sulfate
- examples of the iron salt include iron (II) sulfate.
- the amount of the decomposition agent added to the polymerization initiator is in the range of 3 to 300% by mass with respect to the amount of the oxidizing agent combined as the polymerization initiator (redox initiator). It is preferably 3 to 150% by mass, more preferably 15 to 100% by mass.
- the amount of the decomposition agent added to the polymerization initiator is preferably an amount corresponding to 3 to 500% (molar basis) of the polymerization initiator concentration from the viewpoint of reducing the standard specific gravity.
- a more preferable lower limit is 5% (molar basis), more preferably 8% (molar basis), still more preferably 10% (molar basis), still more preferably 13% (molar basis), and further. More preferably, it is 15% (on a molar basis).
- a more preferred upper limit is 400% (molar basis), even more preferably 300% (molar basis), even more preferably 200% (molar basis), and even more preferably 100% (molar basis). ..
- a radical scavenger or a polymerization initiator decomposing agent is added when the concentration of the fluoropolymer formed in the aqueous medium (concentration with respect to the total of the aqueous medium and the fluoropolymer) is 5% by mass or more. It is preferable to do so. It is more preferably 8% by mass or more, and even more preferably 10% by mass or more. Further, it is preferable to add the fluoropolymer when the concentration of the fluoropolymer formed in the aqueous medium is 40% by mass or less. More preferably, it is 35% by mass or less, and even more preferably, it is 30% by mass or less.
- a radical scavenger or a polymerization initiator decomposing agent may be continuously added during the polymerization of the fluoromonomer.
- the radical scavenger or the polymerization initiator decomposing agent can be added not collectively, but over time, without interruption or in divided portions.
- the production method of the present disclosure is a step (I) of polymerizing the above-mentioned fluoromonomer in an aqueous medium in the presence of a hydrocarbon-based surfactant to produce an aqueous dispersion of fluorine-containing polymer (A) particles.
- a step of polymerizing (seed polymerization) the fluoromonomer into the fluoropolymer (A) particles in the aqueous dispersion of the fluoropolymer (A) particles may be included.
- the monomer having the highest molar ratio of the monomer in the polymer (hereinafter, “the most monomer”) is the TFE polymer, the most monomer is the VDF VDF polymer, and the most single amount.
- the fluoropolymer (I) a tetrafluoroethylene polymer [TFE polymer (PTFE)] as a non-melt processable fluorine resin, and (II) an ethylene / TFE copolymer as a melt processable fluorine resin.
- the polymer precursor is (III) fluororubber, TFE / propylene copolymer, TFE / propylene / third monomer copolymer (the third monomer is VDF, HFP, CTFE, fluoroalkyl vinyl ethers, etc.), TFE.
- Copolymer consisting of and fluoroalkyl vinyl ethers; HFP / ethylene copolymer, HFP / ethylene / TFE copolymer; PVDF; VDF / HFP copolymer, HFP / ethylene copolymer, VDF / TFE / HFP Thermoplastic elastomers such as polymers; and fluorine-containing segmented polymers described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 61-49327.
- the TFE polymer may preferably be a TFE homopolymer, or (1) TFE, (2) one or more fluorine-containing monomers other than TFE having 2 to 8 carbon atoms.
- it may be a copolymer composed of VDF, HFP or CTFE, and (3) other monomers.
- (3) other monomer include fluoro (alkyl vinyl ether) having an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, particularly 1 to 3 carbon atoms; fluorodioxol; perfluoroalkylethylene; ⁇ -. Examples thereof include hydroperfluoroolefins.
- the TFE polymer may also be a copolymer of TFE and one or more fluorine-free monomers.
- fluorine-free monomer examples include alkenes such as ethylene and propylene; vinyl esters; and vinyl ethers.
- the TFE polymer is also a copolymer of TFE, one or more fluorine-containing monomers having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, and one or more fluorine-free monomers. May be good.
- the VDF polymer may preferably be a VDF copolymer [PVDF], and other than (1) VDF and (2) one or two or more VDFs having 2 to 8 carbon atoms.
- PVDF VDF copolymer
- the CTFE polymer may preferably be a CTFE homopolymer, or (1) CTFE, (2) one or more fluoroolefins other than CTFE having 2 to 8 carbon atoms.
- CTFE may be a copolymer composed of TFE or HFP, and (3) perfluoro (alkyl vinyl ether) having an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, particularly 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- the CTFE polymer may also be a copolymer of CTFE and one or more fluorine-free monomers, and the fluorine-free monomers include alkenes such as ethylene and propylene; vinyl. Esters: Vinyl ethers and the like can be mentioned.
- the fluoropolymer can be glassy, plastic or elastomeric. These are amorphous or partially crystalline and can be subjected to compression firing, melting or non-melting.
- TFE polymer PTFE
- ETFE ethylene / TFE copolymer
- the body is (III) fluororubber, TFE / propylene copolymer, TFE / propylene / third monomer copolymer (the third monomer is VDF, HFP, CTFE, fluoroalkyl vinyl ethers, etc.), TFE and fluoro.
- Copolymers composed of alkyl vinyl ethers; HFP / ethylene copolymer, HFP / ethylene / TFE copolymer; PVDF; VDF / HFP copolymer, HFP / ethylene copolymer, VDF / TFE / HFP copolymer Etc., and the fluorine-containing segmented polymer described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 61-49327 can be preferably produced.
- a fluororesin is preferable, a fluororesin having a fluororesin having a fluorine substitution rate of 50% or more calculated by the following formula is more preferable, and a fluororesin having a fluororesin having a fluorine substitution rate of more than 50% is more preferable.
- a fluororesin having a substitution rate of 55% or more is even more preferable, a fluororesin having a fluorine substitution rate of 60% or more is even more preferable, a fluororesin having a fluorine substitution rate of 75% or more is even more preferable, and the fluororesin is still more preferable.
- a fluororesin having a value of 80% or more is particularly preferable, and a fluororesin having a fluorine substitution rate of 90 to 100%, that is, a perfluororesin is most preferable.
- Fluorine substitution rate (%) (number of fluorine atoms bonded to carbon atoms constituting the fluoropolymer) / ((number of hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms constituting the fluoropolymer) + (carbon atoms constituting the fluoropolymer) Number of fluorine atoms and chlorine atoms bonded to)) ⁇ 100
- a fluororesin having a fluorine substitution rate of 95 to 100% is more preferable, PTFE, FEP, and PFA are more preferable, PTFE is particularly preferable, and high molecular weight PTFE is most preferable.
- the fluoropolymer may have a core-shell structure.
- the fluoropolymer having a core-shell structure include PTFE containing a high molecular weight PTFE core and a lower molecular weight PTFE or modified PTFE shell in the particles. Examples of such PTFE include PTFE described in JP-A-2005-527652.
- the core-shell structure may have the following structure.
- Core TFE homopolymer Shell: TFE homopolymer Core: Modified PTFE Shell: TFE homopolymer Core: Modified PTFE Shell: Modified PTFE Core: TFE homopolymer Shell: Modified PTFE Core: Low molecular weight PTFE Shell: High molecular weight PTFE Core: High molecular weight PTFE Shell: Low molecular weight PTFE
- the lower limit of the core ratio is preferably 0.5% by mass, more preferably 1.0% by mass, still more preferably 3.0% by mass, and particularly preferably 5.0% by mass. , Most preferably 10.0% by mass.
- the upper limit of the core ratio is preferably 99.5% by mass, more preferably 99.0% by mass, still more preferably 98.0% by mass, still more preferably 97.0% by mass, and particularly preferably 95.0% by mass. %, Most preferably 90.0% by mass.
- the lower limit of the shell ratio is preferably 0.5% by mass, more preferably 1.0% by mass, still more preferably 3.0% by mass, and particularly preferably 5.0% by mass. , Most preferably 10.0% by mass.
- the upper limit of the ratio of the shell is preferably 99.5% by mass, more preferably 99.0% by mass, still more preferably 98.0% by mass, still more preferably 97.0% by mass, and particularly preferably 95.0% by mass. %, Most preferably 90.0% by mass.
- the core or the shell may have two or more layers.
- it may be a fluoropolymer having a three-layer structure having a core central portion of modified PTFE, a core outer layer portion of a TFE homopolymer, and a shell of modified PTFE.
- Examples of the fluoropolymer having the core-shell structure include those in which one particle of the fluoropolymer has a plurality of cores.
- the polymerization of TFE is usually carried out at a polymerization temperature of 10 to 150 ° C. and a polymerization pressure of 0.05 to 5 MPaG.
- the polymerization temperature is more preferably 30 ° C. or higher, and even more preferably 50 ° C. or higher.
- 120 ° C. or lower is more preferable, and 100 ° C. or lower is further preferable.
- the polymerization pressure is more preferably 0.3 MPaG or more, further preferably 0.5 MPaG or more, still more preferably 5.0 MPaG or less, still more preferably 3.0 MPaG or less.
- 1.0 MPaG or more is preferable, 1.2 MPaG or more is more preferable, 1.5 MPaG or more is further preferable, and 2.0 MPaG or more is more preferable.
- pure water is charged in a pressure-resistant reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer, deoxidized, TFE is charged, the temperature is adjusted to a predetermined temperature, and a polymerization initiator is added to start the reaction. If the pressure decreases as the reaction progresses, additional TFE is supplied continuously or intermittently to maintain the initial pressure. When a predetermined amount of TFE is supplied, the supply is stopped, the TFE in the reaction vessel is purged, the temperature is returned to room temperature, and the reaction is terminated. Additional TFE may be supplied continuously or intermittently so that the pressure does not drop.
- the TFE polymer In the production of the TFE polymer (PTFE), various known modified monomers can also be used in combination.
- the TFE polymer is not only a TFE homopolymer, but also a copolymer of TFE and a modified monomer, which is non-melt processable (hereinafter, referred to as “modified PTFE”). It is a concept that also includes.
- modified monomer examples include perhaloolefins such as HFP and CTFE; fluoro (alkyl vinyl ether) having an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, particularly 1 to 3 carbon atoms; and a ring such as fluorodioxol.
- fluorinated monomers of the formula perhaloalkylethylene; ⁇ -hydroperhaloolefin and the like.
- the modified monomer can be supplied by initial batch addition or continuous or intermittent divided addition depending on the purpose and the supply of TFE.
- the TFE polymer is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), in addition to TFE, various conventionally known modified monomers can also be used in combination.
- the above-mentioned PTFE includes not only a TFE homopolymer but also a copolymer of TFE and a modified monomer, which is non-meltable (hereinafter, referred to as “modified PTFE”). It is a concept.
- the total amount of the modified monomer units is preferably in the range of 0.00001 to 1.0% by mass with respect to the total polymerization units of PTFE. As the lower limit of the total amount, 0.0001% by mass is more preferable, 0.001% by mass is further preferable, and 0.005% by mass is further more preferable.
- the upper limit is 0.90% by mass, 0.50% by mass, 0.40% by mass, 0.30% by mass, 0.20% by mass, 0.15% by mass, 0.10% by mass, and 0 in the order of preference. It is 0.05% by mass.
- the modified monomer unit means a part of the molecular structure of the TFE polymer and derived from the modified monomer.
- modified monomer examples include perhaloolefins such as HFP, CTFE, and perfluorovinyl ether; fluoro (alkyl vinyl ether) having an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, particularly 1 to 3 carbon atoms; fluorodioki. Cyclic fluorinated monomers such as soles; perhaloalkylethylenes such as (perfluoroalkyl) ethylene; ⁇ -hydroperhaloolefins and the like can be mentioned.
- the modified monomer can be supplied by initial batch addition or continuous or intermittent divided addition depending on the purpose and the supply of TFE.
- the modified monomer is not particularly limited as long as it can be copolymerized with TFE, and examples thereof include fluoromonomers and non-fluoromonomers. Further, the modified monomer used may be one kind or a plurality of kinds.
- the O-CO- * or an -O- * is bonding position of the R Q2 .R Q2 representing the a hydrogen atom, and monomers represented by the representative.) the alkyl group or a nitrile group.
- non-fluoromonomonomer examples include methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl acrylate, propyl methacrylate butyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, hexyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, vinyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and acrylonitrile. , Methacrylonitrile, ethyl vinyl ether, cyclohexyl vinyl ether and the like. Of these, butyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, and acrylic acid are preferable as the non-fluoromonomer.
- the fluoromonomer for example, a perfluoroolefin such as hexafluoropropylene [HFP]; a hydrogen-containing fluoroolefin such as trifluoroethylene and vinylidene fluoride [VDF]; a perhaloolefin such as chlorotrifluoroethylene; a perfluorovinyl ether; Perfluoroalkyl) ethylene; perfluoroallyl ether and the like.
- HFP hexafluoropropylene
- VDF vinylidene fluoride
- a perhaloolefin such as chlorotrifluoroethylene
- a perfluorovinyl ether perfluoroalkyl
- perfluoroallyl ether perfluoroallyl ether and the like.
- the above-mentioned "perfluoroorganic group” means an organic group in which all hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms.
- the perfluoroorganic group may have ether oxygen.
- perfluorovinyl ether examples include perfluoro (alkyl vinyl ether) [PAVE] in which Rf is a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the above general formula (3A).
- the number of carbon atoms of the perfluoroalkyl group is preferably 1 to 5.
- Examples of the perfluoroalkyl group in PAVE include a perfluoromethyl group, a perfluoroethyl group, a perfluoropropyl group, a perfluorobutyl group, a perfluoropentyl group, a perfluorohexyl group and the like.
- Rf is a perfluoro (alkoxyalkyl) group having 4 to 9 carbon atoms, and Rf is the following formula:
- Rf is the following formula:
- n an integer of 1 to 4.
- the (perfluoroalkyl) ethylene (PFAE) is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include (perfluorobutyl) ethylene (PFBE) and (perfluorohexyl) ethylene.
- perfluoroallyl ether examples include, for example.
- General formula: CF 2 CF-CF 2- ORf (In the formula, Rf represents a perfluoroorganic group.) Fluoromonomer represented by.
- Rf of the above general formula is the same as the Rf of the general formula (A).
- Rf a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a perfluoroalkoxyalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms is preferable.
- the monomer reactivity ratio rTFE in the copolymerization with (polyfluoroalkyl) ethylene and / or TFE is set at the start of the polymerization of TFE.
- the copolymer (3) of 0.1 to 8 in the polymerization system so as to be 0.001 to 0.01% by mass with respect to the final amount of PTFE produced, the PTFE aqueous dispersion is stabilized. It is possible to produce a PTFE aqueous dispersion which has high properties so as not to impair subsequent processability, moldability, etc., and can obtain a molded product having high heat resistance.
- the monomer reactivity ratio in the copolymerization with TFE is the rate constant when the growth radical reacts with TFE when the growth radical is less than the repeating unit based on TFE, and the growth radical is a comonomer. It is a value divided by the rate constant when reacting. The lower this value, the more reactive the comonomer with TFE.
- the reactivity ratio can be calculated from the Feynman-Loss formula by copolymerizing the comonomer with TFE in various charged compositions to determine the composition in the produced polymer immediately after the start.
- the above copolymerization was carried out using 3600 g of deionized degassed water in a stainless steel autoclave having an internal volume of 6.0 L, 1000 ppm of ammonium perfluorooctanoate and 100 g of paraffin wax with respect to the water, at a pressure of 0.78 MPaG. It is carried out at a temperature of 70 ° C. 0.05 g, 0.1 g, 0.2 g, 0.5 g, and 1.0 g of comonomer were added to the reactor, and 0.072 g of ammonium persulfate (20 ppm with respect to water) was added to maintain the polymerization pressure of 0.78 MPaG. TFE is continuously supplied for this purpose.
- the amount of TFE charged reaches 1000 g, stirring is stopped and decompression is performed until the reactor reaches atmospheric pressure. After cooling, the paraffin wax is separated to obtain an aqueous dispersion containing the produced polymer. The aqueous dispersion is stirred to coagulate the resulting polymer and dried at 150 ° C.
- the composition in the obtained produced polymer is calculated by appropriately combining NMR, FT-IR, elemental analysis, and fluorescent X-ray analysis according to the type of monomer.
- a comonomer (3) having a monomer reactivity ratio of 0.1 to 8 is also preferably exemplified.
- PTFE particles having a small particle size can be obtained, and an aqueous dispersion having high dispersion stability can be obtained.
- the comonomer (3) having a monomer reactivity ratio of 0.1 to 8 is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of comomers represented by the formulas (3a) to (3d).
- CH 2 CH-Rf 1 (3a) (In the formula, Rf 1 is a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.)
- CF 2 CF-O-Rf 2 (3b) (In the formula, Rf 2 is a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 2 carbon atoms.)
- CF 2 CF-O- (CF 2 )
- n CF CF 2 (3c) (In the formula, n is 1 or 2.)
- X 3 and X 4 are F, Cl or methoxy groups, and Y is the formula Y1 or Y2.
- the content of the comonomer (3) unit is preferably in the range of 0.0001 to 1.0% by mass with respect to the total polymerization units of PTFE.
- As the lower limit 0.0001% by mass is more preferable, 0.0005% by mass is further preferable, 0.001% by mass is further more preferable, and 0.005% by mass is particularly preferable.
- the upper limit is 0.90% by mass, 0.50% by mass, 0.40% by mass, 0.30% by mass, 0.20% by mass, 0.15% by mass, 0.10% by mass, and 0 in the order of preference. It is .08% by mass, 0.05% by mass, and 0.01% by mass.
- the modified monomer hexafluoropropylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, vinylidene fluoride, and perfluoro can be obtained because an aqueous dispersion having a small average primary particle size, a small aspect ratio of the primary particles, and excellent stability can be obtained.
- At least one selected from the group consisting of (alkyl vinyl ether), (perfluoroalkyl) ethylene, ethylene, and a modified monomer having a functional group and a hydrophilic group capable of reacting with radical polymerization is preferable.
- the modified monomer preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of hexafluoropropylene, perfluoro (alkyl vinyl ether) and (perfluoroalkyl) ethylene. More preferably, it is selected from the group consisting of hexafluoropropylene, perfluoro (methyl vinyl ether), perfluoro (propyl vinyl ether), (perfluorobutyl) ethylene, (perfluorohexyl) ethylene, and (perfluorooctyl) ethylene. At least one of them is included.
- the total amount of the hexafluoropropylene unit, the perfluoro (alkyl vinyl ether) unit and the (perfluoroalkyl) ethylene unit may be in the range of 0.00001 to 1.0% by mass with respect to the total polymerization units of PTFE. preferable.
- As the lower limit of the total amount 0.0001% by mass is more preferable, 0.0005% by mass is further preferable, 0.001% by mass is further more preferable, 0.005% by mass is particularly more preferable, and 0.009% by mass is particularly preferable.
- the upper limit is 0.9% by mass, 0.50% by mass, 0.40% by mass, 0.30% by mass, 0.20% by mass, 0.15% by mass, 0.10% by mass, and 0 in the order of preference. It is .08% by mass, 0.05% by mass, and 0.01% by mass.
- the modified monomer contains a modified monomer having a functional group and a hydrophilic group capable of reacting by radical polymerization (hereinafter referred to as "modified monomer (A)").
- PTFE particles having a small primary particle diameter can be obtained, and an aqueous dispersion having high dispersion stability can be obtained.
- the aspect ratio of the primary particles can be reduced.
- the amount of the modified monomer (A) used is preferably more than 0.1 ppm of the aqueous medium, more preferably more than 0.5 ppm, and more than 1.0 ppm. It is even more preferably 5 ppm or more, and particularly preferably 10 ppm or more. If the amount of the modified monomer (A) is too small, the particle size of the obtained PTFE may not be reduced.
- the amount of the modified monomer (A) used may be in the above range, but the upper limit can be, for example, 5000 ppm. Further, in the above production method, the modified monomer (A) may be added to the system during the reaction in order to improve the stability of the aqueous dispersion during or after the reaction.
- the modified monomer (A) is highly water-soluble, even if the unreacted modified monomer (A) remains in the aqueous dispersion, it can be easily removed in the concentration step or the coagulation / washing step.
- the modified monomer (A) is incorporated into the produced polymer in the process of polymerization, but the concentration of the modified monomer (A) in the polymerization system itself is low and the amount incorporated into the polymer is small, so that the heat resistance of PTFE is lowered. There is no problem of coloring after firing.
- hydrophilic group in the modified monomer (A) examples include -NH 2 , -PO 3 M, -P (O) (OM) 2 , -OPO 3 M, -OP (O) (OM) 2 , and -SO. in 3 M, -OSO 3 M, -COOM ( each formula, M represents, H, a metal atom, NR 7 4, which may imidazolium substituted, pyridinium which may have a substituent or which may have a substituent phosphonium, R 7 is H or an organic group and may be the same or different. bonded to any two Tsugaotagai, may form a ring.) is Can be mentioned.
- the hydrophilic group -SO 3 M or -COOM is particularly preferable.
- the R 7 definitive organic group is preferably an alkyl group.
- an organic group of H or C 1-10 is preferable, an organic group of H or C 1-4 is more preferable, and an alkyl group of H or C 1-4 is further preferable.
- the metal atom include monovalent and divalent metal atoms, and examples thereof include alkali metals (Group 1) and alkaline earth metals (Group 2), with Na, K or Li being preferable.
- Examples of the "functional group capable of reacting by radical polymerization" in the modified monomer (A) include a group having an ethylenically unsaturated bond such as a vinyl group and an allyl group.
- the linking group R include linking groups as R a, which will be described later.
- the modified monomer (A) Since the modified monomer (A) has a functional group capable of reacting by radical polymerization, when used in the polymerization, it reacts with a fluorine-containing monomer at the initial stage of the polymerization reaction and has a hydrophilic group derived from the modified monomer (A). It is presumed that particles with high stability are formed. Therefore, it is considered that the number of particles increases when the polymerization is carried out in the presence of the modified monomer (A).
- one kind of the modified monomer (A) may be present, or two or more kinds of the modified monomer (A) may be present.
- a compound having an unsaturated bond can be used as the modified monomer (A).
- the modified monomer (A) is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of the compounds represented by the general formula (4A).
- CX 1 X 3 CX 2 R a - (CZ 1 Z 2) k -Y 3 (4A)
- X 1 , X 2 and X 3 are independently F, Cl, H or CF 3
- Y 3 is a hydrophilic group
- Ra is a linking group
- Z 1 and Z 2 is independently H, F or CF 3
- k is 0 or 1
- Examples of the hydrophilic group include -NH 2 , -PO 3 M, -P (O) (OM) 2 , -OPO 3 M, -OP (O) (OM) 2 , -SO 3 M, and -OSO 3.
- M in -COOM (each formula, M represents, H, a metal atom, NR 7 4, which may imidazolium substituted, have good pyridinium or substituted group which may have a substituent good phosphonium be, R 7 is H or an organic group and may be the same or different. bonded to any two Tsugaotagai, may form a ring.) it can be mentioned.
- the hydrophilic group -SO 3 M or -COOM is particularly preferable.
- R 7 an organic group of H or C 1-10 is preferable, an organic group of H or C 1-4 is more preferable, and an alkyl group of H or C 1-4 is further preferable.
- Examples of the metal atom include monovalent and divalent metal atoms, and examples thereof include alkali metals (Group 1) and alkaline earth metals (Group 2), with Na, K or Li being preferable.
- alkali metals Group 1
- alkaline earth metals Group 2
- Na, K or Li being preferable.
- Ra is a linking group.
- linking group refers to a divalent linking group.
- the linking group may be a single bond and preferably contains at least one carbon atom, and the number of carbon atoms may be 2 or more, 4 or more, or 8 or more. It may be 10 or more, and may be 20 or more. The upper limit is not limited, but may be 100 or less, and may be 50 or less, for example.
- the linking group may be chain or branched, cyclic or acyclic, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, and optionally one or more selected from the group consisting of sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
- the linking group does not contain a carbon atom and may be a catenary heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen.
- the Ra is preferably a catenary heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen, or a divalent organic group.
- the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be replaced with a halogen other than fluorine, for example, chlorine, and may or may not contain a double bond.
- R a is linear and may be either branched, may be either cyclic or acyclic.
- Ra may contain a functional group (for example, an ester, an ether, a ketone, an amine, a halide, etc.).
- Ra may also be a non-fluorinated divalent organic group or a partially fluorinated or perfluorinated divalent organic group.
- a, b, c and d are independently at least one or more.
- a, b, c and d may be independently 2 or more, 3 or more, 4 or more, 10 or more, and 20 or more.
- the upper limit of a, b, c and d is, for example, 100.
- X 6 is H, F or CF 3 , respectively, e is an integer of 0 to 3, f is an integer of 0 to 3, g is 0 or 1, and h is.
- X 7 are each independently H, F or CF 3
- a divalent group represented by (e is an integer of 0 to 3, g is 0 or 1, h is 0 or 1, and i is 0 or 1) is also preferred.
- a divalent group represented by (0 or 1, i is 0 or 1, and Z 1 and Z 2 are independently F or CF 3 ) is also preferable, and in formula (t1), More preferably, Z 1 and Z 2 are F on one side and CF 3 on the other side.
- Compound represented by the general formula (4A), except for the hydrophilic group (Y 3), has a C-F bond, it preferably does not have a C-H bond. That is, in the general formula (4A), it is preferable that all of X i , X j , and X k are F, and Ra is a perfluoroalkylene group having 1 or more carbon atoms, and the perfluoroalkylene group is preferably a perfluoroalkylene group having 1 or more carbon atoms. , Chained or branched, cyclic or acyclic, and may contain at least one catenary heteroatom. The number of carbon atoms of the perfluoroalkylene group may be 2 to 20, and may be 4 to 18.
- the compound represented by the general formula (4A) may be partially fluorinated. That is, the compound represented by the general formula (4A), except for the hydrophilic group (Y 3), having at least one hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom, having at least one fluorine atom attached to a carbon atom It is also preferable.
- the compound represented by the general formula (4A) is also preferably a compound represented by the following formula (4a).
- CF 2 CF-O-Rf 0- Y 3 (4a)
- Y 3 is a hydrophilic group and Rf 0 is hyperfluorinated and may be chain or branched, cyclic or acyclic, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted.
- a perfluorinated divalent linking group optionally additionally containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
- the compound represented by the general formula (4A) is also preferably a compound represented by the following formula (4b).
- CH 2 CH-O-Rf 0- Y 3 (4b) (In the formula, Y 3 is a hydrophilic group and Rf 0 is a perfluorinated divalent linking group defined by the formula (4a).)
- Y 3 is one of the preferable forms of ⁇ OSO 3 M.
- Y 3 is ⁇ SO 3 M.
- M is the same as above.
- Y 3 is also one of preferred embodiments it is -COOM.
- Y 3 is -OPO 3 M or -OP (O) (OM) 2 .
- Y 3 is -PO 3 M or -P (O) (OM) 2 .
- CX 2 CY (-Rf-Y 3 ) (7A) (In the formula, X is the same or different, -H or -F, Y is -H, -F, an alkyl group or a fluorine-containing alkyl group, and Rf is a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms. or, .Y 3 is a fluorine-containing alkylene group having ether bond having 2-100 carbon atoms are the same as defined above, and. the monomer represented by), at least one selected from the group consisting of It is preferable to have.
- X is ⁇ H or ⁇ F. Both of X may be -H, both may be -F, and at least one may be -H. For example, one may be -F and the other may be -H, or both may be -H.
- Y is an —H, —F, an alkyl group or a fluorine-containing alkyl group.
- the alkyl group may be an alkyl group containing no fluorine atom and may have 1 or more carbon atoms.
- the alkyl group preferably has 6 or less carbon atoms, more preferably 4 or less, and even more preferably 3 or less.
- the fluorine-containing alkyl group is an alkyl group containing at least one fluorine atom, and may have 1 or more carbon atoms.
- the fluorine-containing alkyl group preferably has 6 or less carbon atoms, more preferably 4 or less, and even more preferably 3 or less.
- Y, -H, -F or -CF 3 is preferable, and -F is more preferable.
- Z is the same or different, —H, —F, an alkyl group or a fluoroalkyl group.
- the alkyl group may be an alkyl group containing no fluorine atom and may have 1 or more carbon atoms.
- the alkyl group preferably has 6 or less carbon atoms, more preferably 4 or less, and even more preferably 3 or less.
- the fluorine-containing alkyl group is an alkyl group containing at least one fluorine atom, and may have 1 or more carbon atoms.
- the fluorine-containing alkyl group preferably has 6 or less carbon atoms, more preferably 4 or less, and even more preferably 3 or less.
- -H, -F or -CF 3 is preferable, and -F is more preferable.
- X may be -H and Y and Z may be -F.
- the Rf is a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms or a fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond having 2 to 100 carbon atoms.
- the fluorine-containing alkylene group preferably has 2 or more carbon atoms. Further, 30 or less is preferable, 20 or less is more preferable, and 10 or less is further preferable.
- fluorinated alkylene group -CF 2 -, - CH 2 CF 2 -, - CF 2 CF 2 -, - CF 2 CH 2 -, - CF 2 CF 2 CH 2 -, - CF (CF 3) - , -CF (CF 3) CF 2 -, - CF (CF 3) CH 2 - and the like.
- the fluorine-containing alkylene group is preferably a perfluoroalkylene group.
- the fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond preferably has 3 or more carbon atoms.
- the number of carbon atoms of the fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond is preferably 60 or less, more preferably 30 or less, and even more preferably 12 or less.
- Examples of the fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond include the following formula: (In the equation, Z 1 is F or CF 3 ; Z 2 and Z 3 are H or F, respectively; Z 4 is H, F or CF 3 ; p1 + q1 + r1 is an integer of 0 to 10; s1 is 0 or 1; t1 is 0. It is also preferable that it is a divalent group represented by (an integer of ⁇ 5).
- n is an integer of 1 to 10
- n is an integer of 1 to 10
- Y 3 is, -COOM, -SO 3 M or -OSO 3 M
- M is, H, a metal atom, NR 7 4, good imidazolium be substituted, substituted good phosphonium have a good pyridinium or substituted group which may have a group
- R 7 is H or an organic group and may be the same or different. bonded to any two Tsugaotagai, A ring may be formed.
- An alkyl group is preferable as the organic group in R 7 .
- R 7 an organic group of H or C 1-10 is preferable, an organic group of H or C 1-4 is more preferable, and an alkyl group of H or C 1-4 is further preferable.
- the metal atom examples include alkali metals (Group 1) and alkaline earth metals (Group 2), and Na, K or Li are preferable.
- M -H, preferably is a metal atom or -NR 7 4, -H, alkali metal (Group 1), alkaline earth metal (Group 2) or -NR 7 4, more preferably, -H, -Na , -K, -Li or -NH 4 are more preferable, -Na, preferably from -K or -NH 4 further particularly preferred -Na or -NH 4, -NH 4 is most preferred.
- Y 3 preferably -COOM or -SO 3 M, -COOM is more preferable.
- the monomer represented by the general formula (5A) is preferably the monomer (5a) represented by the following general formula (5a).
- CH 2 CF (-CF 2- O-Rf-Y 3 ) (5a) (Wherein, Rf and Y 3 are as defined above.)
- the monomer represented by the general formula (5a) has the following formula.
- Z 1 is F or CF 3 ;
- Z 2 and Z 3 are H or F, respectively;
- Z 4 is H, F or CF 3 ;
- p1 + q1 + r1 is an integer of 0 to 10;
- s1 is 0 or 1;
- t1 is 0.
- the integers of to 5 and Y 3 are the same as described above. However, when both Z 3 and Z 4 are H, p1 + q1 + r1 + s1 is not 0). More specifically
- Etc. are preferably mentioned, among them
- the monomer represented by the general formula (5A) is preferably the monomer (5b) represented by the following general formula (5b).
- CX 2 2 CFCF 2- O- (CF (CF 3 ) CF 2 O) n5- CF (CF 3 ) -Y 3 (5b)
- each X 2 is the same and represents F or H.
- N5 represents 0 or an integer of 1 to 10, and
- Y 3 is the same as the above definition.
- the above n5 is preferably 0 or an integer of 1 to 5, more preferably 0, 1 or 2, and 0 or 1 in terms of the stability of the obtained aqueous dispersion. Is more preferable.
- the Y 3 is preferably -COOM from the stability of the proper water solubility and an aqueous dispersion is obtained, the M is less likely to remain as an impurity, the heat resistance of the obtained molded article is improved In terms of points, it is preferably H or NH 4 .
- examples of the monomer represented by the general formula (5A) include a monomer represented by the following general formula (5c).
- CF 2 CFCF 2 -ORf-Y 3 (5c) (Wherein, Rf and Y 3 are as defined above)
- X is ⁇ H or ⁇ F. Both of X may be -F, and at least one may be -H. For example, one may be -F and the other may be -H, or both may be -H.
- Y is an —H, —F, an alkyl group or a fluorine-containing alkyl group.
- the alkyl group may be an alkyl group containing no fluorine atom and may have 1 or more carbon atoms.
- the alkyl group preferably has 6 or less carbon atoms, more preferably 4 or less, and even more preferably 3 or less.
- the fluorine-containing alkyl group is an alkyl group containing at least one fluorine atom, and may have 1 or more carbon atoms.
- the fluorine-containing alkyl group preferably has 6 or less carbon atoms, more preferably 4 or less, and even more preferably 3 or less.
- Y, -H, -F or -CF 3 is preferable, and -F is more preferable.
- X and Y contains a fluorine atom.
- X may be -H and Y and Z may be -F.
- the Rf is a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms or a fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond having 2 to 100 carbon atoms.
- the fluorine-containing alkylene group preferably has 2 or more carbon atoms.
- the number of carbon atoms of the fluorine-containing alkylene group is preferably 30 or less, more preferably 20 or less, and even more preferably 10 or less.
- fluorinated alkylene group -CF 2 -, - CH 2 CF 2 -, - CF 2 CF 2 -, - CF 2 CH 2 -, - CF 2 CF 2 CH 2 -, - CF (CF 3) - , -CF (CF 3) CF 2 -, - CF (CF 3) CH 2 - and the like.
- the fluorine-containing alkylene group is preferably a perfluoroalkylene group.
- Y 3 is, -COOM, -SO 3 M or -OSO 3 M
- M is, H, a metal atom, NR 7 4, good imidazolium be substituted, substituted good phosphonium have a good pyridinium or substituted group which may have a group
- R 7 is H or an organic group and may be the same or different. bonded to any two Tsugaotagai, A ring may be formed.
- An alkyl group is preferable as the organic group of R 7 .
- R 7 an organic group of H or C 1-10 is preferable, an organic group of H or C 1-4 is more preferable, and an alkyl group of H or C 1-4 is further preferable.
- the metal atom examples include alkali metals (Group 1) and alkaline earth metals (Group 2), and Na, K or Li are preferable.
- M -H, preferably is a metal atom or -NR 7 4, -H, alkali metal (Group 1), alkaline earth metal (Group 2) or -NR 7 4, more preferably, -H, -Na , -K, -Li or -NH 4 are more preferable, -Na, preferably from -K or -NH 4 further particularly preferred -Na or -NH 4, -NH 4 is most preferred.
- Y 3 preferably -COOM or -SO 3 M, -COOM is more preferable.
- the monomer represented by the general formula (6A) is selected from the group consisting of the monomers represented by the following general formulas (6a), (6b), (6c), (6d) and (6e). At least one type is preferable.
- CF 2 CF-O- (CF 2 ) n1- Y 3 (6a) (Wherein, n1 represents an integer of 1 ⁇ 10, Y 3 is as previously defined.)
- CF 2 CF-O- (CF 2 C (CF 3 ) F) n2- Y 3 (6b) (Wherein, n2 represents an integer of 1 ⁇ 5, Y 3 is as previously defined.)
- CF 2 CF-O- (CFX 1) n3 -Y 3 (6c) (In the formula, X 1 represents F or CF 3 , n 3 represents an integer from 1 to 10, and Y 3 is the same as the above definition.)
- CF 2 CF-O- (CF 2 CFX 1 O) n4- (CF 2 ) n6- Y 3
- n1 is preferably an integer of 5 or less, and more preferably an integer of 2 or less.
- the Y 3 are points obtained stability proper water solubility and an aqueous dispersion is preferably -COOM, M is little tendency toward remaining as an impurity, that the heat resistance of the resulting molded article is improved Therefore, it is preferably H or NH 4 .
