WO2020209389A1 - 生体組織様構造体の製造方法 - Google Patents
生体組織様構造体の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
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- A61L27/22—Polypeptides or derivatives thereof, e.g. degradation products
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- A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
- A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
- A61F2/022—Artificial gland structures using bioreactors
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- A61K35/48—Reproductive organs
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- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/36—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix
- A61L27/3604—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix characterised by the human or animal origin of the biological material, e.g. hair, fascia, fish scales, silk, shellac, pericardium, pleura, renal tissue, amniotic membrane, parenchymal tissue, fetal tissue, muscle tissue, fat tissue, enamel
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- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/36—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix
- A61L27/38—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells
- A61L27/3804—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells characterised by specific cells or progenitors thereof, e.g. fibroblasts, connective tissue cells, kidney cells
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- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
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- A61L27/38—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells
- A61L27/3895—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells using specific culture conditions, e.g. stimulating differentiation of stem cells, pulsatile flow conditions
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- A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
- A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
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- C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
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- A61F2240/00—Manufacturing or designing of prostheses classified in groups A61F2/00 - A61F2/26 or A61F2/82 or A61F9/00 or A61F11/00 or subgroups thereof
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a biological tissue-like structure composed of differentiated cells derived from pluripotent stem cells, and a method and use thereof.
- Functional differentiated cells derived from pluripotent stem cells such as induced pluripotent cells and embryonic stem cells (ES cells) are expected as a cell source for transplantation and regenerative medicine.
- tissue engineering a structure having a function equivalent to or similar to that of a biological organ or tissue using such functional differentiated cells (hereinafter referred to as "biological tissue-like structure").
- biological tissue-like structure a structure having a function equivalent to or similar to that of a biological organ or tissue using such functional differentiated cells.
- the conventional structure has a limitation in its thickness and size, and may not be sufficient to exhibit a function equivalent to or similar to that of a living organ or tissue.
- a new method capable of easily producing a thick three-dimensional biological tissue-like structure has been desired.
- Non-Patent Document 1 describes a method for producing endocrine cells including insulin-positive cells and glucagon-positive cells by transplanting pancreatic progenitor cells induced to differentiate from pluripotent stem cells into mice and maturing them. Has been done.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a novel method for producing a biological tissue-like structure containing differentiated cells derived from pluripotent stem cells.
- the present inventors have obtained a composition containing pluripotent stem cell-derived cells dispersed and arranged in a biocompatible material by transplanting it into a living tissue.
- cells can engraft, induce differentiation and mature, and can construct biological tissue-like structures together with host-derived blood vessels and connective tissues.
- a composition containing a biocompatible material and cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells which is used in a method for producing a biotissue-like structure in the biological tissue of a host animal, and is human pluripotent.
- the composition of [1], wherein the biocompatible material is fibrin gel.
- the composition of [2], wherein the fibrin gel is gelled by mixing cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells, fibrinogen and thrombin immediately before use of the composition.
- the composition according to any one of [1] to [5], wherein the cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells are insulin-producing cells.
- the method comprises transplanting the composition into a living tissue of a host animal to induce differentiation of cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells dispersed and arranged in a biocompatible material.
- the living tissue-like structure contains a plurality of clusters consisting of differentiated cells obtained by inducing differentiation from cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells, connective tissue derived from the host animal, and blood vessels derived from the host animal.
- a plurality of clusters composed of the differentiated cells are dispersed in a living tissue-like structure, the connective tissue surrounds the plurality of clusters composed of the differentiated cells, and the blood vessels are a plurality of clusters composed of the differentiated cells.
- the biological tissue-like structure according to [11], wherein the differentiated cells contain pancreatic ⁇ cells.
- [12-A] The biological tissue-like structure of [11], wherein the differentiated cells include pancreatic ⁇ cells and pancreatic ⁇ cells.
- a method for producing a biological tissue-like structure is used to control the blood glucose level of a subject transplanted with the biological tissue-like structure to a normal value.
- a method comprising transplanting into a living tissue of a cell to induce differentiation.
- the biocompatible material is fibrin gel.
- the fibrin gel is gelled by mixing cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells with fibrinogen and thrombin immediately before use of the composition.
- a living tissue-like structure comprises a plurality of clusters composed of differentiated cells obtained by inducing differentiation from dispersed human pluripotent stem cell-derived cells, connective tissue derived from a host animal, and blood vessels derived from a host animal.
- a plurality of clusters composed of the differentiated cells are dispersed in a living tissue-like structure, the connective tissue surrounds the plurality of clusters composed of the differentiated cells, and the blood vessels are a plurality of the differentiated cells. Any method of [15] to [21] that has invaded the cluster of. [23] The method according to any one of [15] to [22], wherein the differentiated cells do not contain exocrine cells.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a novel method for producing a biological tissue-like structure containing differentiated cells derived from pluripotent stem cells.
- FIG. 1 shows the results of analysis of protein expression of insulin-producing cells before transplantation by flow cytometry.
- FIG. 2 shows the blood human C-peptide concentration (A) and blood glucose level (B) in immunodeficient NOD / SCID mice in which diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) transplanted with fibrin gel in which insulin-producing cells were dispersed over time. The measurement result is shown in.
- FIG. 3 shows the analysis results of the response of insulin-producing cell-derived biological tissue-like structures formed in vivo to immunodeficient NOD / SCID mice in which diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) to glucose load. The results of measuring the blood human C-peptide concentration (A) and the plasma glucose concentration (B) after glucose loading over time are shown.
- FIG. 4 shows a photograph of an insulin-producing cell-derived biological tissue-like structure excised from the living body 6 months after transplantation.
- FIG. 5 shows an HE-stained image of an insulin-producing cell-derived biological tissue-like structure excised from the living body 6 months after transplantation.
- FIG. 6 shows a Masson's trichrome-stained image of an insulin-producing cell-derived biological tissue-like structure excised from the living body 6 months after transplantation.
- FIG. 7 shows immunohistochemical stained images of human nuclei (HuN) and PDX1 of insulin-producing cell-derived biological tissue-like structures excised from the living body 6 months after transplantation.
- Human nuclei Human nuclei
- PDX1 insulin-producing cell-derived biological tissue-like structures excised from the living body 6 months after transplantation.
- FIG. 8 shows immunohistochemical staining images of insulin (INS) and glucagon (GCG), which are insulin-producing cell-derived biological tissue-like structures excised from the living body 6 months after transplantation.
- FIG. 9 shows immunohistochemical stained images of mouse CD31 (mCD31) and chromogranin A (CHGA), which are insulin-producing cell-derived biological tissue-like structures excised from the living body 6 months after transplantation.
- FIG. 10 shows immunohistochemical stained images of human nuclei (HuN) and Ki67 of insulin-producing cell-derived biological tissue-like structures excised from the living body 6 months after transplantation. Arrow: Ki67 positive cells.
- FIG. 9 shows immunohistochemical staining images of insulin (INS) and glucagon (GCG), which are insulin-producing cell-derived biological tissue-like structures excised from the living body 6 months after transplantation.
- FIG. 9 shows immunohistochemical stained images of mouse CD31 (mCD31) and chromogranin A (CHGA), which are insulin-producing cell
- FIG. 11 shows blood human C-peptide, glucagon and blood human C-peptide, glucagon and blood human C-peptide, glucagon and blood human C-peptide, glucagon and blood measured over time after transplantation of insulin-producing cells dispersed in fibrin gel into immunodeficient NOD / SCID mice induced to have diabetes by streptozotocin (STZ). Shows blood sugar level.
- insulin-producing cells dispersed in fibrin gel were transplanted into immunodeficient NOD / SCID mice and non-diabetic NOD / SCID mice in which diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ), and 28 weeks after the transplantation, from in vivo.
- FIG. 13 shows glucagon and glucagon-like peptides measured over time after glucose loading in NOD / SCID mice having an Akita gene mutation in which hyperglycemia was completely improved by transplanting insulin-producing cells dispersed in fibrin gel. -1 is shown.
- FIG. 14 shows STZ diabetic NOD / SCID mice in which hyperglycemia was completely improved by transplanting insulin-producing cells dispersed in fibrin gel, and then loaded with glucose after treatment with the glucagon receptor antagonist MK-0893, followed by aging. The blood glucose level and the blood human C-peptide concentration measured are shown.
- FIG. 15 shows Akita diabetic NOD / SCID mice in which hyperglycemia was completely improved by transplanting insulin-producing cells dispersed in fibrin gel, and treated with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor antagonist Exendin-9 for 3 days. The blood human C-peptide concentration at the time of satiety measured before and after is shown.
- not using feeder cells basically means that the feeder cells are not contained and that a medium or the like preconditioned by culturing the feeder cells is not used. Therefore, the medium does not contain substances such as growth factors and cytokines secreted from feeder cells.
- the "feeder cell” or “feeder” means a cell that is co-cultured with another type of cell, supports the cell, and provides an environment in which the cell can grow.
- the feeder cells may be of the same species as the cells they support, or they may be of a different species.
- human skin fibroblasts or human embryonic stem cells may be used as human cell feeders, primary cultures of mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts may be used. ..
- Feeder cells can be inactivated by irradiation, mitomycin C treatment, or the like.
- adheresion means that cells are attached to a container, eg, cells are attached to a cell culture dish or flask of sterile plastic (or coated plastic) in the presence of a suitable medium. Refers to that. Some cells cannot be maintained or grow in the culture unless they are adhered to a cell culture vessel. In contrast, non-adhesive cells can be maintained and proliferated in culture without adhering to the vessel.
- culture refers to maintaining, growing, and / or differentiating cells in an in vitro environment. “Culturing” means sustaining, proliferating (growing) and / or differentiating cells in tissues or in vitro, eg, in cell culture dishes or flasks.
- the culture includes two-dimensional culture (plane culture) and three-dimensional culture (suspension culture).
- enriching and enrichment refer to increasing the amount of a particular component in a composition, such as a cell composition, “enriching”.
- “Enriched” is the composition of a cell, eg, when used to describe a cell population, such as in a cell population before the amount of a particular component is enriched. Refers to a cell population that is increasing compared to the proportion of constituents.
- a composition such as a cell population can be enriched with respect to the target cell type, thus the proportion of the target cell type is compared to the proportion of target cells present in the cell population before enrichment.
- Cell populations can also be enriched for target cell types by cell selection and selection methods known in the art.
- Cell populations can also be enriched by the specific sorting or selection processes described herein.
- the method of enriching the target cell population causes the cell population to be at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85% with respect to the target cell population. , 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% enriched.
- “deplete” and “depletion” refer to reducing the amount of a particular component in a composition, such as a cell or cell composition, “depletion”.
- “Depleted” is a cell or composition of cells, eg, when used to describe a cell population, such as in a cell population before the amount of a particular component is depleted. Refers to a cell population that is declining compared to the proportion of constituents. For example, a composition such as a cell population can be depleted with respect to the target cell type, thus the proportion of the target cell type is reduced compared to the proportion of target cells present in the cell population before it is depleted. .. Cell populations can also be depleted for target cell types by cell selection and selection methods known in the art.
- Cell populations can also be depleted by the specific sorting or selection processes described herein.
- the method of depleting the target cell population reduces the cell population by at least 50%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% with respect to the target cell population. (Exhausted).
- purifying and purifying mean removing impurities in a composition, such as a cell composition, to purify a particular component.
- purified when used to describe a cell composition, eg, a cell population, such a component in the cell population before the amount of impurities is purified. Refers to a cell population that is reduced compared to the proportion of cells and the purity of a particular component is improved.
- a composition such as a cell population can be purified with respect to the target cell type, thus the proportion of the target cell type is increased compared to the proportion of target cells present in the cell population prior to purification.
- Cell populations can also be purified for target cell types by cell selection and selection methods known in the art.
- Cell populations can also be purified by the specific sorting or selection processes described herein.
- the purity of the target cell population is at least 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% by the method of purifying the target cell population.
- impurities including contaminating cells can be undetectable.
- factor having CDK8 / 19 inhibitory activity means any substance having CDK8 / 19 inhibitory activity.
- CDK8 is not required for cell proliferation and inhibition of CDK8 has no significant effect under normal conditions.
- CDK19 and CDK8 are similar, and CDK8 inhibition is usually accompanied by inhibition of CDK19.
- “Growth factor” is an endogenous protein that promotes the differentiation and / or proliferation of specific cells.
- growth factor include epithelial growth factor (EGF), acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), hepatocellular growth factor (HGF), and insulin-like growth factor 1.
- IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor 2
- IGF-2 insulin-like growth factor 2
- KGF keratinocyte growth factor
- NGF nerve growth factor
- PDGF platelet-derived growth factor
- TGF- ⁇ transformed growth factor beta
- VEGF Vascular endothelial cell growth factor
- transferase various interleukins (eg IL-1 to IL-18), various colony-stimulators (eg granulocytes / macrophage colony-stimulator (GM-CSF))
- GM-CSF granulocytes / macrophage colony-stimulator
- GM-CSF granulocytes / macrophage colony-stimulator
- IFN- ⁇ erythropoetin
- the "ROCK inhibitor” means a substance that inhibits Rho kinase (ROCK: Rho-associated, coiled-coil binding protein kinase), and is a substance that inhibits either ROCK I or ROCK II. You may.
- the ROCK inhibitor is not particularly limited as long as it has the above-mentioned function, and is referred to as, for example, N- (4-pyridinyl) -4 ⁇ -[(R) -1-aminoethyl] cyclohexane-1 ⁇ -carbamide (Y-27632).
- Fasudil (HA1077), (2S) -2-methyl-1-[(4-methyl-5-isoquinolinyl] sulfonyl] hexahydro-1H-1,4-diazepine (H-1152), 4 ⁇ -[( 1R) -1-aminoethyl] -N- (4-pyridyl) benzene-1 zencarbamide (Wf-536), N- (1H-pyrrolo [2,3-b] pyridin-4-yl) -4PER ( R) -1-aminoethyl] cyclohexane-1 ⁇ -carbamide (Y-30141), N- (3- ⁇ [2- (4-amino-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl) -1-yl) -1- Ethyl-1H-imidazole [4,5-c] pyridin-6-yl] oxy ⁇ phenyl) -4- ⁇ [2- (4-morpholinyl)
- the "GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor” is a substance having an inhibitory activity on GSK3 ⁇ (glycogen synthase kinase 3 ⁇ ).
- GSK3 glycogen synthase kinase 3 ⁇
- GSK3 glycogen synthase kinase 3 ⁇
- GSK3 glycogen synthase kinase 3 ⁇
- the "GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor” used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it has GSK3 ⁇ inhibitory activity, and may be a substance having both GSK3 ⁇ inhibitory activity and GSK3 ⁇ inhibitory activity.
- GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor examples include CHIR98014 (2-[[2-[(5-nitro-6-aminopyridin-2-yl) amino] ethyl] amino] -4- (2,4-dichlorophenyl) -5- (1H).
- GSK3 ⁇ is not limited to these, and antisense oligonucleotides against GSK3 ⁇ mRNA, siRNA, antibodies that bind to GSK3 ⁇ , dominant negative GSK3 ⁇ mutants, etc. can also be used as GSK3 ⁇ inhibitors and are commercially available. It can be synthesized according to a known method.
- the term "serum substitute” refers to, for example, Knockout Serum Replacement (KSR: Invitrogen), StemSure Serum Replacement (Wako), B-27 supplement, N2-supplement, albumin (eg, lipid-rich albumin), insulin, and the like. Transferrin, fatty acids, collagen precursors, trace elements (eg zinc, selenium (eg sodium selenite)), 2-mercaptoethanol, 3'thiolglycerol or mixtures thereof (eg ITS-G).
- KSR Knockout Serum Replacement
- Wako StemSure Serum Replacement
- B-27 supplement N2-supplement
- albumin eg, lipid-rich albumin
- Transferrin transferrin, fatty acids, collagen precursors, trace elements (eg zinc, selenium (eg sodium selenite)), 2-mercaptoethanol, 3'thiolglycerol or mixtures thereof (eg ITS-G).
- FGFR1 inhibitor is a substance having an inhibitory activity on fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 1.
- FGFR1 is a member of the family of 4-transmembrane tyrosine kinases (FGFR1, 2, 3, 4) as a receptor having a high affinity for the growth factors FGF1 to FGF17.
- the FGFR1 inhibitor is not particularly limited as long as it has FGFR1 inhibitory activity, and may be a substance having other FGFR inhibitory activity in addition to FGFR1 inhibitory activity.
- FGFR1 inhibitor includes a substance having FGFR1 inhibitory activity as much as possible, but preferably refers to a substance that inhibits FGFR1 by 50% or more, and more preferably 50% inhibition of FGFR1. It refers to a substance having a concentration (IC 50 ) of 1 ⁇ M or less, more preferably 100 nM or less.
- the method for determining the FGFR1 inhibitory activity may be selected from known methods, and examples thereof include a determination method using EnzyChrom Kinase Assay Kit (BioAssay Systems). Conventionally known FGFR1 inhibitors can be used and can be found in patented or non-patented documents.
- FGFR1 inhibitor available in the present invention PD-166866 (1- [2-amino-6- (3,5-dimethoxyphenyl) -pyrido (2,3-d) pyrimidin-7 -Il] -3-tert-Butylurea: CAS No .: 19270-79-6), E-3810 (CAS No .: 1058137-23-7), PD-173074 (CAS No .: 219580-11-7) , FGFR4-IN-1 (CAS No .: 1708971-72-5), FGFR-IN-1 (CAS No.: 148169-71-8), FIIN-2 (CAS No.: 1633044-56-0), AZD4547 (CAS No .: 1035270-39-3), FIIN-3 (CAS No .: 1637735-84-2), NVP-BGJ398 (CAS No .: 1310746-10-1), NVP-BGJ398 (CAS No.).
- CH5183284 (CAS No .: 1265229-25-1), Derazantinib (CAS No .: 1234356-69-4), Derazantinib Racemate, Ferulic acid (CAS No .: 1135-24-6) , SSR128129E (CAS No .: 884318-25-2), SSR128129E free acid (CAS No .: 848463-13-8), Erdafitinib (CAS No .: 1346242-81-6), BLU9931 (CAS No .: 1538604-).
- ENMD-2076 Startrate (CAS No .: 1291074-87-7), TSU-68 (CAS No .: 252916-29-3), Pontinib (CAS No .: 943319-70-8) ), Sulfatiib (CAS No .: 1308672-74-3), LY2784544 (CAS No .: 1229236-86-5), Dovitinib lectate (CAS No .: 692737-80-7), SU 5402 (CAS No .: 215543).
- these compounds may have one or more substituents selected from the above as long as they have FGFR1 inhibitory activity, preferably as long as the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of FGFR1 is 100 nM or less. Good. Further, as long as these compounds have FGFR1 inhibitory activity, preferably, as long as the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of FGFR1 is 100 nM or less, some partial structures (substituents, rings, etc.) have been converted. May be good.
- the FGFR1 inhibitor is CAS192705-79-6 (1- [2-amino-6- (3,5-dimethoxyphenyl) -pyrido (2,3-d) pyrimidin-7-yl]-. 3-tert-Butylurea: CAS No .: 19270-79-6), E-3810 (CAS No .: 1058137-23-7), PD173704 (CAS No .: 219580-11-7).
- the FGFR1 inhibitor is not limited to the compounds shown above, and antisense oligonucleotides and siRNAs against FGFR1 mRNA, antibodies that bind to FGFR1, dominant negative FGFR1 variants, and the like can also be used as FGFR1 inhibitors. , Commercially available or can be synthesized according to known methods.
- the "marker” means a cell antigen or a gene thereof that is specifically expressed by a predetermined cell type, such as “marker protein” or “marker gene”.
- the marker is a cell surface marker, which allows enrichment, isolation, and / or detection of viable cells.
- the marker can be a positive selectable marker or a negative selectable marker.
- Detection of a marker protein can be performed using an immunological assay using an antibody specific to the marker protein, for example, ELISA, immunostaining, or flow cytometry.
- the marker gene can be detected by using a nucleic acid amplification method and / or a nucleic acid detection method known in the art, for example, RT-PCR, microarray, biochip and the like.
- RT-PCR nucleic acid detection method known in the art
- expression is defined as transcription and / or translation of a particular nucleotide sequence driven by an intracellular promoter.
- cell means a composition of cells, i.e. a cell population, unless otherwise noted.
- a “cell” can include not only a particular cell, but also one or more other cells.
- a particular cell in a “cell” can be enriched by enriching or purifying, or by depleting one or more other cells.
- the “cell” is preferably a human cell.
- pluripotent stem cells can be differentiated into tissues and cells having various different morphologies and functions, and can be differentiated into cells of any lineage of three germ layers. It means the ability to obtain.
- pluripotency is “totipotency” that can differentiate into any tissue of the body, including the scutellum, in that it cannot differentiate into the scutellum and therefore has no ability to form individuals. Is distinguished from.
- multipotency means the ability to differentiate into a plurality of limited lineages of cells.
- mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and neural stem cells are multipotent, but not multipotent.
- pluripotent stem cell refers to embryonic stem cells (ES cells) and similar pluripotent differentiation, that is, various tissues of the living body (endoderm, mesodermal, ectoderm). Refers to cells that have the potential to differentiate into (all of the germ layer). Examples of cells having pluripotency similar to ES cells include "induced pluripotent stem cells” (sometimes referred to as “iPS cells” in the present specification). Preferably, in the present invention, the pluripotent stem cell is a human pluripotent stem cell.
- ES cell various mouse ES cell lines established by inGenius, RIKEN, etc. can be used for mouse ES cells, and NIH, RIKEN, Kyoto University, Cellartis, etc. for human ES cells.
- Various established human ES cell lines are available.
- ES cell lines NIH CHB-1 to CHB-12 strains, RUES1 strains, RUES2 strains, HUES1 to HUES28 strains, etc., WisCell Research H1 strains, H9 strains, RIKEN KhES-1 strains, KhES-2 strains, etc. , KhES-3 strain, KhES-4 strain, KhES-5 strain, SSES1 strain, SSES2 strain, SSES3 strain and the like can be used.
- “Induced pluripotent stem cells” refers to cells obtained by introducing a specific factor (nuclear reprogramming factor) into mammalian somatic cells or undifferentiated stem cells and reprogramming them.
- a specific factor nuclear reprogramming factor
- iPS induced pluripotent stem cells
- Yamanaka et al. By introducing four factors, Oct3 / 4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc, into mouse fibroblasts.
- human cell-derived iPS cells (Takahashi K, Yamanaka) established by introducing the same four factors into human fibroblasts. S., et al.
- Nanog-iPS cells Okita, K., Ichisaka, T. et al.). , And Yamanaka, S. (2007). Nature 448, 313-317.
- IPS cells prepared by a method that does not contain c-Myc (Nakagawa M, Yamanaka S., et al. Nature Biotechnology, (2008). , 101-106)
- virus-free iPS cells established by introducing 6 factors (Okita K et al. Nat. Methods 2011 May; 8 (5): 409-12, Okita K et al. Stem Cells.
- induced pluripotent stem cells (Yu J., Thomason JA. Et al., Science (2007) 318: established by introducing four factors of OCT3 / 4, SOX2, NANOG, and LIN28 produced by Thomson et al. 1917-1920.), Induced pluripotent stem cells produced by Dayy et al. (Park IH, Dayey GQ. Et al., Nature (2007) 451: 141-146), induced pluripotent stem cells produced by Sakurada et al. (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2008-307007) and the like can also be used.
- iPS cell lines established by NIH, RIKEN (RIKEN), Kyoto University, etc. can be used.
- RIKEN's HiPS-RIKEN-1A strain, HiPS-RIKEN-2A strain, HiPS-RIKEN-12A strain, Nippons-B2 strain, Kyoto University's Ff-WJ-18 strain Ff- I01s01 shares, Ff-I01s02 shares, Ff-I01s04 shares, Ff-I01s06 shares, Ff-I14s03 shares, Ff-I14s04 shares, QHJI01s01 shares, QHJI01s04 shares, QHJI14s03 shares, QHJI14s04 shares, 2FF15 shares, RWMH15s04 shares, RWMH15s02 shares , 201B7 strain, 409B2 strain, 454E2 strain, 606A1 strain, 610B1 strain
- the "cells derived from pluripotent stem cells” mean cells obtained by inducing differentiation from pluripotent stem cells, and such cells are induced to differentiate from pluripotent stem cells. Examples thereof include cells of ectodermal lineage, cells of mesodermal lineage, cells of endoderm lineage, or cells composed of a combination thereof. More specifically, the epidermis, nerves, brain, spinal cord, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, bladder, urinary tract, lung, thyroid, pancreas, liver, muscle, skeleton, heart, blood vessels, which are induced to differentiate from pluripotent stem cells. , Pancreas, kidney, and other (but not limited to) organs and tissues, and cells having functions equivalent to or similar to those of progenitor cells thereof.
- the "pluripotent stem cell-derived cell” has a state of a cell aggregate in which cells are aggregated and aggregated, that is, a spheroid morphology.
- Cell spheroids derived from pluripotent stem cells can be produced by conventionally known methods such as suspension culture, or ", or a culture plate for spheroid formation in which a fine space is arranged on the bottom surface of the culture (for example, trade name). : Elpracia (Kurare Co., Ltd.), trade name: EZSPHERE (AGC Techno Glass Co., Ltd.), trade name: Corning spheroid microplate (Corning International Co., Ltd.) may be used.
- the spheroid has a diameter of about 10 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m, preferably.
- pluripotent stem cell-derived cells appear in the process of differentiating from pluripotent stem cells to pancreatic ⁇ cells, such as embryonic embryonic follicle cells, progenitor tract cells, posterior anterior intestinal cells, and pancreas.
- pancreatic ⁇ cells such as embryonic embryonic follicle cells, progenitor tract cells, posterior anterior intestinal cells, and pancreas.
- this differentiation stage is broadly classified into pluripotent stem cells, embryonic germ layer cells, proto-intestinal cells, posterior anterior intestinal cells, pancreatic progenitor cells, endocrine progenitor cells, insulin-producing cells, and pancreatic ⁇ cells in order of relatively undifferentiated. can do.
- “Intra-embryonic germ layer cell” means a cell characterized by the expression of at least one marker of SOX17, FOXA2, BMP2, CER, and CXCR4.
- Protointestinal cell means a cell characterized by the expression of at least one marker of HNF1B and HNF4A.
- Posterior anterior enterocyte means a cell characterized by expression of at least one marker of PDX-1, HNF6, and HLXB9.
- Pancreatic progenitor cell means a cell characterized by the expression of at least one marker of PDX-1, NKX6.1, PTF-1 ⁇ , GATA4 and SOX9.
- Endocrine progenitor cells means cells characterized by the expression of at least one marker of chromogranin A, NeuroD and NGN3, and the absence of markers of pancreatic-related hormonal systems (eg, insulin, etc.). .. Endocrine progenitor cells may express markers such as PAX-4, NKX2-2, Islet-1, PDX-1, PTF-1 ⁇ .
- Insulin-producing cell means a cell characterized by the expression of an insulin marker. More specifically, the "insulin-producing cell” refers to about 30 cells expressing both insulin and NKX6.1 markers (ie, insulin-positive and NKX6.1-positive cells, hereinafter referred to as "Ins + NKX + cells”). Approximately 15 cells containing only insulin out of insulin and NKX6.1 as markers and expressing only insulin (that is, insulin-positive and NKX6.1-negative cells, hereinafter referred to as "Ins + NKX-cells”). Characterized by inclusion in proportions greater than%. The upper limit of the ratio of Ins + NKX + cells in the insulin-producing cells is not particularly limited, but can be preferably about 50% or less.
- the ratio of Ins + NKX-cells in insulin-producing cells can be preferably about 20% or more, more preferably about 25% or more, still more preferably about 30% or more.
- the upper limit of the ratio of Ins + NKX-cells in insulin-producing cells is not particularly limited, but can be preferably about 40% or less.
- insulin-producing cells contain Ins + NKX + cells in a proportion of about 30% or more and about 50% or less, and Ins + NKX- cells in a proportion of more than about 15% and about 40% or less, preferably about 20% or more and about 20% or less. It is contained in a ratio of 40% or less, more preferably about 25% or more and about 40% or less, still more preferably about 30% or more and about 40% or less.
- the ratio of predetermined cells in insulin-producing cells means the ratio to the total number of cells contained in insulin-producing cells.
- the proportion of each cell indicates the value in insulin-producing cells that are subjected to differentiation induction into pancreatic islet-like cells (that is, that are subjected to in vivo transplantation).
- Ins + NKX-cells are often found in immature (early differentiation stage) insulin-producing cells, the higher the proportion of Ins + NKX-cells, the less mature (early differentiation stage) insulin-producing cells. Show that.
- Insulin-producing cells also include the following a. ⁇ f. : a. Low expression of MAFA gene or its protein, b. Low proportion of Ki67 positive cells, c. Low proportion of glucagon-positive and insulin-negative cells, d. Showing a glucose-stimulated insulin secretory response, e. High proportion of chromogranin A positive cells, f. Low proportion of alkaline phosphatase-positive pluripotent stem cells, It can be characterized by one or more selected from.
- “plurality” means 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.
- the insulin-producing cells of the present invention are characterized in that the expression level of MAFA gene or its protein is low as compared with the expression level of MAFA gene or its protein in pancreatic islets.
