WO2020080418A1 - 鉛蓄電池およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
鉛蓄電池およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2020080418A1 WO2020080418A1 PCT/JP2019/040714 JP2019040714W WO2020080418A1 WO 2020080418 A1 WO2020080418 A1 WO 2020080418A1 JP 2019040714 W JP2019040714 W JP 2019040714W WO 2020080418 A1 WO2020080418 A1 WO 2020080418A1
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- negative electrode
- current collector
- positive electrode
- electrode material
- bone
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/06—Lead-acid accumulators
- H01M10/12—Construction or manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/14—Electrodes for lead-acid accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/14—Electrodes for lead-acid accumulators
- H01M4/16—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/20—Processes of manufacture of pasted electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/70—Carriers or collectors characterised by shape or form
- H01M4/72—Grids
- H01M4/73—Grids for lead-acid accumulators, e.g. frame plates
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/82—Multi-step processes for manufacturing carriers for lead-acid accumulators
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a lead storage battery and a method for manufacturing the same.
- Lead-acid batteries are used for various purposes such as in-vehicle use and industrial use.
- the lead storage battery includes an electrode group in which positive electrode plates and negative electrode plates are alternately laminated with separators interposed therebetween.
- the electrode plate is composed of a current collector and an electrode material held by the current collector.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a lead grid plate obtained by press-punching a rolled plate of a lead alloy, in which the thickness of the internal vertical and horizontal bars is smaller than the thickness of the outer frame and the outer frame has a thickness of 0.
- a lead grid plate for a lead storage battery is proposed, which is characterized by having a thickness of 8 to 1.5 mm and a thickness of the inner crosspiece of 0.6 to 0.8 mm.
- the thickness of internal vertical and horizontal bars is obtained by applying deformation in the thickness direction to the inner frame of the lead grid plate obtained by press-punching a lead alloy rolled plate having a thickness of 1.2 to 1.5 mm. It proposes a lead grid plate for a lead storage battery, characterized in that the thickness is set in the range of 0.6 to 0.8 mm.
- the thickness of the inner frame is made thinner than the thickness of the outer frame, and the holding surface for the active material is recessed stepwise with respect to the outer frame.
- the holding amount of the active material can be significantly increased compared to a lead grid plate of uniform thickness, and the holding power of the active material can be greatly improved without roughening the surface of the lead grid plate. ing.
- One aspect of the present invention is a lead-acid battery including a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, and an electrolytic solution, wherein the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate are a current collector and an electrode held by the current collector, respectively.
- a material the current collector has a frame bone, an ear provided on the frame bone, and an internal bone inside the frame bone, and the frame bone has an upper element continuous with the ear and an upper portion.
- the fibrous tissue is composed of a first part extending along the contour of the cross section and a second part other than the first part.
- the ratio of the length of the contour corresponding to the second portion occupying the entire length of Guo is less than 50%, the ratio of the specific surface area S p of the positive electrode material for the specific surface area S n of the negative electrode material S p / S n Is 10 or more, and relates to a lead storage battery.
- a lead-acid battery includes a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, and an electrolytic solution, and the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate respectively include a current collector and an electrode material held by the current collector. , Is provided.
- the current collector has a frame bone, an ear provided on the frame bone, and an internal bone inside the frame bone.
- the internal bone may be mesh-like.
- the frame bone comprises an upper element continuous with the ear, a lower element facing the upper element, and a pair of side elements connecting the upper element and the lower element.
- the internal bone comprises a longitudinal bone extending in a first direction from the upper element toward the lower element, and a transverse bone extending in a second direction from one side element toward the other side element.
- the first direction is a direction parallel to the side element
- the second direction is a direction parallel to the upper element and the lower element.
- the current collector is also referred to as a grid body.
- the skeleton of the current collector or the lattice is not limited to the lattice or the mesh.
- the frame bone may have a rectangular shape.
- a striped pattern of metallic fibrous tissue can be seen in a cross section perpendicular to the first direction of the longitudinal bone, that is, a cross section parallel to the upper element and parallel to the thickness direction (hereinafter also referred to as cross section C).
- the outer peripheral region of the cross section C is composed of a first portion in which the fibrous tissue (direction of stripes) extends along the contour of the cross section C (hereinafter, also referred to as the contour C), and a second portion other than the first portion. ing.