- n2 is in terms of stability of the resulting aqueous dispersion is preferably 3 or less an integer
- Y 3 is the stability of the proper water solubility and an aqueous dispersion obtained In that respect, it is preferably ⁇ COOM
- M is preferably H or NH 4 in that it does not easily remain as an impurity and the heat resistance of the obtained molded product is improved.
- n3 is preferably 5 or less integer in terms of water-soluble
- the Y 3 is in that the stability of the proper water solubility and an aqueous dispersion is obtained
- -COOM is preferably H or NH 4 in terms of improving dispersion stability.
- the above X 1 is preferably ⁇ CF 3 in terms of the stability of the aqueous dispersion
- the above n4 is preferably an integer of 5 or less in terms of water solubility.
- the above-mentioned Y 3 is preferably ⁇ COOM from the viewpoint of obtaining appropriate water solubility and stability of the aqueous dispersion
- the above-mentioned M is preferably H or NH 4 .
- CFOCF 2 CF (CF 3 ) OCF 2 CF 2 CF 2 OOM in the formula, M represents H, NH 4 or an alkali metal
- n5 is preferably 5 or less integer in terms of water-soluble
- the Y 3 are in that excellent sedimentation stability of the proper water solubility and composition are obtained - It is preferably COOM, and the above M is preferably H or NH 4 .
- Rf is preferably a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms.
- the Y 3 are, -SO 3 M or -COOM is preferably, M, H, a metal atom, NR 7 4, which may imidazolium substituted, pyridinium which may have a substituent or It is preferably phosphonium which may have a substituent.
- R 7 represents H or an organic group.
- the above n1 is preferably an integer of 5 or less, and more preferably an integer of 2 or less.
- the Y 3 are points obtained stability proper water solubility and an aqueous dispersion is preferably -COOM, M is little tendency toward remaining as an impurity, that the heat resistance of the resulting molded article is improved Therefore, it is preferably H or NH 4 .
- n2 is in terms of stability of the resulting aqueous dispersion is preferably 3 or less an integer
- Y 3 is the stability of the proper water solubility and an aqueous dispersion obtained In that respect, it is preferably ⁇ COOM
- M is preferably H or NH 4 in that it does not easily remain as an impurity and the heat resistance of the obtained molded product is improved.
- the modified monomer preferably contains the modified monomer (A), and has a general formula (5a), a general formula (5b), a general formula (6a), a general formula (6b), a general formula (6c), and a general formula. It is preferable to include at least one selected from the group consisting of the compounds represented by (6d), and it is more preferable to include the compound represented by the general formula (5a) or the general formula (5b).
- the content of the modified monomer (A) is preferably in the range of 0.00001 to 1.0% by mass.
- As the lower limit 0.0001% by mass is more preferable, 0.001% by mass is further preferable, and 0.005% by mass is even more preferable.
- the upper limit is 0.90% by mass, 0.50% by mass, 0.40% by mass, 0.30% by mass, 0.20% by mass, 0.15% by mass, 0.10% by mass, and 0 in the order of preference. It is .08% by mass, 0.05% by mass, and 0.01% by mass.
- the hydrocarbon-based surfactant can be used within the above-mentioned range of use.
- the concentration of the hydrocarbon-based surfactant is not particularly limited as long as it is within the above range, but is usually added at a critical micelle concentration (CMC) or less at the start of polymerization. If the amount added is large, needle-like particles having a large aspect ratio are generated, and the aqueous dispersion becomes gel-like and the stability is impaired.
- the lower limit of the amount of the hydrocarbon-based surfactant used is preferably 0.0001% by mass, more preferably 0.001% by mass, still more preferably 0.01% by mass, and particularly preferably 0, based on the aqueous medium. .1% by mass.
- the upper limit of the amount of the hydrocarbon-based surfactant used is preferably 10% by mass, more preferably 5% by mass, still more preferably 3% by mass, and particularly preferably 2% by mass with respect to the aqueous medium.
- hydrocarbon-based surfactant may be added to the reaction vessel all at once before the start of polymerization, may be added all at once after the start of polymerization, or may be added in a plurality of times during the polymerization. It may be added continuously during the polymerization.
- a persulfate for example, ammonium persulfate
- an organic peroxide such as disuccinic acid peroxide or diglutaric acid peroxide
- a radical scavenger such as hydroquinone or catechol
- a peroxide decomposing agent such as ammonium sulfate
- a redox initiator that combines an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent.
- the oxidizing agent include persulfate, organic peroxide, potassium permanganate, manganese triacetate, ammonium cerium nitrate and the like.
- the reducing agent include sulfites, bisulfites, bromates, diimines, oxalic acid and the like.
- the persulfate include ammonium persulfate and potassium persulfate.
- sulfites include sodium sulfite and ammonium sulfite.
- a copper salt and an iron salt to the combination of the redox initiator.
- the copper salt include copper (II) sulfate
- the iron salt include iron (II) sulfate.
- Examples of the redox initiator include potassium permanganate / oxalic acid, ammonium persulfate / bicarbonate / iron sulfate, manganese triacetate / oxalic acid, ammonium cerium nitrate / oxalic acid, bromate / sulfite and the like. Therefore, potassium permanganate / oxalic acid is preferable.
- potassium permanganate / oxalic acid is preferable.
- either an oxidizing agent or a reducing agent may be charged in advance in the polymerization tank, and then the other may be continuously or intermittently added to initiate polymerization.
- potassium permanganate / oxalic acid it is preferable to charge oxalic acid in the polymerization tank and continuously add potassium permanganate to the oxalic acid.
- chain transfer agents can be used, and for example, saturated hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, propane and butane, and halogenated hydrocarbons such as chloromethane, dichloromethane and difluoroethane. , Alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and isopropanol, hydrogen and the like, but those in a gaseous state at normal temperature and pressure are preferable.
- the amount of the chain transfer agent used is usually 1 to 10000 ppm, preferably 1 to 5000 ppm, based on the total amount of TFE supplied.
- a saturated hydrocarbon having 12 or more carbon atoms which is substantially inert to the reaction and becomes liquid under the above reaction conditions, is used as the aqueous medium 100. It can also be used in an amount of 2 to 10 parts by mass with respect to a part by mass. Further, ammonium carbonate, ammonium phosphate or the like may be added as a buffer for adjusting the pH during the reaction.
- an aqueous dispersion containing the TFE polymer having a solid content concentration of 1.0 to 70% by mass and an average primary particle size of 50 to 500 nm can be obtained.
- the aqueous dispersion contains the hydrocarbon-based surfactant and the fluoropolymer. Further, by using the above-mentioned hydrocarbon-based surfactant, an aqueous dispersion having particles made of a TFE polymer having a fine particle diameter of 0.5 ⁇ m or less can be obtained.
- the lower limit of the solid content concentration is preferably 5% by mass, more preferably 8% by mass.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but may be 40% by mass or 35% by mass.
- the lower limit of the average primary particle diameter is preferably 100 nm, more preferably 150 nm.
- the upper limit is preferably 400 nm, more preferably 350 nm.
- Fine powder can be produced by coagulating the aqueous dispersion of the TFE polymer obtained by the production method of the present disclosure.
- the aqueous dispersion of the TFE polymer can be used as a fine powder for various purposes after being coagulated, washed and dried.
- the aqueous dispersion obtained by polymerization of polymer latex or the like is usually diluted with water to a polymer concentration of 5 to 20% by mass.
- the pH is adjusted to neutral or alkaline, and then the mixture is stirred vigorously in a container equipped with a stirrer rather than during the reaction.
- the coagulation may be carried out while adding a water-soluble organic compound such as methanol or acetone, an inorganic salt such as potassium nitrate or ammonium carbonate, or an inorganic acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or nitric acid as a coagulant.
- a water-soluble organic compound such as methanol or acetone
- an inorganic salt such as potassium nitrate or ammonium carbonate
- an inorganic acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or nitric acid
- the coagulation may also be carried out continuously using an in-line mixer or the like.
- the concentration of the unaggregated TFE polymer in the waste water generated by the aggregation is preferably low from the viewpoint of productivity, more preferably less than 0.4% by mass, and particularly preferably less than 0.3% by mass.
- Drying of the wet powder obtained by coagulating the aqueous dispersion of the TFE polymer is usually carried out by means of vacuum, high frequency, hot air or the like while maintaining a state in which the wet powder does not flow so much, preferably in a stationary state. It is done using. Friction between the powders, especially at high temperatures, generally has an unfavorable effect on the fine powder TFE polymer. This is because the particles made of this type of TFE polymer have the property of being easily fibrillated by a small shearing force and losing the state of the original stable particle structure.
- the drying is carried out at a drying temperature of 10 to 300 ° C. (10 to 250 ° C.), preferably 100 to 300 ° C. (100 to 200 ° C.).
- the obtained TFE polymer fine powder is preferable for molding, and suitable applications include hydraulic systems such as aircraft and automobiles, fuel system tubes and the like, flexible hoses such as chemicals and steam, and electric wire coating applications. Can be mentioned.
- the aqueous dispersion of the TFE polymer is also stabilized and further concentrated by adding a nonionic surfactant, and is used for various purposes as a composition to which an organic or inorganic filler is added depending on the purpose. It is also preferable.
- the above composition has a non-adhesive and low coefficient of friction by coating on a base material made of metal or ceramics, and has excellent gloss, smoothness, abrasion resistance, weather resistance and heat resistance. It is suitable for painting rolls and cooking utensils, impregnating glass cloth, and the like.
- An organosol of the TFE polymer can also be prepared from the aqueous dispersion of the TFE polymer.
- the organosol can contain the TFE polymer and an organic solvent, and examples of the organic solvent include ether-based solvents, ketone-based solvents, alcohol-based solvents, amide-based solvents, ester-based solvents, and aliphatic hydrocarbon-based solvents. Examples thereof include aromatic hydrocarbon solvents and halogenated hydrocarbon solvents, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylacetamide and the like can be preferably used.
- the preparation of the organosol can be carried out, for example, by the method described in International Publication No. 2012/002038.
- the aqueous dispersion of the TFE polymer or the TFE polymer fine powder obtained from the aqueous dispersion is also preferably used as a processing aid.
- a processing aid by mixing the aqueous dispersion or the fine powder with a host polymer or the like, the melt strength during melt processing of the host polymer can be improved, and the mechanical strength, electrical properties, and difficulties of the obtained polymer can be improved. It is possible to improve flammability, drip prevention during combustion, and slidability.
- the aqueous dispersion of the TFE polymer or the fine powder of the TFE polymer is also preferably used as a binder for batteries and dustproof.
- the aqueous dispersion of the TFE polymer or the fine powder of the TFE polymer is used as a processing aid after being combined with a resin other than the TFE polymer.
- the aqueous dispersion or the fine powder is, for example, a raw material for PTFE described in JP-A-11-49912, US Pat. No. 5,804,654, JP-A-11-29679, and JP-A-2003-2980. Is suitable as.
- the processing aid using the aqueous dispersion or the fine powder is not inferior to the processing aids described in the respective publications.
- the aqueous dispersion of the TFE polymer is mixed with the aqueous dispersion of a melt-processable fluororesin and coagulated to obtain a co-coagulation powder.
- the co-coagulation powder is suitable as a processing aid.
- melt-processable fluororesin examples include FEP, PFA, TFE / perfluoroallyl ether copolymer, ETFE, ethylene / TFE / HFP copolymer [EFEP], and FEP is preferable.
- the fluorine-free resin to which the co-coagulation powder is added may be in the form of a powder, in the form of pellets, or in the form of an emulsion.
- the above addition is preferably carried out while applying a shearing force by a known method such as extrusion kneading or roll kneading, in that each resin is sufficiently mixed.
- the aqueous dispersion preferably contains the melt-processable fluororesin.
- the melt-processable fluororesin include FEP, PFA, TFE / perfluoroallyl ether copolymer, ETFE, EFEP and the like.
- the aqueous dispersion of the TFE polymer containing the melt-processable fluororesin can be used as a coating material. Since the melt-processable fluororesin can sufficiently fuse the particles of the TFE polymer to each other, the film-forming property can be improved and the obtained film can be glossed.
- the use of the aqueous dispersion is not particularly limited, and as the aqueous dispersion is applied as it is, it is coated on a substrate, dried, and then fired as necessary; coating materials such as non-woven fabrics and resin molded products. Impregnation by impregnating the porous support, drying, and then preferably firing; coating on a substrate such as glass, drying, and if necessary, immersing in water to peel off the substrate to form a thin film. Examples thereof include cast film formation to be obtained, and examples of these applications include aqueous dispersion type paints, tent films, conveyor belts, printed substrates (CCL), binders for electrodes, water repellents for electrodes, and the like. ..
- the aqueous dispersion of the TFE polymer is also preferably used as a dust control treatment agent.
- the dust suppressing treatment agent is a method of mixing a dust generating substance and applying a compression-shearing action to the mixture at a temperature of 20 to 200 ° C. to fibrillate the TFE polymer to suppress dust of the dust generating substance.
- it can be used in methods such as Japanese Patent No. 2827152 and Japanese Patent No. 2538783.
- the aqueous dispersion of the TFE polymer can be suitably used for, for example, the dust control agent composition described in International Publication No. 2007/004250, and the dust control treatment method described in International Publication No. 2007/000812. Can also be suitably used.
- the dust control treatment agent includes building materials, soil stabilizers, solidifying materials, fertilizers, incineration ash and harmful substances in landfills, explosion-proofing, cosmetics, sand for pet excretion represented by cat sand, etc. It is suitably used for the dust control treatment of.
- the aqueous dispersion of the TFE polymer is used as a raw material for obtaining TFE polymer fibers by a dispersion spinning method (Dispersion Spinning method).
- a dispersion spinning method an aqueous dispersion of the TFE polymer and an aqueous dispersion of a matrix polymer are mixed, and the mixture is extruded to form an intermediate fiber structure, and the intermediate fiber structure is formed.
- High molecular weight PTFE can also be produced using the above-mentioned surfactant. That is, the production method of the present disclosure using the above-mentioned surfactant surprisingly has the same molecular weight as the production method using a conventional fluorine-containing surfactant without using a conventional fluorine-containing surfactant. It is possible to produce PTFE having.
- the high molecular weight PTFE powder obtained by polymerization has stretchability and non-melt processability, and is also useful as a raw material for a stretched body (porous body).
- this stretched body is a membrane (PTFE stretched membrane or PTFE porous membrane)
- it can be stretched by a known PTFE stretching method.
- the high molecular weight PTFE is easily fibrillated into a PTFE porous body (membrane) composed of nodules and fibers.
- a uniaxially stretched film can be obtained by roll-stretching a sheet-shaped or rod-shaped paste extrusion in the extrusion direction.
- a biaxially stretched film can also be obtained by stretching in the width direction with a tenter or the like. It is also preferable to perform a semi-baking treatment before stretching.
- This PTFE stretched body is a porous body having a high porosity, and is It can be suitably used as a filter medium for various microfiltration filters such as an air filter and a chemical solution filter, and a support material for a polymer electrolyte membrane. It is also useful as a material for products used in the textile field, medical field, electrochemical field, sealing material field, air filtration field, ventilation / internal pressure adjustment field, liquid filtration field, general consumer material field, and the like. Specific uses will be illustrated below.
- Electrochemical field Dielectric material prepreg EMI shielding material, heat transfer material, etc. More specifically, printed wiring boards, electromagnetic shielding shield materials, insulating heat transfer materials, insulating materials, etc. Sealing material field Gaskets, packings, pump diaphragms, pump tubes, aircraft sealing materials, etc.
- Air filtration field ULPA filter for semiconductor manufacturing
- HEPA filter for hospital / semiconductor manufacturing
- cylindrical cartridge filter for industrial use
- bug filter for industrial use
- heat-resistant bag filter- for exhaust gas treatment
- heat-resistant pleated filter for exhaust gas treatment
- SINBRAN filter for industrial use
- catalyst filter for exhaust gas treatment
- filter with adsorbent built-in HDD
- vent filter with adsorbent for built-in HDD
- vent filter for built-in HDD, etc.
- cleaning Machine filters for vacuum cleaners
- general-purpose multi-layer felt materials for GT cartridge filters (for GT compatible products), cooling filters (for electronic device housings), etc.
- Ventilation / internal pressure adjustment field Freezing and drying materials such as containers for freezing and drying, ventilation materials for automobiles for electronic circuits and lamps, container applications such as container caps, electronic devices including small terminals such as tablet terminals and mobile phone terminals For protective ventilation applications, medical ventilation applications, etc.
- Liquid filtration field Semiconductor liquid filtration filter (for semiconductor manufacturing), hydrophilic PTFE filter (for semiconductor manufacturing), filter for chemicals (for chemical treatment), filter for pure water production line (for pure water production), backwash type liquid Filtration filter (for industrial wastewater treatment), etc.
- Textile field PTFE fiber fiber material
- sewing thread textile
- weaving thread textile
- rope etc.
- Low molecular weight PTFE can also be produced using the above-mentioned surfactants.
- the low molecular weight PTFE may be produced by polymerization, or the high molecular weight PTFE obtained by polymerization may be produced by reducing the molecular weight by a known method (pyrolysis, irradiation decomposition, etc.).
- Low molecular weight PTFE also called PTFE micropowder
- PTFE micropowder with a molecular weight of 600,000 or less has excellent chemical stability, extremely low surface energy, and is less likely to cause fibrillation, thus improving slipperiness and the texture of the coating film surface. It is suitable for producing plastics, inks, cosmetics, paints, greases, office automation equipment members, toners and the like as additives for the purpose of making them (see, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-147617).
- a polymerization initiator and the above-mentioned surfactant are dispersed in an aqueous medium, and TFE or a monomer copolymerizable with TFE is polymerized with TFE to obtain low molecular weight PTFE. You may.
- the low molecular weight PTFE obtained by the above polymerization is used as a powder, it can be made into powder particles by coagulating the above aqueous dispersion.
- the high molecular weight PTFE means a PTFE having non-melt processability and fibrillation property.
- the low molecular weight PTFE means PTFE having melt processability and not fibrillation property.
- the non-melt processability means a property that the melt flow rate cannot be measured at a temperature higher than the crystallization melting point in accordance with ASTM D 1238 and D 2116.
- the presence or absence of fibrillation can be determined by "paste extrusion", which is a typical method for molding "high molecular weight PTFE powder” which is a powder made from a polymer of TFE.
- paste extrusion is possible because high molecular weight PTFE has fibrillation properties. If the unbaked molded product obtained by paste extrusion does not have substantial strength or elongation, for example, if the elongation is 0% and it breaks when pulled, it can be considered that there is no fibrillation property.
- the high molecular weight PTFE preferably has a standard specific gravity (SSG) of 2.130 to 2.280.
- the standard specific gravity is measured by a water substitution method based on ASTM D 792 using a sample molded according to ASTM D 4895-89.
- “high molecular weight” means that the standard specific gravity is within the above range.
- the low molecular weight PTFE has a complex viscosity at 380 ° C. of 1 ⁇ 10 2 to 7 ⁇ 10 5 Pa ⁇ s.
- low molecular weight means that the complex viscosity is within the above range.
- the high molecular weight PTFE has an extremely higher complex viscosity than the low molecular weight PTFE, and it is difficult to accurately measure the complex viscosity.
- the complex viscosity of the low molecular weight PTFE can be measured, it is difficult to obtain a molded product that can be used for measuring the standard specific gravity from the low molecular weight PTFE, and it is difficult to measure the accurate standard specific gravity. Is. Therefore, in the present disclosure, the standard specific gravity is adopted as an index of the molecular weight of the high molecular weight PTFE, and the complex viscosity is adopted as an index of the molecular weight of the low molecular weight PTFE. There is no known measurement method capable of directly specifying the molecular weight of either the high molecular weight PTFE or the low molecular weight PTFE.
- the high molecular weight PTFE preferably has a peak temperature of 333 to 347 ° C, more preferably 335 to 345 ° C.
- the low molecular weight PTFE preferably has a peak temperature of 322 to 333 ° C, more preferably 324 to 332 ° C.
- the peak temperature corresponds to the maximum value in the heat of fusion curve when the temperature is raised at a rate of 10 ° C./min using a differential scanning calorimeter [DSC] for a PTFE that has no history of heating to a temperature of 300 ° C. or higher. Is.
- the peak temperature can be obtained by raising the temperature of PTFE, which has no history of heating to a temperature of 300 ° C. or higher, under the condition of 10 ° C./min using a TG / DTA (differential thermal weight simultaneous measuring device). It can be specified as the temperature corresponding to the maximum value appearing in the differential thermal (DTA) curve.
- DTA differential thermal weight simultaneous measuring device
- the high molecular weight PTFE is 333 to 347 ° C. in the heat of fusion curve when the temperature is raised at a rate of 10 ° C./min using a differential scanning calorimeter [DSC] for a PTFE having no history of heating to a temperature of 300 ° C. or higher. It is preferable that at least one heat absorption peak appears in the range of 1 and the amount of heat of fusion calculated from the heat of fusion curve at 290 to 350 ° C. is 62 mJ / mg or more.
- An unfired tape (raw tape) can also be obtained from the PTFE fine powder obtained by using the above-mentioned surfactant.
- the surfactant, the decomposition products and by-products of the surfactant produced as a by-product from the surfactant, and the residue By recovering and purifying the monomer or the like, the surfactant, a decomposition product or by-product of the surfactant produced as a by-product from the surfactant, a residual monomer, or the like may be reused.
- the method for recovering and purifying is not particularly limited, but a known method can be used. For example, it can be carried out by the method described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 2011-520020.
- the polymerization of FEP is preferably carried out at a polymerization temperature of 10 to 150 ° C. and a polymerization pressure of 0.3 to 6.0 MPaG.
- the FEP may be further modified by using perfluoro (alkyl vinyl ether) as the third component within a range of 0.1 to 2% by mass of all the monomers.
- the surfactant can be used within the range of use in the production method of the present disclosure, but usually, an amount of 0.0001 to 10% by mass is added with respect to 100% by mass of the aqueous medium.
- FEP polymerization of FEP
- cyclohexane methanol, ethanol, propanol, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, methylene chloride, methyl chloride and the like
- the buffer it is preferable to use ammonium carbonate, disodium hydrogen phosphate or the like.
- the aqueous dispersion of FEP obtained by the production method of the present disclosure may be subjected to post-treatment such as concentration if necessary, dried, powdered, and then melt-extruded to be pelletized.
- the aqueous medium in the aqueous dispersion of FEP may contain an additive such as a nonionic surfactant, if necessary, but may contain a water-soluble organic solvent such as a water-soluble alcohol. It may be the one which does not contain a water-soluble organic solvent.
- melt extrusion can be carried out by appropriately setting the extrusion conditions as long as the extrusion conditions can be generally pelletized.
- the obtained FEP may have a terminal group such as -CF 3 or -CF 2 H at at least one of the polymer main chain and the polymer side chain.
- a terminal group such as -CF 3 or -CF 2 H at at least one of the polymer main chain and the polymer side chain.
- the unstable terminal group is chemically unstable, it not only lowers the heat resistance of the resin but also causes an increase in the amount of attenuation of the obtained electric wire.
- the polymer at the end of polymerization can be produced so that the total number of unstable terminal groups and -CF 2 H terminal groups is 50 or less per 1 ⁇ 10 6 carbon atoms. preferable. More preferably, it is less than 20 per 1 ⁇ 10 6 carbon atoms, and even more preferably 5 or less.
- the unstable terminal group and the -CF 2 H terminal group may be absent and all may be a -CF 3 terminal group.
- Unstable end groups and -CF 2 H end groups can be converted to -CF 3 end groups and stabilized by fluorination treatment.
- the fluorination treatment method is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a method of exposing the polymer to a fluorine radical source that generates fluorine radicals under fluorination treatment conditions.
- the fluorine radical source include fluorine gas, CoF 3 , AgF 2 , UF 6 , OF 2 , N 2 F 2 , CF 3 OF, and halogen fluoride, for example, IF 5 , ClF 3 .
- a method of directly contacting the fluorinated gas with the FEP obtained by the production method of the present disclosure is preferable, and the above contact is performed using diluted fluorine gas having a fluorine gas concentration of 10 to 50% by mass in terms of reaction control.
- the diluted fluorine gas can be obtained by diluting the fluorine gas with an inert gas such as nitrogen gas or argon gas.
- the fluorine gas treatment can be performed, for example, at a temperature of 100 to 250 ° C.
- the processing temperature is not limited to the above range, and can be appropriately set according to the situation.
- the fluorine gas treatment is preferably carried out by continuously or intermittently supplying diluted fluorine gas into the reactor. This fluorination treatment may be a dry powder after polymerization or pellets extruded by melt.
- the FEP obtained by the manufacturing method of the present disclosure has good moldability, is less likely to cause molding defects, and has good heat resistance, chemical resistance, solvent resistance, insulation, electrical properties, and the like.
- the above-mentioned method for producing a powder of FEP is a method for obtaining a powder by drying and pulverizing an aqueous dispersion of a fluoropolymer containing FEP obtained by the above-mentioned production method of the present disclosure.
- the powder may be fluorinated.
- the above-mentioned method for producing a fluorinated powder is a method for obtaining a fluorinated powder by fluorinating the powder obtained by the above-mentioned method for producing a powder by supplying fluorinated gas.
- the method for producing pellets of FEP is a method for obtaining pellets by pelletizing the FEP obtained by the production method of the present disclosure described above.
- the pellet may be fluorinated.
- the above-mentioned method for producing fluorinated pellets is a method for obtaining fluorinated pellets by supplying fluorinated gas to the pellets obtained by the above-mentioned method for producing pellets.
- this FEP can be used for manufacturing various molded products such as electric wires, foamed electric wires, cables, coating materials such as wires, tubes, films, sheets, filaments and the like.
- the polymerization of a TFE / perfluoro (alkyl vinyl ether) copolymer such as PFA or MFA and a TFE / perfluoroallyl ether copolymer is usually carried out at a polymerization temperature of 10 to 100 ° C.
- the pressure is preferably 0.3 to 6.0 MPaG.
- the above-mentioned surfactant can be used within the range of use in the production method of the present disclosure, but is usually used. It is preferable to add in an amount of 0.0001 to 10% by mass based on 100% by mass of the aqueous medium.
- TFE / perfluoro (alkyl vinyl ether) copolymer and TFE / perfluoroallyl ether copolymer cyclohexane, methanol, ethanol, propanol, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, carbon tetrachloride, as chain transfer agents, Chloroform, methylene chloride, methyl chloride, methane, ethane and the like are preferably used, and ammonium carbonate, disodium hydrogen phosphate and the like are preferably used as the pH buffer.
- an aqueous dispersion of TFE / perfluoro (alkyl vinyl ether) copolymer such as PFA and MFA and TFE / perfluoroallyl ether copolymer obtained by the production method of the present disclosure if necessary. It may be pelletized by drying, powdering, and then melt extrusion.
- the aqueous medium in the above aqueous dispersion may contain an additive such as a nonionic surfactant, if necessary, but may contain a water-soluble organic solvent such as a water-soluble alcohol. It may be the one which does not contain a water-soluble organic solvent.
- melt extrusion can be carried out by appropriately setting the extrusion conditions as long as the extrusion conditions can be generally pelletized.
- the above-mentioned copolymer is preferably treated with fluorine gas for the purpose of improving its heat resistance and further enhancing the effect of suppressing chemical permeation of the molded product.
- Fluorine gas treatment is performed by bringing fluorine gas into contact with a chemical permeation inhibitor. However, since the reaction with fluorine is very exothermic, it is preferable to dilute fluorine with an inert gas such as nitrogen.
- the amount of fluorine in the fluorine gas / inert gas mixture is 1 to 100% by weight, preferably 10 to 25% by weight.
- the treatment temperature is 150 to 250 ° C., preferably 200 to 250 ° C., and the fluorine gas treatment time is 3 to 16 hours, preferably 4 to 12 hours.
- the gas pressure for fluorine gas treatment is in the range of 1 to 10 atm, but atmospheric pressure is preferably used. When the reactor is used at atmospheric pressure, the fluorine gas / inert gas mixture may be continuously passed through the reactor. As a result, unstable end of the copolymer is converted to -CF 3 end, a thermally stable.
- molding methods such as compression molding, transfer molding, extrusion molding, injection molding, blow molding and the like can be applied as in the case of conventional PFA.
- a desired molded product can be obtained by such a molding method.
- the molded product include a sheet, a film, a packing, a round bar, a square bar, a pipe, a tube, a round tank, a square tank, a tank, and a wafer.
- tubes, pipes, tanks, connectors, etc. used for various chemical reaction devices, semiconductor manufacturing devices, and acid-based or alkaline-based chemical supply devices that require impermeable chemical solutions. Can be used.
- a nonionic surfactant is appropriately added to the aqueous dispersion of the TFE / perfluoro (alkyl vinyl ether) copolymer such as PFA and MFA and the TFE / perfluoroallyl ether copolymer, and if necessary, poly.
- a primer composition can be obtained by dissolving or dispersing ether sulfone, polyamideimide and / or polyimide, and a metal powder in an organic solvent. This primer composition is applied to a metal surface, a melt-processable fluororesin composition is applied onto the thus formed primer layer, and the melt-processable fluororesin composition layer is fired together with the primer layer to form fluorine on the metal surface. It can also be used as a resin coating method.
- the polymerization of ETFE is preferably carried out at a polymerization temperature of 10 to 100 ° C. and a polymerization pressure of 0.3 to 2.0 MPaG.
- the ETFE may be further modified by using a third monomer in a range of 0 to 20% by mass of all the monomers.
- TFE: ethylene: third monomer (63 to 94) :( 27 to 2) :( 1 to 10).
- the above-mentioned surfactant can be used within the range of use in the production method of the present disclosure, but is usually added in an amount of 0.0001 to 10% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of the aqueous medium. ..
- cyclohexane methanol, ethanol, propanol, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, methylene chloride, methyl chloride and the like as the chain transfer agent.
- the aqueous dispersion of ETFE obtained by the production method of the present disclosure may be post-treated such as concentration, dried, powdered, and then melt-extruded to be pelletized.
- the aqueous medium in the above aqueous dispersion may contain an additive such as a nonionic surfactant, if necessary, but may contain a water-soluble organic solvent such as a water-soluble alcohol. It may be the one which does not contain a water-soluble organic solvent.
- melt extrusion can be carried out by appropriately setting the extrusion conditions as long as the extrusion conditions can be generally pelletized.
- the ETFE sheet can be extruded into a sheet. That is, the ETFE powder or pellet can be melted, continuously extruded from the die, and cooled to obtain a sheet-shaped molded product. Additives may be added to ETFE.
- the additive a known additive can be appropriately used. Specific examples include ultraviolet absorbers, light stabilizers, antioxidants, infrared absorbers, flame retardants, flame retardant fillers, organic pigments, inorganic pigments, dyes and the like. Inorganic additives are preferable from the viewpoint of excellent weather resistance.
- the content of the additive in the ETFE sheet is preferably 20% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 10% by mass or less, based on the total mass of the ETFE sheet.
- membrane materials for membrane structure buildings (athletic facilities, gardening facilities, atriums, etc.) ) Is suitable.
- membrane materials for membrane structures for example, outdoor board materials (soundproof walls, windbreak fences, overwave fences, garage canopies, shopping malls, pedestrian walls, roofing materials), glass shatterproof films, heat and water resistance Sheets, building materials, etc. (tent materials for tent warehouses, membrane materials for sunshades, partial roofing materials for lighting, window materials that replace glass, membrane materials for flameproof partitions, curtains, exterior wall reinforcement, waterproof membranes, smokeproof membranes, etc.
- Non-combustible transparent partition road reinforcement, interior (lighting, wall surface, brand, etc.), exterior (tent, signboard, etc.), daily leisure goods (fishing rod, racket, golf club, projection curtain, etc.), automobile materials (roof) , Vibration damping material, body, etc.), aircraft material, ship material, home appliance exterior, tank, container inner wall, filter, construction membrane material, electronic material (printed substrate, wiring substrate, insulating film, release film, etc.), solar cell It is useful as a surface material for modules, a mirror protective material for solar thermal power generation, a surface material for solar water heaters, and the like.
- An electrolyte polymer precursor can also be produced using the production method of the present disclosure.
- the polymerization of the electrolyte polymer precursor is preferably carried out at a polymerization temperature of 10 to 100 ° C. and a polymerization pressure of 0.1 to 2.0 MPaG.
- the electrolyte polymer precursor is composed of a vinyl ether monomer as shown below, and can be converted into an ion-exchangeable polymer through a hydrolysis treatment.
- CF 2 CF-O- (CF 2 CFY 151- O) n- (CFY 152 ) m- A 151
- Y 151 represents a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a -SO 2 F group or a perfluoroalkyl group.
- the perfluoroalkyl group may contain etheric oxygen and a -SO 2 F group. , 0 to 3.
- n Y 151 may be the same or different.
- Y 152 represents a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom or a -SO 2 F group. M is.
- Y 152 represents an integer of 1 to 5 may be different or may be the same .
- a 151 represents the -SO 2 X 151, -COZ 151 or -POZ 152 Z 153.
- X 151 represents F, Cl, Br, I, -OR 151 or -NR 152 R 153 ;
- Z 151 , Z 152 and Z 153 represent the same or different, -NR 154 R 155 or -OR 156 .
- R 151 , R 152 , R 153 , R 154 , R 155 and R 156 represent alkyl, aryl, or sulfonyl-containing groups that may contain H, ammonium, alkali metal, or fluorine atoms, which may be identical or different. ) Can be mentioned.
- the electrolyte polymer precursor may be modified with a third monomer within a range of 0 to 20% by mass of all the monomers.
- the third monomer include polyfunctional monomers such as CTFE, vinylidene fluoride, perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether, and divinylbenzene.
- the electrolyte polymer precursor thus obtained is formed into, for example, a film, hydrolyzed with an alkaline solution, and treated with mineral acid to form a polymer electrolyte film such as a fuel cell, an electrolyzer, and a redox flow battery. Can be used for.
- the electrolyte polymer dispersion can be obtained by hydrolyzing with an alkaline solution while maintaining the dispersed state of the electrolyte polymer precursor. Subsequently, by heating to 120 ° C. or higher in the pressurized container, it can be dissolved in, for example, a water / alcohol mixed solvent to be in a solution state.
- the solution thus obtained can be used, for example, as a binder for electrodes, or can be combined with various additives to form a cast film, and can be used, for example, for an antifouling coating film, an organic actuator, or the like.
- the polymerization temperature of the TFE / VDF copolymer is not particularly limited and may be 0 to 100 ° C.
- the polymerization pressure is appropriately determined according to other polymerization conditions such as the polymerization temperature, but is usually 0 to 9.8 MPaG.
- the TFE / VDF copolymer may also be modified by using a third monomer in a range of 0 to 50 mol% of all the monomers.
- TFE: ethylene: third monomer (30 to 85) :( 10 to 69.9) :( 0.1 to 10).
- the third monomer may be a fluorine-free ethylenic monomer.
- the fluorine-free ethylenic monomer is preferably selected from ethylenic monomers having 6 or less carbon atoms in terms of maintaining heat resistance and chemical resistance.
- examples thereof include sulfonic acid, acrylic acid and methacrylic acid.
- the above-mentioned surfactant can be used within the range of use in the production method of the present disclosure, but is usually 0.0001 to 5% by mass based on 100% by mass of the aqueous medium. Add in quantity.
- the TFE / VDF copolymer obtained by the polymerization may be amidated by contacting it with aqueous ammonia, ammonia gas or a nitrogen compound capable of producing ammonia.
- the TFE / VDF copolymer obtained by the above-mentioned method is also preferably used as a raw material for obtaining TFE / VDF copolymer fibers by the spinning and drawing method.
- a TFE / VDF copolymer is melt-spun and then cooled and solidified to obtain an undrawn yarn, and then the undrawn yarn is run in a heated tubular body and drawn to form a TFE.
- a method for obtaining VDF copolymer fibers is also preferably used as a raw material for obtaining TFE / VDF copolymer fibers by the spinning and drawing method.
- the TFE / VDF copolymer can also be dissolved in an organic solvent to obtain a solution of the TFE / VDF copolymer.
- organic solvent include nitrogen-containing organic solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N, N-dimethylacetamide and dimethylformamide; ketone solvents such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone and methyl isobutyl ketone; ethyl acetate.