- Pantencreatic islet means a cell that is more differentiated than an insulin-producing cell, contains mature pancreatic ⁇ -cells, and by expression of at least one of the mature pancreatic ⁇ -cell markers MAFA, UCN3, and IAPP. Characterized cells. As the islets, those isolated from healthy subjects can be used.
- Comparison of the expression level of the MAFA gene or its protein between insulin-producing cells and pancreatic islets can be performed using techniques known in the art, such as RT-PCR, microarrays, biochips, western blots, ELISA, immunology.
- the expression level of the MAFA gene or its protein detected and quantified by a method such as staining or flow cytometry is corrected by the expression level of the internal standard gene or its protein, and the relative values obtained are compared. be able to.
- the "internal standard gene” is not particularly limited, but for example, GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydogenase), ⁇ -actin, ⁇ 2-microglobulin, HPRT 1 (hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltranstransase 1) and the like can be used.
- the expression level of the MAFA gene or its protein in insulin-producing cells is about 20% or less, preferably about 15% or less, more preferably about 10% or less, still more preferably about 5 of the expression level of the MAFA gene or its protein in the pancreatic islets. % Or less, particularly preferably about 1% or less.
- the present feature is that the insulin-producing cells of the present invention are in the stage of differentiation to the extent that they contain little or a low proportion of mature pancreatic ⁇ -cells. Show that.
- the insulin-producing cells of the present invention are characterized by containing Ki67-positive cells in a proportion of less than 3%.
- Ki67-positive cells means highly proliferative cells characterized by the expression of Ki67 as a marker, which are mixed in insulin-producing cells induced to differentiate from pluripotent stem cells.
- Ki67 is known as a cell cycle-related nuclear protein, and its expression is observed in the G1, S, G2, and M phases of proliferating cells, and in the G0 phase when proliferation is stopped. It is also known as a marker for cell proliferation and cell cycle because it does not.
- Ki67 positive may be described as “Ki67 +” in the present specification.
- Ki67 positive cells may be described as “Ki67 + cells”.
- the proportion of Ki67 + cells in insulin-producing cells is less than about 3%, preferably less than about 1%, more preferably less than about 0.8%, still more preferably less than about 0.5%.
- Ki67 + cells there is almost no or low proportion of Ki67 + cells contaminated / residual in insulin-producing cells. Due to its high proliferative potential, Ki67 + cells may have an adverse effect on the finally obtained biological tissue-like structure and engraftment, and their contamination / residual may not be preferable.
- glucagon positive may be described as "Gcg +”
- glucagon positive and insulin negative cells may be described as "Gcg + Ins- cells”.
- the ratio of Gcg + Ins- cells in insulin-producing cells is about 2.5% or less, preferably about 2% or less, more preferably about 1% or less, still more preferably about 0.5% or less.
- Gcg + Ins- is a marker for mature pancreatic ⁇ -cells, this feature indicates that the insulin-producing cells of the present invention are in a differentiation stage that contains little or a low proportion of mature pancreatic ⁇ -cells. ..
- the insulin-producing cells in the present invention show a glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) response.
- GSIS glucose-stimulated insulin secretion
- the GSIS response in insulin-producing cells can be performed according to a conventionally known method (eg, US Application No. 11 / 773,944), for example, measuring the amount of C-peptide secreted into the medium.
- C-peptide is a degradation product produced in equimolar amounts with respect to insulin during the maturation of proinsulin.
- the amount of C-peptide can be measured, for example, by ELISA using an anti-C-peptide monoclonal antibody.
- the insulin-producing cells of the present invention are characterized by containing chromogranin A-positive cells in a proportion of more than about 45%.
- Chga + chromogranin A positive
- Chga + cells chromogranin A positive cells
- the proportion of Chga + cells in the insulin-producing cells is preferably about 50% or more (eg, about 55% or more), more preferably about 60% or more, still more preferably about 70% or more, still more preferably about 80% or more. Particularly preferably, it can be about 90% or more.
- the upper limit of the ratio of Chga + cells in insulin-producing cells is not particularly limited, but can be, for example, about 99% or less.
- Chga + cells include cells that secrete hormones such as insulin (endocrine cells), which also include the above Ins + NKX + cells and Ins + NKX- cells. Therefore, this feature indicates that the insulin-producing cells of the present invention contain a high proportion of endocrine cells.
- the insulin-producing cells of the present invention are characterized by containing less than about 0.01% of alkaline phosphatase-positive pluripotent stem cells.
- the proportion of alkaline phosphatase-positive pluripotent stem cells in insulin-producing cells can be preferably about 0.008% or less, more preferably about 0.005% or less, still more preferably about 0.001% or less.
- the present feature is that the insulin-producing cells of the present invention contain little or a low proportion of unintended pluripotent stem cells that have not been induced to differentiate. Indicates that it is included in.
- Alkaline phosphatase-positive pluripotent stem cells may further express other markers showing pluripotency.
- markers showing pluripotency at least one selected from NANOG, SOX2, SSEA-1, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81 and the like. Can be used.
- Step 1) Induce differentiation from pluripotent stem cells into germ layer cells in the embryo.
- Step 2) Induce differentiation from germ layer cells in the embryo to proto-intestinal cells; Step 3) Induce differentiation from protointestinal cells to posterior anterior enterocytes; Step 4) Induce differentiation from posterior anterior enterocytes to pancreatic progenitor cells; Step 5) Induce differentiation from pancreatic progenitor cells to endocrine progenitor cells; Step 6) Induce differentiation from endocrine progenitor cells to insulin-producing cells.
- each step will be described, but the induction of differentiation into each cell is not limited to these methods.
- Step 1) Differentiation into endoderm cells The pluripotent stem cells are cultured in a medium containing a low dose of Actibin A to differentiate them into germ layer cells in the embryo.
- the medium used in this step is RPMI medium, MEM medium, iMEM medium, DMEM (Dalveco's modified Eagle's medium) medium, Embedded MEM Zinc Option medium, Improved MEM / 1% B-27 supplement / Penisilin Streptomycin medium, MCDB131 / 10 mM Gluco Basic media used for culturing mammalian cells can be used, such as / 20 mM Glucose / NaHCO 3 / FAF-BSA / ITS-X / Glutamax / Ascorbic acid / Penisilin Streptomycin medium.
- Activin A can be included in the medium at low doses, eg, in an amount of 5-10 ng / mL.
- the concentration of activin A in the medium is about 0.1-100 ng / ml, preferably about 1-50 ng / ml, more preferably about 3-10 ng / ml.
- a ROCK inhibitor and a GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor can be further added to the medium.
- the concentration of the GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor in the medium is appropriately set depending on the type of GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor used.
- the concentration is usually 2 to 5 ⁇ M, preferably 2 to 4 ⁇ M, particularly preferably about. It is 3 ⁇ M.
- the concentration of the ROCK inhibitor in the medium is appropriately set depending on the type of ROCK inhibitor used.
- the concentration is usually 5 to 20 ⁇ M, preferably 5 to 15 ⁇ M, particularly preferably. Is about 10 ⁇ M.
- Insulin can be further added to the medium.
- Insulin can be included in the medium in an amount of 0.01 to 20 ⁇ M, preferably 0.1 to 10 ⁇ M, more preferably 0.5 to 5 ⁇ M.
- the concentration of insulin in the medium may be, but is not limited to, the concentration of insulin contained in the added B-27 supplement.
- the culture may be performed by either two-dimensional culture or three-dimensional culture.
- the number of cells at the start of culturing is not particularly limited, but in the case of two-dimensional culture, about 50,000 to 1 million cells / cm 2 , preferably about 100,000 to 800,000 cells / cm 2 , more preferably about. It can be 100,000 to 300,000 cells / cm 2 .
- the number of cells at the start of culture is not particularly limited, but in the case of three-dimensional culture, about 10,000 to 1 million cells / mL, preferably about 100,000 to 800,000 cells / mL, more preferably about. It can be 300,000 to 600,000 cells / mL.
- the culture period is 1 to 4 days, preferably 1 to 3 days, and particularly preferably 3 days.
- the culture temperature is not particularly limited, but is 30 to 40 ° C (for example, 37 ° C).
- the carbon dioxide concentration in the culture vessel is, for example, about 5%.
- the germ layer cells in the embryo are subjected to the first culture of pluripotent stem cells in the medium under the condition where insulin acts in the presence of a low dose of activin A, and subsequently insulin does not act. It can be produced by performing a second culture in a medium under the conditions.
- First culture “Conditions under which insulin acts” means conditions under which insulin activates insulin signaling pathways in cells. Normally, insulin binds to the insulin receptor present on the cell membrane surface, activates the tyrosine kinase inherent in the receptor, and tyrosine phosphorylates the insulin receptor substrate protein family (IRS: IRS-1,2,3). As used herein, the occurrence of these series of reactions initiated by the binding of insulin to an insulin receptor is referred to as "causing activation of the insulin signaling pathway.”
- the condition under which insulin acts is, for example, the case where insulin is contained in the medium.
- Insulin may be produced by a recombinant method or synthesized by a solid phase synthesis method as long as it can activate the insulin signal transduction pathway in pluripotent stem cells. ..
- As the insulin those derived from humans, non-human primates, pigs, cows, horses, sheep, goats, llamas, dogs, cats, rabbits, mice, guinea pigs and the like can be used, but human insulin is preferable. ..
- insulin mutants, insulin derivatives or insulin agonists can also be used as "insulin” as long as they cause activation of the insulin signaling pathway in pluripotent stem cells.
- An "insulin variant” consists of an amino acid sequence in which 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 10, and even more preferably 1 to 5 amino acids are deleted, substituted, added or inserted in the amino acid sequence of insulin. And 80% or more, more preferably 90% or more, still more preferably 95% or more, most preferably 99% or more of the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide capable of activating the insulin signaling pathway. Examples thereof include those having a polypeptide having a sex amino acid sequence and capable of causing activation of the insulin signaling pathway.
- Amino acid sequences can be compared by a known method, for example, BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool at the National Center for Biological Information (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool of the National Center for Biological Information)) or the like is defaulted. It can be implemented by using the setting of.
- An "insulin derivative” is defined as a chemical substitution (eg, ⁇ -methylation, ⁇ -hydroxylation) or deletion (eg, deamination) of some groups of amino acid residues of insulin or an insulin variant. Alternatively, it means a polypeptide consisting of a modified (eg, N-methylated) amino acid sequence and capable of causing activation of the insulin signaling pathway or a substance having a similar action.
- Insulin agonist means a polypeptide or a substance having a similar action that can bind to an insulin receptor to cause activation of the insulin signaling pathway, regardless of the structure of insulin.
- the medium of the first culture can contain insulin in an amount of 0.01 to 20 ⁇ M, preferably 0.1 to 10 ⁇ M, more preferably 0.5 to 5 ⁇ M.
- the concentration of insulin in the medium may be, but is not limited to, the concentration of insulin contained in the added B-27 supplement.
- the medium can further contain a ROCK inhibitor and / or a GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor.
- the concentration of the ROCK inhibitor in the medium is appropriately set depending on the type of ROCK inhibitor used. For example, when Y-27632 is used as the ROCK inhibitor, the concentration is usually 5 to 20 ⁇ M, preferably 5 to 15 ⁇ M. Particularly preferably, it can be about 10 ⁇ M.
- the concentration of the GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor in the medium is appropriately set depending on the type of GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor used. For example, when CHIR99021 is used as the GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor, the concentration is usually 2 to 5 ⁇ M, preferably 2 to 4 ⁇ M, particularly preferably about. It can be 3 ⁇ M.
- the medium can further contain one or more selected from the group consisting of pyruvate (sodium salt, etc.), L-alanyl L-glutamine, and glucose.
- Pyruvate can be included in the medium in an amount of 10 to 1000 mg / L, preferably 30 to 500 mg / L, more preferably 50 to 200 mg / L, and particularly preferably about 110 mg / L.
- L-alanyl L-glutamine can be contained in the medium in an amount of 50 to 2000 mg / L, preferably 100 to 1500 mg / L, more preferably 500 to 1000 mg / L, and particularly preferably about 860 mg / L.
- Glucose can be contained in the medium in an amount of 15 mM or more, preferably 15 to 30 mM, more preferably 15 to 25, and particularly preferably about 25 mM.
- concentration of pyruvate, L-alanyl L-glutamine and glucose in the medium is determined by DMEM medium (DMEM, high glucose, GlutaMAXTM, pyruvate (Thermo Fisher Scientific)) or other pyruvate contained in DMEM medium, L- Concentrations of alanyl L-glutamine and glucose may be, but are not limited to.
- the basal medium is preferably DMEM medium, and more preferably DMEM medium containing pyruvate, L-alanyl L-glutamine, and glucose in the above amounts.
- the culture period of the first culture can be in the range selected from 6 hours to 48 hours, preferably 12 to 24 hours.
- the culture temperature is not particularly limited, but is 30 to 40 ° C. (for example, 37 ° C.).
- the carbon dioxide concentration in the culture vessel is, for example, about 5%.
- the culture may be performed by either two-dimensional culture or three-dimensional culture.
- the number of cells at the start of culturing is not particularly limited, but in the case of two-dimensional culture, about 50,000 to 1 million cells / cm 2 , preferably about 100,000 to 800,000 cells / cm 2 , more preferably about. It can be 100,000 to 300,000 cells / cm 2 .
- the number of cells at the start of culture is not particularly limited, but in the case of three-dimensional culture, about 10,000 to 1 million cells / mL, preferably about 100,000 to 800,000 cells / mL, more preferably about. It can be 300,000 to 600,000 cells / mL.
- Second culture “Condition in which insulin does not act” means a condition in which insulin does not activate the insulin signal transduction pathway in cells. "No activation of the insulin signaling pathway in cells” means not only that no activation of the insulin signaling pathway occurs, but also activation of the insulin signaling pathway in the absence of insulin. It also means that only a small amount of activation occurs so that no significant difference is observed. Therefore, the "condition in which insulin does not act” means, for example, that insulin is not contained in the medium, or even if insulin is contained in the medium, the amount does not differ significantly. Conditions include conditions that are included in an amount that produces only a small degree of activation.
- Insulin signal inhibitor means a component capable of blocking the insulin signaling pathway at any position.
- insulin signal inhibitors include polypeptides and compounds that bind to or compete with insulin, insulin receptors, various proteins that act as signal transduction substances, and inhibit intermolecular interactions in which these factors are involved.
- an insulin signal inhibitor is LY294002 [2- (4-morpholinyl) -8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one] that competitively inhibits ATP binding to the catalytic subunit of PI3 kinase. And so on.