- Ester solvents such as butyl acetate; ether solvents such as tetrahydrofuran and dioxane; further, general-purpose organic solvents having a low boiling point such as mixed solvents thereof can be mentioned.
- the above solution can be used as a binder for batteries.
- the aqueous dispersion of the TFE / VDF copolymer on a porous substrate made of a polyolefin resin and use it as a composite porous film. It is also preferable to disperse inorganic particles or organic particles in an aqueous dispersion and coat it on a porous substrate to use it as a composite porous membrane.
- the composite porous membrane thus obtained can be used as a separator for a lithium secondary battery or the like.
- the melt-processable fluororesin powder can be suitably used as a powder coating material.
- a powder coating material made of the melt-processable fluororesin powder is applied to a base material, a film having a smooth surface can be obtained.
- the melt-processable fluororesin powder having an average particle size of 1 ⁇ m or more and less than 100 ⁇ m is particularly suitable as a powder coating used for electrostatic coating, and the melt-processable fluororesin powder having an average particle size of 100 ⁇ m or more and 1000 ⁇ m or less is particularly suitable.
- Especially suitable as a powder coating used for rotary coating or rotary molding is particularly suitable.
- the melt-processable fluororesin powder can be produced by a method of obtaining a powder by drying and pulverizing the aqueous dispersion of the melt-processable fluororesin obtained by the above-described production method of the present disclosure.
- a production method for producing the melt-processable fluororesin powder is also one of the present disclosures.
- thermoplastic elastomer when a thermoplastic elastomer is produced as the fluororubber, as disclosed in International Publication No. 00/01741, fluoropolymer fine particles are once synthesized at a high concentration, then diluted and further polymerized. Therefore, it is also possible to use a method capable of increasing the final polymerization rate as compared with the usual polymerization.
- the polymerization temperature is usually ⁇ 20 to 200 ° C., preferably 5 to 150 ° C.
- the polymerization pressure is usually 0. It is carried out at 5 to 10 MPaG, preferably 1 to 7 MPaG.
- the pH in the polymerization medium is usually preferably maintained at 2.5 to 13 by a known method or the like, using a pH adjuster or the like described later.
- Examples of the monomer used for the polymerization of fluororubber include fluoroethylene unsaturated monomers having at least the same number of fluorine atoms as carbon atoms and capable of copolymerizing with vinylidene fluoride, in addition to vinylidene fluoride.
- Examples of the fluorine-containing ethylenically unsaturated monomer include trifluoropropene, pentafluoropropene, hexafluorobutene, and octafluorobutene. Among them, hexafluoropropene is particularly suitable because of the properties of the elastomer obtained when it blocks the crystal growth of the polymer.
- fluorine-containing ethylenically unsaturated monomer examples include trifluoroethylene, TFE and CTFE, and a fluorine-containing monomer having one or more chlorine and / or bromine substituents may be used. it can. Perfluoro (alkyl vinyl ether), for example perfluoro (methyl vinyl ether), can also be used. TFE and HFP are preferred for producing fluororubber.
- the above-mentioned surfactant can be used within the range of use in the production method of the present disclosure, but is usually added in an amount of 0.0001 to 20% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of the aqueous medium. To do. It is preferably 10% by mass or less, and more preferably 2% by mass or less.
- a known inorganic radical polymerization initiator can be used as the polymerization initiator.
- conventionally known water-soluble inorganic peroxides such as sodium, potassium and ammonium persulfates, perphosphates, perborates, percarbonates or permanganates are particularly preferable. It is useful.
- the radical polymerization initiator further comprises a reducing agent, for example, sodium, potassium or ammonium sulfite, sulfite, metabisulfite, hyposulfite, thiosulfate, sulfite or hypophosphate.
- a suitable inorganic radical polymerization initiator is ammonium persulfate, and it is more preferable to use it in a redox system together with ammonium persulfate and sodium bisulfite.
- the concentration of the polymerization initiator added is appropriately determined by the molecular weight of the target fluoropolymer and the polymerization reaction rate, but is 0.0001 to 10% by mass, preferably 0.01 to 100% by mass, based on 100% by mass of the total amount of the monomers. Set to an amount of 5% by mass.
- thermoplastic elastomer In the polymerization of the fluororubber, known ones can be used as the chain transfer agent, but hydrocarbons, esters, ethers, alcohols, ketones, chlorine compounds, carbonates and the like can be used, and the thermoplastic elastomer can be used. , Hydrocarbons, esters, ethers, alcohols, chlorine compounds, iodine compounds and the like can be used. Of these, acetone and isopropyl alcohol are preferable, and in the polymerization of the thermoplastic elastomer, isopentane, diethyl malonate and ethyl acetate are preferable from the viewpoint that the reaction rate does not easily decrease, and I (CF 2 ) 4 I, I (CF 2). ) 6 I, ICH 2 I and other diiodide compounds are preferable from the viewpoint that the polymer terminal can be iodide and can be used as a reactive polymer.
- the amount of the chain transfer agent used is usually 0.5 ⁇ 10 -3 to 5 ⁇ 10 -3 mol%, preferably 1.0 ⁇ 10 -3 to 3.5 ⁇ 10 based on the total amount of the supplied monomers. It is preferably -3 mol%.
- Paraffin wax or the like can be preferably used as the emulsion stabilizer in the polymerization of the fluororubber, and phosphate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or the like can be preferably used as the pH adjuster in the polymerization of the thermoplastic elastomer. it can.
- the fluororubber-containing aqueous dispersion obtained by the production method of the present disclosure has a solid content concentration of 1.0 to 40% by mass and an average particle size of 0.03 to 1 ⁇ m, preferably 0, at the time when the polymerization is completed. It is 0.05 to 0.5 ⁇ m and has a number average molecular weight of 1,000 to 2,000,000.
- the aqueous dispersion of fluororubber obtained by the production method of the present disclosure is suitable for rubber molding by adding or concentrating a dispersion stabilizer such as a hydrocarbon-based surfactant, if necessary. Can be.
- the dispersion is processed by adjusting the pH, coagulating, heating and the like. Each process is performed as follows.
- the solidification is carried out by adding an alkaline earth metal salt.
- alkaline earth metal salt examples include nitrates of calcium or magnesium, chlorates and acetates.
- the pH adjustment and the coagulation may be performed first, but it is preferable to perform the pH adjustment first.
- washing is performed with the same volume of water as the fluororubber to remove a small amount of impurities such as buffer solution and salt existing in the fluororubber, and drying is performed. Drying is usually carried out in a drying oven at a high temperature of about 70 to 200 ° C. while circulating air.
- the fluororubber may be a partially fluororubber or a perfluororubber.
- VdF vinylidene fluoride
- TFE tetrafluoroethylene
- Pr propylene
- Tr tetrafluoroethylene
- TFE propylene
- VdF vinylidene fluoride
- Ethylene / hexafluoropropylene (HFP) -based fluororubber ethylene / hexafluoropropylene (HFP) / vinylidene fluoride (VdF) -based fluororubber
- HFP ethylene / hexafluoropropylene
- VdF vinylidene fluoride
- TFE tetrafluoroethylene
- TFE tetrafluoroethylene
- the vinylidene fluoride-based fluororubber is preferably a copolymer composed of 45 to 85 mol% of vinylidene fluoride and 55 to 15 mol% of at least one other monomer copolymerizable with vinylidene fluoride. .. More preferably, it is a copolymer consisting of 50 to 80 mol% of vinylidene fluoride and 50 to 20 mol% of at least one other monomer copolymerizable with vinylidene fluoride.
- Examples of at least one other monomer copolymerizable with the above vinylidene fluoride include tetrafluoroethylene [TFE], hexafluoropropylene [HFP], fluoroalkyl vinyl ether, chlorotrifluoroethylene [CTFE], trifluoroethylene, and tri.
- Fluoropolymer represented by a monomer such as a monomer giving a cross-linking site; and a non-fluorinated monomer such as ethylene, propylene, and alkyl vinyl ether. These can be used alone or in any combination. Among these, it is preferable to use at least one selected from the group consisting of TFE, HFP, fluoroalkyl vinyl ether and CTFE. As the fluoroalkyl vinyl ether, a fluoromonomer represented by the general formula (160) is preferable.
- vinylidene fluoride-based fluorororubber examples include VdF / HFP-based rubber, VdF / HFP / TFE-based rubber, VdF / CTFE-based rubber, VdF / CTFE / TFE-based rubber, and VDF / general formula (100).
- the tetrafluoroethylene / propylene-based fluororubber is preferably a copolymer composed of 45 to 70 mol% of tetrafluoroethylene, 55 to 30 mol% of propylene, and 0 to 5 mol% of fluoromonomer that provides a crosslinked site. ..
- the fluororubber may be a perfluoro rubber.
- the perfluoro rubber include perfluoro rubber containing TFE, for example, a fluoromonomer copolymer represented by TFE / general formula (160), (130) or (140) and TFE / general formula (160), (130). ) Or (140), at least one selected from the group consisting of a fluoromonomer / a monomer copolymer giving a cross-linking site is preferable.
- the composition is preferably 45 to 90/10 to 55 (mol%), more preferably 55 to 80/20 to 45, and even more preferably 55 to 55. It is 70 / 30-45.
- a monomer copolymer giving a TFE / PMVE / cross-linking site it is preferably 45 to 89.9 / 10 to 54.9 / 0.01 to 4 (mol%), and more preferably 55 to 77. It is 9/20 to 49.9 / 0.1 to 3.5, and more preferably 55 to 69.8 / 30 to 44.8 / 0.2 to 3.
- the fluoromonomer copolymer represented by the general formula (160), (130) or (140) having TFE / carbon number of 4 to 12 it is preferably 50 to 90/10 to 50 (mol%). , More preferably 60 to 88/12 to 40, and even more preferably 65 to 85/15 to 35.
- perfluoro rubber examples include TFE / a fluoromonomer represented by the general formula (140) / a fluoromonomer copolymer giving a crosslinked site, TFE / a perfluorovinyl ether copolymer represented by the general formula (140), and TFE. / At least one selected from the group consisting of a fluoromonomer copolymer represented by the general formula (160) and a TFE / fluoromonomer represented by the general formula (160) / a monomer copolymer giving a cross-linking site. Is preferable.
- perfluoro rubber examples include perfluoro rubbers described in International Publication No. 97/24381, Japanese Patent Publication No. 61-57324, Japanese Patent Publication No. 4-81608, Japanese Patent Publication No. 5-13961, and the like. Can be done.
- the fluororubber is preferably having a glass transition temperature of ⁇ 70 ° C. or higher, more preferably ⁇ 60 ° C. or higher, and further preferably ⁇ 50 ° C. or higher, from the viewpoint of excellent compression set at high temperature. .. Further, from the viewpoint of good cold resistance, it is preferably 5 ° C. or lower, more preferably 0 ° C. or lower, and even more preferably -3 ° C. or lower.
- the glass transition temperature is determined by using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC822e, manufactured by METTLER TOLEDO) to raise the temperature of 10 mg of the sample at 10 ° C./min to obtain a DSC curve, which is the base before and after the secondary transition of the DSC curve. It can be obtained as the temperature indicating the midpoint of the intersection of the extension line of the line and the tangent line at the turning point of the DSC curve.
- DSC822e differential scanning calorimeter
- the fluororubber preferably has a Mooney viscosity ML (1 + 20) at 170 ° C. of 30 or more, more preferably 40 or more, and even more preferably 50 or more. Further, in terms of good workability, it is preferably 150 or less, more preferably 120 or less, and further preferably 110 or less.
- the fluororubber preferably has a Mooney viscosity ML (1 + 20) at 140 ° C. of 30 or more, more preferably 40 or more, and even more preferably 50 or more. Further, in terms of good workability, it is preferably 180 or less, more preferably 150 or less, and further preferably 110 or less.
- the fluororubber has a Mooney viscosity ML (1 + 10) at 100 ° C. of preferably 10 or more, more preferably 20 or more, and further preferably 30 or more in terms of good heat resistance. Further, in terms of good workability, it is preferably 120 or less, more preferably 100 or less, and further preferably 80 or less.
- the Mooney viscosity can be measured according to JIS K6300 at 170 ° C., 140 ° C., or 100 ° C. using a Mooney viscometer MV2000E manufactured by ALPHA TECHNOLOGIES.
- the aqueous dispersion of fluororubber obtained by the production method of the present disclosure can also be used as a gum or crumb obtained by coagulation, drying or the like by a conventionally known method.
- the surfactant used in the production method of the present disclosure can improve the stability of the aqueous dispersion, and as described above, an initiator such as an organic peroxide, a chain such as an iodine or a bromine compound during the polymerization. It is more preferably used in a polymerization method in which a poorly water-soluble substance such as a transfer agent is added.
- the gum is a small granular mass made of fluororubber, and the crumb is a result of the fluororubber being unable to maintain a small granular shape as a gum at room temperature and being fused to each other. It is in the form of an amorphous mass.
- the fluororubber can be processed into a fluororubber composition by adding a curing agent, a filler and the like.
- curing agent examples include polyols, polyamines, organic peroxides, organic tins, bis (aminophenol) tetraamines, bis (thioaminophenol) and the like.
- the fluororubber composition is made of the above-mentioned fluororubber, it is excellent in that it does not substantially contain an emulsifier and is easily crosslinked during molding.
- a fluororubber molded product can be obtained by molding using the above-mentioned fluororubber.
- the molding process is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include known methods using the above-mentioned curing agent.
- the fluororubber molded product is suitable as a seal, gasket, electric wire coating, hose, tube, laminate, accessory, etc., and is particularly suitable for parts for semiconductor manufacturing equipment, automobile parts, and the like.
- hydrocarbon-based surfactant used for producing a fluoropolymer examples include those described in JP-A-2013-542308, JP-A-2013-542309, and JP-A-13-542310. Can be used.
- the hydrocarbon-based surfactant may be a surfactant having a hydrophilic portion and a hydrophobic portion on the same molecule. These may be cationic, non-ionic or anionic.
- Cationic hydrocarbon-based surfactants usually have a positively charged hydrophilic moiety such as alkylated ammonium halide such as alkylated ammonium bromide and a hydrophobic moiety such as long chain fatty acids.
- Anionic hydrocarbon-based surfactants usually have a hydrophilic moiety such as a carboxylate, a sulfonate or a sulfate, and a hydrophobic moiety that is a long chain hydrocarbon moiety such as alkyl.
- Nonionic hydrocarbon-based surfactants are usually free of charged groups and have hydrophobic moieties that are long-chain hydrocarbons.
- the hydrophilic moiety of the nonionic hydrocarbon surfactant contains a water-soluble functional group such as a chain of ethylene ether derived from polymerization with ethylene oxide.
- nonionic hydrocarbon surfactants Polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenyl ethers, polyoxyethylene alkyl esters, sorbitan alkyl esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitan alkyl esters, glycerol esters, and derivatives thereof.
- polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene stearyl ether, polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, polyoxyethylene behenyl ether and the like.
- polyoxyethylene alkyl phenyl ether polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether, polyoxyethylene octylphenyl ether and the like.
- polyoxyethylene alkyl esters polyethylene glycol monolaurylate, polyethylene glycol monooleate, polyethylene glycol monostearate, etc.
- sorbitan alkyl ester polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, etc.
- polyoxyethylene sorbitan alkyl ester polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate and the like.
- glycerol ester glycerol monomyristate, glycerol monostearate, glycerol monooleate and the like.
- polyoxyethylene alkylamine polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl-formaldehyde condensate, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether phosphate and the like.
- the ethers and esters may have an HLB value of 10-18.
- Nonionic hydrocarbon-based surfactants include Triton (registered trademark) X series (X15, X45, X100, etc.), Tergitol (registered trademark) 15-S series, and Tergitol (registered trademark) TMN manufactured by Dow Chemical Co., Ltd. Series (TMN-6, TMN-10, TMN-100, etc.), Tergitol® L series, BASF's Pluronic® R series (31R1, 17R2, 10R5, 25R4 (m-22, n ⁇ ) 23), Iconol® TDA series (TDA-6, TDA-9, TDA-10) and the like.
- anionic hydrocarbon-based surfactant examples include Versatic (registered trademark) 10 of Resolution Performance Products, Avanel S series (S-70, S-74, etc.) manufactured by BASF.
- the anionic hydrocarbon-based surfactant includes RLM (in the formula, R is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a branched alkyl group. It is a cyclic alkyl group having 3 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent, and when it has 3 or more carbon atoms, it may contain a monovalent or divalent heterocycle or may form a ring.
- RLM in the formula, R is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a branched alkyl group. It is a cyclic alkyl group having 3 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent, and when it has 3 or more carbon atoms, it may contain a monovalent or divalent heterocycle or may form a ring.
- .L is, -ArSO 3 -, -SO 3 - , -SO 4 -, - PO 3 - or -COO - a and, M is, H, a metal atom, NR 5 4, which may have a substituent good imidazolium, phosphonium may have a good pyridinium or substituted group which may have a substituent, R 5 is, H, or an organic group, -ArSO 3 - is by an aryl sulfonic acid salt). Also included are the represented anionic surfactants.
- R 5 is preferably H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and more preferably H or an organic group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- CH 3- (CH 2 ) n- LM (in the formula, n is an integer of 6 to 17) such as lauryl acid and lauryl sulfate (dodecyl sulfate).
- M is represented by (the same as above).
- R 6 (-LM) 2 (in the formula, R 6 may have a substituent and is a linear or branched alkylene having 1 or more carbon atoms.
- L is, -ArSO 3 -, -SO 3 - , -SO 4 -, - PO 3 - or -COO - a and, M is, H, a metal atom, NR 5 4, have a substituent and optionally also good imidazolium, phosphonium may have a good pyridinium or substituted group which may have a substituent, R 5 is, H, or an organic group, -ArSO 3 - is an aryl sulfonate There is also an anionic surfactant represented by).
- R 7 (-LM) 3 in the formula, R 7 may have a substituent and has a linear or branched chain having 1 or more carbon atoms. It is a cyclic alkylidine group having 3 or more carbon atoms which may have an alkylidine group or a substituent, and when the number of carbon atoms is 3 or more, it may contain a monovalent or divalent heterocycle or form a ring.
- L is, -ArSO 3 also be -, -SO 3 -, -SO 4 -, - PO 3 - or -COO - a and, M is, H, a metal atom, NR 5 4, substituents may have imidazolium, phosphonium may have a good pyridinium or substituted group which may have a substituent, R 5 is H or an organic group-ArSO. 3 - is an aryl sulfonic acid Also included are anionic surfactants represented by (is a salt). The R 5, preferably H or an alkyl group, more preferably an alkyl group of H or C 1 -C 10 alkyl group of H or C 1-4 being more preferred.
- substituteduent means a substitutable group.
- substitutable group examples include an aliphatic group, an aromatic group, a heterocyclic group, an acyl group, an acyloxy group, an acylamino group, an aliphatic oxy group, an aromatic oxy group, a heterocyclic oxy group, and an aliphatic oxycarbonyl group.
- hydrocarbon-based surfactant examples include a siloxane hydrocarbon-based surfactant.
- siloxane hydrocarbon-based surfactant examples include Silicone Surfactants, R.M. M. Hill, Marcel Dekker, Inc. , ISBN: 0-8247-00104.
- the structure of siloxane hydrocarbon-based surfactants includes distinct hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties.
- the hydrophobic moiety comprises one or more dihydrocarbylsiloxane units, where the substituents on the silicone atom are completely hydrocarbons.
- siloxane hydrocarbon-based surfactants should be considered hydrocarbon-based surfactants in the sense that they are completely substituted by hydrogen atoms when the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl group can be replaced by halogens such as fluorine. That is, the monovalent substituent on the carbon atom of the hydrocarbyl group is hydrogen.
- hydrophilic moieties of siloxane hydrocarbon surfactants are sulfate, sulfonate, phosphonate, phosphate ester, carboxylate, carbonate, sulfosuccinate, taurate (as free acid, salt or ester), phosphine oxide, betaine, betaine. It may contain one or more polar moieties containing ionic groups such as copolyols, quaternary ammonium salts. The ionic hydrophobic moiety may also include an ionically functionalized siloxane graft.
- siloxane hydrocarbon-based surfactant examples include polydimethylsiloxane-graft- (meth) acrylate, polydimethylsiloxane-graft-polyacrylate salt and polydimethylsiloxane-grafted quaternary amine. ..
- the polar part of the hydrophilic portion of the siloxane hydrocarbon surfactant is polyethylene oxide (PEO), and a mixed polyether such as polyethylene oxide / propylene oxide polyether (PEO / PPO); monosaccharides and disaccharides; It may contain nonionic groups formed by water-soluble heterocycles such as pyrrolidinone.
- the ratio of ethylene oxide to propylene oxide (EO / PO) can be varied in the mixed polyethylene oxide / propylene oxide polyether.
- the hydrophilic moiety of the siloxane hydrocarbon surfactant may also include a combination of an ionic moiety and a nonionic moiety.
- Such moieties include, for example, ionic terminal-functionalized or randomly functionalized polyethers or polyols.
- Preferred for carrying out the present disclosure is a siloxane having a nonionic moiety, i.e., a nonionic siloxane hydrocarbon-based surfactant.
- siloxane hydrocarbon surfactants The arrangement of hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties in the structure of siloxane hydrocarbon surfactants is diblock polymer (AB), triblock polymer (ABA) (where "B” represents the siloxane moiety of the molecule), Alternatively, it may take the form of a multi-block polymer. Alternatively, the siloxane surfactant may include a graft polymer.
- Siloxane hydrocarbon-based surfactants are also disclosed in US Pat. No. 6,841,616.
- siloxane-based anionic hydrocarbon-based surfactant examples include Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. Examples thereof include SilSense TM PE-100 Silicone and SilSense TM CA-1 Silicone, which are available from Consumer Specialties of Noveon®.
- anionic hydrocarbon-based surfactant examples include the sulfosuccinate surfactant Lankropol (registered trademark) K8300 of Akzo Nobel Interface Chemistry LLC.
- sulfosuccinate surfactant examples include diisodecyl sulfosuccinate salt (Clariant's Emulsogen® SB10), diisotridecyl sulfosuccinate Na salt (Cesapinia Chemicals' Polar® TR / LNA) and the like.
- hydrocarbon-based surfactant examples include Omniova Solutions, Inc. PolyFox® surfactants (PolyFox TM PF-156A, PolyFox TM PF-136A, etc.) are also mentioned.
- the hydrocarbon-based surfactant is preferably an anionic hydrocarbon-based surfactant.
- anionic hydrocarbon-based surfactant the above-mentioned ones can be adopted, and for example, the following hydrocarbon-based surfactants can be preferably adopted.
- anionic hydrocarbon-based surfactant examples include the following formula ( ⁇ ): R 10- COMM ( ⁇ ) (Wherein, R 10 is a is .M monovalent organic group containing 1 or more carbon atoms, H, a metal atom, NR 11 4, good imidazolium be substituted, substituted
- the compound ( ⁇ ) represented by ( ⁇ ) is a pyridinium which may have a group or a phosphonium which may have a substituent, and R 11 is H or an organic group, which may be the same or different. Can be mentioned.
- R 11 an organic group of H or C 1-10 is preferable, and an organic group of H or C 1-4 is more preferable.
- the number of carbon atoms of R 10 is preferably 2 or more, and more preferably 3 or more. From the viewpoint of water solubility, the number of carbon atoms of R 10 is preferably 29 or less, more preferably 23 or less.
- the metal atom of M include alkali metals (Group 1) and alkaline earth metals (Group 2), and Na, K or Li are preferable.
- the M, H, a metal atom or NR 11 4 are preferable, H, an alkali metal (Group 1), alkaline earth metal (Group 2) or NR 11 4, more preferably, H, Na, K, Li or NH 4 Is even more preferred, Na, K or NH 4 is even more preferred, Na or NH 4 is particularly preferred, and NH 4 is most preferred.
- Examples of the compound ( ⁇ ) include R 12- COMM (in the formula, R 12 may have a substituent, a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms, an alkenyl group, an alkylene group, or the like. It is an alkenylene group or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 or more carbon atoms, an alkenyl group, an alkylene group or an alkenylene group which may have a substituent, and these may contain an ether bond. When the number of carbon atoms is 3 or more. May contain a monovalent or divalent heterocycle or may form a ring; M is the same as above) and also includes anionic surfactants. Specifically, those represented by CH 3- (CH 2 ) n- COOM (in the equation, n is an integer of 2 to 28; M is the same as above) can be mentioned.
- the anionic hydrocarbon-based surfactant may not contain a carbonyl group (excluding the carbonyl group in the carboxyl group) from the viewpoint of emulsion stability.
- Examples of the anionic hydrocarbon-based surfactant containing no carbonyl group include the following formula (A): R-COO-M (A).
- R is an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkylene group or alkenylene group, which may contain an ether bond .
- M is H, a metal atom, NR 11 4, which may have a substituent
- R 11 is the same or different, H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. ) Is preferably exemplified.
- R is preferably an alkyl group or an alkenyl group (these may contain an ether group).
- the alkyl group or alkenyl group in R may be linear or branched.
- the carbon number of R is not limited, but is, for example, 2 to 29, preferably 4 to 29.
- the alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkylene group or alkenylene group in R preferably does not contain a carbonyl group (excluding the carbonyl group in the ester group).
- the carbon number of R is preferably 3 to 29, and more preferably 5 to 23.
- the carbon number of R is preferably 5 to 35, more preferably 11 to 23.
- the carbon number of R is preferably 2 to 29, more preferably 9 to 23.
- the carbon number of R is preferably 2 to 29, more preferably 3 to 29, and even more preferably 9 to 23.
- alkyl group and alkenyl group examples include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an isobutyl group, a t-butyl group, a vinyl group and the like.
- anionic hydrocarbon-based surfactant examples include butyl acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, capric acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, pentadecyl acid, palmitic acid, and palmitreic acid.
- lauric acid at least one selected from the group consisting of lauric acid, capric acid, myristic acid, pentadecic acid, palmitic acid, and salts thereof is preferable, lauric acid and its salts are more preferable, and lauric acid salts are particularly preferable.
- lauric acid and its salts are more preferable, and lauric acid salts are particularly preferable.
- sodium laurate or ammonium laurate is most preferred.
- the salt the metal atom of the formula M hydrogen of the carboxyl groups mentioned above, NR 11 4, which may imidazolium substituted, pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a substituent Examples thereof include those which are phosphoniums which may be possessed, but are not particularly limited.
- the hydrocarbon-based surfactant includes the following general formula (1-0): (In the formula, R 1 to R 5 represent H or a monovalent substituent, except that at least one of R 1 and R 3 is a group represented by the general formula: -Y-R 6 , R 2 and of R 5, at least one of the general formula: a group represented by -X-a, or the general formula: represents a group represented by -Y-R 6.
- X is the same or different at each appearance, and is a divalent linking group or a binding hand;
- A is identical or different at each occurrence, -COOM, is -SO 3 M or -OSO 3 M (M, H, a metal atom, NR 7 4, which may imidazolium have a substituent, Pyridinium, which may have a substituent, or phosphonium, which may have a substituent, R 7 is an H or organic group);
- R 6 is an alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms which may contain at least one selected from the group consisting of a carbonyl group, an ester group, an amide group and a
- the surfactant (1-0) will be described.
- R 1 to R 5 represent H or a monovalent substituent, provided that at least one of R 1 and R 3 is a group represented by the general formula: —Y—R 6 , R 2 and At least one of R 5 represents a group represented by the general formula: -X-A or a group represented by the general formula: -Y-R 6 . Any two of R 1 to R 5 may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- alkyl group as R 1 may have include a halogen atom, a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms.
- a hydroxy group is preferable, and a methyl group and an ethyl group are particularly preferable.
- the alkyl group as R 1 preferably does not contain a carbonyl group.
- 75% or less of the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, 50% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom, and 25% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom.
- it is preferably a non-halogenated alkyl group that does not contain a halogen atom such as a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom.
- the alkyl group preferably does not have any substituents.
- the R 1, is preferably a straight chain or branched cyclic alkyl group of an alkyl group or substituent to 3 carbon atoms which may have a 10 having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent ,
- a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms containing no carbonyl group or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms containing no carbonyl group is more preferable, and the number of carbon atoms having no substituent is preferable.
- a linear or branched alkyl group of 1 to 10 is more preferable, and a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms having no substituent is even more preferable, and a methyl group (-CH). 3 ) or an ethyl group (-C 2 H 5 ) is particularly preferable, and a methyl group (-CH 3 ) is most preferable.
- the alkyl group preferably has 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- X represents the same or different divalent linking group or bond in each appearance.
- R 6 does not contain any of a carbonyl group, an ester group, an amide group and a sulfonyl group
- X is a divalent containing at least one selected from the group consisting of a carbonyl group, an ester group, an amide group and a sulfonyl group. It is preferable that it is a linking group of.
- R 8 represents H or an organic group.
- an organic group of H or C 1-10 is preferable, an organic group of H or C 1-4 is more preferable, and H is further preferable.
- A identical or different at each occurrence, -COOM, is -SO 3 M or -OSO 3 M (M, H, a metal atom, NR 7 4, good imidazolium be substituted , phosphonium may have a good pyridinium or substituted group which may have a substituent, R 7 .4 one R 7 is H or an organic group represents a good.) to be identical or different ..
- M H, a metal atom, NR 7 4, good imidazolium be substituted
- phosphonium may have a good pyridinium or substituted group which may have a substituent
- R 7 .4 one R 7 is H or an organic group represents a good.
- an organic group of H or C 1-10 is preferable, and an organic group of H or C 1-4 is more preferable.
- the metal atom include alkali metals (Group 1) and alkaline earth metals (Group 2), and Na, K or Li are preferable.
- the M, H, a metal atom or NR 7 4 are preferable, H, an alkali metal (Group 1), alkaline earth metal (Group 2) or NR 7 4, more preferably, H, Na, K, Li or NH 4 Is even more preferred, Na, K or NH 4 is even more preferred, Na or NH 4 is particularly preferred, and NH 4 is most preferred.
- an organic group of H or C 1-10 is preferable, an organic group of H or C 1-4 is more preferable, and H is further preferable.
- R 6 has one or more carbon atoms which may contain at least one selected from the group consisting of a carbonyl group, an ester group, an amide group and a sulfonyl group, which is the same or different at each appearance, between carbon atoms.
- the number of carbon atoms of the organic group of R 6 is preferably 2 or more, preferably 20 or less, more preferably 2 to 20, and even more preferably 2 to 10.
- the alkyl group of R 6 contains at least one or two selected from the group consisting of a carbonyl group, an ester group, an amide group and a sulfonyl group between carbon-carbon atoms. However, these groups are not contained at both ends of the above alkyl groups.
- 75% or less of the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, 50% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom, and 25% or less may be a halogen atom.
- a non-halogenated alkyl group containing no halogen atom such as a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom is preferable.
- R 6 General formula: -R 10 -Group represented by -CO-R 11 , General formula: -R 10 -Group represented by COO-R 11 General formula: a group represented by -R 11, General formula: -R 10- NR 8 Group represented by CO-R 11 or General formula: -R 10- CONR 8- R 11 groups, (In the formula, R 8 represents H or an organic group.
- R 10 is an alkylene group and R 11 is an alkyl group which may have a substituent).
- R 6 the group represented by the general formula: ⁇ R 10 ⁇ CO—R 11 is more preferable.
- an organic group of H or C 1-10 is preferable, an organic group of H or C 1-4 is more preferable, and H is further preferable.
- the carbon number of the alkylene group of R 10 is preferably 1 or more, more preferably 3 or more, more preferably 20 or less, further preferably 12 or less, further preferably 10 or less, and particularly preferably 8 or less.
- the carbon number of the alkylene group of R 10 is preferably 1 to 20, more preferably 1 to 10, and even more preferably 3 to 10.
- the alkyl group of R 11 may have 1 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 15, more preferably 1 to 12, further preferably 1 to 10, further preferably 1 to 8, and 1 to 6. Particularly preferably, 1 to 3 is even more preferable, 1 or 2 is particularly preferable, and 1 is most preferable. Further, the alkyl group of R 11 is preferably composed of only primary carbon, secondary carbon and tertiary carbon, and particularly preferably composed of only primary carbon and secondary carbon. That is, as the R 11, a methyl group, an ethyl group, n- propyl group, an isopropyl group are preferable, especially a methyl group is most preferred.
- R 2 and R 5 are a group represented by the general formula: -X-A, and it is also a preferred embodiment that A is -COOM. It is one.
- a compound represented by the general formula (1-1), a compound represented by the general formula (1-2) or a compound represented by the general formula (1-3) is preferable, and the compound is generally used.
- the compound represented by the formula (1-1) or the compound represented by the general formula (1-2) is more preferable.
- R 12 is an alkylene group of C 1-10 .) Is preferable. In the alkylene group of R 12 , 75% or less of the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, 50% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom, and 25% or less may be a halogen atom. Although it may be substituted with, a non-halogenated alkylene group containing no halogen atom such as a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom is preferable.
- Examples of the group represented by -Y-R 6, the general formula General formula: -R 10 -Group represented by -CO-R 11 , General formula: -OCO-R 10 -Group represented by -CO-R 11 General formula: -COO-R 10 -Group represented by -CO-R 11 General formula: -OCO-R 10 -Group represented by -COO-R 11 General formula: -Group represented by COO-R 11 General formula: -NR 8 CO-R 10 -Group represented by -CO-R 11 or General formula: -CONR 8- R 10- NR 8 A group represented by CO-R 11 (in the formula, R 8 , R 10 and R 11 are as described above) is preferable.
- R 4 and R 5 are independently preferably H or C 1-4 alkyl groups.
- 75% or less of the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, 50% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom, and 25% or less. May be substituted with a halogen atom, but a non-halogenated alkyl group containing no halogen atom such as a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom is preferable.
- an alkyl group of C 1-20 which may have H or a substituent is preferable, and an alkyl group of C 1-20 which does not have H or a substituent is preferable. Is more preferable, and H is further preferable.
- Alkyl group of the R 3 may be substituted by 75% or less halogen atom of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms, may be 50% or less is optionally substituted by halogen atom, 25% or less halogen atom although it may be substituted with, a non-halogenated alkyl group containing no halogen atom such as a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom is preferable.
- an alkyl group of C 1-20 which may have H, OH or a substituent is preferable, and C 1- which does not have H, OH or a substituent is preferable.
- the alkyl group of 20 is more preferred, and H or OH is even more preferred.
- 75% or less of the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, 50% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom, and 25% or less may be a halogen atom.
- a non-halogenated alkyl group containing no halogen atom such as a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom is preferable.
- the hydrocarbon-based surfactant has the following formula (1-0A): (Wherein, R 1A ⁇ R 5A is, H, carbon - may also be a monovalent hydrocarbon group containing an ester group between carbon atoms, or the general formula:. A group represented by -X A -A However , at least one of R 2A and R 5A has the general formula: represents a group represented by -X a -A.
- X A is the same or different at each appearance, a divalent hydrocarbon group, or a bond; A may be the same or different at each occurrence, -COOM (M is H, a metal atom, NR 7 4, which may imidazolium substituted, pyridinium which may have a substituent group or a substituted phosphonium may have a group, R 7 is, H, or an organic group); Any two of R 1A to R 5A may be bonded to each other to form a ring. ), And the like, as well as the surfactant (1-0A).
- the monovalent hydrocarbon group which may contain an ester group between carbon atoms preferably has 1 to 50 carbon atoms, preferably 5 to 20 carbon atoms. Is more preferable. Any two of R 1A to R 5A may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- An alkyl group is preferable as the monovalent hydrocarbon group which may contain an ester group between carbon atoms.
- the divalent carbon number of the hydrocarbon group is 1 to 50, more preferably 5 to 20.
- the divalent hydrocarbon group include an alkylene group and an alkanediyl group, and an alkylene group is preferable.
- any one of R 2A and R 5A is preferably a group represented by the above general formula: -X A- A, and R 2A is the above general formula: -X A-. It is more preferable that the group is represented by A.
- R 2A is a group represented by the general formula: ⁇ XAA— A
- R 1A , R 3A , R 4A and R 5A are H. Is.
- X A is an alkylene group having a bond or a C 1-5.