- Insulin signal inhibitors are not limited to these, but act as insulin, insulin receptors, antibodies that bind to various proteins that act as signal transduction substances, their dominant negative variants, and insulin receptors and signal transduction substances. Antisense oligonucleotides and siRNAs against the mRNAs of various proteins can also be used as insulin signal inhibitors. Insulin signal inhibitors can be synthesized according to commercially available or known methods.
- the medium can further contain a ROCK inhibitor and / or a GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor.
- the amount of ROCK inhibitor and / or GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor in the medium can be selected from the range described in the first culture, and may be the same amount as used in the first culture. , May be different.
- the medium can further contain one or more selected from the group consisting of pyruvate, L-alanyl L-glutamine, and glucose.
- the amount of pyruvate, L-alanyl L-glutamine, and glucose in the medium can be selected from the range described in the first culture above, and is the same amount used in the first culture. It may or may be different.
- the medium used in the second culture one based on the basal medium used for culturing mammalian cells and adding one or more of the above components can be used.
- the basal medium the one described in the first culture can be used, and the same basal medium as that used in the first culture may be used, or the basal medium may be different.
- DMEM medium is preferable, and DMEM medium containing pyruvate, L-alanyl L-glutamine, and glucose in the above amounts is preferable.
- the culture period of the second culture can be in the range selected from at least 6 hours, preferably 6 to 72 hours, and more preferably 24 hours to 72 hours.
- the culture temperature is not particularly limited, but is 30 to 40 ° C. (for example, 37 ° C.).
- the culture may be performed by either two-dimensional culture or three-dimensional culture.
- the carbon dioxide concentration in the culture vessel is, for example, about 5%.
- Activin A can be contained in the medium of the first culture and the second culture at the above low dose.
- the amount of activin A contained in the media of the first culture and the second culture may be the same amount or may be different.
- Dimethyl sulfoxide may be further added to the culture medium of the first culture and the second culture.
- the pluripotent stem cells are cultivated in the presence of a low dose of activin A, or the pluripotent stem cells are cultivated in a medium under insulin-acting conditions in the presence of a low dose of activin A.
- the proportion of endocrine cells obtained in the steps 6) and thereafter can be increased.
- Step 2) Differentiation into proto-intestinal cells
- the embryonic germ layer cells obtained in step 1) are further cultured in a medium containing a growth factor to induce differentiation into proto-intestinal cells.
- the culture period is 2 to 8 days, preferably about 4 days.
- the culture temperature is not particularly limited, but is 30 to 40 ° C. (for example, 37 ° C.).
- the carbon dioxide concentration in the culture vessel is, for example, about 5%.
- the culture may be performed by either two-dimensional culture or three-dimensional culture.
- the basal medium used for culturing mammalian cells described in step 1) above can be used.
- growth factors serum substitutes, vitamins, antibiotics and the like may be appropriately added to the medium.
- EGF EGF
- KGF EGF
- FGF10 EGF
- EGF and / or KGF are more preferable
- KGF is further preferable.
- the concentration of the growth factor in the medium is appropriately set depending on the type of growth factor used, but is usually about 0.1 nM to 1000 ⁇ M, preferably about 0.1 nM to 100 ⁇ M. In the case of EGF, its concentration is about 5 to 2000 ng / ml (ie, about 0.8 to 320 nM), preferably about 5 to 1000 ng / ml (ie, about 0.8 to 160 nM), more preferably about 10 to. It is 1000 ng / ml (ie, about 1.6 to 160 nM).
- FGF10 its concentration is about 5 to 2000 ng / ml (ie, about 0.3 to 116 nM), preferably about 10 to 1000 ng / ml (ie, about 0.6 to 58 nM), more preferably about 10 to. It is 1000 ng / ml (ie, about 0.6-58 nM).
- the concentration is usually 5 to 150 ng / mL, preferably 30 to 100 ng / mL, and particularly preferably about 50 ng / mL.
- Step 3) Differentiation into posterior anterior enterocytes
- the proto-intestinal cells obtained in Step 2) are further cultured in a medium containing growth factors, cyclopamine, nogin, etc. to induce differentiation into posterior anterior enterocytes.
- the culture period is 1 to 5 days, preferably about 2 days.
- the culture may be performed by either two-dimensional culture or three-dimensional culture.
- the culture temperature is not particularly limited, but is 30 to 40 ° C (for example, 37 ° C).
- the carbon dioxide concentration in the culture vessel is, for example, about 5%.
- the basal medium used for culturing mammalian cells described in step 1) above can be used.
- growth factors serum substitutes, vitamins, antibiotics and the like may be appropriately added to the medium.
- EGF EGF
- KGF EGF
- FGF10 EGF
- EGF and / or KGF are more preferable
- KGF is further preferable.
- the concentration of the growth factor in the medium is appropriately set depending on the type of growth factor used, but is usually about 0.1 nM to 1000 ⁇ M, preferably about 0.1 nM to 100 ⁇ M. In the case of EGF, its concentration is about 5 to 2000 ng / ml (ie, about 0.8 to 320 nM), preferably about 5 to 1000 ng / ml (ie, about 0.8 to 160 nM), more preferably about 10 to. It is 1000 ng / ml (ie, about 1.6 to 160 nM).
- FGF10 its concentration is about 5 to 2000 ng / ml (ie, about 0.3 to 116 nM), preferably about 10 to 1000 ng / ml (ie, about 0.6 to 58 nM), more preferably about 10 to. It is 1000 ng / ml (ie, about 0.6-58 nM).
- the concentration is usually 5 to 150 ng / mL, preferably 30 to 100 ng / mL, and particularly preferably about 50 ng / mL.
- the concentration of cyclopamine in the medium is not particularly limited, but is usually 0.5 to 1.5 ⁇ M, preferably 0.3 to 1.0 ⁇ M, and particularly preferably about 0.5 ⁇ M.
- the concentration of noggin in the medium is not particularly limited, but is usually 10 to 200 ng / mL, preferably 50 to 150 ng / mL, and particularly preferably about 100 ng / mL. Dimethyl sulfoxide may also be added to the medium.
- the posterior anterior intestinal cells obtained in step 3) further contain a medium containing a factor having CDK8 / 19 inhibitory activity, preferably a factor having CDK8 / 19 inhibitory activity and a growth factor. It may be cultured in a medium to induce differentiation into pancreatic progenitor cells.
- the culture period is 2 to 10 days, preferably about 5 days.
- the culture may be performed by either two-dimensional culture or three-dimensional culture.
- the posterior anterior intestinal cells obtained in step 3) were subjected to 0.25% trypsin-EDTA according to the previous report (Toyoda et al., Stem cell Research (2015) 14,185-197). After the treatment, the cells are dispersed by pipetting, and 0.25% trypsin-EDTA is centrifuged and suspended, and then re-seeded in the new medium of step 4).
- the basal medium used for culturing mammalian cells can be used as in step 1).
- growth factors serum substitutes, vitamins, antibiotics and the like may be appropriately added to the medium.
- the factor having the CDK8 / 19 inhibitory activity the above-mentioned various compounds or salts thereof can be used, and the amount to be added to the medium is appropriately determined depending on the compound used or the salt thereof, but is usually about 0.00001 ⁇ M. It is ⁇ 5 ⁇ M, preferably 0.00001 ⁇ M-1 ⁇ M.
- concentration of the factor having the CDK8 / 19 inhibitory activity in the medium a concentration that reaches 50% or more of the inhibitory activity with respect to CDK8 / 19 is preferable.
- EGF EGF
- KGF EGF
- FGF10 EGF
- KGF and / or EGF is more preferable
- KGF and EGF are further preferable.
- the concentration of the growth factor in the medium is appropriately set depending on the type of growth factor used, but is usually about 0.1 nM to 1000 ⁇ M, preferably about 0.1 nM to 100 ⁇ M. In the case of EGF, its concentration is about 5 to 2000 ng / ml (ie, about 0.8 to 320 nM), preferably about 5 to 1000 ng / ml (ie, about 0.8 to 160 nM), more preferably about 10 to. It is 1000 ng / ml (ie, about 1.6 to 160 nM).
- FGF10 its concentration is about 5 to 2000 ng / ml (ie, about 0.3 to 116 nM), preferably about 10 to 1000 ng / ml (ie, about 0.6 to 58 nM), more preferably about 10 to. It is 1000 ng / ml (ie, about 0.6-58 nM).
- the concentrations of EGF are usually usually 5 to 150 ng / mL, preferably 30 to 100 ng / mL, particularly preferably about 50 ng / mL, and KGF is usually 10 to 200 ng / mL. It is preferably 50 to 150 ng / mL, particularly preferably about 100 ng / mL.
- the first day of culturing in step 4) may be carried out in the presence of a ROCK inhibitor, and thereafter, culturing may be performed in a medium containing no ROCK inhibitor.
- the medium may contain a PKC activator.
- PKC activator PdBU (PKC activator II), TPB (PKC activator V) and the like are used, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- concentration of the PKC activator is about 0.1-100 ng / ml, preferably about 1-50 ng / ml, more preferably about 3-10 ng / ml.
- dimethyl sulfoxide and activin (1 to 50 ng / ml) may be added to the medium.
- serum substitutes for example, B-27 supplement, ITS-G
- amino acids, L-glutamine, GlutaMAX (product name), non-essential amino acids, vitamins, nicotine amides, antibiotics (for example, Antibiotic-Atimycotic (may be referred to as AA in the present specification), Penicillin, streptomycin, or mixtures thereof), antibacterial agents (eg, amphotericin B), antioxidants, pyruvate, buffers, inorganic salts and the like may be added.
- antibiotics for example, Antibiotic-Atimycotic (may be referred to as AA in the present specification), Penicillin, streptomycin, or mixtures thereof), antibacterial agents (eg, amphotericin B), antioxidants, pyruvate, buffers, inorganic salts and the like
- the concentration in the medium is usually 0.01 to 20% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 10% by weight.
- the culture may be performed by either two-dimensional culture or three-dimensional culture.
- the culture temperature is not
- Step 5 Differentiation into endocrine progenitor cells
- the pancreatic progenitor cells obtained in step 4) are further cultured in a medium containing a growth factor to induce differentiation into endocrine progenitor cells.
- the culture may be performed by either two-dimensional culture or three-dimensional culture.
- the pancreatic progenitor cells obtained in step 4) are treated with 0.25% trypsin-EDTA and then dispersed by pipetting, and 0.25% trypsin-EDTA is centrifuged. After suspension, re-seed in the new medium of step 5).
- the culture period is 2 to 3 days, preferably about 2 days.
- the basal medium used for culturing mammalian cells described in step 1) above can be used.
- SANT1, retinoic acid, ALK5 inhibitor II, T3, and LDN were added to the medium, and Wnt inhibitor, ROCK inhibitor, and FGF (preferably FGF2) were added.
- Wnt inhibitor, ROCK inhibitor, and FGF preferably FGF2
- Serum substitutes, vitamins, antibiotics and the like may be added as appropriate.
- dimethyl sulfoxide may be added to the medium.
- the culture is performed by non-adhesive culture without using feeder cells. During culturing, dishes, flasks, microplates, porous plates (Nunc), etc. or bioreactors are used.
- the culture vessel is preferably surface-treated to reduce adhesion to cells.
- the culture temperature is not particularly limited, but is 30 to 40 ° C. (for example, 37 ° C.).
- the carbon dioxide concentration in the culture vessel is, for example, about 5%.
- Step 6) Differentiation into insulin-producing cells
- the endocrine progenitor cells obtained in step 5) are further cultured in a medium containing an FGFR1 inhibitor to induce differentiation into insulin-producing cells.
- the culture period is 10 to 30 days, preferably about 10 to 20 days.
- the basal medium used for culturing mammalian cells described in the above step 1) can be used.
- ALK5 inhibitor II, T3, LDN, ⁇ -secretase inhibitor XX, ⁇ -secretase inhibitor RO, N-cysteine, AXL inhibitor, ascorbic acid were added.
- a Wnt inhibitor, a ROCK inhibitor, FGF (preferably FGF2), a serum substitute, vitamins, antibiotics and the like may be appropriately added.
- ALK5 inhibitor II T3, LDN, ⁇ -secretase inhibitor RO, and ascorbic acid may be added to the medium, or T3, ALK5 inhibitor II, ZnSO 4 , heparin, N-acetylcysteine, Trolox, and R428 may be added.
- the culture may be performed by either two-dimensional culture or three-dimensional culture.
- the culture is performed in a non-adhesive culture without using feeder cells.
- the culture vessel is preferably surface-treated to reduce adhesion to cells.
- the culture temperature is not particularly limited, but is 30 to 40 ° C (for example, 37 ° C).
- the carbon dioxide concentration in the culture vessel is, for example, about 5%.
- the medium can contain the FGFR1 inhibitor in any amount capable of inhibiting FGFR1 activity, eg, in an amount of 10 ⁇ M or less, or 5 ⁇ M or less, preferably less than 5 ⁇ M, less than 4 ⁇ M, 3 ⁇ M. It can be included in an amount of less than 2 ⁇ M.
- the lower limit of the amount of the FGFR1 inhibitor added is not particularly limited, but can be 0.1 ⁇ M or more, preferably 0.5 ⁇ M or more.
- the amount of the FGFR1 inhibitor added is preferably less than 5 ⁇ M and 0.1 ⁇ M or more, and more preferably less than 5 ⁇ M and 0.5 ⁇ M or more.
- Culturing in the presence of the FGFR1 inhibitor can be carried out for at least 12 hours, preferably 24 hours or more, 2 days or more, 4 days or more, 8 days or more, 10 days or more, or 15 days or more.
- Culturing in the presence of the FGFR1 inhibitor is preferably carried out for 4 days or more.
- culturing in the presence of the FGFR1 inhibitor can be carried out for the last about 4 to 15 days, preferably the last about 4 to 7 days of step 6).
- the medium can be replaced during the treatment period with the FGFR1 inhibitor, and can be replaced with a medium having the same composition as before the replacement to which the FGFR1 inhibitor was added or a medium having a different composition according to the culture schedule.
- the insulin-producing cells obtained in step 6) can be dissociated and recovered using an enzyme such as trypsin.
- the recovered insulin-producing cells can be cryopreserved until use. Then, about 500,000 to 5 million, preferably about 1 to 4 million, more preferably about 2 to 3 million, of the recovered insulin-producing cells per incubator or well in the above medium.
- Insulin-producing cells can be obtained in the form of spheroids by seeding and culturing in three dimensions. Each spheroid consists of about 100 to about 1000 cells, preferably about 200 to about 800 cells, more preferably about 300 to about 500 cells.
- Biocompatible material induces a remarkable immune response or harmful biological reaction (for example, toxic reaction, blood clot, etc.) when transplanted into a living body and indwelled for a short period or long period of time. Does not mean any material.
- the "biocompatible material” promotes host angiogenesis and connective tissue production after transplantation.