- R 2A is the general formula: a group represented by -X A -A, R 1A and R 3A are represented by -Y A -R 6 a group, Y a is the same or different at each occurrence, -COO -, - OCO-, or a bond, R 6 is identical or different at each occurrence, with one or more alkyl groups having a carbon number It is an aspect. In this case, it is preferable that R 4A and R 5A are H.
- hydrocarbon-based surfactant represented by the general formula (1-0A) examples include glutaric acid or a salt thereof, adipic acid or a salt thereof, pimelic acid or a salt thereof, suberic acid or a salt thereof, azelaic acid or a salt thereof. Examples thereof include salt, sebacic acid or a salt thereof.
- the aliphatic carboxylic acid type hydrocarbon surfactant represented by the general formula (1-0A) may be a double chain 2 hydrophilic group type synthetic surfactant, for example, a Gemini type surfactant. Examples thereof include Geminisurf (Chukyo Yushi Co., Ltd.), Gemusurf ⁇ 142 (12 lauryl groups), Gemsurf ⁇ 102 (10 carbon atoms), Gemsurf ⁇ 182 (14 carbon atoms) and the like.
- hydrocarbon-based surfactant examples include hydrocarbon-based surfactants having one or more carbonyl groups (excluding the carbonyl group in the carboxyl group). Further, a hydrocarbon-based surfactant obtained by radical-treating or oxidizing a hydrocarbon-based surfactant having one or more of the above carbonyl groups (excluding the carbonyl group in the carboxyl group) can also be used.
- the radical treatment may be any treatment for generating radicals in a hydrocarbon-based surfactant having one or more carbonyl groups (excluding the carbonyl group in the carboxyl group), for example, deionization in a reactor.
- the oxidation treatment is a treatment in which an oxidizing agent is added to a hydrocarbon-based surfactant having one or more carbonyl groups (excluding the carbonyl group in the carboxyl group).
- the oxidizing agent include oxygen, ozone, hydrogen peroxide solution, manganese oxide (IV), potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, nitric acid, sulfur dioxide and the like.
- the radical treatment or the oxidation treatment may be carried out in a pH-adjusted aqueous solution.
- the pH of the aqueous solution for performing the radical treatment or the oxidation treatment is preferably less than 7, and the pH of the aqueous solution can be adjusted by using, for example, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid or the like.
- Examples of the hydrocarbon-based surfactant having one or more carbonyl groups (excluding the carbonyl group in the carboxyl group) include the formula: RX (in the formula, R is a carbonyl group (however, in the carboxyl group). It is a fluorine-free organic group having one or more carbon atoms (excluding the carbonyl group) and having 1 to 2000 carbon atoms.
- RX is -OSO 3 X 1 , -COOX 1 or -SO 3 X 1 (X 1 is H, metal.
- R preferably has 500 or less carbon atoms, more preferably 100 or less, further preferably 50 or less, and even more preferably 30 or less.
- the hydrocarbon-based surfactant includes the following formula (a):
- R 1a is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 or more carbon atoms, and the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom has a hydroxy group or an ester bond. It may be substituted with a monovalent organic group containing it, may contain a carbonyl group when it has 2 or more carbon atoms, and may contain a monovalent or divalent heterocyclic ring when it has 3 or more carbon atoms. It may be formed.
- R 2a and R 3a are independently single-bonded or divalent linking groups.
- R 1a , R 2a and R 3a have a total of 6 or more carbon atoms.
- X a. Is H, a metal atom, NR 4a 4 , imidazolium which may have a substituent, pyridinium which may have a substituent or phosphonium which may have a substituent, and R 4a is It may be H or an organic group, and may be the same or different.
- R 1a , R 2a and R 3a may be bonded to each other to form a ring).
- R 1b is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent. If the number of carbon atoms is 3 or more, a monovalent or divalent heterocycle may be contained or a ring may be formed.
- R 2b and R 4b are independently H or a substituent.
- R 3b is an H or a substituent.
- N is an integer of 1 or more.
- P and q are independently integers of 0 or more.
- X b is H.
- R 5b is H or organic. It is a group and may be the same or different. Any two of R 1b , R 2b , R 3b and R 4b may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- L is a single bond, ⁇ CO 2 -B- *, -OCO-B- *, -CONR 6b -B- *, -NR 6b CO-B- *, or -CO- (However, -CO 2 -B-, -OCO-B -, -CONR 6b -B-, -NR 6 Excluding the carbonyl group contained in CO-B-), where B is an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a single bond or a substituent. Yes , R 6b is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, which may have H or a substituent. * Indicates the side bonded to -OSO 3 X b in the formula).
- R 1c is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 or more carbon atoms, and the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom has a hydroxy group or an ester bond. It may be substituted with a monovalent organic group containing it, may contain a carbonyl group when it has 2 or more carbon atoms, and may contain a monovalent or divalent heterocyclic ring when it has 3 or more carbon atoms.
- R 2c and R 3c are independently a single bond or a divalent linking group .
- R 1c, R 2c and R 3c are 5 or more total carbon atoms .
- a c Is -COOX c or -SO 3 X c (X c is H, metal atom, NR 4c 4 , imidazolium which may have a substituent, pyridinium which may have a substituent or a substituent.
- R 4c is an H or an organic group and may be the same or different.) In R 1c , R 2c and R 3c , any two of them are bonded to each other.
- the surfactant (c) represented by () and the following formula (d):
- R 1d is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent. If the number of carbon atoms is 3 or more, a monovalent or divalent heterocycle may be contained or a ring may be formed.
- R 2d and R 4d are independently H or a substituent.
- R 3d is an H or a substituent.
- a is .n alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent
- a is .p and q is an integer of 1 or more, independently, an integer of 0 or more .
- a d is - SO 3 X d or -COOX d
- X d has H, metal atom, NR 5d 4 , imidazolium which may have a substituent, pyridinium which may have a substituent or a substituent. It is a phosphonium which may be, R 5d is an H or an organic group and may be the same or different.
- L is a single bond, -CO 2 -B- *, -OCO -B- *, -CONR 6d -B- *, -NR 6d CO-B- *, or. , -CO- (excluding the carbonyl group contained in -CO 2 -B-, -OCO -B-, -CONR 6d -B-, -NR 6d CO-B-), where B is a single bond.
- it is an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent
- R 6d is H or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms which may have a substituent.
- at least one member selected from the group consisting of surfactant (d) represented by the point.) the side to be bonded to a d in the formula are more preferred.
- the surfactant (a) will be described.
- R 1a is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 or more carbon atoms.
- the alkyl group may contain a monovalent or divalent heterocycle when the number of carbon atoms is 3 or more, or may form a ring.
- a monovalent or divalent heterocycle when the number of carbon atoms is 3 or more, or may form a ring.
- an unsaturated heterocycle is preferable, an oxygen-containing unsaturated heterocycle is more preferable, and examples thereof include a furan ring.
- a monovalent heterocycle may be located at the end of the alkyl group.
- the "carbon number" of the alkyl group includes the number of carbon atoms constituting the carbonyl group and the number of carbon atoms constituting the heterocycle.
- the group represented by CH 3- C ( O)-has 2 carbon atoms.
- the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be substituted with a functional group, for example, a hydroxy group (-OH) or a monovalent organic group containing an ester bond may be substituted. It is preferably not substituted with any functional group.
- 75% or less of the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, 50% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom, and 25% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom.
- R 2a and R 3a are independently single-bonded or divalent linking groups. It is preferable that R 2a and R 3a are independently a single bond or a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 or more carbon atoms or a cyclic alkylene group having 3 or more carbon atoms.
- the alkylene groups constituting R 2a and R 3a preferably do not contain a carbonyl group.
- the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be substituted with a functional group, for example, a hydroxy group (-OH) or a monovalent organic group containing an ester bond may be substituted. It is preferably not substituted with any functional group.
- 75% or less of the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, 50% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom, and 25% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom.
- R 1a , R 2a and R 3a have a total of 6 or more carbon atoms. As the total number of carbon atoms, 8 or more is preferable, 9 or more is more preferable, 10 or more is further preferable, 20 or less is more preferable, 18 or less is more preferable, and 15 or less is further preferable. Any two of R 1a , R 2a and R 3a may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- X a is, H, a metal atom, NR 4a 4, which may imidazolium substituted, may have an optionally substituted pyridinium or substituent It is a good phosphonium and R4a is H or an organic group.
- the four R4a may be the same or different.
- R 4a H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms is preferable, and H or an organic group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is more preferable.
- the metal atom include monovalent and divalent metal atoms, and examples thereof include alkali metals (Group 1) and alkaline earth metals (Group 2), with Na, K or Li being preferable.
- H alkali metal (Group 1), alkaline earth metal (Group 2) or NR 4a 4 is preferable, and H, Na, K, Li or NH 4 is more preferable because it is easily dissolved in water. Further since the easily soluble in water, Na, K or NH 4 are more preferred, particularly preferably Na or NH 4 is, since removal is easy, NH 4 being the most preferred.
- X a is NH 4
- the solubility of the above-mentioned surfactant in an aqueous medium is excellent, and metal components are less likely to remain in PTFE or the final product.
- R 1a includes a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms that does not contain a carbonyl group, a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms that does not contain a carbonyl group, and 1 to 10 carbonyl groups.
- Alkyl groups containing rings are preferred.
- R 1a the following formula: (In the formula, n 11a is an integer of 0 to 10, R 11a is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 5 carbon atoms, and R 12a. Is an alkylene group having 0 to 3 carbon atoms. When n 11a is an integer of 2 to 10, R 12a may be the same or different from each other.) The group represented by is more preferable.
- n 11a an integer of 0 to 5 is preferable, an integer of 0 to 3 is more preferable, and an integer of 1 to 3 is further preferable.
- the alkyl group as R 11a preferably does not contain a carbonyl group.
- the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be substituted with a functional group, for example, a hydroxy group (-OH) or a monovalent organic group containing an ester bond. It may be, but it is preferable that it is not substituted with any functional group.
- the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, 50% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom, and 25% or less may be a halogen.
- it may be substituted with an atom, it is preferably a non-halogenated alkyl group containing no halogen atom such as a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom.
- R 12a is an alkylene group having 0 to 3 carbon atoms. The number of carbon atoms is preferably 1 to 3.
- the alkylene group as R 12a may be linear or branched.
- the alkylene group as R 12a preferably does not contain a carbonyl group.
- the R 12a an ethylene group (-C 2 H 4 -) or propylene group (-C 3 H 6 -) is more preferred.
- the alkylene group as R 12a may have a hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom substituted with a functional group, for example, a hydroxy group (-OH) or a monovalent organic group containing an ester bond. It may be, but it is preferable that it is not substituted with any functional group.
- R 104a is an alkyl group.
- 75% or less of the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, 50% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom, and 25% or less is halogen.
- it may be substituted with an atom, it is preferably a non-halogenated alkylene group containing no halogen atom such as a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom.
- the R 2a and R 3a independently, preferably an alkylene group having 1 or more carbon containing no carbonyl group, more preferably an alkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms which does not contain a carbonyl group, an ethylene group (-C 2 H 4 -) or propylene group (-C 3 H 6 -) is more preferred.
- surfactant (a) examples include the following surfactants.
- X a is as described above.
- the "carbon number" of the alkyl group also includes the number of carbon atoms constituting the heterocycle.
- alkyl group as R 1b may have include a halogen atom, a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms.
- a hydroxy group is preferable, and a methyl group and an ethyl group are particularly preferable.
- the alkyl group as R 1b preferably does not contain a carbonyl group.
- 75% or less of the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, 50% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom, and 25% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom.
- it is preferably a non-halogenated alkyl group that does not contain a halogen atom such as a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom.
- the alkyl group preferably does not have any substituents.
- a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent is preferable.
- a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms containing no carbonyl group or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms containing no carbonyl group is more preferable, and the number of carbon atoms having no substituent is preferable.
- a linear or branched alkyl group of 1 to 10 is more preferable, and a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms having no substituent is even more preferable, and a methyl group (-CH). 3 ) or an ethyl group (-C 2 H 5 ) is particularly preferable, and a methyl group (-CH 3 ) is most preferable.
- R 2b and R 4b are independently H or substituents.
- the plurality of R 2b and R 4b may be the same or different from each other.
- a halogen atom a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and a hydroxy group are preferable, and methyl.
- a group and an ethyl group are particularly preferable.
- the alkyl groups as R 2b and R 4b preferably do not contain a carbonyl group.
- 75% or less of the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, 50% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom, and 25% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom.
- it is preferably a non-halogenated alkyl group that does not contain a halogen atom such as a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom.
- the alkyl group preferably does not have any substituents.
- the alkyl groups as R 2b and R 4b include linear or branched alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which do not contain a carbonyl group, or cyclic alkyl groups having 3 to 10 carbon atoms which do not contain a carbonyl group. Is preferable, a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms containing no carbonyl group is more preferable, and a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms having no substituent is preferable. Is more preferable, and a methyl group (-CH 3 ) or an ethyl group (-C 2 H 5 ) is particularly preferable.
- linear or branched alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which do not contain H or a carbonyl group are preferable, and 1 to 3 carbon atoms which do not have H or a substituent are preferable.
- the linear or branched alkyl group of H, methyl group (-CH 3 ) or ethyl group (-C 2 H 5 ) is even more preferable, and H is particularly preferable.
- R 3b is an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent. When a plurality of R 3b are present, they may be the same or different.
- the alkylene group preferably does not contain a carbonyl group.
- 75% or less of the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, 50% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom, and 25% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom.
- it is preferably a non-halogenated alkyl group that does not contain a halogen atom such as a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom.
- the alkylene group preferably does not have any substituents.
- alkylene group a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent or a cyclic alkylene group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent may be used.
- a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms containing no carbonyl group or a cyclic alkylene group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms containing no carbonyl group is preferable, and the number of carbon atoms having no substituent is preferable.
- R 1b , R 2b , R 3b and R 4b may be bonded to each other to form a ring, but it is preferable that the ring is not formed.
- n is an integer of 1 or more.
- an integer of 1 to 40 is preferable, an integer of 1 to 30 is more preferable, an integer of 5 to 25 is further preferable, and an integer of 5 to 9, 11 to 25 is particularly preferable.
- p and q are independently integers greater than or equal to 0.
- p an integer of 0 to 10 is preferable, and 0 or 1 is more preferable.
- q an integer of 0 to 10 is preferable, and an integer of 0 to 5 is more preferable.
- n, p and q are integers having a total of 5 or more. It is more preferable that the sum of n, p and q is an integer of 8 or more. The sum of n, p and q is also preferably an integer of 60 or less, more preferably an integer of 50 or less, and even more preferably an integer of 40 or less.
- X b may have H, a metal atom, NR 5b 4 , imidazolium which may have a substituent, pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a substituent. It is a good phosphonium and R 5b is an H or organic group. The four R 5b may be the same or different. As R 5b , H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms is preferable, and H or an organic group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is more preferable.
- the metal atom include monovalent and divalent metal atoms, and examples thereof include alkali metals (Group 1) and alkaline earth metals (Group 2), with Na, K or Li being preferable.
- X b may be a metal atom or NR 5b 4 (R 5b is as described above).
- R 5b is as described above.
- H alkali metal (Group 1), alkaline earth metal (Group 2) or NR 5b 4 is preferable, and H, Na, K, Li or NH 4 is more preferable because it is easily dissolved in water.
- Na, K or NH 4 are more preferred, particularly preferably Na or NH 4 is, since removal is easy, NH 4 being the most preferred.
- X b is NH 4
- the solubility of the above-mentioned surfactant in an aqueous medium is excellent, and metal components are unlikely to remain in PTFE or the final product.
- L is a single bond, -CO 2 -B- *, -OCO-B- *, -CONR 6b -B- *, -NR 6b CO-B- *, or -CO- ( However, the carbonyl group contained in -CO 2 -B-, -OCO-B-, -CONR 6b -B-, and -NR 6 CO-B- is excluded), and B has a single bond or a substituent. It is an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and R 6b is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms which may have H or a substituent. The alkylene group more preferably has 1 to 5 carbon atoms. Further, it is more preferable that R 6 is an H or a methyl group. * Refers to the side that binds to -OSO 3 X b in the equation.
- L is preferably a single bond.
- the surfactant (b) has the following formula: (In the formula, R 1b , R 2b , L, n and X b are as described above.)
- the compounds represented by are preferable.
- the surfactant (b) preferably has an integral value of the total peak intensity observed in the region of 2.0 to 5.0 ppm of chemical shift of 10% or more in the 1 H-NMR spectrum.
- the integrated value of the total peak intensities observed in the region of chemical shift 2.0 to 5.0 ppm is within the above range in the 1 H-NMR spectrum.
- the surfactant preferably has a ketone structure in the molecule.
- the integral value is more preferably 15 or more, preferably 95 or less, more preferably 80 or less, and further preferably 70 or less.
- the above integrated value is measured in a heavy water solvent at room temperature. Heavy water is 4.79 ppm.
- surfactant (b) for example, CH 3 C (O) CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OSO 3 Na, CH 3 C (O) CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OSO 3 Na, CH 3 C (O) CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OSO 3 Na, CH 3 C (O) CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OSO 3 Na, CH 3 C (O) CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OSO 3 Na, CH 3 C (O) CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OSO 3 Na, (CH 3 ) 3 CC (O) CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OSO 3 Na, (CH 3 ) 2 CHC (O) CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OSO 3 Na, (CH 2 ) 5 CHC (O) CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OSO 3 Na, (CH 2 ) 5 CHC (
- the surfactant (c) will be described.
- R 1c is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 or more carbon atoms.
- the alkyl group may contain a monovalent or divalent heterocycle when the number of carbon atoms is 3 or more, or may form a ring.
- a monovalent or divalent heterocycle when the number of carbon atoms is 3 or more, or may form a ring.
- an unsaturated heterocycle is preferable, an oxygen-containing unsaturated heterocycle is more preferable, and examples thereof include a furan ring.
- a monovalent heterocycle may be located at the end of the alkyl group.
- the "carbon number" of the alkyl group includes the number of carbon atoms constituting the carbonyl group and the number of carbon atoms constituting the heterocycle.
- the group represented by CH 3- C ( O)-has 2 carbon atoms.
- the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be substituted with a functional group, for example, a hydroxy group (-OH) or a monovalent organic group containing an ester bond may be substituted. It is preferably not substituted with any functional group.
- 75% or less of the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, 50% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom, and 25% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom.
- R 2c and R 3c are independently single-bonded or divalent linking groups. It is preferable that R 2c and R 3c are independently a single bond or a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 or more carbon atoms or a cyclic alkylene group having 3 or more carbon atoms.
- the alkylene groups constituting R 2c and R 3c preferably do not contain a carbonyl group.
- the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be substituted with a functional group, for example, a hydroxy group (-OH) or a monovalent organic group containing an ester bond may be substituted. It is preferably not substituted with any functional group.
- 75% or less of the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, 50% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom, and 25% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom.
- R 1c , R 2c and R 3c have a total of 5 or more carbon atoms.
- the total number of carbon atoms is preferably 7 or more, more preferably 9 or more, preferably 20 or less, more preferably 18 or less, and even more preferably 15 or less. Any two of R 1c , R 2c and R 3c may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- a c is, -COOX c or -SO 3 X c
- X c is, H, a metal atom, NR 4c 4, good imidazolium be substituted, the substituent It is a pyridinium which may have a substituent or a phosphonium which may have a substituent
- R4c is H or an organic group, which may be the same or different).
- R 4c H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms is preferable, and H or an organic group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is more preferable.
- Examples of the metal atom include monovalent and divalent metal atoms, and examples thereof include alkali metals (Group 1) and alkaline earth metals (Group 2), with Na, K or Li being preferable.
- alkali metals (Group 1) alkaline earth metals (Group 2) or NR 4c 4 is preferable, and H, Na, K, Li or NH 4 is more preferable because it is easily dissolved in water. Further since the easily soluble in water, Na, K or NH 4 are more preferred, particularly preferably Na or NH 4 is, since removal is easy, NH 4 being the most preferred.
- X c is NH 4 , the solubility of the above-mentioned surfactant in an aqueous medium is excellent, and metal components are unlikely to remain in PTFE or the final product.
- R 1c includes a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms that does not contain a carbonyl group, a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms that does not contain a carbonyl group, and 1 to 10 carbonyl groups.
- Alkyl groups containing rings are preferred.
- R 1c the following formula: (In the formula, n 11c is an integer of 0 to 10, R 11c is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 5 carbon atoms, and R 12c. Is an alkylene group having 0 to 3 carbon atoms. When n 11c is an integer of 2 to 10, R 12c may be the same or different from each other.) The group represented by is more preferable.
- n 11c an integer of 0 to 5 is preferable, an integer of 0 to 3 is more preferable, and an integer of 1 to 3 is further preferable.
- the alkyl group as R 11c preferably does not contain a carbonyl group.
- the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be substituted with a functional group, for example, a hydroxy group (-OH) or a monovalent organic group containing an ester bond is substituted. It may be, but it is preferable that it is not substituted with any functional group.
- the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, 50% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom, and 25% or less may be a halogen.
- it may be substituted with an atom, it is preferably a non-halogenated alkyl group containing no halogen atom such as a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom.
- R 12c is an alkylene group having 0 to 3 carbon atoms. The number of carbon atoms is preferably 1 to 3.
- the alkylene group as R 12c may be linear or branched.
- the alkylene group as R 12c preferably does not contain a carbonyl group.
- the R 12c an ethylene group (-C 2 H 4 -) or propylene group (-C 3 H 6 -) is more preferred.
- the alkylene group as R 12c may have a hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom substituted with a functional group, for example, a hydroxy group (-OH) or a monovalent organic group containing an ester bond. It may be, but it is preferable that it is not substituted with any functional group.
- R 12c 75% or less of the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, 50% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom, and 25% or less is halogen.
- it may be substituted with an atom, it is preferably a non-halogenated alkylene group containing no halogen atom such as a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom.
- R 2c and R 3c independently, preferably an alkylene group having 1 or more carbon containing no carbonyl group, more preferably an alkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms which does not contain a carbonyl group, an ethylene group (-C 2 H 4 -) or propylene group (-C 3 H 6 -) is more preferred.
- surfactant (c) examples include the following surfactants.
- Ac is as described above.
- the surfactant (d) will be described.
- the "carbon number" of the alkyl group also includes the number of carbon atoms constituting the heterocycle.
- alkyl group as R 1d may have include a halogen atom, a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms.
- a hydroxy group is preferable, and a methyl group and an ethyl group are particularly preferable.
- the alkyl group as R 1d preferably does not contain a carbonyl group.
- 75% or less of the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, 50% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom, and 25% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom.
- it is preferably a non-halogenated alkyl group that does not contain a halogen atom such as a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom.
- the alkyl group preferably does not have any substituents.
- a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent is preferable.
- a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms containing no carbonyl group or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms containing no carbonyl group is more preferable, and the number of carbon atoms having no substituent is preferable.
- a linear or branched alkyl group of 1 to 10 is more preferable, and a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms having no substituent is even more preferable, and a methyl group (-CH). 3 ) or an ethyl group (-C 2 H 5 ) is particularly preferable, and a methyl group (-CH 3 ) is most preferable.
- R 2d and R 4d are independently H or substituents.
- the plurality of R 2d and R 4d may be the same or different from each other.
- a halogen atom a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and a hydroxy group are preferable, and methyl.
- a group and an ethyl group are particularly preferable.
- the alkyl groups as R 2d and R 4d preferably do not contain a carbonyl group.
- 75% or less of the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, 50% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom, and 25% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom.
- it is preferably a non-halogenated alkyl group that does not contain a halogen atom such as a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom.
- the alkyl group preferably does not have any substituents.
- the alkyl groups as R 2d and R 4d include linear or branched alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which do not contain a carbonyl group, or cyclic alkyl groups having 3 to 10 carbon atoms which do not contain a carbonyl group. Is preferable, a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms containing no carbonyl group is more preferable, and a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms having no substituent is preferable. Is more preferable, and a methyl group (-CH 3 ) or an ethyl group (-C 2 H 5 ) is particularly preferable.
- linear or branched alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which do not contain H or a carbonyl group are preferable, and 1 to 3 carbon atoms which do not have H or a substituent are preferable.
- the linear or branched alkyl group of H, methyl group (-CH 3 ) or ethyl group (-C 2 H 5 ) is even more preferable, and H is particularly preferable.
- R 3d is an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent. When a plurality of R3d are present, they may be the same or different.
- the alkylene group preferably does not contain a carbonyl group.
- 75% or less of the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be substituted with a halogen atom, 50% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom, and 25% or less may be substituted with a halogen atom.
- it is preferably a non-halogenated alkyl group that does not contain a halogen atom such as a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom.
- the alkylene group preferably does not have any substituents.
- alkylene group a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent or a cyclic alkylene group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent may be used.
- a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms containing no carbonyl group or a cyclic alkylene group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms containing no carbonyl group is preferable, and the number of carbon atoms having no substituent is preferable.
- R 1d , R 2d , R 3d and R 4d may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- n is an integer of 1 or more. As n, an integer of 1 to 40 is preferable, an integer of 1 to 30 is more preferable, and an integer of 5 to 25 is further preferable.
- p and q are independently integers greater than or equal to 0.
- p an integer of 0 to 10 is preferable, and 0 or 1 is more preferable.
- q an integer of 0 to 10 is preferable, and an integer of 0 to 5 is more preferable.
- n, p and q are integers having a total of 6 or more. It is more preferable that the sum of n, p and q is an integer of 8 or more. The sum of n, p and q is also preferably an integer of 60 or less, more preferably an integer of 50 or less, and even more preferably an integer of 40 or less.
- a d is -SO 3 X d or -COOX d
- X d has H, a metal atom, NR 5d 4, good imidazolium be substituted, the substituent It is a pyridinium which may be present or a phosphonium which may have a substituent
- R5d is H or an organic group, which may be the same or different).
- R 5d H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms is preferable, and H or an organic group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is more preferable.
- Examples of the metal atom include monovalent and divalent metal atoms, and examples thereof include alkali metals (Group 1) and alkaline earth metals (Group 2), with Na, K or Li being preferable.
- X d may be a metal atom or NR 5d 4 (R 5d is as described above).
- R 5d is as described above.
- H, alkali metal (Group 1), alkaline earth metal (Group 2) or NR 5d 4 is preferable, and H, Na, K, Li or NH 4 is more preferable because it is easily dissolved in water.
- Na, K or NH 4 are more preferred, particularly preferably Na or NH 4 is, since removal is easy, NH 4 being the most preferred.
- X d is NH 4
- the solubility of the above-mentioned surfactant in an aqueous medium is excellent, and metal components are unlikely to remain in PTFE or the final product.
- L is a single bond, -CO 2 -B- *, -OCO -B- *, -CONR 6d -B- *, -NR 6d CO-B- *, or -CO- ( However, carbonyl groups contained in -CO 2 -B-, -OCO -B-, -CONR 6d -B-, and -NR 6d CO-B- are excluded), and B has a single bond or a substituent. It is an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and R 6d is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms which may have H or a substituent. The alkylene group more preferably has 1 to 5 carbon atoms. Further, it is more preferable that R 6d is an H or a methyl group.
- * Refers to the side connected to Ad in the equation.
- L is preferably a single bond.
- the above-mentioned surfactant preferably has an integral value of 10 or more of the total peak intensities observed in the region of chemical shift 2.0 to 5.0 ppm in 1 1 H-NMR spectrum.
- the integrated value of the total peak intensities observed in the region of chemical shift 2.0 to 5.0 ppm is within the above range in the 1 H-NMR spectrum.
- the surfactant preferably has a ketone structure in the molecule.
- the integral value is more preferably 15 or more, preferably 95 or less, more preferably 80 or less, and further preferably 70 or less.
- the above integrated value is measured in a heavy water solvent at room temperature. Heavy water is 4.79 ppm.
- surfactant (d) examples include, for example. CH 3 C (O) CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 COOK, CH 3 C (O) CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 COONa, CH 3 C (O) CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 COONa, CH 3 C (O) CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 COONa, CH 3 C (O) CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 COONa, CH 3 C (O) CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 COONa, CH 3 C (O) CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 COONa, CH 3 C (O) CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 COONa, CH 3 C (O) CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 COONa, CH 3 C (O) CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 COONa, CH 3 C (O) CH 2 CH
- two or more kinds of the above hydrocarbon-based surfactants may be used at the same time.
- the hydrocarbon-based surfactant in the polymerization is the compound ( ⁇ ), the surfactant (1-0) represented by the general formula (1-0), and the surfactant (a) represented by the formula (a).
- the hydrocarbon-based surfactant is the compound ( ⁇ ), the surfactant (1-0) represented by the general formula (1-0), and the surfactant (a) represented by the formula (a).
- At least one surfactant selected from the group may be subjected to radical treatment or oxidation treatment.
- the radical treatment may be any treatment for generating radicals in the surfactant. For example, deionized water and a hydrocarbon-based surfactant are added to the reactor, the reactor is sealed, and the inside of the system is nitrogen. After replacing with, the temperature of the reactor is raised and the pressure is increased, a polymerization initiator is charged, the reactor is stirred for a certain period of time, the reactor is depressurized until it reaches atmospheric pressure, and the reactor is cooled.
- the oxidation treatment is a treatment in which an oxidizing agent is added to the surfactant.
- the oxidizing agent include oxygen, ozone, hydrogen peroxide solution, manganese oxide (IV), potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, nitric acid, sulfur dioxide and the like.
- the hydrocarbon-based surfactant is also preferably a carboxylic acid-type hydrocarbon-based surfactant.
- the carboxylic acid type hydrocarbon surfactant is limited as long as it has a carboxyl group (-COOH) or a group in which the hydrogen atom of the carboxyl group is substituted with an inorganic cation (for example, a metal atom, ammonium, etc.).
- an inorganic cation for example, a metal atom, ammonium, etc.
- a hydrocarbon-based surfactant having a carboxyl group or a group in which the hydrogen atom of the carboxyl group is replaced with an inorganic cation can be used.
- the carboxylic acid type hydrocarbon-based surfactant is preferably a carboxyl group (-COOH) or a carboxyl group among the compound ( ⁇ ) and the surfactant (1-0) represented by the general formula (1-0).
- an aqueous dispersion containing a fluoropolymer (fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion) can be obtained.
- the fluoropolymer usually has a concentration of 8 to 50% by mass of the aqueous dispersion obtained by carrying out the above polymerization.
- the preferable lower limit of the concentration of the fluoropolymer is 10% by mass, the more preferable lower limit is 15% by mass, the preferable upper limit is 40% by mass, and the more preferable upper limit is 35% by mass.
- the purified fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion obtained by the production method of the present disclosure has a reduced amount of the fluoropolymer compound represented by the above general formula (1) or (2).
- the aqueous dispersion obtained by the production method of the present disclosure may be concentrated or subjected to dispersion stabilization treatment to form a dispersion, or as a powder or other solid obtained by recovering and drying by subjecting to coagulation or aggregation. May be good.
- the following fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion can be produced.
- the present disclosure is also a fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion containing a fluoropolymer and water, which contains a compound represented by the following general formula (1), and the total content of the compounds represented by the following general formula (1) is fluoro.
- a fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion characterized by being 1000 ppb or less with respect to the polymer.
- the total content of the compounds represented by the general formula (1) may be 500 ppb or less, 400 ppb or less, or 300 ppb or less with respect to PTFE. It may be 250 ppb or less, 200 ppb or less, 150 ppb or less, 100 ppb or less, 25 ppb or less, 15 ppb or less, and 10 ppb or less.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but may be 0.1 ppb and may be 1 ppb.
- the present disclosure also comprises a fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion containing a fluoropolymer and water, which comprises at least one of a compound represented by the following general formula (4) and a compound represented by the following general formula (4').
- the content of the compound represented by the formula (4) is 1000 ppb or less with respect to PTFE
- the content of the compound represented by the general formula (4') is 1000 ppb or less with respect to PTFE.
- a fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is provided.
- the content of the compound represented by the general formula (4) may be 500 ppb or less, 400 ppb or less, 300 ppb or less, 250 ppb or less, 200 ppb or less with respect to PTFE.
- the lower limit of the content of the compound represented by the general formula (4) is not particularly limited, but may be 0 ppb, 0.1 ppb, or 1 ppb.
- the content of the compound represented by the general formula (4') may be 500 ppb or less, 400 ppb or less, 300 ppb or less, 250 ppb or less, 200 ppb or less with respect to PTFE. It may be 150 ppb or less, 100 ppb or less, 25 ppb or less, 15 ppb or less, and 10 ppb or less.
- the lower limit of the content of the compound represented by the general formula (4') is not particularly limited, but may be 0 ppb, 0.1 ppb, or 1 ppb.
- the present disclosure also comprises a fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion containing a fluoropolymer and water, which comprises at least one of a compound represented by the following general formula (5) and a compound represented by the following general formula (5').
- the content of the compound represented by the formula (5) is 1000 ppb or less with respect to PTFE
- the content of the compound represented by the general formula (5') is 1000 ppb or less with respect to PTFE.
- a fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is provided.
- the content of the compound represented by the general formula (5) may be 500 ppb or less, 400 ppb or less, 300 ppb or less, 250 ppb or less, 200 ppb or less with respect to PTFE.
- the lower limit of the content of the compound represented by the general formula (5) is not particularly limited, but may be 0 ppb, 0.1 ppb, or 1 ppb.
- the content of the compound represented by the general formula (5') may be 500 ppb or less, 400 ppb or less, 300 ppb or less, 250 ppb or less, 200 ppb or less with respect to PTFE. It may be 150 ppb or less, 100 ppb or less, 25 ppb or less, 15 ppb or less, and 10 ppb or less.
- the lower limit of the content of the compound represented by the general formula (5') is not particularly limited, but may be 0 ppb, 0.1 ppb, or 1 ppb.
- the present disclosure also comprises a fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion containing a fluoropolymer and water, which comprises at least one of a compound represented by the following general formula (6) and a compound represented by the following general formula (6').
- the content of the compound represented by the formula (6) is 1000 ppb or less with respect to PTFE
- the content of the compound represented by the general formula (6') is 1000 ppb or less with respect to PTFE.
- a fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion is provided.
- the content of the compound represented by the general formula (6) may be 500 ppb or less, 400 ppb or less, 300 ppb or less, 250 ppb or less, 200 ppb or less with respect to PTFE.
- the lower limit of the content of the compound represented by the general formula (6) is not particularly limited, but may be 0 ppb, 0.1 ppb, or 1 ppb.
- the content of the compound represented by the general formula (6') may be 500 ppb or less, 400 ppb or less, 300 ppb or less, 250 ppb or less, 200 ppb or less with respect to PTFE. It may be 150 ppb or less, 100 ppb or less, 25 ppb or less, 15 ppb or less, and 10 ppb or less.
- the lower limit of the content of the compound represented by the general formula (6') is not particularly limited, but may be 0 ppb, 0.1 ppb, or 1 ppb.
- the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion of the present disclosure preferably contains substantially no compound represented by the general formula (3).
- the compound represented by the general formula (3) is not substantially contained, for example, the content of the compound represented by the general formula (3) may be 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE.
- the content of the compound represented by the general formula (3) may be 100 ppb or less, 25 ppb or less, 15 ppb or less, or 10 ppb or less with respect to PTFE.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but may be 0 ppb, 0.1 ppb, or 1 ppb.
- the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion of the present disclosure may contain a compound represented by the following general formula (4) in an amount of 1000 ppb or less with respect to PTFE.
- the content of the compound represented by the general formula (4) may be 500 ppb or less, 400 ppb or less, 300 ppb or less, 250 ppb or less, 200 ppb or less with respect to PTFE. It may be 150 ppb or less, 100 ppb or less, 25 ppb or less, 15 ppb or less, and 10 ppb or less.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but may be 0.1 ppb and may be 1 ppb.
- the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion of the present disclosure may contain a compound represented by the following general formula (4') in an amount of 1000 ppb or less with respect to PTFE.
- the content of the compound represented by the general formula (4') may be 500 ppb or less, 400 ppb or less, 300 ppb or less, 250 ppb or less, or 200 ppb or less with respect to PTFE. It may be 150 ppb or less, 100 ppb or less, 25 ppb or less, 15 ppb or less, and 10 ppb or less.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but may be 0.1 ppb and may be 1 ppb.
- the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion of the present disclosure may contain a compound represented by the following general formula (5) in an amount of 1000 ppb or less with respect to PTFE.
- the content of the compound represented by the general formula (5) may be 500 ppb or less, 400 ppb or less, 300 ppb or less, 250 ppb or less, 200 ppb or less with respect to PTFE. It may be 150 ppb or less, 100 ppb or less, 25 ppb or less, 15 ppb or less, and 10 ppb or less.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but may be 0.1 ppb and may be 1 ppb.
- the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion of the present disclosure may contain a compound represented by the following general formula (5') in an amount of 1000 ppb or less with respect to PTFE.
- the content of the compound represented by the general formula (5') may be 500 ppb or less, 400 ppb or less, 300 ppb or less, 250 ppb or less, and 200 ppb or less with respect to PTFE. It may be 150 ppb or less, 100 ppb or less, 25 ppb or less, 15 ppb or less, and 10 ppb or less.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but may be 0.1 ppb and may be 1 ppb.
- the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion of the present disclosure may contain a compound represented by the following general formula (6) in an amount of 1000 ppb or less with respect to PTFE.
- the content of the compound represented by the general formula (6) may be 500 ppb or less, 400 ppb or less, 300 ppb or less, 250 ppb or less, more preferably 200 ppb or less, and particularly preferably 200 ppb or less, with respect to PTFE. , 150 ppb or less, 100 ppb or less, 25 ppb or less, 15 ppb or less, 10 ppb or less.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but may be 0.1 ppb and may be 1 ppb.
- the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion of the present disclosure may contain a compound represented by the following general formula (6') in an amount of 1000 ppb or less with respect to PTFE.
- the content of the compound represented by the general formula (6') may be 500 ppb or less, 400 ppb or less, 300 ppb or less, 250 ppb or less, more preferably 200 ppb or less, based on PTFE. It may be 150 ppb or less, 100 ppb or less, 25 ppb or less, 15 ppb or less, and 10 ppb or less.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but may be 0.1 ppb and may be 1 ppb.
- the content of the compound having n of 4 is 150 ppb or less and n is 5 with respect to PTFE.
- the content of the compound having a content of 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE and n of 6 is 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE, and the content of the compound having n of 7 is 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE.
- the content of the compound in which n is 8 is 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE, and the content of the compound in which n is 9 is 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE, and the content of the compound in which n is 10 is The content of the compound having a content of 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE and n of 11 is 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE, and the content of the compound having n of 12 is 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE.
- the content of the compound having n of 13 is 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE
- the content of the compound having n of 14 is 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE
- the content of the compound having n is 15 or less.
- the content of the compound having a content of 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE and n of 16 is 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE
- the content of the compound having n of 17 is 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE.
- the content of the compound having n of 18 is 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE
- the content of the compound having n of 19 is 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE
- the content of the compound having n is 20 or less.
- the content may be 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE.
- General formula (2) (H- (CF 2 ) n- SO 3 ) q M 2 (Wherein, n is 4 ⁇ 20 .M 2 is H, a metal atom, NR 5 4 (R 5 may be the same or different, H, or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms), a substituted group It is an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent.
- the content of the compounds in which n is 4 to 20 may be 100 ppb or less, 25 ppb or less, 15 ppb or less, and 10 ppb or less, respectively.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but may be 0 ppb, 0.1 ppb, or 1 ppb.
- the content of any of the compounds represented by the general formula (2) may be 0 ppb in the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion of the present disclosure.
- the content of the compound having m of 3 is 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE, and the content of the compound having m is 4.
- the content of the compound having a content of 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE and m of 5 is 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE and the content of a compound having m of 6 is 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE.
- the content of the compound having m of 7 is 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE, and the content of the compound having m of 8 is 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE, and the content of the compound having m is 9 or less.
- the content of the compound having a content of 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE and m of 10 is 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE and the content of a compound having m of 11 is 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE.
- the content of the compound having m of 12 is 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE, and the content of the compound having m of 13 is 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE, and the content of the compound having m is 14 or less.
- the content of the compound having a content of 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE and m of 15 is 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE and the content of a compound having m of 16 is 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE.
- the content of the compound having m of 17 is 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE, and the content of the compound having m of 18 is 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE, and the content of the compound having m is 19 or less.
- the content may be 150 ppb or less with respect to PTFE.
- the four R 5s are the same. But it can be different.
- the R 5, preferably an organic group having H or C 1 -C 10 organic group of H or C 1-4 is more preferred.
- the general formulas (1), (2), (3), (4), (4'), (5), (5'), (6) or (6') The content of the compound represented by (1) is a value measured by using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method as described in Examples described later.
- the fluoropolymer preferably has a concentration of 10 to 90% by mass of the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion.
- the preferable lower limit of the concentration of the fluoropolymer is 20% by mass, the more preferable lower limit is 30% by mass, the further preferable lower limit is 40% by mass, the further preferable lower limit is 50% by mass, and the particularly preferable lower limit is 50% by mass. It is 55% by mass.
- the preferred upper limit is 80% by mass, and the more preferable upper limit is 70% by mass.
- the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion of the present disclosure may contain a nonionic surfactant.
- the content of the nonionic surfactant is preferably 0.5% by mass or more, more preferably 1% by mass or more, still more preferably 2% by mass or more, based on the fluoropolymer. Further, 10% by mass or less is preferable, 8% by mass or less is more preferable, and 7% by mass or less is further preferable.
- the nonionic surfactant the nonionic surfactant described in the step of adding the nonionic surfactant to the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion, which is carried out before the step B described above, can be used. ..
- the fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion of the present disclosure preferably contains substantially no fluorine-containing surfactant.
- substantially free of a fluorine-containing surfactant means that the amount of the fluorine-containing surfactant is 10 ppm or less with respect to the fluoropolymer.
- the content of the fluorine-containing surfactant is preferably 1 ppm or less, more preferably 100 ppb or less, still more preferably 10 ppb or less, still more preferably 1 ppb or less, and particularly preferably liquid chromatography.
- the fluorine-containing surfactant as measured by mass spectrometry (LC / MS / MS) is below the detection limit.
- the amount of the fluorine-containing surfactant can be quantified by a known method. For example, it can be quantified by LC / MS / MS analysis.
- the obtained aqueous dispersion of fluoropolymer is extracted with an organic solvent of methanol, and the molecular weight information of the extract is extracted from the LC / MS / MS spectrum to confirm the agreement with the structural formula of the candidate surfactant. ..
- an aqueous solution having a concentration of 5 levels or higher is prepared for the confirmed surfactant, and LC / MS / MS analysis for each concentration is performed to prepare a calibration curve with the area area.
- the obtained fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion can be quantitatively measured by performing Soxhlet extraction with methanol and performing LC / MS / MS analysis on the extract. That is, the content of the fluorine-containing surfactant can be quantified by, for example, LC / MS / MS analysis.
- methanol is added to the aqueous dispersion to perform extraction, and the obtained extract is subjected to LC / MS / MS analysis.
- treatment by Soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic treatment or the like may be performed.
- Molecular weight information is extracted from the obtained LC / MS / MS spectrum, and agreement with the structural formula of the candidate fluorine-containing surfactant is confirmed.
- an aqueous solution having a content of 5 levels or more of the confirmed fluorine-containing surfactant was prepared, and LC / MS / MS analysis was performed on the aqueous solution having each content, and the content and the area area with respect to the content were obtained. Plot the relationship and draw a calibration curve. Then, using the calibration curve, the area area of the LC / MS / MS chromatogram of the fluorine-containing surfactant in the extract can be converted into the content of the fluorine-containing surfactant.
- the content of the fluorine-containing surfactant contained in the aqueous dispersion can be quantified by the method described later, but the extraction solvent is added to the aqueous dispersion to further concentrate the extract after extraction. By doing so, the limit of quantification can be lowered. Further, the quantification limit can be lowered by increasing the amount of the aqueous dispersion liquid at the time of extraction or reducing the amount of the extraction solvent.
- the fluorine-containing surfactant is the same as that exemplified in the above-mentioned method for producing an aqueous dispersion of fluoropolymer.
- it may be a surfactant containing a fluorine atom having a total carbon number of 20 or less in the portion excluding the anionic group, or a surfactant containing fluorine having a molecular weight of 800 or less in the anionic portion, and LogPOW may be used.
- It may be a fluorine-containing surfactant of 3.5 or less.
- anionic fluorine-containing surfactant examples include compounds represented by the above general formula (N 0 ), and specifically, compounds represented by the general formula (N 1 ) and general formula (N 2 ). Examples thereof include a compound represented by the general formula (N 3 ), a compound represented by the general formula (N 4 ), and a compound represented by the general formula (N 5 ). More specifically, the perfluorocarboxylic acid (I) represented by the general formula (I), the ⁇ -H perfluorocarboxylic acid (II) represented by the general formula (II), and the general formula (III) are represented.
- each physical property was measured by the following method.
- Solid content Content 1 g of the PTFE aqueous dispersion is dried in a blower dryer at 150 ° C. for 60 minutes, and the ratio of the mass of the heating residue to the mass (1 g) of the aqueous dispersion is expressed as a percentage. Is adopted.
- Average primary particle size Measured by dynamic light scattering.
- a fluoropolymer aqueous dispersion having a fluoropolymer solid content concentration adjusted to about 1.0% by mass was prepared, and measured using ELSZ-1000S (manufactured by Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd.) at 25 ° C. for a total of 70 times.
- the refractive index of the solvent (water) was 1.3328, and the viscosity of the solvent (water) was 0.8878 mPa ⁇ s.
- P is 1 or 2.
- Formula (2) ( H- (CF 2 ) n -SO 3) q M 2 ( wherein, n is 4 ⁇ 20 .M 2 has H, a metal atom, NR 5 4, substituents It is an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent.
- Q is 1 or 2.
- the content of the compound represented by the general formula (1) containing 4 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms in the extract is represented by the general formula (1) having 4 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms using a liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer. Compounds were measured. For the extracted liquid phase, the peak area of the compound represented by the general formula (1) for each carbon number was determined by using the MRM method.
- the content of the compound represented by the general formula (1) of the number of carbon atoms (m + 1) in the extract was calculated using the following formula (3).
- a and b of the formula (3) were obtained from the formula (1).
- XCm ((ACmb) / a) x ((50 x m + 45) / 413) (3)
- XCm Content of the compound represented by the general formula (1) of the number of carbon atoms (m + 1) in the extraction solution (ng / mL)
- ACm Peak area of the compound represented by the general formula (1) of the number of carbon atoms (m + 1) in the extraction solution The quantification limit in this measurement is 1 ng / mL.
- the content of the compound represented by the general formula (2) having n carbon atoms in the extract was calculated using the following formula (3).
- a and b of the formula (3) were obtained from the formula (1).
- XSn ((ASn-b) / a) x ((50 x n + 81) / 499)
- XSn Content of the compound represented by the general formula (2) of n carbon atoms in the extraction solution (ng / mL)
- Asn Peak area of the compound represented by the general formula (2) of n carbon atoms in the extraction solution The quantification limit in this measurement is 1 ng / mL.
- surfactant A sodium 10-oxoundecyl sulfate
- Synthesis example 1 588.6 g of deionized water and 70.0 g of surfactant A were added to a glass reactor with an internal volume of 1 L and a stirrer, the reactor was sealed, the inside of the system was replaced with nitrogen, and oxygen was added. Removed. The temperature of the reactor is raised to 90 ° C. and the pressure is raised to 0.4 MPaG with nitrogen. 41.4 g of ammonium persulfate (APS) was charged and stirred for 3 hours. Stirring was stopped, the reactor was decompressed to atmospheric pressure, and cooled to obtain an aqueous surfactant solution B.
- APS ammonium persulfate
- Synthesis example 2 To a reactor made of SUS with an internal volume of 6 L and a stirrer, 3600 g of deionized degassed water, 180 g of paraffin wax, and 0.540 g of surfactant A were added, the reactor was sealed, and the inside of the system was filled with nitrogen. Substitution was performed to remove oxygen. The temperature of the reactor is raised to 90 ° C. and TFE is filled in the reactor to bring the reactor to 2.70 MPaG. As a polymerization initiator, 0.031 g of ammonium persulfate (APS) and 1.488 g of disuccinic acid peroxide (DSP) were charged. TFE was charged so that the reaction pressure was constant at 2.70 MPaG.
- APS ammonium persulfate
- DSP disuccinic acid peroxide
- the surfactant aqueous solution B was continuously charged.
- stirring was stopped and decompression was performed until the reactor reached atmospheric pressure.
- 139 g of the surfactant aqueous solution B was charged.
- the contents were taken out from the reactor, cooled, and then the paraffin wax was separated to obtain a PTFE aqueous dispersion C.
- the solid content of the obtained PTFE aqueous dispersion C was 31.7% by mass, and the average primary particle size was 357 nm.
- Synthesis Example 3 Preparation example of PTFE aqueous dispersion containing a nonionic surfactant
- a nonionic surfactant T-Det A138, manufactured by Hacros Chemicals, cloud point
- 44 ° C. was added in an amount corresponding to 10.0% by mass based on PTFE and gently dispersed with a resin rod to obtain a PTFE aqueous dispersion D containing a nonionic surfactant.
- Synthesis example 4 100 g of the PTFE aqueous dispersion D obtained in Synthesis Example 3 was placed in a 200 mL beaker, 18 g of an anion exchange resin (Amberjet IRA4002OH, manufactured by DuPont) was added, and the mixture was stirred with a stirrer for 30 minutes with a strength not to aggregate. .. After standing for 3 hours, the anion exchange resin was removed using a mesh to obtain a PTFE aqueous dispersion E.
- an anion exchange resin Amberjet IRA4002OH, manufactured by DuPont
- Example 1 An anion exchange resin (PFA694E, manufactured by Purplete) was further added to the purified PTFE aqueous dispersion E obtained in Synthesis Example 4 in the same proportion (18 g) as in Synthesis Example 4, and the same operation was performed to add the PTFE aqueous dispersion F. Obtained.
- a nonionic surfactant (T-Det A138, manufactured by Hacros Chemicals) was added to the PTFE aqueous dispersion F so as to have a concentration of 15% by mass / PTFE, and the mixture was allowed to stand at 48 ° C. for 4 hours. It was separated into two phases, a supernatant phase and a concentrated phase, which were substantially free of the mixture.
- the supernatant phase was removed to obtain a concentrated phase (PTFE aqueous dispersion G).
- a nonionic surfactant (T-Det A138, manufactured by Hacros Chemicals) and water are added to the concentrated phase (PTFE aqueous dispersion G), and the PTFE content is 25% by mass and the nonionic surfactant content is high.
- the mixture was allowed to stand at 44 ° C. for 4 hours, and separated into two phases, a supernatant phase and a concentrated phase, which contained substantially no PTFE.
- the supernatant phase was removed to obtain a concentrated phase (PTFE aqueous dispersion H).
- Example 2 A nonionic surfactant (T-Det A138, manufactured by Hacros Chemicals) and water were added to the concentrated phase (PTFE aqueous dispersion H) obtained in Example 1, and the PTFE content was 25% by mass and nonionic. After adjusting the content of the surfactant to be 15% by mass / PTFE, the mixture was allowed to stand at 44 ° C. for 4 hours, and separated into two phases, a supernatant phase and a concentrated phase, which substantially did not contain PTFE. .. The supernatant phase was removed to obtain a concentrated phase (PTFE aqueous dispersion I).
- T-Det A138 manufactured by Hacros Chemicals
- Example 3 An anion exchange resin (PFA694E, manufactured by Purplete) was further added to the PTFE aqueous dispersion F of Example 1 at the same ratio (18 g) as that of Synthesis Example 4, and the same operation was carried out to obtain a PTFE aqueous dispersion J.
- a nonionic surfactant (T-Det A138, manufactured by Hacros Chemicals) was added to the PTFE aqueous dispersion J so as to have a concentration of 15% by mass / PTFE, and the mixture was allowed to stand at 48 ° C. for 4 hours to substantially remove the PTFE. It was separated into two phases, a supernatant phase and a concentrated phase, which did not contain it.
- the supernatant phase was removed to obtain a concentrated phase (PTFE aqueous dispersion K).
- a nonionic surfactant (T-Det A138, manufactured by Hacros Chemicals) and water are added to the concentrated phase (PTFE aqueous dispersion K), the PTFE content is 25% by mass, and the content of the nonionic surfactant is 25% by mass.
- the mixture was allowed to stand at 44 ° C. for 4 hours, and separated into two phases, a supernatant phase and a concentrated phase, which contained substantially no PTFE.
- the supernatant phase was removed to obtain a concentrated phase (PTFE aqueous dispersion L).
- Example 4 A nonionic surfactant (T-Det A138, manufactured by Hacros Chemicals) and water were added to the concentrated phase (PTFE aqueous dispersion L) obtained in Example 3, and the PTFE content was 25% by mass and nonionic. After adjusting the content of the surfactant to be 15% by mass / PTFE, the mixture was allowed to stand at 44 ° C. for 4 hours, and separated into two phases, a supernatant phase and a concentrated phase, which substantially did not contain PTFE. .. The supernatant phase was removed to obtain a concentrated phase (PTFE aqueous dispersion M).
- T-Det A138 manufactured by Hacros Chemicals
- Example 5 A synthetic adsorbent (Amberlite FPX66, manufactured by DuPont, pore diameter: 243 ⁇ , pore volume: 1.9 cm 3 / g, specific surface area: 914 m 2 / g) was further added to the PTFE aqueous dispersion F of Example 1 as a synthetic example. The mixture was added in the same proportion (18 g) as in 4, and the same operation was carried out to obtain a PTFE aqueous dispersion N. A nonionic surfactant (T-Det A138, manufactured by Hacros Chemicals) was added to the PTFE aqueous dispersion N so as to have a concentration of 15% by mass / PTFE, and the mixture was allowed to stand at 48 ° C.
- Amberlite FPX66 manufactured by DuPont, pore diameter: 243 ⁇ , pore volume: 1.9 cm 3 / g, specific surface area: 914 m 2 / g
- PTFE aqueous dispersion O A nonionic surfactant (T-Det A138, manufactured by Hacros Chemicals) was added to the PTFE aqueous dispersion O so as to have a concentration of 15% by mass / PTFE, and the mixture was allowed to stand at 44 ° C. for 4 hours to substantially remove the PTFE. It was separated into two phases, a supernatant phase and a concentrated phase, which did not contain it. The supernatant phase was removed to obtain a concentrated phase (PTFE aqueous dispersion P).