- the “biocompatible material” is preferably a biodegradable material.
- Examples of such materials include polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyurethane (PU), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate, polyglycolic acid (PGA), and polylactic acid-co-glycolic acid (polylactic acid-co-glycolic acid).
- PLA polylactic acid
- PCL polycaprolactone
- PU polyurethane
- PEG polyethylene glycol
- PEG polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate
- PGA polyglycolic acid
- polylactic acid-co-glycolic acid polylactic acid-co-glycolic acid
- PLGA poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvariate)
- PEVA poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)
- PEVA polyacrylamide, polyethylene oxide, polyethylene amine, polyhydroxybutyrate, poly (N-) Vinylpyrrolidone), polyvinyl alcohol, propylene polyfumarate, polyacrylic acid, polye-caprolactone, polymethacrylic acid, polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), pectic acid, hyaluronic acid, heparin sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, heparin , Chitin, chitosan, xanthane, carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl chitosan, alginic acid, alginate ester, collagen, cellulose, silk fibroin, keratin, gelatin, fibrin, purulan, laminin, gellan, silicon, urethane
- the surface of the "biocompatible material” is optionally surface-modified to allow cell adhesion (eg, cell adhesion substrates (collagen, gelatin, poly-L-lysine, poly-D-lysine, laminin, fibronectin). , Matrigel, vitronectin, etc.) and functional groups known to control cell proliferation, differentiation and function (eg, amino group, carboxyl group, hydroxyl group, methacrylic acid group, acrylic acid group, etc.) May be modified.
- the "biocompatible material” can have any form such as block-shaped, bead-shaped, pellet-shaped, spherical, sheet-shaped, gel-shaped, etc., and can be solid or porous.
- the shape of the "biocompatible material” is preferably a three-dimensional shape, for example, a polyhedron such as a sphere, a tetrahedron, or a hexahedron, a cylinder, a prism, a cone, a cone, a pyramid, a pyramid, a torus, a disk, or an ellipse. These deformed solids may be used as long as the cells can be dispersed in the biocompatible material.
- the "biocompatible material” may be of a size that allows it to be transplanted and placed in a living body. It is preferably about 0.5 to 2.0 cm and has a thickness of about 0.1 to 2.0 cm, preferably about 0.3 to 1.5 cm.
- the number of cells contained in the biocompatible material is about 500,000 to 5 million, preferably about 1 million to 3 million.
- the size of the "biocompatible material” is about 1-30 cm, preferably about 1-15 cm, more preferably about 1 at the longest side length (diameter if circular). It can be 2 to 10 cm.
- biocompatible materials may be transplanted and indwelled.
- the "biocompatible material” is preferably in the form of a gel (hydrogel).
- the gelation of the biocompatible material can be carried out according to a known means corresponding to each biocompatible material, for example, a cross-linking agent (for example, calcium ion, magnesium ion, strontium ion, barium ion) in an aqueous solution of the biocompatible material. It can be carried out by adding a metal cation such as or a salt form thereof) or by allowing fibrinogen and thrombin to act in water.
- the "biocompatible material” is particularly preferably fibrin gel.
- the gel can contain the biocompatible material in a suitable solvent (eg, water, saline, medium, etc.) in any amount of about 0.01 to 10% by weight.
- cells derived from pluripotent stem cells are dispersed and arranged in a biocompatible material.
- distributed placement means that cells derived from pluripotent stem cells are widely distributed and placed in a biocompatible material without being localized to any site.
- a cell derived from a pluripotent stem cell has a spheroid morphology
- adjacent spheroids are present with a biocompatible material intervening.
- a cell derived from a pluripotent stem cell has a spheroid morphology
- adjacent spheroids are arranged at an interval of about 1 ⁇ m or more, preferably about 5 ⁇ m or more.
- distributed placement refers to a certain percentage or more (30% or more, 40%) of spheroids in a biocompatible material when cells derived from pluripotent stem cells have a spheroid morphology. Above, 50% or more, 60% or more, 70% or more, 80% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more) are arranged so as not to contact each other, preferably 95% or more of spheroids in the biocompatible material. It means that they are arranged so that they do not touch each other.
- distributed arrangement means that when cells derived from pluripotent stem cells have the morphology of spheroids, the spheroids in the biocompatible material are in a certain proportion or more (30% or more, 40). % Or more, 50% or more, 60% or more, 70% or more, 80% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more) are spheroids having a diameter of 50 to 500 ⁇ m (meaning that they do not come into contact with each other to form large spheroids). It means that 95% or more of the spheroids in the biocompatible material are spheroids having a diameter of 50 to 500 ⁇ m.
- distributed arrangement means that when cells derived from pluripotent stem cells have a spheroid morphology, the spheroids are three-dimensionally polka-dotted in a biocompatible material. It means that it is placed.
- Three-dimensional arrangement in a polka dot means that each spheroid exists not only three-dimensionally at intervals from the surrounding spheroids, but also when it exists in contact with the surrounding spheroids. To do. Each spheroid may be the same size or different size.
- dispensersed placement does not mean that each spheroid is placed in a biocompatible material and then aggregated and fused to form a larger spheroid.
- Dispersed arrangement can be achieved by any means, but by sufficiently stirring and mixing the cell fluid derived from pluripotent stem cells and seeding the biocompatible material, and / or the living body. By adjusting the concentration of cells derived from pluripotent stem cells seeded in the compatible material, and / or by adding the cells derived from the pluripotent stem cells to the solution of the biocompatible material and thoroughly stirring and mixing. It can be carried out.
- the biocompatible material is in the form of a gel
- 1 to 6 million cells, preferably 200 to 6 million cells, per 50 to 200 ⁇ L of pluripotent stem cell-derived cells are added to the solution of the biocompatible material before gelation.
- pluripotent stem cell-derived cells can be dispersed and placed in a biocompatible material. ..
- the biocompatible material is a gel
- the solution before biocompatible material to gel the pluripotent stem cell-derived cells per 15 ⁇ 50mL, 1 ⁇ 10 7 ⁇ Derived from pluripotent stem cells by mixing and stirring in an amount of 1 ⁇ 10 10 cells, preferably 3 ⁇ 10 8 to 1 ⁇ 10 9 cells, and gelling before the cells settle.
- the cells can be dispersed and placed in a biocompatible material.
- tissue-like structure means epidermis, nerve, brain, spinal cord, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, bladder, urinary tract, lung, thyroid, pancreas, liver, muscle, and skeleton.
- Heart, blood vessel, pancreas, kidney, etc. means a structure having a function equivalent to or similar to that of a living organ or tissue.
- a composition in which cells derived from pluripotent stem cells are dispersed and arranged in a biocompatible material is transplanted into an animal body and indwelled to obtain cells derived from pluripotent stem cells. It can be obtained by inducing differentiation.
- the "animal” is preferably a mammal, and examples thereof include humans, non-human primates, pigs, cows, horses, sheep, goats, llamas, dogs, cats, rabbits, mice, guinea pigs, etc., but humans are preferable. ..
- the transplantation is preferably performed in an in vivo region where the composition can be fixed at a fixed position, and for example, each organ such as subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, peritoneal epithelium, omentum, adipose tissue, muscle tissue, pancreas, and kidney of an animal. It can be done under the coating of the omentum.
- each organ such as subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, peritoneal epithelium, omentum, adipose tissue, muscle tissue, pancreas, and kidney of an animal. It can be done under the coating of the omentum.
- the cells derived from pluripotent stem cells in the composition are induced to differentiate and mature in the in vivo environment, and depending on the "cells derived from pluripotent stem cells" used, the epidermis, nerve, brain, spinal cord, Functions equivalent to or similar to those of organs and tissues such as, but not limited to, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, bladder, urinary tract, lung, thyroid, pancreas, liver, muscle, skeleton, heart, blood vessels, spleen, kidney, etc.
- a structure having a structure can be obtained.
- the obtained biological tissue-like structure may then be recovered or may be placed in the living body as it is.
- the biological tissue-like structure may contain a plurality of clusters consisting of differentiated cells obtained by inducing differentiation from cells derived from pluripotent stem cells, connective tissue derived from the host animal, and blood vessels derived from the host animal.
- Differentiated cells obtained by inducing differentiation from cells derived from pluripotent stem cells form a plurality of clusters and are dispersed in a biological tissue-like structure.
- Each cluster has a diameter of about 10 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m, preferably about 50 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, and more preferably about 50 ⁇ m to 300 ⁇ m.
- / or each cluster consists of about 100 to about 1000 cells, preferably about 200 to about 800 cells, more preferably about 300 to about 500 cells.
- About 50 to 2000 clusters, preferably about 100 to 500 clusters may be dispersed in the biotissue-like structure, and this number is dispersed and arranged in the biocompatible material. It can vary depending on the number of cells derived from pluripotent stem cells.
- distributed and present is meant that each cluster of differentiated cells is widely distributed and present in a biological tissue-like structure without being localized to any site.
- distributed existence means that adjacent clusters are present with the connective tissue derived from the host animal intervening.
- the "connective tissue derived from the host animal” means an extracellular matrix produced by cells derived from the animal to which the composition is transplanted, and includes elastin, fibrillin, type I collagen, type III collagen and the like.
- connective tissue derived from the host animal differentiated cells exist so as to surround multiple clusters and fill the space between each cluster in the biological tissue-like structure.
- the "blood vessel derived from the host animal” means a blood vessel formed by cells derived from the animal into which the composition is transplanted and connected to the blood vessel of the host animal outside the biological tissue-like structure. Blood vessels derived from the host animal invade each cluster in the biological tissue-like structure, circulate blood to each cluster, supply oxygen and nutrients, and discharge waste products.
- embryonic embryonic follicle cells, progenitor tract cells, posterior anterior intestinal cells, and pancreatic precursors that appear in the process of differentiating from pluripotent stem cells to pancreatic ⁇ cells as pluripotent stem cell-derived cells.
- pluripotent stem cell-derived cells When cells, endocrine precursor cells, or insulin-producing cells, preferably insulin-producing cells, are used, these cells are induced to differentiate and mature in the above-mentioned compositions transplanted in vivo, and have a function equivalent to or similar to that of pancreatic islets. It is possible to obtain a biological tissue-like structure containing differentiated cells (hereinafter, referred to as "pancreatic island-like cells”) having the same.
- the islet-like cells are described in the following (a) to (g): (A) Expressing at least one marker of MAFA, UCN3, and IAPP, (B) The proportion of chromogranin A-positive cells (Chga + cells) is high.
- Ki67 + cells The proportion of Ki67-positive cells (Ki67 + cells) is low, (D) High proportion of glucagon-positive and insulin-negative cells (Gcg + Ins- cells), (E) Having an insulin secretory action in response to hypoglycemia, (F) Does not contain exocrine cells, (G) High proportion of insulin-positive and glucagon-negative cells (Ins + Gcg-cells), It can be characterized by one or more selected from.
- “plurality” means 2,3,4,5,6 or 7.
- the presence or absence of the features (a) to (g) is evaluated after 4 weeks, preferably after 8 weeks, after inducing differentiation of insulin-producing cells (that is, after transplanting the above-mentioned composition into a living body). can do.
- the ratio of a predetermined cell in islet-like cells means the ratio of the cell mass derived from the graft to the total number of cells.
- Pancreatic islet-like cells include pancreatic ⁇ -cells.
- Pancreatic ⁇ -cells express at least one marker of the maturation markers MAFA, UCN3, and IAPP.
- Pancreatic ⁇ -cells can also be characterized by a glucose-stimulated insulin secretagogue response.
- Pancreatic islet-like cells are characterized by containing Chga + cells at a proportion of about 50% or more.
- the proportion of Chga + cells in the islet-like cells is about 60% or more, more preferably about 70% or more, even more preferably about 90% or more, and particularly preferably about 95% or more (for example, about 97%). Above, about 98% or more).
- Chga + cells include cells that secrete hormones such as insulin and glucagon (endocrine cells), and this feature indicates that pancreatic islet-like cells contain a high proportion of endocrine cells.
- Pancreatic islet-like cells are characterized by containing Ki67-positive cells in a proportion of less than about 3%.
- the proportion of Ki67-positive cells in the islet-like cells is less than about 1%, more preferably less than about 0.8%, still more preferably less than about 0.5%.
- Pancreatic islet-like cells are characterized by containing Gcg + Ins- cells in a proportion of about 10% or more.
- the proportion of Gcg + Ins- cells in the islet-like cells is about 15% or more, more preferably about 20% or more, still more preferably about 25% or more.
- the upper limit of the ratio of Gcg + Ins- cells in the islet-like cells is not particularly limited, but can be, for example, about 50% or less, preferably about 45% or less, and more preferably about 40% or less.
- Gcg + Ins- is a marker of mature pancreatic ⁇ -cells, it indicates that islet-like cells contain mature pancreatic ⁇ -cells in a higher proportion than insulin-producing cells. It shows that islet-like cells are in a more mature differentiation stage than insulin-producing cells.
- Pancreatic islet-like cells are characterized by having an insulin secretory action in response to hypoglycemia.
- Insulin secretory action in response to hypoglycemia means that the amount of insulin secreted increases within 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, or 5 hours from the time of hypoglycemia.
- Hypoglycemia means that the glucose concentration in blood or medium is about 70 mg / dL or less.
- the amount of insulin secreted can be measured by any conventionally known means, and is not particularly limited, but can be measured by measuring the amount of C-peptide in blood or medium.
- the blood glucose level is controlled by secreting glucagon and the like, which promotes an increase in blood glucose level and antagonizes glucagon to secrete insulin.
- the islet-like cells of the present invention can control the blood glucose level with respect to hypoglycemia, and promote an increase in blood glucose level in response to hypoglycemia and antagonize this to secrete insulin.
- Pancreatic islet-like cells are characterized by being free of exocrine cells. That is, islet-like cells do not contain exocrine cells that secrete pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes such as amylase and lipase, which usually constitute most (about 95%) of the islets in the animal body.
- the term "exclude exocrine cells” is used not only when islet-like cells are completely free of exocrine cells, but also in islet-like cells 5% or less, 4% or less, 3% or less, 2% or less, 1 It may also include cases where exocrine cells are contained in a low proportion of% or less, or 0.5% or less.
- Pancreatic islet-like cells are characterized by a high proportion of Ins + Gcg-cells.
- the proportion of Ins + Gcg- cells in the islet-like cells is about 20% or more, more preferably about 30% or more, still more preferably about 40% or more.
- the upper limit of the ratio of Ins + Gcg-cells in islet-like cells is not particularly limited, but can be, for example, about 80% or less, preferably about 70% or less, and more preferably about 60% or less.