- T-Det A138 manufactured by Hacros Chemicals
- Example 6 A nonionic surfactant (T-Det A138, manufactured by Hacros Chemicals) was added to the PTFE aqueous dispersion P obtained in Example 5 so as to be 15% by mass / PTFE, and the mixture was allowed to stand at 44 ° C. for 4 hours. However, it was separated into two phases, a supernatant phase and a concentrated phase, which contained substantially no PTFE. The supernatant phase was removed to obtain a concentrated phase (PTFE aqueous dispersion R).
- T-Det A138 manufactured by Hacros Chemicals
- Comparative Example 2 A nonionic surfactant (T-Det A138, manufactured by Hacros Chemicals) and water were added to the PTFE aqueous dispersion T of Comparative Example 1, and the PTFE content was 25% by mass and the content of the nonionic surfactant was high. After adjusting to 15% by mass / PTFE, the mixture was allowed to stand at 48 ° C. for 4 hours, and separated into two phases, a supernatant phase and a concentrated phase, which contained substantially no PTFE. The supernatant phase was removed to obtain a concentrated phase (PTFE aqueous dispersion U).
- T-Det A138 manufactured by Hacros Chemicals
- the limit of quantification was 86 ppb in the case of the aqueous dispersion.
- "E” in the table represents an index.
- the description "2.8E + 03" means 2.8 ⁇ 10 3.
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Abstract
Description
-N+R1R2R3X-
(式中、R1、R2及びR3は、同一又は異なって水素原子又は有機基であり、R1、R2及びR3の少なくとも1つは炭素数が3以上の有機基である。Xは対イオンである。)で表されるイオン交換基、又は、下記一般式(A2):
-NR4R5
(式中、R4及びR5は、同一又は異なって水素原子又は有機基であり、R4及びR5の少なくとも1つは炭素数が2以上の有機基である。)で表されるイオン交換基を有することを特徴とする精製フルオロポリマー水性分散液の製造方法である。
-N+(CH3)3X-
(式中、Xは対イオンを表す。)で表されるイオン交換基、又は、下記一般式(B2):
-N+(CH3)2(C2H4OH)X-
(式中、Xは対イオンを表す。)で表されるイオン交換基を有することが好ましい。
1回目の工程Cにおいて、相分離濃縮は、フルオロポリマー水性分散液を、非イオン性界面活性剤の曇点よりも5℃低い温度以上の温度で加熱した後静置し、上澄相と濃縮相に分離するものであることが好ましい。
また、2回目の工程Cにおいて、相分離濃縮は、フルオロポリマー水性分散液を、非イオン性界面活性剤の曇点よりも5℃低い温度以上で加熱した後静置し、上澄相と濃縮相に分離するものであることが好ましい。
一般式(1):(H-(CF2)m-COO)pM1
(式中、mは3~19、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
当該「有機基」の例は、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいアルキル基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいアルケニル基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいアルキニル基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいシクロアルキル基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいシクロアルケニル基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいシクロアルカジエニル基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいアリール基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいアラルキル基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよい非芳香族複素環基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいヘテロアリール基、
シアノ基、
ホルミル基、
RaO-、
RaCO-、
RaSO2-、
RaCOO-、
RaNRaCO-、
RaCONRa-、
RaOCO-、
RaOSO2-、及び、
RaNRbSO2-
(これらの式中、Raは、独立して、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいアルキル基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいアルケニル基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいアルキニル基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいシクロアルキル基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいシクロアルケニル基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいシクロアルカジエニル基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいアリール基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいアラルキル基、
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよい非芳香族複素環基、又は
1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいヘテロアリール基、
Rbは、独立して、H又は1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいアルキル基である)
を包含する。
上記有機基としては、1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいアルキル基が好ましい。
-N+R1R2R3X-
(式中、R1、R2及びR3は、同一又は異なって水素原子又は有機基であり、R1、R2及びR3の少なくとも1つは炭素数が3以上の有機基である。Xは対イオンを表す。)で表されるイオン交換基、又は、下記一般式(A2):
-NR4R5
(式中、R4及びR5は、同一又は異なって水素原子又は有機基であり、R4及びR5の少なくとも1つは炭素数が2以上の有機基である。)で表されるイオン交換基を有する。上記特定の陰イオン交換樹脂又は合成吸着剤にフルオロポリマー水性分散液を接触させることによって、フルオロポリマー水性分散液から特定の含フッ素化合物を効率的に除去することができる。
なお、本開示の製造方法において「精製フルオロポリマー水性分散液」は、少なくとも上記工程Aを経て得られたフルオロポリマー水性分散液であればよく、限定されるものではない。
また、本明細書中において単に「フルオロポリマー水性分散液」と記載する場合、特段の断りが無い限り、上記工程A(必要に応じて、更に後述する工程B、工程C等)に供されるフルオロポリマー水性分散液を示す。
なお、本明細書において、「アルキル基」は、脂肪族飽和炭化水素から水素原子1個を除いた残りの基の総称であり、炭素数1以上の直鎖状若しくは分岐鎖状のアルキル基又は炭素数3以上の環状のアルキル基も含む。
また、本明細書において、「アルカノール基」は、アルカノールから水素原子1個を除いた残りの基の総称であり、炭素数1以上の直鎖状若しくは分岐鎖状のアルカノール基又は炭素数3以上の環状のアルカノール基も含む。
上記R1、R2及びR3は、同一又は異なって、炭素数2以上のアルキル基又は炭素数2以上のアルカノール基であり、R1、R2及びR3の少なくとも1つは炭素数3以上のアルキル基であることがより好ましい形態の一つである。
また、上記R1、R2及びR3は、同一又は異なって、炭素数2以上のアルキル基または炭素数2以上のアルカノール基であり、R1、R2及びR3の少なくとも1つは炭素数4以上のアルキル基であることも好ましい形態の一つである。
上記アルカノール基の炭素数は10以下が好ましく、8以下がより好ましく、6以下が更に好ましい。上記アルカノール基の炭素数は5以下であってもよい。
R4及びR5は、全てが有機基であってもよい。また、1つが水素原子であり1つが有機基であってもよい。
R4及びR5のうち、1つが炭素数2以上の有機基であり、1つが水素原子又は炭素数1の有機基であってもよい。また、R4及びR5の両方が炭素数2以上の有機基であってもよい。
上記アルキル基の炭素数は10以下が好ましく、8以下がより好ましく、6以下が更に好ましい。上記アルキル基の炭素数は5以下であってもよい。
上記アルカノール基の炭素数は10以下が好ましく、8以下がより好ましく、6以下が更に好ましい。上記アルカノール基の炭素数は5以下であってもよい。
上記水分含有量は、下記方法により測定できる。
まず、基準形にした試料を、メスシリンダーで10mL正確にはかり取り、この樹脂を布に包み遠心分離して、付着水分を除いた後、すばやく樹脂の質量を測定する。次いで、105℃の恒温乾燥機中で4時間乾燥した後、デシケーター中で30分放冷し、乾燥後の樹脂の質量をはかり、下記式により水分含有量を計算する。
水分含有量(質量%)=(乾燥前の樹脂の質量(g)-乾燥後の樹脂の質量(g))/乾燥前の樹脂の質量(g)×100
合成吸着剤は、細孔径が1~5000Åであることが好ましい。除去効率の観点から、細孔径が50Å以上であることが好ましく、100Å以上がより好ましく、150Å以上が更に好ましい。また、200Å以上であってもよく、250Å以上であってもよい。また、細孔径は1000Å以下であってもよく、700Å以下であってもよい。細孔径は、例えば、ガス吸着法で比表面積と全細孔容積を測定し、算出することができる。
合成吸着剤は、比表面積が300m2/g以上であることが好ましい。比表面積は400m2/g以上がより好ましく、500m2/g以上が更に好ましく、600m2/g以上が殊更に好ましい。比表面積の上限は限定されないが、例えば2000m2/g以下であってよく、1500m2/g以下であってよく、1000m2/g以下であってもよい。合成吸着剤は、細孔容積が0.6~2.5cm3/gであることが好ましい。より好ましくは、0.9~2.3cm3/gであり、更に好ましくは、1.1~2.1cm3/gであり、特に好ましくは、1.3~2.0cm3/gである。細孔容積が0.6cm3/g未満であると、上記含フッ素化合物の吸着性が低くなるおそれがあり、2.5cm3/gを超えると吸着剤が破損するおそれがある。上記細孔容積とは、窒素法で測定した値を意味する。
合成吸着剤は、上記含フッ素化合物の除去効率を高める観点から、水分を含有していることが好ましい。水分量は20~80質量%が好ましく、40~75質量%がより好ましく、50~70質量%が特に好ましい。合成吸着剤の水分量が20質量%未満であると、含フッ素化合物の除去効率が低くなるおそれがあり、80質量%を超えると秤量が不安定になるおそれがある。
合成吸着剤は、通常、球状である。合成吸着剤の平均粒径は、0.1~2.0mmが好ましく、0.2~1.5mmがより好ましく、0.3~1.0mmが特に好ましい。合成吸着剤の平均粒径が0.1mm未満であると、フルオロポリマー水性分散液と接触させた後に分別することが困難になるおそれがあり、2.0mmを超えると、含フッ素化合物の除去効率が低くなるおそれがある。合成吸着剤の平均粒径は、篩いで分級した後の積分質量をグラフにプロットして得られる50%質量値を意味する。
また、上記工程Aは、1回行ってもよいし、2回以上繰り返してもよい。上記含フッ素化合物をより低減できることから工程Aは2回以上行うことが好ましい。また、回数の上限は限定されないが、例えば、10回以下であってもよい。
フルオロポリマー水性分散液に陰イオン交換樹脂A又は合成吸着剤を添加し、撹拌する方法を用いる場合、工程Aの後に、陰イオン交換樹脂A又は合成吸着剤と、工程A後のフルオロポリマー水性分散液を分離する分離工程を含むことが好ましい。陰イオン交換樹脂A又は合成吸着剤と工程A後のフルオロポリマー水性分散液を分離する方法は限定されず、例えば、濾過等を用いることができる。
-N+(CH3)3X-
(式中、Xは対イオンを表す。)で表される基、又は、下記一般式(B2):
-N+(CH3)2(C2H4OH)X-
(式中、Xは対イオンを表す。)で表される基が好ましい。一般式(B1)及び(B2)のXとしては、Cl、OH、Br、I、NO3、SO4等が挙げられ、Cl又はOHであることが好ましい。なお、SO4のように2価のアニオンである場合は、一般式(A1)の繰り返し単位2分子に対して、1つの対イオンが配位する。
陰イオン交換樹脂Bは、弱塩基性であってもよく、強塩基性であってもよい。好ましくは強塩基性陰イオン交換樹脂である。
陰イオン交換樹脂Bの塩基性度は、ポリマー骨格および/またはイオン交換基の種類によって種々設定することができる。
上記水分含有量は、上述した陰イオン交換樹脂Aと同じ方法により測定できる。
本開示の製造方法は、炭化水素系界面活性剤を用いて得られたフルオロポリマー水性分散液を陰イオン交換樹脂Bと接触させる工程B、及び、工程Bを経て得られたフルオロポリマー水性分散液を陰イオン交換樹脂A又は合成吸着剤に接触させる工程Aを含むことが好ましい。
フルオロポリマー水性分散液に陰イオン交換樹脂Bを添加し、撹拌する方法を用いる場合、工程Bは、上記フルオロポリマー水性分散液を陰イオン交換樹脂Bに接触させた後、陰イオン交換樹脂Bと、工程B後のフルオロポリマー水性分散液を分離することが好ましい。陰イオン交換樹脂Bとフルオロポリマー水性分散液を分離する方法は限定されず、例えば、濾過等を用いることができる。上記工程Bは、上記フルオロポリマー水性分散液を陰イオン交換樹脂Bに接触させた後、陰イオン交換樹脂Bを回収する工程であることができる。
上記工程Aの前に工程Bを行う場合、工程Bの前に、非イオン性界面活性剤をフルオロポリマー水性分散液に添加する工程を含むことが好ましい。
R6-O-A1-H (i)
(式中、R6は、炭素数8~18の直鎖状若しくは分岐鎖状の1級又は2級アルキル基であり、A1は、ポリオキシアルキレン鎖である。)により表される化合物が挙げられる。
R6の炭素数は10~16が好ましく、12~16がより好ましい。R6の炭素数が18以下であると水性分散液の良好な分散安定性が得られやすい。またR6の炭素数が18を超えると流動温度が高いため取扱い難い。R6の炭素数が8より小さいと水性分散液の表面張力が高くなり、浸透性やぬれ性が低下しやすい。
ポリオキシアルキレン鎖としては、水性分散液の粘度および安定性の点からは、オキシエチレン基の平均繰り返し数7~12およびオキシプロピレン基の平均繰り返し数0~2より構成されるポリオキシアルキレン鎖が好ましい。特にA1がオキシプロピレン基を平均して0.5~1.5有すると低起泡性が良好であり好ましい。
例えば、ポリオキシエチレンアルキルフェニルエーテル系非イオン性化合物としては、例えば、下記一般式(ii)
R7-C6H4-O-A2-H (ii)
(式中、R7は、炭素数4~12の直鎖状又は分岐鎖状の1級若しくは2級のアルキル基であり、A2は、ポリオキシアルキレン鎖である。)で示される化合物が挙げられる。記ポリオキシエチレンアルキルフェニルエーテル系非イオン性化合物として具体的には、トライトン(登録商標)X-100(商品名、ダウ・ケミカル社製)等が挙げられる。
ポリオール化合物の典型例としては、ポリオール単位として1個以上の糖単位を有する化合物が挙げられる。糖単位は、少なくとも1個の長鎖を含有するように変性されてもよい。少なくとも1つの長鎖部分を含有する好適なポリオール化合物としては、例えば、アルキルグリコシド、変性アルキルグリコシド、糖エステル、及びこれらの組み合わせが挙げられる。糖としては、単糖、オリゴ糖、及びソルビタンが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。単糖としては、五炭糖及び六炭糖が挙げられる。単糖の典型例としては、リボース、グルコース、ガラクトース、マンノース、フルクトース、アラビノース、キシロースが挙げられる。オリゴ糖としては、2~10個の同一又は異なる単糖のオリゴマーが挙げられる。オリゴ糖の例としては、サッカロース、マルトース、ラクトース、ラフィノース、及びイソマルトースが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。
糖系ポリオールは、1個の糖単位又は複数の糖単位を含有してもよい。1個の糖単位又は複数の糖単位は、上述のような長鎖部分で変性されてもよい。糖系ポリオール化合物の特定の例としては、グリコシド、糖エステル、ソルビタンエステル、並びにこれらの混合物及び組み合わせが挙げられる。
(式中、xは、0、1、2、3、4、又は5を表し、R1及びR2は、独立して、H又は少なくとも6個の炭素原子を含有する長鎖単位を表すが、但しR1及びR2のうちの少なくとも1個はHではない)によって表される化合物が挙げられる。R1及びR2の典型例としては、脂肪族アルコール残基が挙げられる。脂肪族アルコールの例としては、ヘキサノール、ヘプタノール、オクタノール、ノナノール、デカノール、ウンデカノール、ドデカノール(ラウリルアルコール)、テトラデカノール、ヘキサデカノール(セチルアルコール)、ヘプタデカノール、オクタデカノール(ステアリルアルコール)、エイコサン酸、及びこれらの組み合わせ挙げられる。
上記の式は、ピラノース形態のグルコースを示すアルキルポリグルコシドの特定の例を表すが、他の糖又は同じ糖であるが異なる鏡像異性体又はジアステレオマー形態である糖を用いてもよいことが理解される。
アルキルグルコシドは、例えば、グルコース、デンプン、又はn-ブチルグルコシドと脂肪族アルコールとの酸触媒反応によって入手可能であり、これからは、典型例に、様々なアルキルグルコシドの混合物が得られる(Alkylpolygylcoside,Rompp,Lexikon Chemie,Version 2.0,Stuttgart/New York,Georg Thieme Verlag,1999)。脂肪族アルコールの例としては、ヘキサノール、ヘプタノール、オクタノール、ノナノール、デカノール、ウンデカノール、ドデカノール(ラウリルアルコール)、テトラデカノール、ヘキサデカノール(セチルアルコール)、ヘプタデカノール、オクタデカノール(ステアリルアルコール)、エイコサン酸、及びこれらの組み合わせ挙げられる。また、アルキルグルコシドは、Cognis GmbH,Dusseldorf,Germanyから商品名GLUCOPON又はDISPONILとして市販されている。
上記濃縮方法としては、相分離濃縮、イオン交換体法、膜濃縮等が挙げられる。上記相分離濃縮、イオン交換体法及び膜濃縮は、従来公知の処理条件で行うことができ、特に限定されないが、国際公開第2004/050719号パンフレット、特表2002-532583号公報や特開昭55-120630号公報に記載の方法により行うことができる。
上記非イオン性界面活性剤としては、好ましくは芳香族部分を含まないものである。
工程Cを2回以上行う場合、1回目の工程Cにおける相分離濃縮は、非イオン性界面活性剤の曇点よりも5℃低い温度以上の温度で加熱した後静置し、上澄相と濃縮相に分離するものであることが好ましい。上記加熱の温度は、曇点よりも3℃低い温度以上であることがより好ましく、曇点以上であることが更に好ましく、曇点を超えて加熱することが特に好ましい。
また、2回目又は2回目以降の工程Cにおける相分離濃縮は、非イオン性界面活性剤の曇点よりも5℃低い温度以上で加熱した後静置し、上澄相と濃縮相に分離するものであることが好ましい。上記加熱の温度は、曇点よりも3℃低い温度以上であることがより好ましく、曇点まで加熱することが特に好ましい。
一般式(1):(H-(CF2)m-COO)pM1
(式中、mは3~19、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
一般式(2):(H-(CF2)n-SO3)qM2
(式中、nは4~20である。M2はH、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は前記と同じ)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。qは1又は2である。)
上記金属原子としては、1、2価の金属原子が挙げられ、アルカリ金属(1族)又はアルカリ土類金属(2族)が挙げられ、具体的には、Na、K、Li等が例示される。
上記R5としては、4つのR5は、同一でも異なっていてもよい。R5としては、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基であってよく、H又は炭素数1~4の有機基であってよい。また、一態様において炭素数1~10のアルキル基、炭素数1~4のアルキル基である。以下で記載する全てのR5に上記規定は適用できる。
一般式(1)において、mは5~11であってもよい。
一般式(2)において、nは6~12であってもよい。
また、一般式(1)に包含される含フッ素化合物を2種以上含むものであってよく、一般式(2)に包含される含フッ素化合物を2種以上含むものであってもよく、一般式(1)に包含される化合物を2種以上、一般式(2)に包含される含フッ素化合物を2種以上含むものであってもよく限定されるものではない。
例えば、一般式(1)のmが6である含フッ素化合物と、mが12である含フッ素化合物とを含む態様、一般式(2)のnが6である含フッ素化合物と、nが12である含フッ素化合物とを含む態様等が挙げられる。また、一般式(1)で示される含フッ素化合物と一般式(2)で示される化合物のうち、少なくとも1種を含むものであればよく、2以上含んでもよいし、3種以上含んでもよいし、4種以上含んでもよい。
一般式(1)に包含される含フッ素化合物のうち、mが3、5、7、9、11、13、15、17及び19である含フッ素化合物を含み、mが4、6、8、10、12、14、16及び18である含フッ素化合物を含まない態様であってもよいし、mが4、6、8、10、12、14、16、18及び20である含フッ素化合物を含み、mが3、5、7、9、11、13、15、17及び19である含フッ素化合物を含まない態様であってもよいし、mが3~19である含フッ素化合物のすべてを含む態様であってもよい。
また一般式(2)に包含される含フッ素化合物のうち、nが5、7、9、11、13、15、17及び19である含フッ素化合物を含み、nが4、6、8、10、12、14、16、18及び20である含フッ素化合物を含まない態様であってもよいし、nが4、6、8、10、12、14、16、18及び20である含フッ素化合物を含み、nが5、7、9、11、13、15、17及び19である含フッ素化合物を含まない態様であってもよいし、nが4~20である含フッ素化合物のすべてを含む態様であってもよい。
処理に供されるフルオロポリマー水性分散液は、上記一般式(1)及び(2)で示される化合物の合計含有量が、フルオロポリマーに対して1ppm超であってよく、2ppm以上であってよく、5ppm以上であってよく、10ppm以上であってよく、50ppm以上であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の一般式(1)又は(2)で示される含フッ素化合物の濃度が上記のように一定以上である場合に、より高い除去効率が発揮される。
また、処理に供されるフルオロポリマー水性分散液は、フルオロポリマーに対して、一般式(1)及び(2)で示される含フッ素化合物の合計含有量が30000ppm以下であってよく、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の合計量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。なお、上記合計含有量は、一般式(1)に包含される全ての含フッ素化合物の含有量と、一般式(2)に包含される全ての含フッ素化合物の含有量との合計である。
上記フルオロポリマー水性分散液としては、フルオロポリマーの重合で得られたフルオロポリマー水性分散液をそのまま用いてもよいし、フルオロポリマーの重合で生じたフルオロポリマー水性分散液を希釈又は濃縮して、一般式(1)及び(2)で示される含フッ素化合物の合計量を上記範囲にしてもよい。
なお、本明細書において、ppmは特に記載のない限り、質量換算で求めた値を意味する。
フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の一般式(1)で示される含フッ素化合物の濃度が上記のように一定以上である場合に、より高い除去効率が発揮される。
また、上記一般式(1)のmが3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18又は19である含フッ素化合物の少なくとも1つの量は、各々、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の一般式(1)で示される含フッ素化合物の濃度が上記のように一定以上である場合に、より高い除去効率が発揮される。
また、上記一般式(1)のmが3である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の一般式(1)で示される含フッ素化合物の濃度が上記のように一定以上である場合に、より高い除去効率が発揮される。
また、上記一般式(1)のmが4である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の一般式(1)で示される含フッ素化合物の濃度が上記のように一定以上である場合に、より高い除去効率が発揮される。
また、上記一般式(1)のmが5である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の一般式(1)で示される含フッ素化合物の濃度が上記のように一定以上である場合に、より高い除去効率が発揮される。
また、上記一般式(1)のmが6である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の一般式(1)で示される含フッ素化合物の濃度が上記のように一定以上である場合に、より高い除去効率が発揮される。
また、上記一般式(1)のmが7である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の一般式(1)で示される含フッ素化合物の濃度が上記のように一定以上である場合に、より高い除去効率が発揮される。
また、上記一般式(1)のmが8である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の一般式(1)で示される含フッ素化合物の濃度が上記のように一定以上である場合に、より高い除去効率が発揮される。
また、上記一般式(1)のmが9である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の一般式(1)で示される含フッ素化合物の濃度が上記のように一定以上である場合に、より高い除去効率が発揮される。
また、上記一般式(1)のmが10である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の一般式(1)で示される含フッ素化合物の濃度が上記のように一定以上である場合に、より高い除去効率が発揮される。
また、上記一般式(1)のmが11である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の一般式(1)で示される含フッ素化合物の濃度が上記のように一定以上である場合に、より高い除去効率が発揮される。
また、上記一般式(1)のmが12である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の一般式(1)で示される含フッ素化合物の濃度が上記のように一定以上である場合に、より高い除去効率が発揮される。
また、上記一般式(1)のmが13である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の一般式(1)で示される含フッ素化合物の濃度が上記のように一定以上である場合に、より高い除去効率が発揮される。
また、上記一般式(1)のmが14である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の一般式(1)で示される含フッ素化合物の濃度が上記のように一定以上である場合に、より高い除去効率が発揮される。
また、上記一般式(1)のmが15である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の一般式(1)で示される含フッ素化合物の濃度が上記のように一定以上である場合に、より高い除去効率が発揮される。
また、上記一般式(1)のmが16である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の一般式(1)で示される含フッ素化合物の濃度が上記のように一定以上である場合に、より高い除去効率が発揮される。
また、上記一般式(1)のmが17である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の一般式(1)で示される含フッ素化合物の濃度が上記のように一定以上である場合に、より高い除去効率が発揮される。
また、上記一般式(1)のmが18である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の一般式(1)で示される含フッ素化合物の濃度が上記のように一定以上である場合に、より高い除去効率が発揮される。
また、上記一般式(1)のmが19である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
また、上記一般式(2)のnが4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19又は20である含フッ素化合物の少なくとも1つの量は、各々、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下が更に、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
また、上記一般式(2)のnが4である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
また、上記一般式(2)のnが5である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
また、上記一般式(2)のnが6である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
また、上記一般式(2)のnが7である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
また、上記一般式(2)のnが8である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
また、上記一般式(2)のnが9である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
また、上記一般式(2)のnが10である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
また、上記一般式(2)のnが11である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
また、上記一般式(2)のnが12である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
また、上記一般式(2)のnが13である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
また、上記一般式(2)のnが14である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
また、上記一般式(2)のnが15である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
また、上記一般式(2)のnが16である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
また、上記一般式(2)のnが17である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
また、上記一般式(2)のnが18である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
また、上記一般式(2)のnが19である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
また、上記一般式(2)のnが20である含フッ素化合物の量は、フルオロポリマーに対して、10000ppm以下であってよく、5000ppm以下であってよく、2000ppm以下であってよく、1000ppm以下であってよく、500ppm以下であってよく、200ppm以下であってよい。フルオロポリマー水性分散液中の上記含フッ素化合物の量が上記範囲であることによって、除去効率をより高めることができる。
上記フルオロポリマー水性分散液は、一般式(1)のmが9以上である含フッ素化合物又は一般式(2)のnが10以上の含フッ素化合物を含むことがより好ましく、一般式(1)のmが11以上である含フッ素化合物又は一般式(2)のnが12以上の含フッ素化合物を含むことが更に好ましい。
上記フルオロポリマー水性分散液のpHを調整する方法としては、工程Aや工程Bの前に、酸やアルカリを加えることによってpHを調整する方法が挙げられる。
例えば、工程B及び工程Aをこの順に行う場合、工程Bにおけるフルオロポリマー水性分散液のpHは酸性であってよく、工程Aに供されるフルオロポリマー水性分散液はアルカリ性であってよい。
本開示の製造方法は、更に、炭化水素系界面活性剤の存在下、水性媒体中でフルオロモノマーを重合してフルオロポリマー水性分散液を得る工程を含むことが好ましい。
上記フルオロモノマーとしては、テトラフルオロエチレン[TFE]、ヘキサフルオロプロピレン[HFP]、クロロトリフルオロエチレン[CTFE]、フッ化ビニル、フッ化ビニリデン[VDF]、トリフルオロエチレン、フルオロアルキルビニルエーテル、フルオロアルキルエチレン、フルオロアルキルアリルエーテル、トリフルオロプロピレン、ペンタフルオロプロピレン、トリフルオロブテン、テトラフルオロイソブテン、ヘキサフルオロイソブテン、一般式(100):CHX101=CX102Rf101(式中、X101およびX102は、一方がHであり、他方がFであり、Rf101は炭素数1~12の直鎖又は分岐したフルオロアルキル基)で表されるフルオロモノマー、フッ素化ビニルヘテロ環状体、及び、架橋部位を与えるモノマーからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であることが好ましい。
一般式(110):CF2=CF-ORf111
(式中、Rf111は、パーフルオロ有機基を表す。)で表されるフルオロモノマー、
一般式(120):CF2=CF-OCH2-Rf121
(式中、Rf121は、炭素数1~5のパーフルオロアルキル基)で表されるフルオロモノマー、
一般式(130):CF2=CFOCF2ORf131
(式中、Rf131は炭素数1~6の直鎖又は分岐状パーフルオロアルキル基、炭素数5~6の環式パーフルオロアルキル基、1~3個の酸素原子を含む炭素数2~6の直鎖又は分岐状パーフルオロオキシアルキル基である。)で表されるフルオロモノマー、
一般式(140):CF2=CFO(CF2CF(Y141)O)m(CF2)nF
(式中、Y141はフッ素原子又はトリフルオロメチル基を表す。mは1~4の整数である。nは1~4の整数である。)で表されるフルオロモノマー、及び、
一般式(150):CF2=CF-O-(CF2CFY151-O)n-(CFY152)m-A151
(式中、Y151は、フッ素原子、塩素原子、-SO2F基又はパーフルオロアルキル基を表す。パーフルオロアルキル基は、エーテル性の酸素及び-SO2F基を含んでもよい。nは、0~3の整数を表す。n個のY151は、同一であってもよいし異なっていてもよい。Y152は、フッ素原子、塩素原子又は-SO2F基を表す。mは、1~5の整数を表す。m個のY152は、同一であってもよいし異なっていてもよい。A151は、-SO2X151、-COZ151又は-POZ152Z153を表す。X151は、F、Cl、Br、I、-OR151又は-NR152R153を表す。Z151、Z152及びZ153は、同一又は異なって、-NR154R155又は-OR156を表す。R151、R152、R153、R154、R155及びR156は、同一又は異なって、H、アンモニウム、アルカリ金属、フッ素原子を含んでも良いアルキル基、アリール基、若しくはスルホニル含有基を表す。)で表されるフルオロモノマー
からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であることが好ましい。
一般式(110)で表されるフルオロモノマーとしては、更に、上記一般式(110)において、Rf111が炭素数4~9のパーフルオロ(アルコキシアルキル)基であるもの、Rf111が下記式:
一般式(160):CF2=CF-ORf161
(式中、Rf161は、炭素数1~10のパーフルオロアルキル基を表す。)で表されるフルオロモノマーが好ましい。Rf161は、炭素数が1~5のパーフルオロアルキル基であることが好ましい。
一般式(170):CH2=CH-(CF2)n-X171
(式中、X171はH又はFであり、nは3~10の整数である。)で表されるフルオロアルキルエチレンが好ましく、CH2=CH-C4F9、及び、CH2=CH-C6F13からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であることがより好ましい。
一般式(180):CF2=CF-CF2-ORf111
(式中、Rf111は、パーフルオロ有機基を表す。)で表されるフルオロモノマーが挙げられる。
一般式(180):CX181 2=CX182-Rf 181CHR181X183
(式中、X181及びX182は、独立に、水素原子、フッ素原子又はCH3、Rf 181は、フルオロアルキレン基、パーフルオロアルキレン基、フルオロ(ポリ)オキシアルキレン基又はパーフルオロ(ポリ)オキシアルキレン基、R181は、水素原子又はCH3、X183は、ヨウ素原子又は臭素原子である。)で表されるフルオロモノマー、
一般式(190):CX191 2=CX192-Rf 191X193
(式中、X191及びX192は、独立に、水素原子、フッ素原子又はCH3、Rf 191は、フルオロアルキレン基、パーフルオロアルキレン基、フルオロポリオキシアルキレン基又はパーフルオロポリオキシアルキレン基、X193は、ヨウ素原子又は臭素原子である。)で表されるフルオロモノマー、
一般式(200):CF2=CFO(CF2CF(CF3)O)m(CF2)n-X201
(式中、mは0~5の整数、nは1~3の整数、X201は、シアノ基、カルボキシル基、アルコキシカルボニル基、ヨウ素原子、臭素原子、又は、-CH2Iである。)で表されるフルオロモノマー、及び、
一般式(210):CH2=CFCF2O(CF(CF3)CF2O)m(CF(CF3))n-X211
(式中、mは0~5の整数、nは1~3の整数、X211は、シアノ基、カルボキシル基、アルコキシカルボニル基、ヨウ素原子、臭素原子、又は-CH2OHである。)で表されるフルオロモノマー、及び、
一般式(220):CR221R222=CR223-Z221-CR224=CR225R226
(式中、R221、R222、R223、R224、R225及びR226は、同一又は異なって、水素原子又は炭素数1~5のアルキル基である。Z221は、直鎖又は分岐状で酸素原子を有していてもよい、炭素数1~18のアルキレン基、炭素数3~18のシクロアルキレン基、少なくとも部分的にフッ素化している炭素数1~10のアルキレン基若しくはオキシアルキレン基、又は、
-(Q)p-CF2O-(CF2CF2O)m(CF2O)n-CF2-(Q)p-
(式中、Qはアルキレン基又はオキシアルキレン基である。pは0又は1である。m/nが0.2~5である。)で表され、分子量が500~10000である(パー)フルオロポリオキシアルキレン基である。)で表されるモノマー
からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であることが好ましい。
一般式(240):Rf241-(X241)n-Y241
(式中、Rf241は1~12個の炭素原子を有する部分フッ素化アルキル基又は完全フッ素化アルキル基であり、nは0又は1であり、X241は-O-、-COO-又は-OCO-であり、Y241は-(CH2)pH、-(CH2)pOH又は-(OR241)q(OR242)rOHであり、pは1~12の整数であり、qは1~12の整数であり、rは0~12の整数であり、R241及びR242は2~4個の炭素原子を有するアルキレン基である。但しR241とR242とはお互いに異なる。)で表される化合物、
一般式(250):H(OR251)u(OR252)vOH
(式中、R251及びR252は、1~4個の炭素原子を有するアルキレン基であり、u及びvは1~5の整数である。但しR251とR252とはお互いに異なる。)で表されるブロックポリマー、
炭素数が8~20個の炭化水素基からなる疎水基及び、ポリアルキレンオキサイドからなる親水基を分子内に有する非イオン性ポリマー、及び、
一般式(260):R261 m-Si-(OR262)4-m
(式中、R261は1~12個の炭素原子を有するアルキル基、R262は1~4個の炭素原子を有するアルキル基であり、mは1~3の整数である。)で表されるケイ素化合物、
からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種が好ましい。
(-CFCF3-CF2-O-)n (VII)
(-CF2-CF2-CF2-O-)n (VIII)
(-CF2-CF2-O-)n-(-CF2-O-)m (IX)
(-CF2-CFCF3-O-)n-(-CF2-O-)m (X)
上記非イオン性界面活性剤としては、上述した工程Bの前に行う、非イオン性界面活性剤をフルオロポリマー水性分散液に添加する工程において記載した非イオン性界面活性剤を使用することができる。
例えば、重合温度は、30℃以上がより好ましく、50℃以上が更に好ましい。また、120℃以下がより好ましく、100℃以下が更に好ましい。
また、重合圧力は、0.3MPaG以上がより好ましく、0.5MPaG以上が更に好ましく、また、5.0MPaG以下がより好ましく、3.0MPaG以下が更に好ましい。特に、フルオロポリマーの得量を向上させる観点からは、1.0MPaG以上が好ましく、1.2MPaG以上がより好ましく、1.5MPaG以上が更に好ましく、2.0MPaG以上が特に好ましい。
本明細書において「実質的に含フッ素界面活性剤の非存在下に」とは、水性媒体に対して含フッ素界面活性剤が10ppm以下であることを意味し、好ましくは1ppm以下であり、より好ましくは100ppb以下であり、更に好ましくは10ppb以下であり、更により好ましくは1ppb以下である。
上記アニオン性含フッ素界面活性剤は、例えば、アニオン性基を除く部分の総炭素数が20以下のフッ素原子を含む界面活性剤であってよい。
なお、上記「アニオン性部分」は、上記含フッ素界面活性剤のカチオンを除く部分を意味する。例えば、後述する式(I)で表されるF(CF2)n1COOMの場合には、「F(CF2)n1COO」の部分である。
上記LogPOWは、カラム;TOSOH ODS-120Tカラム(φ4.6mm×250mm、東ソー(株)製)、溶離液;アセトニトリル/0.6質量%HClO4水=1/1(vol/vol%)、流速;1.0ml/分、サンプル量;300μL、カラム温度;40℃、検出光;UV210nmの条件で、既知のオクタノール/水分配係数を有する標準物質(ヘプタン酸、オクタン酸、ノナン酸及びデカン酸)についてHPLCを行い、各溶出時間と既知のオクタノール/水分配係数との検量線を作成し、この検量線に基づき、試料液におけるHPLCの溶出時間から算出する。
Xn0-Rfn0-Y0 (N0)
(式中、Xn0は、H、Cl又は及びFである。Rfn0は、炭素数3~20で、鎖状、分枝鎖状または環状で、一部または全てのHがFにより置換されたアルキレン基であり、該アルキレン基は1つ以上のエーテル結合を含んでもよく、一部のHがClにより置換されていてもよい。Y0はアニオン性基である。)で表される化合物が挙げられる。
Y0のアニオン性基は、-COOM、-SO2M、又は、-SO3Mであってよく、-COOM、又は、-SO3Mであってよい。
Mは、H、金属原子、NR7 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R7は、H又は有機基である。
上記金属原子としては、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)等が挙げられ、例えば、Na、K又はLiである。
R7としては、H又はC1-10の有機基であってよく、H又はC1-4の有機基であってよく、H又はC1-4のアルキル基であってよい。
Mは、H、金属原子又はNR7 4であってよく、H、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)又はNR7 4であってよく、H、Na、K、Li又はNH4であってよい。
上記Rfn0は、Hの50%以上がフッ素に置換されているものであってよい。
下記一般式(N1):
Xn0-(CF2)m1-Y0 (N1)
(式中、Xn0は、H、Cl及びFであり、m1は3~15の整数であり、Y0は、上記定義したものである。)で表される化合物、下記一般式(N2):
Rfn1-O-(CF(CF3)CF2O)m2CFXn1-Y0 (N2)
(式中、Rfn1は、炭素数1~5のパーフルオロアルキル基であり、m2は、0~3の整数であり、Xn1は、F又はCF3であり、Y0は、上記定義したものである。)で表される化合物、下記一般式(N3):
Rfn2(CH2)m3-(Rfn3)q-Y0 (N3)
(式中、Rfn2は、炭素数1~13のエーテル結合を含み得る、部分または完全フッ素化されたアルキル基であり、m3は、1~3の整数であり、Rfn3は、直鎖状又は分岐状の炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキレン基であり、qは0又は1であり、Y0は、上記定義したものである。)で表される化合物、下記一般式(N4):
Rfn4-O-(CYn1Yn2)pCF2-Y0 (N4)
(式中、Rfn4は、炭素数1~12のエーテル結合を含み得る直鎖状または分枝鎖状の部分または完全フッ素化されたアルキル基であり、Yn1及びYn2は、同一若しくは異なって、H又はFであり、pは0又は1であり、Y0は、上記定義したものである。)で表される化合物、及び、一般式(N5):
(式中、Xn2、Xn3及びXn4は、同一若しくは異なってもよく、H、F、又は、炭素数1~6のエーテル結合を含んでよい直鎖状または分岐鎖状の部分または完全フッ素化されたアルキル基である。Rfn5は、炭素数1~3のエーテル結合を含み得る直鎖状または分岐鎖状の部分または完全フッ素化されたアルキレン基であり、Lは連結基であり、Y0は、上記定義したものである。但し、Xn2、Xn3、Xn4及びRfn5の合計炭素数は18以下である。)で表される化合物が挙げられる。
F(CF2)n1COOM (I)
(式中、n1は、3~14の整数であり、Mは、H、金属原子、NR7 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R7は、H又は有機基である。)で表されるものである。
H(CF2)n2COOM (II)
(式中、n2は、4~15の整数であり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
Rf1-O-(CF(CF3)CF2O)n3CF(CF3)COOM (III)
(式中、Rf1は、炭素数1~5のパーフルオロアルキル基であり、n3は、0~3の整数であり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
Rf2(CH2)n4Rf3COOM (IV)
(式中、Rf2は、炭素数1~5のパーフルオロアルキル基であり、Rf3は、直鎖状又は分岐状の炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキレン基、n4は、1~3の整数であり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
Rf4-O-CY1Y2CF2-COOM (V)
(式中、Rf4は、炭素数1~12のエーテル結合を含み得る直鎖状または分枝鎖状の部分または完全フッ素化されたアルキル基であり、Y1及びY2は、同一若しくは異なって、H又はFであり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
F(CF2)n5SO3M (VI)
(式中、n5は、3~14の整数であり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