- Ins + Gcg- is a marker for mature pancreatic ⁇ -cells, it indicates that islet-like cells contain mature pancreatic ⁇ -cells in a higher proportion than insulin-producing cells. It shows that islet-like cells are in a more mature differentiation stage than insulin-producing cells.
- the islet-like cells can form clusters in which insulin-positive cells are arranged inside and glucagon-positive cells are arranged outside.
- the biological tissue-like structures obtained by this method have epidermis, nerves, brain, spinal cord, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, bladder, urinary tract, and lung, depending on the "cells derived from pluripotent stem cells" used. , Thyroid, pancreas, liver, muscle, skeleton, heart, blood vessels, spleen, kidney, etc. (but not limited to) organs and tissues that have the same or similar functions, and enhance or maintain the functions of those organs and tissues. It can be used to assist or supplement the functions of those organs and tissues that have been reduced or lost due to causes such as diseases and disorders.
- the biological tissue-like structure determines the blood glucose level (glucose) in the patient by the action of insulin or glucagon secreted by the islet-like cells.
- glucose level glucose
- the biological tissue-like structure determines the blood glucose level (glucose) in the patient by the action of insulin or glucagon secreted by the islet-like cells.
- Levels can be improved and / or maintained and blood glucose levels can be controlled to normal levels.
- the tissue-like structure can be used to treat or prevent diseases, disorders, or symptoms that require improvement and / or maintenance of blood glucose levels.
- diseases, disorders, or symptoms include diabetes (type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes), fasting and postprandial glucose level modulation, hypoglycemia (eg, hypoglycemia due to insulin administration in diabetic patients) and the like. These are, but are not limited to.
- treatment means treatment, cure, prevention of a disease, disorder, or symptom, improvement of remission, or reduction of the rate of progression of the disease, disorder, or symptom.
- prevention means reducing the likelihood or risk of developing a disease, disorder, or symptom, or delaying the onset of a disease, disorder, or symptom.
- Patients are mammals (eg, mice, rats, hamsters, rabbits, cats, dogs, cows, sheep, monkeys, humans), preferably humans.
- Example 1 Preparation of insulin-producing cells, transplantation, functional / morphological evaluation (STZ-Nod-sid mouse) 1.
- Method (1) Preparation of insulin-producing cells The induction of differentiation from the Ff-I14s04 iPS cell line into insulin-producing cells is carried out by using a bioreactor according to the above steps 1) to 6) and previously reported (Nature Biotechnology 2014; 32: 1121-1133). It was carried out by the three-dimensional culture method used.
- the iPS cells were first subjected to a medium (DMEM / 1% B27 / penicillin Streptomycin / dimethylsulfoxide) containing a differentiation-inducing factor (GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor, ROCK inhibitor and low-dose activin A) under the condition that insulin acts. After culturing, a second culture was performed in a medium (DMEM / 1% B27 / Penicillin Streptomycin / dimethylsulfoxide) containing a differentiation-inducing factor (low-dose activin A) under the condition that insulin did not act, and embryos in the embryo. Obtained cells.
- DMEM / 1% B27 / penicillin Streptomycin / dimethylsulfoxide containing a differentiation-inducing factor (GSK3 ⁇ inhibitor, ROCK inhibitor and low-dose activin A) under the condition that insulin acts.
- a second culture was performed in a medium (DMEM / 1% B27 / Penicillin Streptomycin / dimethylsulfoxide
- the endocrine progenitor cell population obtained by inducing differentiation from the germ layer cells in the embryonic body is divided into differentiation-inducing factors (ALK5 inhibitor II, T3, LDN, ⁇ -secretase inhibitor RO, ascorbic acid) and FGF receptor 1 inhibitor (PD-).
- the cells were cultured in a medium containing (166866) (Improved MEM / 1% B27 / Penicillin Progenitor cells) for 8 days.
- a medium (MCDB) containing some different differentiation-inducing factors (ALK5 inhibitor II, T3, ZnSO 4 , heparin, N-acetylcysteine, Trolox, R428, Y-27632) and FGF receptor 1 inhibitor (PD-166866).
- / ITS-X / 2% BSA / 20 mM glucose / NaHCO 3 / Glutamax / Penicillin Streptomycin) was cultured for 4 days to obtain insulin-producing cells in the form of spheroids
- the culture solution was removed as much as possible, 100 ⁇ L of fibrinogen solution was added, and the mixture was stirred well. Then, 1/2 amount (50 ⁇ L) of thrombin solution was added to the fibrinogen solution before the agglomerates settled. After adding the thrombin solution, it was allowed to stand at room temperature for 5 minutes or more to gel.
- FIG. 4 The macroscopic findings of the insulin-producing cell-derived biological tissue-like structure at 6 months after transplantation are shown in FIG.
- the HE-stained image of FIG. 5 is shown in FIG. 5
- the Masson's trichrome-stained image is shown in FIG.
- the macroscopic findings (FIG. 4) of the insulin-producing cell-derived biological tissue-like structure were rice grain-sized biological tissue-like structures without noticeable hypertrophy, and could be easily isolated subcutaneously. A total of 4 animals were dissected at the same time, but all had similar macroscopic findings.
- the biological tissue-like structure is 1) islet-like cell clusters derived from insulin-producing cells having a diameter of 50 to 500 ⁇ m, 2) fibrous tissues derived from hosts arranged so as to surround them, and 3) hosts. It was shown to be composed of derived vascular structures (Fig. 5-10).
- Fig. 7-10 Most of the cells derived from HuN-positive insulin-producing cells are islet-like cells (Fig. 7-10), and proliferation of non-target cells is not observed.
- Insulin-positive cells are distributed inside the islet-like cell cluster of 1), and glucagon-positive cells are distributed outside the islet-like cell cluster of 1), and such an arrangement is found in the prenatal fetal human pancreas or rodents. Observed in the islets of. Therefore, it is suggested that this biological tissue-like structure can function in decades as well as fetal human pancreatic islets.
- insulin-producing cells are dispersed in fibrin gel and transplanted into the living body, so that they engraft for a long time in the subcutaneous region where blood flow and nutrients are poor, and further mature while mixing with host cells.
- the formed subcutaneous tissue-like structure has a blood glucose level control function associated with physiological and sensitive insulin secretion regulation, similar to the pancreatic islets actually in the living body.
- Example 2 Formation and functional evaluation of insulin-producing cell-derived biological tissue-like structures in a living body having a diabetic condition 1.
- Method A fibrin gel in which insulin-producing cells prepared in (3) of Example 1 above are dispersed is subcutaneously placed in an immunodeficient NOD / SCID mouse in which diabetes is induced by streptozotocin (STZ) or a non-diabetic NOD / SCID mouse.
- STZ streptozotocin
- SCID non-diabetic NOD / SCID mouse
- the weight of the excised graft biotissue-like structure was measured, and after crushing and acid ethanol treatment, the insulin and glucagon contents in the graft biotissue-like structure were measured.
- the pancreas of each transplanted mouse and the pancreas of non-transplanted non-diabetic NOD / SCID mice were collected and the hormone content was measured in the same manner.
- the contents of each hormone in the graft biological tissue-like structure and in the pancreas are shown in FIG.
- the graft biotissue-like structure (right) had a higher content of insulin and glucagon per unit weight than the pancreas (left).
- the grafted tissue-like structure was shown to contain a high density of pancreatic endocrine cells, like islets in the pancreas.
- Example 3 Blood glucose control function of insulin-producing cell-derived biological tissue-like structure 1.
- Method The fibrin gel prepared in (3) of Example 1 above is used as an immunodeficient NOD / SCID mouse in which diabetes is induced by STZ, or a NOD / SCID having an Akita gene mutation that spontaneously develops diabetes. It was implanted subcutaneously in mice. From 14 weeks after transplantation, the following tests were performed using mice in which hyperglycemia was completely improved.
- Test (1) Glucose is forcibly orally administered to transiently raise the blood glucose level, and then the response of insulin-producing cell-derived biological tissue-like structures is measured in blood human C-peptide, glucagon and glucagon-like peptide. -1 Concentration was measured and evaluated. As a control, non-transplanted and non-diabetic NOD / SCID mice were used, and the blood concentrations of each endogenous hormone were measured.
- Test (2) In order to evaluate the involvement of glucagon in the response of the above-mentioned insulin-producing cell-derived biological tissue-like structure, glucagon receptor antagonist MK-0893 was forcibly orally administered before forcible administration of glucose, and the test (1) The same test as was performed. MK-0893 exhibits stronger antagonist activity against human glucagon receptors than mice (J Med Chem. 2012 Jul 12; 55 (13): 6137-48).
- Test (3) To evaluate the involvement of glucagon-like peptide-1 in insulin release by insulin-producing cell-derived biological tissue-like structures, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor antagonist Exendin-9 was subcutaneously sustained for 3 days using an osmotic pump. After administration, the blood human C-peptide concentration before and after administration was measured.
- Test (4) Insulin preparation glargine was subcutaneously administered to induce hypoglycemia, and the subsequent response of insulin-producing cell-derived biological tissue-like structures was evaluated by measuring blood human C-peptide.
- As a control non-transplanted and non-diabetic NOD / SCID mice were used, and the blood concentration of mouse C-peptide derived from endogenous islets was measured.
- Test (2) Blood glucose level and blood human C-peptide concentration after glucose loading are shown in FIG. Pretreatment with MK-0893 attenuated the transient increase in blood glucose level after glucose loading and also attenuated the increase in blood human C-peptide concentration. On the other hand, MK-0893 did not affect the blood glucose level and the blood concentration of endogenous mouse C-peptide in non-transplanted and non-diabetic mice. From these, it was shown that glucagon contributes to the glycemic control action by the biological tissue-like structure.
- Test (3) The human C-peptide concentration during satiety before and after administration of Endin-9 for 3 days is shown in FIG. Blood human C-peptide concentration decreased with continuous administration of Endin-9 and returned to pre-administration levels when administration was stopped. It has been shown that the release of human C-peptide by tissue-like structures is regulated by glucagon-like peptide-1.
- Test (4) Blood human C-peptide concentration decreased significantly when hypoglycemia was induced by administration of glargine. This change was similar to the change in blood concentration of endogenous mouse C-peptide in non-transplanted and non-diabetic mice. It was shown that the tissue-like structure exhibits an insulin secretagogue-like function similar to that of endogenous islets when hypoglycemia is induced.
- the insulin-producing cell-derived biological tissue-like structure formed by transplantation of fibrin gel in which insulin-producing cells are dispersed has a physiological glycemic control function in which multiple islet hormones contribute, similar to endogenous islets. It was shown to work.