H(CF2)n6SO3M (VII)
(式中、n6は、4~14の整数であり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
Rf5(CH2)n7SO3M (VIII)
(式中、Rf5は、炭素数1~13のパーフルオロアルキル基であり、n7は、1~3の整数であり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
Rf6(CH2)n8COOM (IX)
(式中、Rf6は、炭素数1~13のエーテル結合を含み得る直鎖状または分岐鎖状の部分または完全フッ素化されたアルキル基であり、n8は、1~3の整数であり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
Rf7-O-Rf8-O-CF2-COOM (X)
(式中、Rf7は、炭素数1~6のエーテル結合を含み得る直鎖状または分枝鎖状の部分または完全フッ素化されたアルキル基であり、Rf8は、炭素数1~6の直鎖状または分枝鎖状の部分または完全フッ素化されたアルキル基であり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
Rf9-O-CY1Y2CF2-SO3M (XI)
(式中、Rf9は、炭素数1~12のエーテル結合を含み得る直鎖状または分枝鎖状であって、塩素を含んでもよい、部分または完全フッ素化されたアルキル基であり、Y1及びY2は、同一若しくは異なって、H又はFであり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
式中、X1、X2及びX3は、同一若しくは異なってもよく、H、F及び炭素数1~6のエーテル結合を含み得る直鎖状または分岐鎖状の部分または完全フッ素化されたアルキル基であり、Rf10は、炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキレン基であり、Lは連結基であり、Y0はアニオン性基である。)で表されるものである。
Y0は、-COOM、-SO2M、又は、-SO3Mであってよく、-SO3M、又は、COOMであってよい(式中、Mは上記定義したものである。)。
Lとしては、例えば、単結合、炭素数1~10のエーテル結合を含みうる部分又は完全フッ素化されたアルキレン基が挙げられる。
Rf11-O-(CF2CF(CF3)O)n9(CF2O)n10CF2COOM (XIII)
(式中、Rf11は、塩素を含む炭素数1~5のフルオロアルキル基であり、n9は、0~3の整数であり、n10は、0~3の整数であり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。化合物(XIII)としては、CF2ClO(CF2CF(CF3)O)n9(CF2O)n10CF2COONH4(平均分子量750の混合物、式中、n9およびn10は上記定義したものである。)が挙げられる。
RaIxBry
(式中、x及びyはそれぞれ0~2の整数であり、かつ1≦x+y≦2を満たすものであり、Raは炭素数1~16の飽和若しくは不飽和のフルオロ炭化水素基又はクロロフルオロ炭化水素基、又は炭素数1~3の炭化水素基であり、酸素原子を含んでいてもよい)で表される化合物が挙げられる。臭素化合物又はヨウ素化合物を使用することによって、ヨウ素又は臭素が重合体に導入され、架橋点として機能する。
一般的に連鎖移動剤と呼ばれるものは、その活性は連鎖移動定数と再開始効率で特徴づけられるが連鎖移動剤の中でも再開始効率がほとんど0%のものがラジカル捕捉剤と称される。
上記ラジカル捕捉剤は、例えば、重合温度におけるフルオロモノマーへの連鎖移動定数が重合速度定数より大きく、かつ、再開始効率が実質的にゼロ%の化合物ということもできる。「再開始効率が実質的にゼロ%」とは、発生したラジカルがラジカル捕捉剤を安定ラジカルにすることを意味する。
好ましくは、重合温度におけるフルオロモノマーへの連鎖移動定数(Cs)(=連鎖移動速度定数(kc)/重合速度定数(kp))が0.1より大きい化合物であり、上記化合物は、連鎖移動定数(Cs)が0.5以上であることがより好ましく、1.0以上であることが更に好ましく、5.0以上であることが更により好ましく、10以上であることが特に好ましい。
芳香族ヒドロキシ化合物としては、非置換フェノール、多価フェノール、サリチル酸、m-又はp-のサリチル酸、没食子酸、ナフトール等が挙げられる。
上記非置換フェノールとしては、о-、m-又はp-のニトロフェノール、о-、m-又はp-のアミノフェノール、p-ニトロソフェノール等が挙げられる。多価フェノールとしては、カテコール、レゾルシン、ハイドロキノン、ピロガロール、フロログルシン、ナフトレゾルシノール等が挙げられる。
芳香族アミン類としては、о-、m-又はp-のフェニレンジアミン、ベンジジン等が挙げられる。
上記キノン化合物としては、о-、m-又はp-のベンゾキノン、1,4-ナフトキノン、アリザリン等が挙げられる。
チオシアン酸塩としては、チオシアン酸アンモン(NH4SCN)、チオシアン酸カリ(KSCN)、チオシアン酸ソーダ(NaSCN)等が挙げられる。
上記ラジカル捕捉剤としては、なかでも、芳香族ヒドロキシ化合物が好ましく、非置換フェノール又は多価フェノールがより好ましく、ハイドロキノンが更に好ましい。
上記重合開始剤の分解剤の添加量は、重合開始剤(レドックス開始剤)として組み合わされる酸化剤の量に対して、3~300質量%の範囲で添加する。好ましくは3~150質量%、更に好ましくは15~100質量%である。
上記重合開始剤の分解剤の添加量は、標準比重を小さくする観点から、重合開始剤濃度の3~500%(モル基準)に相当する量が好ましい。より好ましい下限は5%(モル基準)であり、更に好ましくは8%(モル基準)であり、更に好ましくは10%(モル基準)であり、更に好ましくは13%(モル基準)であり、更により好ましくは15%(モル基準)である。より好ましい上限は400%(モル基準)であり、更に好ましくは300%(モル基準)であり、更により好ましくは200%(モル基準)であり、殊更に好ましくは100%(モル基準)である。
また、水性媒体中に形成されるフルオロポリマーの濃度が40質量%以下である時に添加することが好ましい。より好ましくは、35質量%以下である時であり、更に好ましくは、30質量%以下である時である。
また、上記フルオロポリマーとしては、(I)非溶融加工性フッ素樹脂として、テトラフルオロエチレン重合体[TFE重合体(PTFE)]が、(II)溶融加工性フッ素樹脂として、エチレン/TFE共重合体[ETFE]、TFE/HFP共重合体[FEP]、TFE/パーフルオロ(アルキルビニルエーテル)共重合体[PFA、MFA等]、TFE/パーフルオロアリルエーテル共重合体、TFE/VDF共重合体、電解質ポリマー前駆体が、(III)フッ素ゴムとして、TFE/プロピレン共重合体、TFE/プロピレン/第3モノマー共重合体(上記第3モノマーは、VDF、HFP、CTFE、フルオロアルキルビニルエーテル類等)、TFEとフルオロアルキルビニルエーテル類とからなる共重合体;HFP/エチレン共重合体、HFP/エチレン/TFE共重合体;PVDF;VDF/HFP共重合体、HFP/エチレン共重合体、VDF/TFE/HFP共重合体等の熱可塑性エラストマー;及び、特公昭61-49327号公報に記載の含フッ素セグメント化ポリマー等が挙げられる。
(式)
フッ素置換率(%)=(フルオロポリマーを構成する炭素原子に結合するフッ素原子の個数)/((フルオロポリマーを構成する炭素原子に結合する水素原子の個数)+(フルオロポリマーを構成する炭素原子に結合するフッ素原子及び塩素原子の個数))×100
コア:TFE単独重合体 シェル:TFE単独重合体
コア:変性PTFE シェル:TFE単独重合体
コア:変性PTFE シェル:変性PTFE
コア:TFE単独重合体 シェル:変性PTFE
コア:低分子量PTFE シェル:高分子量PTFE
コア:高分子量PTFE シェル:低分子量PTFE
本開示の製造方法において、TFEの重合は、通常、重合温度10~150℃、重合圧力0.05~5MPaGにて行われる。例えば、重合温度は、30℃以上がより好ましく、50℃以上が更に好ましい。また、120℃以下がより好ましく、100℃以下が更に好ましい。また、重合圧力は、0.3MPaG以上がより好ましく、0.5MPaG以上が更に好ましく、また、5.0MPaG以下がより好ましく、3.0MPaG以下が更に好ましい。特に、フルオロポリマーの得量を向上させる観点からは、1.0MPaG以上が好ましく、1.2MPaG以上がより好ましく、1.5MPaG以上が更に好ましく、2.0MPaG以上がより好ましい。
上記変性モノマー単位の合計量は、PTFEの全重合単位に対して、0.00001~1.0質量%の範囲であることが好ましい。上記合計量の下限としては、0.0001質量%がより好ましく、0.001質量%が更に好ましく、0.005質量%が更により好ましい。上限としては、好ましい順に、0.90質量%、0.50質量%、0.40質量%、0.30質量%、0.20質量%、0.15質量%、0.10質量%、0.05質量%である。
本明細書において、上記変性モノマー単位とは、TFE重合体の分子構造の一部分であって変性モノマーに由来する部分を意味する。
CH2=CRQ1-LRQ2
(式中、RQ1は、水素原子またはアルキル基を表す。Lは、単結合、-CO-O-*、-O-CO-*または-O-を表す。*はRQ2との結合位置を表す。RQ2は、水素原子、アルキル基またはニトリル基を表す。)で表されるモノマーが挙げられる。
CF2=CF-ORf (3A)
(式中、Rfは、パーフルオロ有機基を表す。)で表されるパーフルオロ不飽和化合物等が挙げられる。本明細書において、上記「パーフルオロ有機基」とは、炭素原子に結合する水素原子が全てフッ素原子に置換されてなる有機基を意味する。上記パーフルオロ有機基は、エーテル酸素を有していてもよい。
一般式:CF2=CF-CF2-ORf
(式中、Rfは、パーフルオロ有機基を表す。)で表されるフルオロモノマーが挙げられる。
(式中、Rf1は炭素数が1~10のパーフルオロアルキル基である。)
CF2=CF-O-Rf2 (3b)
(式中、Rf2は炭素数が1~2のパーフルオロアルキル基である。)
CF2=CF-O-(CF2)nCF=CF2 (3c)
(式中、nは1又は2である。)
より好ましくは、ヘキサフルオロプロピレン、パーフルオロ(メチルビニルエーテル)、パーフルオロ(プロピルビニルエーテル)、(パーフルオロブチル)エチレン、(パーフルオロヘキシル)エチレン、及び、(パーフルオロオクチル)エチレンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を含むことである。
上記ヘキサフルオロプロピレン単位、パーフルオロ(アルキルビニルエーテル)単位及び(パーフルオロアルキル)エチレン単位の合計量は、PTFEの全重合単位に対して、0.00001~1.0質量%の範囲であることが好ましい。上記合計量の下限としては、0.0001質量%がより好ましく、0.0005質量%が更に好ましく、0.001質量%が更により好ましく、0.005質量%が殊更に好ましく、0.009質量%が特に好ましい。上限としては、好ましい順に、0.9質量%、0.50質量%、0.40質量%、0.30質量%、0.20質量%、0.15質量%、0.10質量%、0.08質量%、0.05質量%、0.01質量%である。
上記変性モノマー(A)の使用量は、上記範囲であればよいが、例えば、上限を5000ppmとすることができる。また、上記製造方法では、反応中または反応後の水性分散液の安定性を向上させるために、反応途中で変性モノマー(A)を系中に追加してもよい。
R7おける有機基としてはアルキル基が好ましい。R7としては、H又はC1-10の有機基が好ましく、H又はC1-4の有機基がより好ましく、H又はC1-4のアルキル基が更に好ましい。
上記金属原子としては、1、2価の金属原子が挙げられ、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)等が挙げられ、Na、K又はLiが好ましい。
CX1X3=CX2R-
(式中、X1、X2及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、F、Cl、H、CF3、CF2H、CFH2、又は、CH3であり;Rは連結基である。)で示すことができる。Rの連結基としては後述するRaとしての連結基が挙げられる。
好ましくは-CH=CH2、-CF=CH2、-CH=CF2、-CF=CF2、-CH2-CH=CH2、-CF2-CF=CH2、-CF2-CF=CF2、-(C=O)-CH=CH2、-(C=O)-CF=CH2、-(C=O)-CH=CF2、-(C=O)-CF=CF2、-(C=O)-C(CH3)=CH2、-(C=O)-C(CF3)=CH2、-(C=O)-C(CH3)=CF2、-(C=O)-C(CF3)=CF2、-O-CH2-CH=CH2、-O-CF2-CF=CH2、-O-CH2-CH=CF2、-O-CF2-CF=CF2等の不飽和結合を有する基が挙げられる。
変性モノマー(A)は、一般式(4A)で表される化合物からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であることが好ましい。
CX1X3=CX2Ra-(CZ1Z2)k-Y3 (4A)
(式中、X1、X2及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、F、Cl、H又はCF3であり;Y3は、親水基であり;Raは連結基であり;Z1及びZ2は、それぞれ独立して、H、F又はCF3であり、kは0又は1である)
上記親水基としては、例えば、-NH2、-PO3M、-P(O)(OM)2、-OPO3M、-OP(O)(OM)2、-SO3M、-OSO3M、-COOM(各式において、Mは、H、金属原子、NR7 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウム、R7は、H又は有機基であり、同一でも異なっていてもよい。いずれか2つがお互いに結合して、環を形成してもよい。)が挙げられる。上記親水基としては、なかでも、-SO3M又は-COOMが好ましい。R7としては、H又はC1-10の有機基が好ましく、H又はC1-4の有機基がより好ましく、H又はC1-4のアルキル基が更に好ましい。
上記金属原子としては、1、2価の金属原子が挙げられ、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)等が挙げられ、Na、K又はLiが好ましい。
上記変性モノマー(A)を用いることによって、より平均一次粒子径が小さく、より安定性に優れる水性分散液を得ることができる。また、一次粒子のアスペクト比をより小さくすることもできる。
上記連結基は、鎖状又は分岐状、環状又は非環状構造、飽和又は不飽和、置換又は非置換であってよく、所望により硫黄、酸素、及び窒素からなる群から選択される1つ以上のヘテロ原子を含み、所望によりエステル、アミド、スルホンアミド、カルボニル、カーボネート、ウレタン、尿素及びカルバメートからなる群から選択される1つ以上の官能基を含んでよい。上記連結基は、炭素原子を含まず、酸素、硫黄又は窒素等のカテナリーヘテロ原子であってもよい。
Raが2価の有機基である場合、炭素原子に結合する水素原子は、フッ素以外のハロゲン、例えば塩素等で置き換えられてもよく、二重結合を含んでも含まなくてもよい。また、Raは、鎖状及び分岐状のいずれでもよく、環状及び非環状のいずれでもよい。また、Raは、官能基(例えば、エステル、エーテル、ケトン、アミン、ハロゲン化物等)を含んでもよい。
Raはまた、非フッ素の2価の有機基であってもよいし、部分フッ素化又は過フッ素化された2価の有機基であってもよい。
Raとしては、例えば、炭素原子にフッ素原子が結合していない炭化水素基、炭素原子に結合する水素原子の一部がフッ素原子で置換された炭化水素基、炭素原子に結合する水素原子の全てがフッ素原子で置換された炭化水素基、-(C=O)-、-(C=O)-O-、又は、-(C=O)-を含有する炭化水素基であってもよく、これらは酸素原子を含んでいてもよく、二重結合を含んでいてもよく、官能基を含んでいてもよい。
Raとして好ましくは、-(CH2)a-、-(CF2)a-、-O-(CF2)a-、-(CF2)a-O-(CF2)b-、-O(CF2)a-O-(CF2)b-、-(CF2)a-[O-(CF2)b]c-、-O(CF2)a-[O-(CF2)b]c-、-[(CF2)a-O]b-[(CF2)c-O]d-、-O[(CF2)a-O]b-[(CF2)c-O]d-、-O-[CF2CF(CF3)O]a-(CF2)b-、-(C=O)-、-(C=O)-O-、-(C=O)-(CH2)a-、-(C=O)-(CF2)a-、-(C=O)-O-(CH2)a-、-(C=O)-O-(CF2)a-、-(C=O)-[(CH2)a-O]b-、-(C=O)-[(CF2)a-O]b-、-(C=O)-O[(CH2)a-O]b-、-(C=O)-O[(CF2)a-O]b-、-(C=O)-O[(CH2)a-O]b-(CH2)c-、-(C=O)-O[(CF2)a-O]b-(CF2)c-、-(C=O)-(CH2)a-O-(CH2)b-、-(C=O)-(CF2)a-O-(CF2)b-、-(C=O)-O-(CH2)a-O-(CH2)b-、-(C=O)-O-(CF2)a-O-(CF2)b-、-(C=O)-O-C6H4-、及び、これらの組み合わせから選択される少なくとも1種である。
式中、a、b、c及びdは独立して少なくとも1以上である。a、b、c及びdは独立して、2以上であってよく、3以上であってよく、4以上であってよく、10以上であってよく、20以上であってよい。a、b、c及びdの上限は、例えば、100である。
-(C=O)-[(CF2)2-O]n-、-(C=O)-O[(CH2)2-O]n-、-(C=O)-O[(CF2)2-O]n-、-(C=O)-O[(CH2)2-O]n-(CH2)-、-(C=O)-O[(CF2)2-O]n-(CF2)-、-(C=O)-(CH2)2-O-(CH2)-、-(C=O)-(CF2)2-O-(CF2)-、-(C=O)-O-(CH2)2-O-(CH2)-、-(C=O)-O-(CF2)2-O-(CF2)-、-(C=O)-O-C6H4-等が挙げられる。中でも、上記Raは、具体的には、-CF2-O-、-CF2-O-CF2-、-CF2-O-CF2CF2-、-CF2-O-CF(CF3)-、-CF2-O-CF(CF3)CF2-、-CF2-O-CF(CF3)CF2-O-、-(C=O)-、-(C=O)-O-、-(C=O)-(CH2)-、-(C=O)-O-(CH2)-、-(C=O)-O[(CH2)2-O]n-、-(C=O)-O[(CH2)2-O]n-(CH2)-、-(C=O)-(CH2)2-O-(CH2)-、又は、-(C=O)-O-C6H4-が好ましい。
上記式中、nは1~10の整数である。
上記式中、nは1~10の整数である。
-(C=O)h-(O)i-CF2-O-(CX6 2)e-{O-CF(CF3)}f-(O)g- (r1)
(式中、X6はそれぞれ独立してH、F又はCF3であり、eは0~3の整数であり、fは0~3の整数であり、gは0又は1であり、hは0又は1であり、iは0又は1である)で表される2価の基が好ましく、下記一般式(r2):
-(C=O)h-(O)i-CF2-O-(CX7 2)e-(O)g- (r2)(式中、X7はそれぞれ独立してH、F又はCF3であり、eは0~3の整数であり、gは0又は1であり、hは0又は1であり、iは0又は1である。)で表される2価の基も好ましい。
-(C=O)h-(O)i-CF2-O-(CX6 2)e-{O-CF(CF3)}f-(O)g-CZ1Z2- (t1)
(式中、X6はそれぞれ独立してH、F又はCF3であり、eは0~3の整数であり、fは0~3の整数であり、gは0又は1であり、hは0又は1であり、iは0又は1であり、Z1及びZ2は、それぞれ独立して、F又はCF3である)で表される2価の基も好ましく、式(t1)において、Z1及びZ2は、一方がFで他方がCF3であることがより好ましい。
また、上記一般式(4A)において、-Ra-(CZ1Z2)k-としては、下記式(t2):
-(C=O)h-(O)i-CF2-O-(CX7 2)e-(O)g-CZ1Z2- (t2)
(式中、X7はそれぞれ独立してH、F又はCF3であり、eは0~3の整数であり、gは0又は1であり、hは0又は1であり、iは0又は1であり、Z1及びZ2は、それぞれ独立して、H、F又はCF3である)で表される2価の基も好ましく、式(t2)において、Z1及びZ2は、一方がFで他方がCF3であることがより好ましい。
CF2=CF-O-Rf0-Y3 (4a)
(式中、Y3は親水基であり、Rf0は、過フッ素化されており、鎖状又は分岐状、環状又は非環状構造、飽和又は不飽和、置換又は非置換であってもよく、硫黄、酸素、及び窒素からなる群から選択される1つ以上のヘテロ原子を任意追加的に含有する過フッ素化二価連結基である。)
CH2=CH-O-Rf0-Y3 (4b)
(式中、Y3は親水基であり、Rf0は式(4a)で定義される過フッ素化二価連結基である。)
CX2=CY(-CZ2-O-Rf-Y3) (5A)
(式中、Xは、同一又は異なって、-H又は-Fであり、Yは-H、-F、アルキル基又は含フッ素アルキル基であり、Zは、同一又は異なって、-H、-F、アルキル基又は含フッ素アルキル基である。Rfは炭素数1~40の含フッ素アルキレン基、又は、炭素数2~100のエーテル結合を有する含フッ素アルキレン基である。Y3は、前記と同じである。)で表される単量体、下記一般式(6A):
CX2=CY(-O-Rf-Y3) (6A)
(式中、Xは、同一又は異なって、-H又は-Fであり、Yは-H、-F、アルキル基又は含フッ素アルキル基であり、Rfは炭素数1~40の含フッ素アルキレン基、又は、炭素数2~100のエーテル結合を有する含フッ素アルキレン基である。Y3は、前記と同じである。)で表される単量体、及び、下記一般式(7A):
CX2=CY(-Rf-Y3) (7A)
(式中、Xは、同一又は異なって、-H又は-Fであり、Yは-H、-F、アルキル基又は含フッ素アルキル基であり、Rfは炭素数1~40の含フッ素アルキレン基、又は、炭素数2~100のエーテル結合を有する含フッ素アルキレン基である。Y3は、前記と同じである。)で表される単量体、からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であることが好ましい。
上記アルキル基は、フッ素原子を含有しないアルキル基であり、炭素数は1以上であればよい。上記アルキル基の炭素数は6以下が好ましく、4以下がより好ましく、3以下が更に好ましい。
上記含フッ素アルキル基は、フッ素原子を少なくとも1つ含有するアルキル基であり、炭素数は1以上であればよい。上記含フッ素アルキル基の炭素数は6以下が好ましく、4以下がより好ましく、3以下が更に好ましい。
上記Yとしては、-H、-F又は-CF3が好ましく、-Fがより好ましい。
上記アルキル基は、フッ素原子を含有しないアルキル基であり、炭素数は1以上であればよい。上記アルキル基の炭素数は6以下が好ましく、4以下がより好ましく、3以下が更に好ましい。
上記含フッ素アルキル基は、フッ素原子を少なくとも1つ含有するアルキル基であり、炭素数は1以上であればよい。上記含フッ素アルキル基の炭素数は6以下が好ましく、4以下がより好ましく、3以下が更に好ましい。
上記Zとしては、-H、-F又は-CF3が好ましく、-Fがより好ましい。
上記含フッ素アルキレン基の炭素数は2以上が好ましい。また、30以下が好ましく、20以下がより好ましく、10以下が更に好ましい。上記含フッ素アルキレン基としては、-CF2-、-CH2CF2-、-CF2CF2-、-CF2CH2-、-CF2CF2CH2-、-CF(CF3)-、-CF(CF3)CF2-、-CF(CF3)CH2-等が挙げられる。上記含フッ素アルキレン基は、パーフルオロアルキレン基であることが好ましい。
エーテル結合を有する含フッ素アルキレン基としては、例えば、下記式:
(式中、Z1はFまたはCF3;Z2及びZ3はそれぞれHまたはF;Z4はH、FまたはCF3;p1+q1+r1が0~10の整数;s1は0または1;t1は0~5の整数)で表される2価の基であることも好ましい。
上記エーテル結合を有する含フッ素アルキレン基として具体的には、-CF(CF3)CF2-O-CF(CF3)-、-(CF(CF3)CF2-O)n-CF(CF3)-(式中、nは1~10の整数)、-CF(CF3)CF2-O-CF(CF3)CH2-、-(CF(CF3)CF2-O)n-CF(CF3)CH2-(式中、nは1~10の整数)、-CH2CF2CF2O-CH2CF2CH2-、-CF2CF2CF2O-CF2CF2-、-CF2CF2CF2O-CF2CF2CH2-、-CF2CF2O-CF2-、-CF2CF2O-CF2CH2-等が挙げられる。上記エーテル結合を有する含フッ素アルキレン基は、パーフルオロアルキレン基であることが好ましい。
R7における有機基としてはアルキル基が好ましい。R7としては、H又はC1-10の有機基が好ましく、H又はC1-4の有機基がより好ましく、H又はC1-4のアルキル基が更に好ましい。
上記金属原子としては、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)等が挙げられ、Na、K又はLiが好ましい。
上記Mとしては、-H、金属原子又は-NR7 4が好ましく、-H、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)又は-NR7 4がより好ましく、-H、-Na、-K、-Li又は-NH4が更に好ましく、-Na、-K又は-NH4が更により好ましく、-Na又は-NH4が特に好ましく、-NH4が最も好ましい。
上記Y3としては、-COOM又は-SO3Mが好ましく、-COOMがより好ましい。
CH2=CF(-CF2-O-Rf-Y3) (5a)
(式中、Rf及びY3は前記と同じ。)
CX2 2=CFCF2-O-(CF(CF3)CF2O)n5-CF(CF3)-Y3
(5b)
(式中、各X2は、同一であり、F又はHを表す。n5は、0又は1~10の整数を表し、Y3は、前記定義と同じ。)
(式中、Rf及びY3は上記と同じ)
上記アルキル基は、フッ素原子を含有しないアルキル基であり、炭素数は1以上であればよい。上記アルキル基の炭素数は6以下が好ましく、4以下がより好ましく、3以下が更に好ましい。
上記含フッ素アルキル基は、フッ素原子を少なくとも1つ含有するアルキル基であり、炭素数は1以上であればよい。上記含フッ素アルキル基の炭素数は6以下が好ましく、4以下がより好ましく、3以下が更に好ましい。
上記Yとしては、-H、-F又は-CF3が好ましく、-Fがより好ましい。
上記含フッ素アルキレン基の炭素数は2以上が好ましい。また、含フッ素アルキレン基の炭素数は、30以下が好ましく、20以下がより好ましく、10以下が更に好ましい。上記含フッ素アルキレン基としては、-CF2-、-CH2CF2-、-CF2CF2-、-CF2CH2-、-CF2CF2CH2-、-CF(CF3)-、-CF(CF3)CF2-、-CF(CF3)CH2-等が挙げられる。上記含フッ素アルキレン基は、パーフルオロアルキレン基であることが好ましい。
R7の有機基としてはアルキル基が好ましい。R7としては、H又はC1-10の有機基が好ましく、H又はC1-4の有機基がより好ましく、H又はC1-4のアルキル基が更に好ましい。
上記金属原子としては、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)等が挙げられ、Na、K又はLiが好ましい。
上記Mとしては、-H、金属原子又は-NR7 4が好ましく、-H、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)又は-NR7 4がより好ましく、-H、-Na、-K、-Li又は-NH4が更に好ましく、-Na、-K又は-NH4が更により好ましく、-Na又は-NH4が特に好ましく、-NH4が最も好ましい。
上記Y3としては、-COOM又は-SO3Mが好ましく、-COOMがより好ましい。
CF2=CF-O-(CF2)n1-Y3 (6a)
(式中、n1は、1~10の整数を表し、Y3は、前記定義と同じ。)
CF2=CF-O-(CF2C(CF3)F)n2-Y3 (6b)
(式中、n2は、1~5の整数を表し、Y3は、前記定義と同じ。)
CF2=CF-O-(CFX1)n3-Y3 (6c)
(式中、X1は、F又はCF3を表し、n3は、1~10の整数を表し、Y3は、前記定義と同じ。)
CF2=CF-O-(CF2CFX1O)n4-(CF2)n6-Y3 (6d)
(式中、n4は、1~10の整数を表し、n6は、1~3の整数を表し、Y3及びX1は、前記定義と同じ。)
CF2=CF-O-(CF2CF2CFX1O)n5-CF2CF2CF2-Y3 (6e)
(式中、n5は、0~10の整数を表し、Y3及びX1は、前記定義と同じ。)
CF2=CF-(CF2)n1-Y3 (7a)
(式中、n1は、1~10の整数を表し、Y3は、前記定義と同じ。)で表される単量体、及び、下記一般式(7b):
CF2=CF-(CF2C(CF3)F)n2-Y3 (7b)
(式中、n2は、1~5の整数を表し、Y3は、前記定義と同じ。)で表される単量体からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種が好ましい。
上記Y3は、-SO3M又は-COOMが好ましく、Mは、H、金属原子、NR7 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであることが好ましい。上記R7は、H又は有機基を表す。
上記式(7a)で表されるパーフルオロビニルアルキル化合物としては、例えば、CF2=CFCF2COOM(式中、Mは上記定義と同じ。)が挙げられる。
上記固形分濃度の下限は5質量%が好ましく、8質量%がより好ましい。上限は特に限定されないが40質量%であってもよく、35質量%であってもよい。
上記平均一次粒子径の下限は100nmが好ましく、150nmがより好ましい。上限は400nmが好ましく、350nmがより好ましい。
上記TFE重合体の水性分散液は、例えば、国際公開第2007/004250号に記載の塵埃抑制処理剤組成物に好適に用いることができ、国際公開第2007/000812号に記載の塵埃抑制処理方法にも好適に用いることができる。
この延伸体が膜である場合(PTFE延伸膜またはPTFE多孔膜)、公知のPTFE延伸方法によって延伸することができる。延伸することにより高分子量PTFEは容易にフィブリル化し、結節と繊維からなるPTFE多孔体(膜)となる。
好ましくは、シート状または棒状のペースト押出物を押出方向にロール延伸することで、一軸延伸膜を得ることができる。
更に、テンター等により幅方向に延伸して、二軸延伸膜も得ることができる。
延伸前に半焼成処理を行うことも好ましい。
エアフィルター、薬液フィルター等の各種精密濾過フィルターの濾材、高分子電解質膜の支持材等として好適に利用できる。
また、繊維分野、医療分野、エレクトロケミカル分野、シール材分野、空気濾過分野、換気/内圧調整分野、液濾過分野、一般消費材分野等で使用する製品の素材としても有用である。
以下に、具体的な用途を例示する。
誘電材料プリプレグ、EMI遮蔽材料、伝熱材料等。より詳細には、プリント配線基板、電磁遮蔽シールド材、絶縁伝熱材料、絶縁材料等。
シール材分野
ガスケット、パッキン、ポンプダイアフラム、ポンプチューブ、航空機用シール材等。
ULPAフィルター(半導体製造用)、HEPAフィルター(病院・半導体製造用)、円筒カートリッジフィルター(産業用)、バグフィルター(産業用)、耐熱バグフィルタ-(排ガス処理用)、耐熱プリーツフィルター(排ガス処理用)、SINBRANフィルター(産業用)、触媒フィルター(排ガス処理用)、吸着剤付フィルター(HDD組込み)、吸着剤付ベントフィルター(HDD組込み用)、ベントフィルター(HDD組込み用他)、掃除機用フィルター(掃除機用)、汎用複層フェルト材、GT用カートリッジフィルター(GT向け互換品用)、クーリングフィルター(電子機器筐体用)等。
凍結乾燥用の容器等の凍結乾燥用材料、電子回路やランプ向けの自動車用換気材料、容器キャップ向け等の容器用途、タブレット端末や携帯電話端末等の小型端末を含む電子機器向け等の保護換気用途、医療用換気用途等。
半導体液ろ過フィルター(半導体製造用)、親水性PTFEフィルター(半導体製造用)、化学薬品向けフィルター(薬液処理用)、純水製造ライン用フィルター(純水製造用)、逆洗型液ろ過フィルター(産業排水処理用)等。
衣類、ケーブルガイド(バイク向け可動ワイヤ)、バイク用衣服、キャストライナー(医療サポーター)、掃除機フィルター、バグパイプ(楽器)、ケーブル(ギター用信号ケーブル等)、弦(弦楽器用)等。
PTFE繊維(繊維材料)、ミシン糸(テキスタイル)、織糸(テキスタイル)、ロープ等。
体内埋設物(延伸品)、人工血管、カテーテル、一般手術(組織補強材料)、頭頸部製品(硬膜代替)、口内健康(組織再生医療)、整形外科(包帯)等。
低分子量PTFEは、重合により製造しても良いし、重合で得られた高分子量PTFEを公知の方法(熱分解、放射線照射分解等)で低分子量化して製造することもできる。
(1)本開示の製造方法において、FEPの重合は、重合温度10~150℃、重合圧力0.3~6.0MPaGにて行うことが好ましい。
上記ETFEのシートにおける添加剤の含有量は、ETFEのシートの総質量に対し、20質量%以下が好ましく、10質量%以下が特に好ましい。
また、膜構造建築物の膜材だけではなく、たとえば、屋外使用板材(防音壁、防風フェンス、越波柵、車庫天蓋、ショッピングモール、歩行路壁、屋根材)、ガラス飛散防止フィルム、耐熱・耐水シート、建材等(テント倉庫のテント材、日よけ用膜材、明かり取り用の部分屋根材、ガラスに替わる窓材、防炎仕切り用膜材、カーテン、外壁補強、防水膜、防煙膜、不燃透明仕切り、道路補強、インテリア(照明、壁面、ブランド等)、エクステリア(テント、看板等)等)、生活レジャー用品(釣りざお、ラケット、ゴルフクラブ、映写幕等)、自動車用材料(幌、制振材、ボディ等)、航空機材料、船舶材料、家電外装、タンク、容器内壁、フィルタ、工事用膜材、電子材料(プリント基板、配線基板、絶縁膜、離型膜等)、太陽電池モジュールの表面材料、太陽熱発電用のミラー保護材、ソーラー温水器の表面材等に有用である。
一般式(150):CF2=CF-O-(CF2CFY151-O)n-(CFY152)m-A151
(式中、Y151は、フッ素原子、塩素原子、-SO2F基又はパーフルオロアルキル基を表す。パーフルオロアルキル基は、エーテル性の酸素及び-SO2F基を含んでもよい。nは、0~3の整数を表す。n個のY151は、同一であってもよいし異なっていてもよい。Y152は、フッ素原子、塩素原子又は-SO2F基を表す。mは、1~5の整数を表す。m個のY152は、同一であってもよいし異なっていてもよい。A151は、-SO2X151、-COZ151又は-POZ152Z153を表す。X151は、F、Cl、Br、I、-OR151又は-NR152R153を表す。Z151、Z152及びZ153は、同一又は異なって、-NR154R155又は-OR156を表す。R151、R152、R153、R154、R155及びR156は、同一又は異なって、H、アンモニウム、アルカリ金属、フッ素原子を含んでも良いアルキル基、アリール基、若しくはスルホニル含有基を表す。)で表されるフルオロモノマーを挙げることができる。電解質ポリマー前駆体の好ましい単量体組成(モル%)は、TFE:ビニルエーテル=(50~99):(50~1)であり、より好ましくは、TFE:ビニルエーテル=(50~93):(50~7)である。
また、電解質ポリマー前駆体の分散状態を維持したまま、アルカリ溶液による加水分解を施すことにより電解質ポリマー分散液を得ることができる。
引き続き、加圧容器内で、120℃以上に加熱することで、例えば、水/アルコール混合溶媒に溶解させ、溶液状態にすることが出来る。
このようにして得られた溶液は、例えば電極のバインダーとして使用したり、種々の添加剤と複合してキャスト製膜し、例えば防汚塗膜や有機アクチュエーター等に使用することができる。
本開示の製造方法において、TFE/VDF共重合体の重合温度としては特に限定されず、0~100℃であってよい。重合圧力は、重合温度等の他の重合条件に応じて適宜定められるが、通常、0~9.8MPaGであってよい。
式: CX11X12=CX13(CX14X15)n11X16
(式中、X11~X16は同一又は異なってH、F又はClを表し、n11は0~8の整数を表す。但し、TFE及びVDFを除く。)で示されるモノマー、又は、
式: CX21X22=CX23-O(CX24X25)n21X26
(式中、X21~X26は同一又は異なってH、F又はClを表し、n21は0~8の整数を表す。)で示されるモノマーが好ましい。
本開示の製造方法において、上記フッ素ゴムの重合は、撹拌機を備えた耐圧の反応容器に純水及び上記界面活性剤を仕込み、脱酸素後、モノマーを仕込み、所定の温度にし、重合開始剤を添加して、反応を開始する。反応の進行とともに圧力が低下するので、初期圧力を維持するように、追加のモノマーを連続的又は間欠的に追加供給する。所定量のモノマーを供給した時点で、供給を停止し、反応容器内のモノマーをパージし、温度を室温に戻して反応を終了する。この場合、ポリマーラテックスを連続的に反応容器より取り出すことができる。
ポリオキシエチレンアルキルエーテル、ポリオキシエチレンアルキルフェニルエーテル、ポリオキシエチレンアルキルエステル、ソルビタンアルキルエステル、ポリオキシエチレンソルビタンアルキルエステル、グリセロールエステル、それらの誘導体。
具体的には、ラウリル酸、ラウリル硫酸(ドデシル硫酸)などに代表されるようなCH3-(CH2)n-L-M(式中、nが、6~17の整数である。LおよびMが、上記と同じ)によって表されるものが挙げられる。
Rが、12~16個の炭素原子を有するアルキル基であり、L-Mが、硫酸塩であるものの混合物も使用できる。
アニオン性炭化水素系界面活性剤としては、R6(-L-M)2(式中、R6が、置換基を有してもよい炭素数1以上の直鎖状若しくは分岐鎖状のアルキレン基、又は、置換基を有してもよい炭素数3以上の環状のアルキレン基であり、炭素数が3以上の場合は1価又は2価の複素環を含んでもよいし、環を形成していてもよい。Lが、-ArSO3 -、-SO3 -、-SO4-、-PO3 -又は-COO-であり、Mが、H、金属原子、NR5 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウム、R5は、H又は有機基、-ArSO3 -は、アリールスルホン酸塩である。)によって表されるアニオン性界面活性剤も挙げられる。
上記アニオン性炭化水素系界面活性剤としては、R7(-L-M)3(式中、R7が、置換基を有してもよい炭素数1以上の直鎖状若しくは分岐鎖状のアルキリジン基、又は、置換基を有してもよい炭素数3以上の環状のアルキリジン基であり、炭素数が3以上の場合は1価又は2価の複素環を含んでもよいし、環を形成していてもよい。Lが、-ArSO3 -、-SO3 -、-SO4-、-PO3 -又は-COO-であり、Mが、H、金属原子、NR5 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウム、R5はH又は有機基である。-ArSO3 -は、アリールスルホン酸塩である。)によって表されるアニオン性界面活性剤も挙げられる。
R5としては、H又はアルキル基が好ましく、H又は炭素数1~10のアルキル基がより好ましく、H又は炭素数1~4のアルキル基が更に好ましい。
本明細書中、特に断りのない限り、「置換基」は、置換可能な基を意味する。当該「置換基」の例は、脂肪族基、芳香族基、ヘテロ環基、アシル基、アシルオキシ基、アシルアミノ基、脂肪族オキシ基、芳香族オキシ基、ヘテロ環オキシ基、脂肪族オキシカルボニル基、芳香族オキシカルボニル基、ヘテロ環オキシカルボニル基、カルバモイル基、脂肪族スルホニル基、芳香族スルホニル基、ヘテロ環スルホニル基、脂肪族スルホニルオキシ基、芳香族スルホニルオキシ基、ヘテロ環スルホニルオキシ基、スルファモイル基、脂肪族スルホンアミド基、芳香族スルホンアミド基、ヘテロ環スルホンアミド基、アミノ基、脂肪族アミノ基、芳香族アミノ基、ヘテロ環アミノ基、脂肪族オキシカルボニルアミノ基、芳香族オキシカルボニルアミノ基、ヘテロ環オキシカルボニルアミノ基、脂肪族スルフィニル基、芳香族スルフィニル基、脂肪族チオ基、芳香族チオ基、ヒドロキシ基、シアノ基、スルホ基、カルボキシ基、脂肪族オキシアミノ基、芳香族オキシアミノ基、カルバモイルアミノ基、スルファモイルアミノ基、ハロゲン原子、スルファモイルカルバモイル基、カルバモイルスルファモイル基、ジ脂肪族オキシホスフィニル基、又は、ジ芳香族オキシホスフィニル基を包含する。
ヒドロカルビル基の炭素原子が、フッ素などのハロゲンによって置換され得る場合に、水素原子によって完全に置換されるという意味では、これらのシロキサン炭化水素系界面活性剤は、炭化水素系界面活性剤とみなすこともでき、すなわち、ヒドロカルビル基の炭素原子上の一価置換基は水素である。
このようなシロキサン炭化水素系界面活性剤としては、例えば、ポリジメチルシロキサン-グラフト-(メタ)アクリル酸塩、ポリジメチルシロキサン-グラフト-ポリアクリレート塩およびポリジメチルシロキサングラフト化第4級アミンが挙げられる。
シロキサン炭化水素系界面活性剤の親水性部分の極性部分は、ポリエチレンオキシド(PEO)、および混合されたポリエチレンオキシド/プロピレンオキシドポリエーテル(PEO/PPO)などのポリエーテル;単糖類および二糖類;およびピロリジノンなどの水溶性複素環によって形成される非イオン性基を含み得る。エチレンオキシド対プロピレンオキシド(EO/PO)の比率は、混合されたポリエチレンオキシド/プロピレンオキシドポリエーテルにおいて変化され得る。
スルホサクシネート界面活性剤としては、スルホコハク酸ジイソデシルNa塩、(ClariantのEmulsogen(登録商標)SB10)、スルホコハク酸ジイソトリデシルNa塩(Cesapinia ChemicalsのPolirol(登録商標)TR/LNA)等が挙げられる。
R10-COOM (α)
(式中、R10は、1個以上の炭素原子を含有する1価の有機基である。Mは、H、金属原子、NR11 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R11はH又は有機基であり、同一でも異なっていてもよい。)で示される化合物(α)が挙げられる。R11としてはH又はC1-10の有機基が好ましく、H又はC1-4の有機基がより好ましい。
界面活性能の観点から、R10の炭素数は2個以上が好ましく、3個以上がより好ましい。また、水溶性の観点から、R10の炭素数は、29個以下であることが好ましく、23個以下がより好ましい。
上記Mの金属原子としては、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)等が挙げられ、Na、K又はLiが好ましい。Mとしては、H、金属原子又はNR11 4が好ましく、H、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)又はNR11 4がより好ましく、H、Na、K、Li又はNH4が更に好ましく、Na、K又はNH4が更により好ましく、Na又はNH4が特に好ましく、NH4が最も好ましい。
具体的には、CH3-(CH2)n-COOM(式中、nが、2~28の整数である。Mは上記と同じ)によって表されるものが挙げられる。
上記カルボニル基を含まないアニオン性炭化水素系界面活性剤としては、例えば、下記式(A):R-COO-M (A)
(式中、Rは、アルキル基、アルケニル基、アルキレン基又はアルケニレン基であり、これらはエーテル結合を含んでもよい。Mは、H、金属原子、NR11 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。R11は、同一又は異なって、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基である。)の化合物が好ましく例示される。
上記式(A)において、Rは、アルキル基又はアルケニル基(これらはエーテル基を含んでいてもよい)であることが好ましい。上記Rにおけるアルキル基又はアルケニル基は、直鎖状でも分岐状でもよい。上記Rの炭素数は限定されないが、例えば、2~29であり、好ましくは4~29である。
Rにおけるアルキル基、アルケニル基、アルキレン基又はアルケニレン基は、カルボニル基(但し、エステル基中のカルボニル基を除く)を含まないことが好ましい。
上記アルケニル基が直鎖状である場合、Rの炭素数は2~29であることが好ましく、9~23であることがより好ましい。上記アルケニル基が分岐状である場合、Rの炭素数は2~29であることが好ましく、3~29であることがより好ましく、9~23であることがさらに好ましい。
特に、ラウリン酸、カプリン酸、ミリスチン酸、ペンタデシル酸、パルミチン酸、及び、これらの塩からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種が好ましく、ラウリン酸及びその塩がさらに好ましく、ラウリン酸の塩が特に好ましく、ラウリン酸ナトリウムまたはラウリン酸アンモニウムが最も好ましい。
上記塩としては、カルボキシル基の水素が上述した式Mの金属原子、NR11 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであるものが挙げられるが特に限定されない。
(式中、R1~R5はH又は一価の置換基を表し、但し、R1及びR3のうち、少なくとも1つは、一般式:-Y-R6で示される基、R2及びR5のうち、少なくとも1つは、一般式:-X-Aで示される基、又は、一般式:-Y-R6で示される基を表す。
また、Xは、各出現において同一又は異なって、2価の連結基、又は、結合手;
Aは、各出現において同一又は異なって、-COOM、-SO3M又は-OSO3M(Mは、H、金属原子、NR7 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウム、R7は、H又は有機基);
Yは、各出現において同一又は異なって、-S(=O)2-、-O-、-COO-、-OCO-、-CONR8-及び-NR8CO-からなる群より選択される2価の連結基、又は、結合手、R8はH又は有機基;
R6は、各出現において同一又は異なって、カルボニル基、エステル基、アミド基及びスルホニル基からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を炭素-炭素原子間に含んでもよい炭素数1以上のアルキル基;
を表す。
R1~R5のうち、いずれか2つがお互いに結合して、環を形成してもよい。)で示される界面活性剤(以下、界面活性剤(1-0)ともいう)が好ましく例示される。
上記アルキル基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキル基であることが好ましい。
上記アルキル基は、如何なる置換基も有していないことが好ましい。
R6がカルボニル基、エステル基、アミド基及びスルホニル基のいずれをも含まない場合は、Xはカルボニル基、エステル基、アミド基及びスルホニル基からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を含む2価の連結基であることが好ましい。
上記金属原子としては、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)等が挙げられ、Na、K又はLiが好ましい。
一般式:-R10-CO-R11で示される基、
一般式:-R10-COO-R11で示される基、
一般式:-R11で示される基、
一般式:-R10-NR8CO-R11で示される基、又は、
一般式:-R10-CONR8-R11で示される基、
(式中、R8はH又は有機基を表す。R10はアルキレン基、R11は置換基を有してもよいアルキル基)が好ましい。
R6としては、一般式:-R10-CO-R11で示される基がより好ましい。
-COOM、
-R12COOM、
-SO3M、
-OSO3M、
-R12SO3M、
-R12OSO3M、
-OCO-R12-COOM、
-OCO-R12-SO3M、
-OCO-R12-OSO3M
-COO-R12-COOM、
-COO-R12-SO3M、
-COO-R12-OSO3M、
-CONR8-R12-COOM、
-CONR8-R12-SO3M、
-CONR8-R12-OSO3M、
-NR8CO-R12-COOM、
-NR8CO-R12-SO3M、
-NR8CO-R12-OSO3M、
-OS(=O)2-R12-COOM、
-OS(=O)2-R12-SO3M、又は
-OS(=O)2-R12-OSO3M
(式中、R8及びMは、上記のとおり。R12はC1-10のアルキレン基。)が好ましい。
上記R12のアルキレン基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキレン基であることが好ましい。
一般式:-R10-CO-R11で示される基、
一般式:-OCO-R10-CO-R11で示される基、
一般式:-COO-R10-CO-R11で示される基、
一般式:-OCO-R10-COO-R11で示される基、
一般式:-COO-R11で示される基、
一般式:-NR8CO-R10-CO-R11で示される基、又は、
一般式:-CONR8-R10-NR8CO-R11で示される基
(式中、R8、R10及びR11は上記のとおり。)が好ましい。
上記R4及びR5のアルキル基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキル基であることが好ましい。
上記R3のアルキル基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキル基であることが好ましい。
上記R2のアルキル基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキル基であることが好ましい。
(式中、R1A~R5Aは、H、炭素-炭素原子間にエステル基を含んでもよい1価の炭化水素基、又は、一般式:-XA-Aで示される基である。但し、R2A及びR5Aの少なくとも1つは、一般式:-XA-Aで示される基を表す。
XAは、各出現において同一又は異なって、2価の炭化水素基、又は、結合手;
Aは、各出現において同一又は異なって、-COOM(Mは、H、金属原子、NR7 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウム、R7は、H又は有機基);
R1A~R5Aのうち、いずれか2つがお互いに結合して、環を形成してもよい。)で示される界面活性剤(1-0A)等も挙げられる。
式中、XAにおいて、2価の炭化水素基の炭素数は1~50であることが好ましく、5~20であることがより好ましい。上記2価の炭化水素基としては、アルキレン基、アルカンジイル基等が挙げられ、アルキレン基が好ましい。
また、一般式(1-0A)で表される脂肪族型のカルボン酸型炭化水素系界面活性剤は2鎖2親水基型合成界面活性剤であってもよく、例えば、ジェミニ型界面活性剤として、ジェミニサ-フ(中京油脂株式会社)、Gemsurf α142(炭素数12 ラウリル基)、Gemsurf α102(炭素数10)、Gemsurf α182(炭素数14)等が挙げられる。