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Abstract
Description
[1] 生体組織様構造体をホスト動物の生体組織内に作製する方法において使用される、生体適合性材料とヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞とを含む組成物であって、ヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞が生体適合性材料中に分散して配置されている、組成物。
[2] 生体適合性材料がフィブリンゲルである、[1]の組成物。
[3] フィブリンゲルが、前記組成物の使用の直前に、ヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞とフィブリノーゲンとトロンビンを混合してゲル化されたものである、[2]の組成物。
[4] ヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞が複数のスフェロイドの形態で存在する、[1]~[3]のいずれかの組成物。
[5] ヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞におけるKi67陽性細胞の割合が3%未満である、[1]~[4]のいずれかの組成物。
[6] ヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞がインスリン産生細胞である、[1]~[5]のいずれかの組成物。
[7] 前記方法が、前記組成物をホスト動物の生体組織中に移植して、生体適合性材料中に分散して配置されたヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞を分化誘導することを含む、[1]~[6]のいずれかの組成物。
[8] ホスト動物の生体組織が皮下組織である、[7]の組成物。
[9] 生体組織様構造体が、ヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞より分化誘導して得られた分化細胞からなる複数のクラスター、ホスト動物由来の結合組織、ならびにホスト動物由来の血管を含み、該分化細胞からなる複数のクラスターが生体組織様構造体中に分散して存在し、該結合組織が該分化細胞からなる複数のクラスターの周囲を取り囲み、該血管が該分化細胞からなる複数のクラスターへと侵入している、[1]~[8]のいずれかの組成物。
[10] 前記分化細胞が外分泌細胞を含まない、[9]の組成物。
[11] ヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞より分化誘導して得られた分化細胞からなる複数のクラスター、ホスト動物由来の結合組織、ならびにホスト動物由来の血管を含む生体組織様構造体であって、該分化細胞からなる複数のクラスターが生体組織様構造体中に分散して存在し、該結合組織が該分化細胞からなる複数のクラスターの周囲を取り囲み、該血管が該分化細胞からなる複数のクラスターへと侵入している、生体組織様構造体。
[12] 前記分化細胞が膵β細胞を含む、[11]の生体組織様構造体。
[12−A]前記分化細胞が膵β細胞及び膵α細胞を含む、[11]の生体組織様構造体。
[13] 前記分化細胞が外分泌細胞を含まない、[11]~[12−A]のいずれかの生体組織様構造体。
[14] 前記生体組織様構造体が移植された被検体の血糖値を正常値にコントロールするために用いられる、[11]~[14]のいずれかの生体組織様構造体。
[15] 生体組織様構造体の製造方法であって、
生体適合性材料とヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞とを含む組成物であって、ヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞が生体適合性材料中に分散して配置されている、組成物をホスト動物の生体組織中に移植して分化誘導することを含む、方法。
[16] 生体適合性材料がフィブリンゲルである、[15]の方法。
[17] フィブリンゲルが、前記組成物の使用の直前に、ヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞とフィブリノーゲンとトロンビンを混合してゲル化される、[16]の方法。
[18] ヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞が複数のスフェロイドの形態で存在する、[15]~[17]のいずれかの方法。
[19] ヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞におけるKi67陽性細胞の割合が3%未満である、[15]~[18]のいずれかの方法。
[20] ヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞がインスリン産生細胞である、[15]~[19]のいずれかの方法。
[21] ホスト動物の生体組織が皮下組織である、[15]~[20]のいずれかの方法。
[22] 生体組織様構造体が、分散したヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞より分化誘導して得られた分化細胞からなる複数のクラスター、ホスト動物由来の結合組織、ならびにホスト動物由来の血管を含み、該分化細胞からなる複数のクラスターが生体組織様構造体中に分散して存在し、該結合組織が該分化細胞からなる複数のクラスターの周囲を取り囲み、該血管が該分化細胞からなる複数のクラスターへと侵入している、[15]~[21]のいずれかの方法。
[23] 前記分化細胞が外分泌細胞を含まない、[15]~[22]のいずれかの方法。
本明細書において、「約」とは、基準値に対してプラス又はマイナスそれぞれ25%、20%、10%、8%、6%、5%、4%、3%、2%又は1%まで変動する値を示す。好ましくは、「約」又は「およそ」という用語は、基準値に対してプラス又はマイナスそれぞれ15%、10%、5%、又は1%の範囲を示す。
また、これらの化合物は、FGFR1阻害活性を有する限り、好ましくはFGFR1の50%阻害濃度(IC50)が100nM以下である限り、一部の部分構造(置換基、環等)が変換されていてもよい。
また、本明細書において、「細胞」とは、ヒト細胞が好ましい。
2−1.多能性幹細胞由来の細胞
本明細書において、「多能性(pluripotency)」とは、種々の異なった形態や機能を持つ組織や細胞に分化でき、3胚葉のどの系統の細胞にも分化し得る能力を意味する。「多能性(pluripotency)」は、胚盤には分化できず、したがって個体を形成する能力はないという点で、胚盤を含めて、生体のあらゆる組織に分化しうる「全能性(totipotency)」とは区別される。
a. MAFA遺伝子又はそのタンパク質の発現量が低いこと、
b. Ki67陽性細胞の割合が低いこと、
c. グルカゴン陽性かつインスリン陰性細胞の割合が低いこと、
d. グルコース刺激性インスリン分泌応答を示すこと、
e. クロモグラニンA陽性細胞の割合が高いこと、
f. アルカリフォスファターゼ陽性の多能性幹細胞の割合が低いこと、
から選択される一又は複数により特徴付けることができる。ここで「複数」とは、2,3,4,5又は6を意味する。
本発明におけるインスリン産生細胞は、MAFA遺伝子又はそのタンパク質の発現量が、膵島におけるMAFA遺伝子又はそのタンパク質の発現量と比べて低いことを特徴とする。
本発明におけるインスリン産生細胞は、Ki67陽性細胞を3%未満の割合で含むことを特徴とする。
本発明におけるインスリン産生細胞は、グルカゴン陽性かつIns−細胞を3%未満の割合で含むことを特徴とする。以下、本明細書中において「グルカゴン陽性」を「Gcg+と記載する場合がある。また、「グルカゴン陽性かつインスリン陰性細胞」を「Gcg+Ins−細胞」と記載する場合がある。
本発明におけるインスリン産生細胞は、グルコース刺激性インスリン分泌(GSIS:Glucose Stimulated Insulin Secretion)応答を示す。
インスリン産生細胞におけるGSIS応答は、従来公知の手法(例えば、米国出願第11/773,944号)に準じて行うことができ、例えば、培地中に分泌されるC−ペプチドの量を測定することにより評価することができる。C−ペプチドは、プロインスリンの成熟化の間に、インスリンに対して等モル量にて産生される分解産物である。C−ペプチドの量を測定は、例えば、抗C−ペプチドモノクローナル抗体を用いたELISAにより行うことができる。
本発明におけるインスリン産生細胞は、クロモグラニンA陽性細胞を約45%超の割合で含むことを特徴とする。
本発明におけるインスリン産生細胞は、アルカリフォスファターゼ陽性の多能性幹細胞を約0.01%未満の割合で含むことを特徴とする。
工程1)多能性幹細胞から胚体内胚葉細胞へと分化誘導する;
工程2)胚体内胚葉細胞から原腸管細胞へと分化誘導する;
工程3)原腸管細胞から後方前腸細胞へと分化誘導する;
工程4)後方前腸細胞から膵前駆細胞へと分化誘導する;
工程5)膵前駆細胞から内分泌前駆細胞へと分化誘導する;
工程6)内分泌前駆細胞からインスリン産生細胞へと分化誘導する。
以下、各工程を説明するが、各細胞への分化誘導はこれらの手法に限定されない。
多能性幹細胞は、低用量のアクチビンAを含む培地中で培養して、胚体内胚葉細胞に分化させる。
別の態様として、アクチビンAの培地中の濃度は、約0.1~100ng/ml、好ましくは約1~50ng/ml、より好ましくは約3~10ng/mlである。
「インスリンが作用する条件」とは、インスリンによって細胞におけるインスリンシグナル伝達経路の活性化を生じる条件を意味する。通常、インスリンは、細胞膜表面上に存在するインスリンレセプターと結合し、レセプターに内在するチロシンキナーゼを活性化させ、インスリンレセプター基質タンパクファミリー(IRS:IRS−1,2,3)をチロシンリン酸化する。本明細書においては、インスリンとインスリンレセプターとの結合により開始されるこれら一連の反応が生じることを、「インスリンシグナル伝達経路の活性化を生じる」という。
「インスリンが作用しない条件」とは、インスリンによる細胞におけるインスリンシグナル伝達経路の活性化が生じない条件を意味する。「細胞におけるインスリンシグナル伝達経路の活性化を生じない」とは、当該インスリンシグナル伝達経路の活性化が全く生じないことを意味するだけでなく、インスリン非存在下における当該インスリンシグナル伝達経路の活性化と比べて有意な差が認められない程度のわずかな活性化しか生じない場合も意味するものである。したがって、「インスリンが作用しない条件」とは、例えば、培地中にインスリンが含まれないこと、あるいは、培地中にインスリンが含まれる場合であっても、その量が前記有意な差が認められない程度のわずかな活性化しか生じない量で含まれる条件が挙げられる。あるいは、培地中にインスリンが含まれる場合であっても、一緒にインスリンシグナル阻害剤を含むことによって、前記インスリンシグナル伝達経路の活性化が生じない場合も意味する。「インスリンシグナル阻害剤」は、インスリンシグナル伝達経路をいずれかの位置で遮断することが可能な成分を意味する。このようなインスリンシグナル阻害剤としては、インスリン、インスリンレセプター、シグナル伝達物質として作用する各種タンパク質等に結合して又は競合し、これら因子が関与する分子間の相互作用を阻害するポリペプチドや化合物等が挙げられる。例えば、このようなインスリンシグナル阻害剤としては、PI3キナーゼの触媒サブユニットへのATP結合を競合阻害するLY294002[2−(4−モルホリニル)−8−フェニル−4H−1−ベンゾピラン−4−オン]等が挙げられる。インスリンシグナル阻害剤はこれらに限定されるものではなく、インスリン、インスリンレセプター、シグナル伝達物質として作用する各種タンパク質に結合する抗体やそれらのドミナントネガティブ型変異体、ならびにインスリンレセプターやシグナル伝達物質として作用する各種タンパク質のmRNAに対するアンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドやsiRNA等もインスリンシグナル阻害剤として使用することができる。インスリンシグナル阻害剤は、商業的に入手可能であるか公知の方法に従って合成することができる。
工程1)で得られた胚体内胚葉細胞を、さらに増殖因子を含む培地で培養して原腸管細胞に分化誘導する。培養期間は2日~8日、好ましくは約4日である。
培養温度は、特に限定されないが、30~40℃(例えば、37℃)で行う。また、培養容器中の二酸化炭素濃度は例えば5%程度である。培養は2次元培養及び3次元培養のいずれで行ってもよい。
工程2)で得られた原腸管細胞を、さらに増殖因子、シクロパミン、ノギン等を含む培地で培養し、後方前腸細胞に分化誘導する。培養期間は1日~5日、好ましくは約2日程度である。培養は2次元培養及び3次元培養のいずれで行ってもよい。
また培地にはジメチルスルホキシドを添加してもよい。
工程3)で得られた後方前腸細胞を、さらにCDK8/19阻害活性を有する因子を含む培地、好ましくはCDK8/19阻害活性を有する因子と増殖因子を含む培地で培養し、膵前駆細胞に分化誘導してもよい。培養期間は2日~10日、好ましくは約5日程度である。培養は2次元培養及び3次元培養のいずれで行ってもよい。2次元培養の場合には、工程3)で得られた後方前腸細胞を、既報(Toyoda et al.,Stem cell Research(2015)14,185−197)に従い、0.25%トリプシン−EDTAで処理後にピペッティングすることにより分散し、0.25%トリプシン−EDTAを遠心分離して懸濁した後、工程4)の新しい培地に再播種する。
また、培地にはジメチルスルホキシド、アクチビン(1~50ng/ml)を添加してもよい。
培養は2次元培養及び3次元培養のいずれで行ってもよい。培養温度は、特に限定されないが、30~40℃(例えば、37℃)で行う。また、培養容器中の二酸化炭素濃度は例えば5%程度である。
工程4)で得られた膵前駆細胞を、さらに増殖因子を含む培地で培養して内分泌前駆細胞に分化誘導する。培養は2次元培養及び3次元培養のいずれで行ってもよい。2次元培養の場合には、工程4)で得られた膵前駆細胞を、0.25%トリプシン−EDTAで処理後にピペッティングすることにより分散し、0.25%トリプシン−EDTAを遠心分離して懸濁した後、工程5)の新しい培地に再播種する。培養期間は2日~3日、好ましくは約2日である。
培養温度は、特に限定されないが、30~40℃(例えば、37℃)で行う。また、培養容器中の二酸化炭素濃度は例えば5%程度である。
工程5)で得られた内分泌前駆細胞を、さらにFGFR1阻害剤を含む培地で培養してインスリン産生細胞に分化誘導する。培養期間は10日~30日、好ましくは約10~20日である。
FGFR1阻害剤を含む培地中で、細胞を培養することによって、得られるインスリン産生細胞におけるKi67陽性細胞の増殖を抑制することができる。
本明細書において「生体適合性材料」とは生体内に移植し、短期又は長期留置した場合に、顕著な免疫応答や有害な生体反応(例えば、毒性反応、凝血等)を誘導しない任意の材料を意味する。好ましくは、「生体適合性材料」は移植後、ホストの血管新生、結合組織の産生を促すものである。また、「生体適合性材料」は生分解性材料であることが好ましい。このような材料としては、ポリ乳酸(PLA)、ポリカプロラクトン(PCL)、ポリウレタン(PU)、ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)、ポリヒドロキシエチルメタクリレート、ポリグリコール酸(PGA)、ポリ乳酸−co−グリコール酸(PLGA)、ポリ(3−ヒドロキシブチレート−co−ヒドロキシバリレート)(PHBV)、ポリ(エチレン−co−ビニルアセテート)(PEVA)ポリアクリルアミド、ポリエチレンオキシド、ポリエチレンアミン、ポリヒドロキシ酪酸、ポリ(N−ビニルピロリドン)、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリフマル酸プロピレン、ポリアクリル酸、ポリe−カプロラクトン、ポリメタクリル酸、ポリビニリデンジフルオライド(PVDF)、ペクチン酸、ヒアルロン酸、ヘパリン硫酸、コンドロイチン硫酸、ヘパラン硫酸プロテオグリカン、ヘパリン、キチン、キトサン、キサンタン、カルボキシメチルセルロース、カルボキシメチルキトサン、アルギン酸、アルギン酸エステル、コラーゲン、セルロース、シルクフィブロイン、ケラチン、ゼラチン、フィブリン、プルラン、ラミニン、ゲラン、シリコン、ウレタン、エラスチン等及びそれらの修飾体、ならびにそれらの組み合わせが挙げられる。「生体適合性材料」の表面は必要に応じて、細胞の接着を可能とする表面修飾(例えば、細胞接着用基質(コラーゲン、ゼラチン、ポリ−L−リジン、ポリ−D−リジン、ラミニン、フィブロネクチン、マトリゲル、ビトロネクチン等)によるコーティング)や、細胞の増殖、分化や機能を制御することが知られている官能基(例えば、アミノ基、カルボキシル基、水酸基、メタクリル酸基、アクリル酸基等)での改変、が施されていてもよい。「生体適合性材料」は、ブロック状、ビーズ状、ペレット状、球状、シート状、ゲル状、等の任意の形態を有することができ、中実又は多孔性とすることができる。「生体適合性材料」の形状としては、立体形状が好ましく、例えば、球体、四面体、六面体等の多面体、円柱、角柱、円錐、円錐台、角錐、角錐台、トーラス体、円盤体、楕円体それらの変形立体などであってもよく、細胞が生体適合性材料内に分散できる形状であればよい。「生体適合性材料」は生体内への移植及び留置が可能な大きさであればよく、例えば、辺の長さが最も長いところで(円であれば直径)約0.1~3.0cm、好ましくは約0.5~2.0cmであり、厚さが約0.1~2.0cm、好ましくは約0.3~1.5cmとすることができる。生体適合性材料中に含まれる細胞は約50万個~500万個、好ましくは約100万個~300万個程度からなる。
本明細書において「生体組織様構造体」とは、表皮、神経、脳、脊髄、食道、胃、小腸、大腸、膀胱、尿道、肺、甲状腺、膵臓、肝臓、筋肉、骨格、心臓、血管、脾臓、腎臓等(これらに限定はされない)の生体器官や組織と同等又は類似する機能を有する構造体を意味する。生体組織様構造体は、多能性幹細胞由来の細胞が生体適合性材料中に分散して配置されてなる組成物を動物生体内に移植し、留置して、多能性幹細胞由来の細胞を分化誘導することにより得ることができる。
(a)MAFA、UCN3、及びIAPPの少なくとも一つのマーカーを発現すること、
(b)クロモグラニンA陽性細胞(Chga+細胞)の割合が高いこと、
(c)Ki67陽性細胞(Ki67+細胞)の割合が低いこと、
(d)グルカゴン陽性かつインスリン陰性細胞(Gcg+Ins−細胞)の割合が高いこと、
(e)低血糖に応答したインスリン分泌作用を有すること、
(f)外分泌細胞を含まないこと、
(g)インスリン陽性かつグルカゴン陰性細胞(Ins+Gcg−細胞)の割合が高いこと、
から選択される一又は複数により特徴付けることができる。ここで「複数」とは、2,3,4,5,6又は7を意味する。
膵島様細胞には、膵β細胞が含まれる。膵β細胞は成熟マーカーであるMAFA、UCN3、及びIAPPの少なくとも一つのマーカーを発現する。また、膵β細胞はグルコース刺激によるインスリン分泌上昇反応によっても特徴付けることができる。
膵島様細胞は、Chga+細胞を約50%以上の割合で含むことを特徴とする。好ましくは、膵島様細胞における、Chga+細胞の割合は約60%以上であり、より好ましくは約70%以上、よりさらに好ましくは約90%以上、とりわけ好ましくは約95%以上(例えば、約97%以上、約98%以上)である。
膵島様細胞は、Ki67陽性細胞を約3%未満の割合で含むことを特徴とする。好ましくは、膵島様細胞における、Ki67陽性細胞の割合は約1%未満、より好ましくは約0.8%未満、さらに好ましくは約0.5%未満である。
膵島様細胞は、Gcg+Ins−細胞を約10%以上の割合で含むことを特徴とする。好ましくは、膵島様細胞における、Gcg+Ins−細胞の割合は約15%以上であり、より好ましくは約20%以上、よりさらに好ましくは約25%以上である。膵島様細胞におけるGcg+Ins−細胞の割合の上限は特に限定されないが、例えば、約50%以下、好ましくは約45%以下、より好ましくは約40%以下とすることができる。
膵島様細胞は、低血糖に応答したインスリン分泌作用を有することを特徴とする。「低血糖に応答したインスリン分泌作用」とは、低血糖時から1時間以内、2時間以内、3時間以内、4時間以内、又は5時間以内にインスリン分泌量が増加することを意味する。「低血糖」とは血中又は培地中のグルコース濃度が、約70mg/dL以下である場合を意味する。インスリン分泌量の測定は従来公知の任意の手段で行うことができ、特に限定はされないが、血中又は培地中のC−ペプチド量を測定することにより行うことができる。
膵島様細胞は、外分泌細胞を含まないことを特徴とする。すなわち、動物生体内の膵島において通常その大部分(約95%)を構成する、アミラーゼやリパーゼなどの消化酵素を含む膵液を分泌する外分泌細胞は、膵島様細胞には含まれない。「外分泌細胞を含まない」との用語には、膵島様細胞において外分泌細胞が全く含まれない場合だけでなく、膵島様細胞において5%以下、4%以下、3%以下、2%以下、1%以下、又は0.5%以下の低い割合で外分泌細胞が含まれる場合も包含し得る。
膵島様細胞は、Ins+Gcg−細胞の割合が高いことを特徴とする。好ましくは、膵島様細胞における、Ins+Gcg−細胞の割合は約20%以上であり、より好ましくは約30%以上、よりさらに好ましくは約40%以上である。膵島様細胞におけるIns+Gcg−細胞の割合の上限は特に限定されないが、例えば、約80%以下、好ましくは約70%以下、より好ましくは約60%以下とすることができる。
本手法により得られた生体組織様構造体は、用いた「多能性幹細胞由来の細胞」に応じて、表皮、神経、脳、脊髄、食道、胃、小腸、大腸、膀胱、尿道、肺、甲状腺、膵臓、肝臓、筋肉、骨格、心臓、血管、脾臓、腎臓等(これらに限定はされない)の器官や組織と同等又は類似する機能を有し、それら器官や組織の機能を増強又は維持するために、あるいは、疾患や障害等の原因により低減又は消失したそれら器官や組織の機能を補助又は補充するために利用することができる。
本発明の一実施形態として、生体組織様構造体が前述の膵島様細胞を含む場合、当該生体組織様構造体は膵島様細胞の分泌するインスリンやグルカゴンの働きにより患者における血糖値(グルコース)のレベルを改善及び/又は維持することができ、血糖値を正常値にコントロールすることができる。
1.方法
(1)インスリン産生細胞の作製
Ff−I14s04 iPS細胞株からインスリン産生細胞への分化誘導は、上記工程1)~6)や既報(Nature Biotechnology 2014;32:1121−1133)に従い、バイオリアクターを用いた3次元培養法により実施した。
すなわち、iPS細胞をインスリンが作用する条件下で分化誘導因子(GSK3β阻害剤、ROCK阻害剤及び低用量のアクチビンA)を含む培地(DMEM/1%B27/Penisilin Streptomycin/ジメチルスルホキシド)で第1の培養を行い、続いて、インスリンが作用しない条件下で分化誘導因子(低用量のアクチビンA)を含む培地(DMEM/1%B27/Penisilin Streptomycin/ジメチルスルホキシド)で第2の培養を行い胚体内胚葉細胞を得た。
(1)で作製したインスリン産生細胞のタンパク質発現(インスリン、NKX6.1、クロモグラニン、Ki67)をフローサイトメトリーにより測定した。
フィブリンゲル作製用のフィブリノーゲン(メルクミリポア、341576−100MG)を、事前に基礎培地(MCDB)に10mg/mLとなるように溶解し、使用まで−80℃にて保存した。トロンビン(シグマ、10602400001)を、PBS(−)に50U/mLとなるように溶解し、使用まで−80℃にて保存した。フィブリノーゲン溶液とトロンビン溶液は、使用直前に溶解して使用した。
(1)で作製したインスリン産生細胞のスフェロイド(直径50~500μm程度の大きさを有し、総数としては300万cellsを含む)を1.5mLチューブに集め沈降させる。沈降後、培養液をできるだけ除き、100μLのフィブリノーゲン溶液を加え、良く攪拌した。次いで、凝集塊が沈降しないうちに、フィブリノーゲン溶液に対し1/2量(50μL)のトロンビン溶液を加えた。トロンビン溶液を加えてから5分以上、室温で放置し、ゲル化させた。
(3)で作製したインスリン産生細胞が分散されたフィブリンゲルを、ストレプトゾトシン(STZ)により糖尿病を誘発した免疫不全NOD/SCIDマウスの皮下に移植した(iPIC群)。移植後、血液中のヒトC−ペプチド(インスリン産生細胞由来インスリンの指標)の濃度及び血糖値を測定し、インスリン産生細胞の生着および機能を評価した。対照として非移植個体(sham群)および非糖尿病NOD/SCIDマウス(control群)を設け、同様の指標を測定、評価した。
インスリン産生細胞が分散されたフィブリンゲルを皮下移植し、6ヶ月経過した時点で、一過的に血糖値を上昇させるためにグルコース強制経口投与を行い、その後のインスリン産生細胞の応答を血漿中グルコース濃度および血中ヒトC−ペプチド濃度を測定して評価した。
移植から6ヶ月後に摘出したインスリン産生細胞由来生体組織様構造体をパラホルムアルデヒドにて固定した。固定した生体組織様構造体から、パラフィン切片および凍結切片を作製した。パラフィン切片を用いて、HE染色およびマッソントリクローム染色を行った。また、凍結切片を用いて、目的タンパク質発現(ヒト核(HuN)、PDX1、インスリン(INS)、グルカゴン(GCG)、マウスCD31(mCD31)、クロモグラニンA(CHGA)、Ki67)を免疫組織染色により評価した。
(1)移植前のインスリン産生細胞のタンパク質発現評価
移植前のインスリン産生細胞について、フローサイトメトリーによる測定結果を図1に、また、インスリン陽性/NKX6.1陽性細胞率、クロモグラニンA陽性細胞率、Ki67陽性細胞率を表1に示す。移植前のインスリン産生細胞は、95%以上がクロモグラニンA陽性の内分泌細胞であり、移植後β細胞に成熟するインスリン陽性/NKX6.1陽性細胞が42.6%、α細胞に成熟するインスリン陽性/NKX6.1陰性細胞が30.3%の細胞集団であった。また、増殖マーカーであるKi67陽性細胞は0.4%と極僅かであった。
移植後の血中ヒトC−ペプチド濃度及び血糖値の測定結果を図2および表2に示す。インスリン産生細胞が分散されたフィブリンゲルを移植した動物では、移植から3ヶ月後には血液中に高濃度のヒトC−ペプチドが検出され、それに伴い高血糖が改善した。血糖値は6ヶ月後まで正常レベルを維持した。以上より、移植したインスリン産生細胞が分散されたフィブリンゲルが皮下においてホスト細胞と混ざり合いながら分化、成熟し、機能する生体組織様構造体を形成することが示唆された。
グルコース負荷後の血中ヒトC−ペプチド濃度および血漿中グルコース濃度を図3に示す。インスリン産生細胞が分散されたフィブリンゲルの移植により形成された生体組織様構造体は、移植から6ヶ月の時点で、鋭敏なグルコース応答性の血中ヒトC−ペプチドを分泌を示した。移植部位が皮下にも関わらず、グルコース付加15分後から明確な血中ヒトC−ペプチド上昇が認められており、豊富な血流を介した実際の膵島さながらの生体応答が確認された。また、血糖低下に伴い血中ヒトC−ペプチドも低下しており、低血糖の懸念も少ないと推察される。
移植から6ヶ月時点のインスリン産生細胞由来生体組織様構造体の肉眼所見を図4に、摘出した生体組織様構造体のHE染色像を図5に、マッソントリクローム染色像を図6に、目的タンパク質発現をそれぞれ免疫組織染色した結果を図7−10に示す。
インスリン産生細胞由来生体組織様構造体の肉眼所見(図4)は、目立った肥大もなく、米粒大の生体組織様構造体であり、容易に皮下から単離可能であった。同時期に計4匹解剖しているが、すべて同様の肉眼所見であった。組織学的評価から、生体組織様構造体は、1)直径50~500μmのインスリン産生細胞由来の膵島様細胞クラスター、2)それを取り囲むように配置されたホスト由来の線維性組織、3)ホスト由来の血管構造により構成されていることが示された(図5−10)。
1.方法
上記実施例1の(3)で作製したインスリン産生細胞が分散されたフィブリンゲルを、ストレプトゾトシン(STZ)により糖尿病を誘発した免疫不全NOD/SCIDマウス、又は非糖尿病のNOD/SCIDマウスの皮下にそれぞれ移植した。移植28週後まで、飽食時の血中ヒトC−ペプチド、グルカゴンおよび血糖値を測定した。
28週後に全個体についてインスリン産生細胞由来生体組織様構造体を摘出した。摘出した移植片生体組織様構造体の重量を測定し、破砕、酸エタノ−ル処理した後に移植片生体組織様構造体中のインスリンおよびグルカゴン含量を測定した。対照として各移植マウスの膵臓および非移植の非糖尿病NOD/SCIDマウスの膵臓を採取し、同様にホルモン含量を測定した。
血液中のヒトC−ペプチドおよびグルカゴンの濃度ならびに血糖値の推移を図11に示す。インスリン産生細胞が分散されたフィブリンゲルの移植28週後まで持続的に血中にヒトC−ペプチドを検出した。血中グルカゴン濃度も上昇しており、糖尿病および非糖尿病の非移植マウスに比べて高値であった。インスリン産生細胞が分散されたフィブリンゲルは皮下環境で長期生着し、そして形成された生体組織様構造体は複数の膵島ホルモンを放出することが示唆された。糖尿病マウスの高血糖は移植12週後までに改善し、血糖値は28週後まで正常域を維持した。生体組織様構造体を摘出すると移植前の高血糖状態に完全に戻ったため、持続的かつ安定した高血糖改善作用は生体組織様構造体に由来することが示された。
移植片生体組織様構造体中および膵臓中の各ホルモン含量を図12に示す。膵臓(左)と比較して、移植片生体組織様構造体(右)は単位重量当たりのインスリンおよびグルカゴンの含量が多かった。移植片生体組織様構造体は、膵臓中の膵島のように膵内分泌細胞を高密度に含んでいることが示された。
1.方法
上記実施例1の(3)で作製したインスリン産生細胞が分散されたフィブリンゲルを、STZにより糖尿病を誘発した免疫不全NOD/SCIDマウス、または糖尿病を自然発症するAkita遺伝子変異を有するNOD/SCIDマウスの皮下に移植した。移植14週後以降、高血糖が完全に改善したマウスを用いて以下の試験を実施した。
試験(1):グルコ−ス負荷後の血中グルカゴンおよびグルカゴン様ペプチド−1濃度を図13に示す。グルコ−ス負荷により血中ヒトC−ペプチドおよびグルカゴン様ペプチド−1濃度は一過的に上昇し、血中グルカゴン濃度は低下傾向を示した。移植マウスでは非移植・非糖尿病マウスに比べて血中グルカゴン様ペプチド−1およびグルカゴンの血中濃度が高値を示し、生体組織様構造体がこれらのホルモンを放出していることが示唆された。
Claims (23)
- 生体組織様構造体をホスト動物の生体組織内に作製する方法において使用される、生体適合性材料とヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞とを含む組成物であって、ヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞が生体適合性材料中に分散して配置されている、組成物。
- 生体適合性材料がフィブリンゲルである、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- フィブリンゲルが、前記組成物の使用の直前に、ヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞とフィブリノーゲンとトロンビンを混合してゲル化されたものである、請求項2に記載の組成物。
- ヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞が複数のスフェロイドの形態で存在する、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- ヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞におけるKi67陽性細胞の割合が3%未満である、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- ヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞がインスリン産生細胞である、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記方法が、前記組成物をホスト動物の生体組織中に移植して、生体適合性材料中に分散して配置されたヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞を分化誘導することを含む、請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- ホスト動物の生体組織が皮下組織である、請求項7に記載の組成物。
- 生体組織様構造体が、ヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞より分化誘導して得られた分化細胞からなる複数のクラスター、ホスト動物由来の結合組織、ならびにホスト動物由来の血管を含み、該分化細胞からなる複数のクラスターが生体組織様構造体中に分散して存在し、該結合組織が該分化細胞からなる複数のクラスターの周囲を取り囲み、該血管が該分化細胞からなる複数のクラスターへと侵入している、請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記分化細胞が外分泌細胞を含まない、請求項9に記載の組成物。
- ヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞より分化誘導して得られた分化細胞からなる複数のクラスター、ホスト動物由来の結合組織、ならびにホスト動物由来の血管を含む生体組織様構造体であって、該分化細胞からなる複数のクラスターが生体組織様構造体中に分散して存在し、該結合組織が該分化細胞からなる複数のクラスターの周囲を取り囲み、該血管が該分化細胞からなる複数のクラスターへと侵入している、生体組織様構造体。
- 前記分化細胞が膵β細胞を含む、請求項11に記載の生体組織様構造体。
- 前記分化細胞が外分泌細胞を含まない、請求項11又は12に記載の生体組織様構造体。
- 前記生体組織様構造体が移植された被検体の血糖値を正常値にコントロールするために用いられる、請求項11~13のいずれか一項に記載の生体組織様構造体。
- 生体組織様構造体の製造方法であって、
生体適合性材料とヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞とを含む組成物であって、ヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞が生体適合性材料中に分散して配置されている、組成物をホスト動物の生体組織中に移植して分化誘導することを含む、方法。 - 生体適合性材料がフィブリンゲルである、請求項15に記載の方法。
- フィブリンゲルが、前記組成物の使用の直前に、ヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞とフィブリノーゲンとトロンビンを混合してゲル化される、請求項16に記載の方法。
- ヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞が複数のスフェロイドの形態で存在する、請求項15~17のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- ヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞におけるKi67陽性細胞の割合が3%未満である、請求項15~18のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- ヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞がインスリン産生細胞である、請求項15~19のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- ホスト動物の生体組織が皮下組織である、請求項15~20のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 生体組織様構造体が、分散したヒト多能性幹細胞由来の細胞より分化誘導して得られた分化細胞からなる複数のクラスター、ホスト動物由来の結合組織、ならびにホスト動物由来の血管を含み、該分化細胞からなる複数のクラスターが生体組織様構造体中に分散して存在し、該結合組織が該分化細胞からなる複数のクラスターの周囲を取り囲み、該血管が該分化細胞からなる複数のクラスターへと侵入している、請求項15~21のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記分化細胞が外分泌細胞を含まない、請求項15~22のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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| JP2025000878A (ja) | 2025-01-07 |
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| AU2020270703A1 (en) | 2021-11-04 |
| JP7630830B2 (ja) | 2025-02-18 |
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