また、上記カルボニル基(但し、カルボキシル基中のカルボニル基を除く)を1つ以上有する炭化水素系界面活性剤にラジカル処理又は酸化処理を行った炭化水素系界面活性剤も使用できる。
上記ラジカル処理とは、カルボニル基(但し、カルボキシル基中のカルボニル基を除く)を1つ以上有する炭化水素系界面活性剤にラジカルを発生させる処理であればよく、例えば、反応器に、脱イオン水、炭化水素系界面活性剤を加え、反応器を密閉し、系内を窒素で置換し、反応器を昇温・昇圧した後、重合開始剤を仕込み、一定時間撹拌した後、反応器を大気圧になるまで脱圧を行い、冷却を行う処理である。上記酸化処理とは、カルボニル基(但し、カルボキシル基中のカルボニル基を除く)を1つ以上有する炭化水素系界面活性剤に酸化剤を添加させる処理である。酸化剤としては、例えば、酸素、オゾン、過酸化水素水、酸化マンガン(IV)、過マンガン酸カリウム、二クロム酸カリウム、硝酸、二酸化硫黄などが挙げられる。ラジカル処理または酸化処理を促進するために、ラジカル処理または酸化処理をpHが調整された水溶液中で行ってもよい。ラジカル処理または酸化処理を行うための水溶液のpHは7未満であることが好ましく、たとえば、硫酸、硝酸、塩酸などを用いて、水溶液のpHを調整できる。
上記炭化水素系界面活性剤としては、下記式(a):
(式中、R1aは、炭素数1以上の直鎖状若しくは分岐鎖状のアルキル基又は炭素数3以上の環状のアルキル基であり、炭素原子に結合した水素原子がヒドロキシ基又はエステル結合を含む1価の有機基により置換されていてもよく、炭素数が2以上の場合はカルボニル基を含んでもよく、炭素数が3以上の場合は1価又は2価の複素環を含んでも環を形成していてもよい。R2a及びR3aは、独立に、単結合又は2価の連結基である。R1a、R2a及びR3aは、炭素数が合計で6以上である。Xaは、H、金属原子、NR4a 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R4aはH又は有機基であり、同一でも異なっていてもよい。R1a、R2a及びR3aは、いずれか2つがお互いに結合して、環を形成してもよい。)で示される界面活性剤(a)、下記式(b):
(式中、R1bは、置換基を有してもよい炭素数1以上の直鎖状若しくは分岐鎖状のアルキル基又は置換基を有してもよい炭素数3以上の環状のアルキル基であり、炭素数が3以上の場合は1価又は2価の複素環を含んでも環を形成していてもよい。R2b及びR4bは、独立に、H又は置換基である。R3bは、置換基を有してもよい炭素数1~10のアルキレン基である。nは、1以上の整数である。p及びqは、独立に、0以上の整数である。Xbは、H、金属原子、NR5b 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R5bはH又は有機基であり、同一でも異なっていてもよい。R1b、R2b、R3b及びR4bは、いずれか2つがお互いに結合して、環を形成してもよい。Lは、単結合、-CO2-B-*、-OCO-B-*、-CONR6b-B-*、-NR6bCO-B-*、又は、-CO-(但し、-CO2-B-、-OCO-B-、-CONR6b-B-、-NR6CO-B-に含まれるカルボニル基を除く。)であり、Bは単結合もしくは置換基を有してもよい炭素数1から10のアルキレン基であり、R6bは、H又は置換基を有していてもよい、炭素数1~4のアルキル基である。*は、式中の-OSO3Xbに結合する側を指す。)で示される界面活性剤(b)、下記式(c):
(式中、R1cは、炭素数1以上の直鎖状若しくは分岐鎖状のアルキル基又は炭素数3以上の環状のアルキル基であり、炭素原子に結合した水素原子がヒドロキシ基又はエステル結合を含む1価の有機基により置換されていてもよく、炭素数が2以上の場合はカルボニル基を含んでもよく、炭素数が3以上の場合は1価又は2価の複素環を含んでも環を形成していてもよい。R2c及びR3cは、独立に、単結合又は2価の連結基である。R1c、R2c及びR3cは、炭素数が合計で5以上である。Acは、-COOXc又は-SO3Xc(Xcは、H、金属原子、NR4c 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R4cはH又は有機基であり、同一でも異なっていてもよい。)である。R1c、R2c及びR3cは、いずれか2つがお互いに結合して、環を形成してもよい。)で示される界面活性剤(c)、及び、下記式(d):
(式中、R1dは、置換基を有してもよい炭素数1以上の直鎖状若しくは分岐鎖状のアルキル基又は置換基を有してもよい炭素数3以上の環状のアルキル基であり、炭素数が3以上の場合は1価又は2価の複素環を含んでも環を形成していてもよい。R2d及びR4dは、独立に、H又は置換基である。R3dは、置換基を有してもよい炭素数1~10のアルキレン基である。nは、1以上の整数である。p及びqは、独立に、0以上の整数である。Adは、-SO3Xd又は-COOXd(Xdは、H、金属原子、NR5d 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R5dはH又は有機基であり、同一でも異なっていてもよい。)である。R1d、R2d、R3d及びR4dは、いずれか2つがお互いに結合して、環を形成してもよい。Lは、単結合、-CO2-B-*、-OCO-B-*、-CONR6d-B-*、-NR6dCO-B-*、又は、-CO-(但し、-CO2-B-、-OCO-B-、-CONR6d-B-、-NR6dCO-B-に含まれるカルボニル基を除く。)であり、Bは単結合もしくは置換基を有してもよい炭素数1から10のアルキレン基であり、R6dは、H又は置換基を有していてもよい、炭素数1~4のアルキル基である。*は、式中のAdに結合する側を指す。)で示される界面活性剤(d)からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種がより好ましい。
上記アルキル基は、炭素数が3以上の場合、2つの炭素原子間にカルボニル基(-C(=O)-)を含んでもよい。また、上記アルキル基は、炭素数が2以上の場合、上記アルキル基の末端に上記カルボニル基を含むこともできる。すなわち、CH3-C(=O)-で示されるアセチル基等のアシル基も、上記アルキル基に含まれる。
また、上記アルキル基は、炭素数が3以上の場合は1価又は2価の複素環を含むこともできるし、環を形成することもできる。上記複素環としては、不飽和複素環が好ましく、含酸素不飽和複素環がより好ましく、例えば、フラン環等が挙げられる。R1aにおいて、2価の複素環が2つの炭素原子間に挿入されていてもよいし、2価の複素環が末端に位置して-C(=O)-と結合してもよいし、1価の複素環が上記アルキル基の末端に位置してもよい。
上記エステル結合を含む1価の有機基としては、式:-O-C(=O)-R101a(式中、R101aはアルキル基)で示される基が挙げられる。
上記アルキル基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキル基であることが好ましい。
R2a及びR3aは、独立に、単結合又は炭素数1以上の直鎖状若しくは分岐鎖状のアルキレン基又は炭素数3以上の環状のアルキレン基であることが好ましい。
R2a及びR3aを構成する上記アルキレン基は、カルボニル基を含まないことが好ましい。
上記エステル結合を含む1価の有機基としては、式:-O-C(=O)-R102a(式中、R102aはアルキル基)で示される基が挙げられる。
上記アルキレン基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキレン基であることが好ましい。
R1a、R2a及びR3aは、いずれか2つがお互いに結合して、環を形成してもよい。
(式中、n11aは0~10の整数であり、R11aは炭素数1~5の直鎖状若しくは分岐鎖状のアルキル基又は炭素数3~5の環状のアルキル基であり、R12aは炭素数0~3のアルキレン基である。n11aが2~10の整数である場合、R12aは各々同じであっても異なっていてもよい。)で示される基がより好ましい。
R11aとしての上記アルキル基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子が官能基により置換されていてもよく、例えば、ヒドロキシ基(-OH)又はエステル結合を含む1価の有機基により置換されていてもよいが、如何なる官能基によっても置換されていないことが好ましい。
上記エステル結合を含む1価の有機基としては、式:-O-C(=O)-R103a(式中、R103aはアルキル基)で示される基が挙げられる。
R11aとしての上記アルキル基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキル基であることが好ましい。
R12aとしての上記アルキレン基は、直鎖状又は分岐鎖状であってよい。
R12aとしての上記アルキレン基は、カルボニル基を含まないことが好ましい。R12aとしては、エチレン基(-C2H4-)又はプロピレン基(-C3H6-)がより好ましい。
R12aとしての上記アルキレン基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子が官能基により置換されていてもよく、例えば、ヒドロキシ基(-OH)又はエステル結合を含む1価の有機基により置換されていてもよいが、如何なる官能基によっても置換されていないことが好ましい。
上記エステル結合を含む1価の有機基としては、式:-O-C(=O)-R104a(式中、R104aはアルキル基)で示される基が挙げられる。
R12aとしての上記アルキレン基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキレン基であることが好ましい。
上記アルキル基は、炭素数が3以上の場合は1価又は2価の複素環を含むこともできるし、環を形成することもできる。上記複素環としては、不飽和複素環が好ましく、含酸素不飽和複素環がより好ましく、例えば、フラン環等が挙げられる。R1bにおいて、2価の複素環が2つの炭素原子間に挿入されていてもよいし、2価の複素環が末端に位置して-C(=O)-と結合してもよいし、1価の複素環が上記アルキル基の末端に位置してもよい。
上記アルキル基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキル基であることが好ましい。
上記アルキル基は、如何なる置換基も有していないことが好ましい。
上記アルキル基は、如何なる置換基も有していないことが好ましい。
上記アルキレン基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキル基であることが好ましい。
上記アルキレン基は、如何なる置換基も有していないことが好ましい。
Xbとしては、H、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)又はNR5b 4が好ましく、水に溶解しやすいことから、H、Na、K、Li又はNH4がより好ましく、水に更に溶解しやすいことから、Na、K又はNH4が更に好ましく、Na又はNH4が特に好ましく、除去が容易であることから、NH4が最も好ましい。XbがNH4であると、上記界面活性剤の水性媒体への溶解性が優れるとともに、PTFE中又は最終製品中に金属成分が残留しにくい。
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
(CH3)3CC(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
(CH3)2CHC(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
(CH2)5CHC(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OCH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)NHCH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2NHC(O)CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)OCH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OC(O)CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3H、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Li、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3K、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3NH4、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
(CH3)3CC(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
(CH3)2CHC(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
(CH2)5CHC(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OCH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)NHCH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2NHC(O)CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)OCH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OC(O)CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)OSO3Na、
CH3CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3H、
CH3CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Li、
CH3CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3K、
CH3CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3NH4、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na等が挙げられる。
上記アルキル基は、炭素数が3以上の場合、2つの炭素原子間にカルボニル基(-C(=O)-)を含んでもよい。また、上記アルキル基は、炭素数が2以上の場合、上記アルキル基の末端に上記カルボニル基を含むこともできる。すなわち、CH3-C(=O)-で示されるアセチル基等のアシル基も、上記アルキル基に含まれる。
また、上記アルキル基は、炭素数が3以上の場合は1価又は2価の複素環を含むこともできるし、環を形成することもできる。上記複素環としては、不飽和複素環が好ましく、含酸素不飽和複素環がより好ましく、例えば、フラン環等が挙げられる。R1cにおいて、2価の複素環が2つの炭素原子間に挿入されていてもよいし、2価の複素環が末端に位置して-C(=O)-と結合してもよいし、1価の複素環が上記アルキル基の末端に位置してもよい。
上記エステル結合を含む1価の有機基としては、式:-O-C(=O)-R101c(式中、R101cはアルキル基)で示される基が挙げられる。
上記アルキル基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキル基であることが好ましい。
R2c及びR3cは、独立に、単結合又は炭素数1以上の直鎖状又は分岐鎖状のアルキレン基又は炭素数3以上の環状のアルキレン基であることが好ましい。
R2c及びR3cを構成する上記アルキレン基は、カルボニル基を含まないことが好ましい。
上記エステル結合を含む1価の有機基としては、式:-O-C(=O)-R102c(式中、R102cはアルキル基)で示される基が挙げられる。
上記アルキレン基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキレン基であることが好ましい。
R1c、R2c及びR3cは、いずれか2つがお互いに結合して、環を形成してもよい。
Xcとしては、H、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)又はNR4c 4が好ましく、水に溶解しやすいことから、H、Na、K、Li又はNH4がより好ましく、水に更に溶解しやすいことから、Na、K又はNH4が更に好ましく、Na又はNH4が特に好ましく、除去が容易であることから、NH4が最も好ましい。XcがNH4であると、上記界面活性剤の水性媒体への溶解性が優れるとともに、PTFE中又は最終製品中に金属成分が残留しにくい。
(式中、n11cは0~10の整数であり、R11cは炭素数1~5の直鎖状又は分岐鎖状のアルキル基又は炭素数3~5の環状のアルキル基であり、R12cは炭素数0~3のアルキレン基である。n11cが2~10の整数である場合、R12cは各々同じであっても異なっていてもよい。)で示される基がより好ましい。
R11cとしての上記アルキル基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子が官能基により置換されていてもよく、例えば、ヒドロキシ基(-OH)又はエステル結合を含む1価の有機基により置換されていてもよいが、如何なる官能基によっても置換されていないことが好ましい。
上記エステル結合を含む1価の有機基としては、式:-O-C(=O)-R103c(式中、R103cはアルキル基)で示される基が挙げられる。
R11cとしての上記アルキル基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキル基であることが好ましい。
R12cとしての上記アルキレン基は、直鎖状又は分岐鎖状であってよい。
R12cとしての上記アルキレン基は、カルボニル基を含まないことが好ましい。R12cとしては、エチレン基(-C2H4-)又はプロピレン基(-C3H6-)がより好ましい。
R12cとしての上記アルキレン基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子が官能基により置換されていてもよく、例えば、ヒドロキシ基(-OH)又はエステル結合を含む1価の有機基により置換されていてもよいが、如何なる官能基によっても置換されていないことが好ましい。
上記エステル結合を含む1価の有機基としては、式:-O-C(=O)-R104c(式中、R104cはアルキル基)で示される基が挙げられる。
R12cとしての上記アルキレン基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキレン基であることが好ましい。
上記アルキル基は、炭素数が3以上の場合は1価又は2価の複素環を含むこともできるし、環を形成することもできる。上記複素環としては、不飽和複素環が好ましく、含酸素不飽和複素環がより好ましく、例えば、フラン環等が挙げられる。R1dにおいて、2価の複素環が2つの炭素原子間に挿入されていてもよいし、2価の複素環が末端に位置して-C(=O)-と結合してもよいし、1価の複素環が上記アルキル基の末端に位置してもよい。
上記アルキル基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキル基であることが好ましい。
上記アルキル基は、如何なる置換基も有していないことが好ましい。
上記アルキル基は、如何なる置換基も有していないことが好ましい。
上記アルキレン基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキル基であることが好ましい。
上記アルキレン基は、如何なる置換基も有していないことが好ましい。
Xdとしては、H、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)又はNR5d 4が好ましく、水に溶解しやすいことから、H、Na、K、Li又はNH4がより好ましく、水に更に溶解しやすいことから、Na、K又はNH4が更に好ましく、Na又はNH4が特に好ましく、除去が容易であることから、NH4が最も好ましい。XdがNH4であると、上記界面活性剤の水性媒体への溶解性が優れるとともに、PTFE中又は最終製品中に金属成分が残留しにくい。
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COOK、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2COONa、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa、
(CH3)3CC(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa、
(CH3)2CHC(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa、
(CH2)5CHC(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa、
CH3CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa、
CH3CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa、
CH3CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa、
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa、
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2COONa、
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2COONa、
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2COONa、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OCH2CH2COONa、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)NHCH2COOK、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2NHC(O)CH2COOK、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)OCH2COONa、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OC(O)CH2COONa、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)COONa、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)COOH、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)COOLi、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)COONH4、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)COONa、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(CH3)2COOK、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
(CH3)3CC(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
(CH3)2CHC(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
(CH2)5CHC(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OCH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)NHCH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2NHC(O)CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)OCH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OC(O)CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3H、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3K、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Li、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3NH4、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(CH3)2SO3Na
等が挙げられる。
また、上記炭化水素系界面活性剤は、上記化合物(α)、上記一般式(1-0)で示される界面活性剤(1-0)、上記式(a)で示される界面活性剤(a)、上記式(b)で示される界面活性剤(b)、上記式(c)で示される界面活性剤(c)、及び、上記式(d)で示される界面活性剤(d)からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の界面活性剤にラジカル処理または酸化処理を行ったものであってもよい。上記ラジカル処理とは、上記界面活性剤にラジカルを発生させる処理であればよく、例えば、反応器に、脱イオン水、炭化水素系界面活性剤を加え、反応器を密閉し、系内を窒素で置換し、反応器を昇温・昇圧した後、重合開始剤を仕込み、一定時間撹拌した後、反応器を大気圧になるまで脱圧を行い、冷却を行う処理である。上記酸化処理とは、上記界面活性剤に酸化剤を添加させる処理である。酸化剤としては、例えば、酸素、オゾン、過酸化水素水、酸化マンガン(IV)、過マンガン酸カリウム、二クロム酸カリウム、硝酸、二酸化硫黄などが挙げられる。
上記カルボン酸型炭化水素系界面活性剤として好ましくは、上記化合物(α)、上記一般式(1-0)で示される界面活性剤(1-0)のうちカルボキシル基(-COOH)又はカルボキシル基の水素原子が無機陽イオンで置換された基を有するもの、上記式(c)で示される界面活性剤(c)、及び、上記式(d)で示される界面活性剤(d)からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種が好ましい。
本開示の製造方法により得られる水性分散液は、濃縮するか又は分散安定化処理してディスパージョンとしてもよいし、凝析又は凝集に供して回収し乾燥して得られる粉末その他の固形物としてもよい。
本開示の製造方法により、下記本開示のフルオロポリマー水性分散液を製造することができる。
一般式(1):(H-(CF2)m-COO)pM1
(式中、mは3~19、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
なお、上記合計含有量は、一般式(1)に包含される全ての含フッ素化合物の含有量の合計である。
本開示のフルオロポリマー水性分散液は、一般式(1)で示される化合物の合計含有量が、PTFEに対して500ppb以下であってよく、400ppb以下であってよく、300ppb以下であってよく、250ppb以下であってよく、200ppb以下であってよく、150ppb以下であってよく、100ppb以下であってよく、25ppb以下であってよく、15ppb以下であってよく、10ppb以下であってよい。下限は特に限定されないが、0.1ppbであってよく、1ppbであってよい。
一般式(4):(H-(CF2)7-COO)pM1
(式中、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
一般式(4’):(H-(CF2)8-COO)pM1
(式中、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
一般式(5):(H-(CF2)13-COO)pM1
(式中、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
一般式(5’):(H-(CF2)14-COO)pM1
(式中、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
一般式(6):(H-(CF2)17-COO)pM1
(式中、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
一般式(6’):(H-(CF2)18-COO)pM1
(式中、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
一般式(3):(H-(CF2)8-SO3)qM2
(式中、M2はH、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。qは1又は2である。)
一般式(4):(H-(CF2)7-COO)pM1
(式中、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
(式中、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
一般式(5):(H-(CF2)13-COO)pM1
(式中、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
(式中、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
一般式(6):(H-(CF2)17-COO)pM1
(式中、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
一般式(6’):(H-(CF2)18-COO)pM1
(式中、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
一般式(2):(H-(CF2)n-SO3)qM2
(式中、nは4~20である。M2はH、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。qは1又は2である。)
nが4~20である化合物の含有量は、それぞれ、100ppb以下であってよく、25ppb以下であってよく、15ppb以下であってよく、10ppb以下であってよい。下限は特に限定されないが、0ppbであってよく、0.1ppbであってよく、1ppbであってもよい。本開示のフルオロポリマー水性分散液は、一般式(2)で示される化合物のいずれの含有量が0ppbであってよい。
一般式(1):(H-(CF2)m-COO)pM1
(式中、mは3~19、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
mが3~19である化合物の含有量は、それぞれ、100ppb以下であってよく、25ppb以下であってよく、15ppb以下であってよく、10ppb以下であってよい。下限は特に限定されないが、0ppbであってよく、0.1ppbであってよく、1ppbであってもよい。
上記非イオン性界面活性剤としては、上述した工程Bの前に行う、非イオン性界面活性剤をフルオロポリマー水性分散液に添加する工程において記載した非イオン性界面活性剤を使用することができる。
上記含フッ素界面活性剤量は、公知な方法で定量できる。例えば、LC/MS/MS分析にて定量することが出来る。まず、得られたフルオロポリマー水性分散液をメタノールの有機溶剤に抽出し、抽出液をLC/MS/MSスペクトルから、分子量情報を抜出し、候補となる界面活性剤の構造式との一致を確認する。
その後、確認された界面活性剤を5水準以上の濃度の水溶液を作成し、それぞれの濃度のLC/MS/MS分析を行ない、エリア面積との検量線を作成する。
得られたフルオロポリマー水性分散液をメタノールにてソックスレー抽出を行ない、抽出液をLC/MS/MS分析を行なうことで定量測定することが出来る。
すなわち、含フッ素界面活性剤の含有量は、例えば、LC/MS/MS分析にて定量することができる。まず、水性分散液にメタノールを加え、抽出を行ない、得られた抽出液をLC/MS/MS分析する。さらに抽出効率を高めるために、ソックスレー抽出、超音波処理等による処理を行ってもよい。得られたLC/MS/MSスペクトルから、分子量情報を抜出し、候補となる含フッ素界面活性剤の構造式との一致を確認する。その後、確認された含フッ素界面活性剤の5水準以上の含有量の水溶液を作製し、それぞれの含有量の水溶液のLC/MS/MS分析を行ない、含有量と、その含有量に対するエリア面積と関係をプロットし、検量線を描く。そして、検量線を用いて、抽出液中の含フッ素界面活性剤のLC/MS/MSクロマトグラムのエリア面積を、含フッ素界面活性剤の含有量に換算することができる。
なお、水性分散液中に含まれる含フッ素界面活性剤の含有量は、後述の方法により定量することができるが、水性分散液に抽出溶媒を加え、抽出を行った後の抽出液をさらに濃縮することで定量限界を下げることができる。また、抽出する際の水性分散液の液量を増やしたり、抽出溶媒の液量を減らすことでも定量限界を下げることができる。
PTFE水性分散液1gを、送風乾燥機中で150℃、60分の条件で乾燥し、水性分散液の質量(1g)に対する、加熱残分の質量の割合を百分率で表した値を採用する。
動的光散乱法により測定される。フルオロポリマー固形分濃度を約1.0質量%に調整したフルオロポリマー水性分散液を作成し、ELSZ-1000S(大塚電子株式会社製)を使用して25℃、積算70回にて測定した。溶媒(水)の屈折率は1.3328、溶媒(水)の粘度は0.8878mPa・sとした。
下記では、フッ素を含む特定の化合物として、下記一般式(1)及び(2)で示される化合物の含有量を測定する方法を説明する。
一般式(1):(H-(CF2)m-COO)pM1(式中、mは3~19、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
一般式(2):(H-(CF2)n-SO3)qM2(式中、nは4~20である。M2はH、金属原子、NR5 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。qは1又は2である。)
フッ素を含む特定の化合物の含有量は、液体クロマトグラフィー質量分析法を用いて下記条件で測定した。
抽出液に含まれる一般式(1)で示される化合物の含有量測定
抽出液に含まれる一般式(1)で示される化合物の含有量はパーフルオロオクタン酸に換算することにより求めた。
1ng/mL~100ng/mLの濃度既知のパーフルオロオクタン酸のメタノール標準溶液を5水準調製し、液体クロマトグラフ質量分析計(Waters, LC-MS ACQUITY UPLC/TQD)を用いて測定を行った。それぞれのサンプル濃度とピークの積分値から一次近似を用い、下記関係式(1)によりa、bを求めた。
A=a×X+b (1)
A:パーフルオロオクタン酸のピーク面積
X:パーフルオロオクタン酸の濃度(ng/mL)
液体クロマトグラフ質量分析計を用い、炭素数が4以上20以下の一般式(1)で示される化合物を測定した。抽出した液相について、MRM法を用いて各炭素数の一般式(1)で示される化合物のピーク面積を求めた。
XCm=((ACm-b)/a)×((50×m+45)/413) (3)
XCm:抽出溶液中の炭素数(m+1)の一般式(1)で示される化合物の含有量(ng/mL)
ACm:抽出溶液中の炭素数(m+1)の一般式(1)で示される化合物のピーク面積
この測定における定量限界は1ng/mLである。
水性分散液中に含まれる炭素数(m+1)の一般式(1)で示される化合物の含有量は下記式(5)により求めた。
ZCm=XCm×86.3 (5)
ZCm:水性分散液中に含まれる炭素数(m+1)の一般式(1)で示される化合物の含有量(ppb対PTFE)
抽出液に含まれる一般式(2)で示される化合物の含有量測定
抽出液に含まれる一般式(2)で示される化合物の含有量はパーフルオロオクタンスルホン酸に換算することにより求めた。
1ng/mL~100ng/mLの濃度既知のパーフルオロオクタンスルホン酸のメタノール標準溶液を5水準調製し、液体クロマトグラフ質量分析計(Waters, LC-MS ACQUITY UPLC/TQD)を用いて測定を行った。それぞれのサンプル濃度とピークの積分値から一次近似を用い、下記関係式(1)によりa、bを求めた。
A=a×X+b (1)
A:パーフルオロオクタンスルホン酸のピーク面積
X:パーフルオロオクタンスルホン酸の濃度(ng/mL)
液体クロマトグラフ質量分析計を用い、炭素数が4以上20以下の一般式(2)で示される化合物を測定した。抽出した液相について、MRM法を用いて各炭素数の一般式(2)で示される化合物のピーク面積を求めた。
XSn=((ASn-b)/a)×((50×n+81)/499) (3)
XSn:抽出溶液中の炭素数nの一般式(2)で示される化合物の含有量(ng/mL)
ASn:抽出溶液中の炭素数nの一般式(2)で示される化合物のピーク面積
この測定における定量限界は1ng/mLである。
水性分散液中に含まれる炭素数nの一般式(2)で示される化合物の含有量は下記式(5)により求めた。
ZSn=XSn×86.3 (5)
ZSn:水性分散液中に含まれる炭素数nの一般式(2)で示される化合物の含有量(ppb対PTFE)
内容積1Lの撹拌機付きガラス製の反応器に、588.6gの脱イオン水、70.0gの界面活性剤Aを加え、反応器を密閉し、系内を窒素で置換を行い、酸素を取り除いた。反応器を90℃に昇温し、窒素で0.4MPaGに昇圧する。41.4gの過硫酸アンモニウム(APS)を仕込み、3時間撹拌した。撹拌を停止し、反応器を大気圧になるまで脱圧を行い、冷却を行い、界面活性剤水溶液Bを得た。
内容積6Lの撹拌機付きSUS製の反応器に、3600gの脱イオン脱気水、180gのパラフィンワックス、及び0.540gの界面活性剤Aを加え、反応器を密閉し、系内を窒素で置換を行い、酸素を取り除いた。反応器を90℃に昇温し、TFEを反応器に充填して、反応器を2.70MPaGにする。重合開始剤として0.031gの過硫酸アンモニウム(APS)、1.488gのジコハク酸パーオキサイド(DSP)を仕込んだ。反応圧が2.70MPaG一定となるようにTFEを仕込んだ。TFEを仕込み始めたと同時に界面活性剤水溶液Bを連続的に仕込み始めた。TFEを1650g仕込んだ時に、撹拌を停止し、反応器が大気圧になるまで脱圧を行なった。反応終了までに界面活性剤水溶液Bは139g仕込んだ。内容物を反応器より取り出して、冷却後、パラフィンワックスを分離し、PTFE水性分散液Cを得た。
得られたPTFE水性分散液Cの固形分含有量は31.7質量%であり、平均一次粒子径は、357nmであった。
合成例2で得られたPTFE水性分散液Cに、非イオン性界面活性剤(T-Det A138、Hacros Chemicals製、曇点44℃)をPTFEに対し10.0質量%に相当する量を加え、樹脂棒で緩やかに分散し、非イオン性界面活性剤を含むPTFE水性分散液Dを得た。
合成例3で得られたPTFE水性分散液D100gを200mLのビーカーにとり、陰イオン交換樹脂(アンバージェットIRA4002OH、デュポン社製)を18g加え、凝集しない程度の強さでスターラーを用いて30分間撹拌した。3時間静置後、メッシュを用いて陰イオン交換樹脂を除去し、PTFE水性分散液Eを得た。
合成例4で得られた精製PTFE水性分散液Eに更に陰イオン交換樹脂(PFA694E、Purolite製)を合成例4と同じ割合(18g)で加え、同様の操作を行い、PTFE水性分散液Fを得た。
PTFE水性分散液Fに対して、非イオン性界面活性剤(T-Det A138、Hacros Chemicals製)が15質量%/PTFEになるように追加し、48℃で4時間静置したところ、PTFEを実質的に含まない上澄相と濃縮相の2相に分離した。上澄相を除去し、濃縮相(PTFE水性分散液G)を得た。
濃縮相(PTFE水性分散液G)に非イオン性界面活性剤(T-Det A138、Hacros Chemicals製)と水とを加え、PTFE含有量が25質量%、非イオン性界面活性剤の含有量が15質量%/PTFEとなるように調整した後、44℃にて4時間静置したところ、PTFEを実質的に含まない上澄相と濃縮相の2相に分離した。上澄相を除去し、濃縮相(PTFE水性分散液H)を得た。
実施例1で得られた濃縮相(PTFE水性分散液H)に非イオン性界面活性剤(T-Det A138、Hacros Chemicals製)と水とを加え、PTFE含有量が25質量%、非イオン性界面活性剤の含有量が15質量%/PTFEとなるように調整した後、44℃にて4時間静置したところ、PTFEを実質的に含まない上澄相と濃縮相の2相に分離した。上澄相を除去し、濃縮相(PTFE水性分散液I)を得た。
実施例1のPTFE水性分散液Fに更に陰イオン交換樹脂(PFA694E、Purolite製)を合成例4と同じ割合(18g)で加え、同様の操作を行い、PTFE水性分散液Jを得た。
PTFE水性分散液Jに非イオン性界面活性剤(T-Det A138、Hacros Chemicals製)が15質量%/PTFEになるように追加し、48℃で4時間静置したところ、PTFEを実質的に含まない上澄相と濃縮相の2相に分離した。上澄相を除去し、濃縮相(PTFE水性分散液K)を得た。
上記濃縮相(PTFE水性分散液K)に非イオン性界面活性剤(T-Det A138、Hacros Chemicals製)と水とを加え、PTFE含有量が25質量%、非イオン性界面活性剤の含有量が15質量%/PTFEとなるように調整した後、44℃にて4時間静置したところ、PTFEを実質的に含まない上澄相と濃縮相の2相に分離した。上澄相を除去し、濃縮相(PTFE水性分散液L)を得た。
実施例3で得られた濃縮相(PTFE水性分散液L)に非イオン性界面活性剤(T-Det A138、Hacros Chemicals製)と水とを加え、PTFE含有量が25質量%、非イオン性界面活性剤の含有量が15質量%/PTFEとなるように調整した後、44℃にて4時間静置したところ、PTFEを実質的に含まない上澄相と濃縮相の2相に分離した。上澄相を除去し、濃縮相(PTFE水性分散液M)を得た。
実施例1のPTFE水性分散液Fに更に合成吸着剤(アンバーライトFPX66、デュポン社製、細孔径:243Å、細孔容積:1.9cm3/g、比表面積:914m2/g)を合成例4と同じ割合(18g)で加え、同様の操作を行い、PTFE水性分散液Nを得た。
PTFE水性分散液Nに非イオン性界面活性剤(T-Det A138、Hacros Chemicals製)が15質量%/PTFEになるように追加し、48℃で4時間静置したところ、PTFEを実質的に含まない上澄相と濃縮相の2相に分離した。上澄相を除去し、濃縮相(PTFE水性分散液O)を得た。
PTFE水性分散液Oに非イオン性界面活性剤(T-Det A138、Hacros Chemicals製)が15質量%/PTFEになるように追加し、44℃で4時間静置したところ、PTFEを実質的に含まない上澄相と濃縮相の2相に分離した。上澄相を除去し、濃縮相(PTFE水性分散液P)を得た。
実施例5で得られたPTFE水性分散液Pに非イオン性界面活性剤(T-Det A138、Hacros Chemicals製)が15質量%/PTFEになるように追加し、44℃で4時間静置したところ、PTFEを実質的に含まない上澄相と濃縮相の2相に分離した。上澄相を除去し、濃縮相(PTFE水性分散液R)を得た。
合成例4で得られたPTFE水性分散液Eに更に陰イオン交換樹脂(アンバージェットIRA4002OH、デュポン社製)を合成例4と同じ割合(18g)で加え、同様の操作を行い、PTFE水性分散液Sを得た。
PTFE水性分散液Sに対して、非イオン性界面活性剤(T-Det A138、Hacros Chemicals製)が15質量%/PTFEになるように追加し、48℃で4時間静置したところ、PTFEを実質的に含まない上澄相と濃縮相の2相に分離した。上澄相を除去し、濃縮相(PTFE水性分散液T)を得た。
比較例1のPTFE水性分散液Tに非イオン性界面活性剤(T-Det A138、Hacros Chemicals製)と水とを加え、PTFE含有量が25質量%、非イオン性界面活性剤の含有量が15質量%/PTFEとなるように調整した後、48℃にて4時間静置したところ、PTFEを実質的に含まない上澄相と濃縮相の2相に分離した。上澄相を除去し、濃縮相(PTFE水性分散液U)を得た。
Claims (13)
- 炭化水素系界面活性剤を用いて得られたフルオロポリマー水性分散液を陰イオン交換樹脂A又は合成吸着剤に接触させる工程Aを含み、
前記陰イオン交換樹脂Aは、
下記一般式(A1):
-N+R1R2R3X-
(式中、R1、R2及びR3は、同一又は異なって水素原子又は有機基であり、R1、R2及びR3の少なくとも1つは炭素数が3以上の有機基である。Xは対イオンである。)で表されるイオン交換基、又は、
下記一般式(A2):
-NR4R5
(式中、R4及びR5は、同一又は異なって水素原子又は有機基であり、R4及びR5の少なくとも1つは炭素数が2以上の有機基である。)で表されるイオン交換基を有する
ことを特徴とする精製フルオロポリマー水性分散液の製造方法。 - 一般式(A1)において、R1、R2及びR3の少なくとも1つは炭素数が4以上の有機基である請求項1記載の製造方法。
- 一般式(A1)において、R1、R2及びR3は炭素数が2以上の有機基である請求項1又は2記載の製造方法。
- 前記合成吸着剤は、細孔容積が0.6~2.5cm3/gである請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
- 工程Aを2回以上実施する請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
- 更に、フルオロポリマー水性分散液を陰イオン交換樹脂Bと接触させる工程Bを含み、
前記陰イオン交換樹脂Bは、前記陰イオン交換樹脂Aと異なる
請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の製造方法。 - 前記陰イオン交換樹脂Bは、下記一般式(B1):
-N+(CH3)3X-
(式中、Xは対イオンを表す。)で表されるイオン交換基、又は、下記一般式(B2):
-N+(CH3)2(C2H4OH)X-
(式中、Xは対イオンを表す。)で表されるイオン交換基を有する
請求項6記載の製造方法。 - 前記工程Bは、工程Aの前に行う請求項6又は7記載の製造方法。
- 更に、工程Aを経たフルオロポリマー水性分散液に非イオン性界面活性剤を添加して相分離濃縮する工程Cを含む請求項1~8のいずれかに記載の製造方法。
- 前記工程Cを2回以上実施する請求項9記載の製造方法。
- 1回目の工程Cにおいて、相分離濃縮は、フルオロポリマー水性分散液を、非イオン性界面活性剤の曇点よりも5℃低い温度以上の温度で加熱した後静置し、上澄相と濃縮相に分離するものである請求項10記載の製造方法。
- 2回目の工程Cにおいて、相分離濃縮は、フルオロポリマー水性分散液を、非イオン性界面活性剤の曇点よりも5℃低い温度以上で加熱した後静置し、上澄相と濃縮相に分離するものである請求項10又は11記載の製造方法。
- フルオロポリマー及び水を含むフルオロポリマー水性分散液であって、
下記一般式(1)で示される化合物を含み、下記一般式(1)で示される化合物の合計含有量が、フルオロポリマーに対して1000ppb以下であることを特徴とするフルオロポリマー水性分散液。
一般式(1):(H-(CF2)m-COO)pM1
(式中、mは3~19、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
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2020
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- 2020-04-27 US US17/606,360 patent/US20220251251A1/en active Pending
- 2020-04-27 EP EP20795104.7A patent/EP3960777A4/en active Pending
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| EP4416212A4 (en) * | 2021-10-06 | 2026-01-07 | Surface Tech Inc | PTFE COMPOSITE PLATING |
| WO2023204125A1 (ja) | 2022-04-18 | 2023-10-26 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | 精製ポリテトラフルオロエチレン粉末の製造方法及び低分子量ポリテトラフルオロエチレン粉末 |
| WO2025037634A1 (ja) * | 2023-08-14 | 2025-02-20 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | フルオロポリマー水性分散液の製造方法およびフルオロポリマー水性分散液 |
| JP2025027470A (ja) * | 2023-08-14 | 2025-02-27 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | フルオロポリマー水性分散液の製造方法およびフルオロポリマー水性分散液 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
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| EP3960777A1 (en) | 2022-03-02 |
| JP7518435B2 (ja) | 2024-07-18 |
| EP3960777A4 (en) | 2023-01-18 |
| JP2023062153A (ja) | 2023-05-02 |
| CN113728015B (zh) | 2025-03-11 |
| US20220251251A1 (en) | 2022-08-11 |
| CN113728015A (zh) | 2021-11-30 |
| JP7236004B2 (ja) | 2023-03-09 |
| CN120025473A (zh) | 2025-05-23 |
| JPWO2020218622A1 (ja) | 2020-10-29 |
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