- the contour of the cross section C means a line corresponding to the outer surface of the longitudinal bone.
- the outer peripheral region of the cross section C is a peripheral region along the contour of the cross section C and has a depth of at least 55 ⁇ m or more, preferably 100 ⁇ m or more from the line corresponding to the outer surface.
- the ratio of the contour (hereinafter, also referred to as the second contour portion) corresponding to the second portion to the entire length of the contour C (hereinafter, also referred to as the second portion ratio) is controlled to be less than 50%, and the negative electrode.
- the ratio S p / S n of the specific surface area S p of the positive electrode material to the specific surface area S n of the electrode material is controlled to 10 or more.
- the second partial ratio is less than 50%, the elongation of the current collector due to corrosion is significantly suppressed.
- the S p / S n ratio is 10 or more, the polarization of the negative electrode plate increases, while the deterioration of the positive electrode plate tends to be reduced.
- the ratio of the contour (hereinafter, also referred to as the first contour portion) corresponding to the first portion to the entire length of the contour C (hereinafter, also referred to as the first fraction ratio). ) Is 50% or more.
- the second partial rate is 40% or less, the first partial rate exceeds 60%.
- CCA Cold Ranking Ampere performance
- CCA is a measure of engine starting performance and refers to a discharge current at which the voltage at the 30th second becomes 7.2 V or more when discharged at a temperature of -18 ° C ⁇ 1 ° C.
- the IS lead acid battery requires high CCA performance even when not fully charged. Therefore, the total surface area of the negative electrode plate facing the positive electrode plate is preferably set as large as possible.
- the total surface area of the negative electrode plate facing the positive electrode plate is closely related to the electrode reaction between the positive and negative electrodes. For example, when the total surface area of the negative electrode plate facing the positive electrode plate is less than 200 m 2 , polarization of the negative electrode plate may become too large, and the charging current tends to decrease. On the other hand, when the total surface area exceeds 300 m 2 , the polarization of the positive electrode plate is likely to be large, and it becomes difficult to obtain the effect of suppressing the corrosion of the positive electrode current collector. Therefore, when the total surface area is 200 to 300 m 2 , it is considered that the degree of polarization of the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate are balanced.
- the numerical range of the total surface area is not limited to 200 to 300 m 2 , and can be appropriately set to a predetermined numerical range in accordance with the design and usage of the lead storage battery.
- the specific surface area S n of the negative electrode material and the specific surface area S p of the positive electrode material are obtained by the following method.
- the battery which has just been formed or has just been used is fully charged, disassembled, and the obtained negative electrode plate and positive electrode plate are washed with water and dried to remove the electrolytic solution from each electrode plate. Then, the electrode material is separated from the electrode plate to obtain an unground measurement sample.
- the BET specific surface area is measured by using a commercially available measuring device using 1 to 2 g of the unground sample.
- an automatic specific surface area measuring device (TriStar 3000) manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation is used.
- the total surface area of the negative electrode plate facing the positive electrode plate is obtained by the following calculation formula. (Mass of Negative Electrode Material per Negative Electrode Plate) x Specific Surface Area of Negative Electrode Material x (1/2) x (Number of Surfaces of Negative Electrode Plate Facing Positive Plate)
- the “number of surfaces of the negative electrode plate” is generally twice the number of negative electrode plates.
- a negative electrode plate, of which only one surface faces the positive electrode plate is counted as one surface.
- the S p / S n ratio is more preferably 13 or less.
- the second partial rate is more preferably 30% or less.
- the longitudinal bone may extend parallel to the side element or may extend obliquely to the side element.
- the vertical bone may have a linear shape, a curved shape, or may have some bending. That is, the vertical bones may extend so that the vector in the first direction is larger than the vector in the second direction.
- the transverse bone may extend parallel to the upper element or the lower element, or may extend obliquely to the upper element or the lower element. Further, the horizontal bone may have a linear shape, a curved shape, or a slight bend. That is, the transverse bone may extend so that the vector in the second direction is larger than the vector in the first direction.
- Stripe pattern may not be observed in the second part, and stripe pattern extending in the depth direction of the outer peripheral region may be observed. That is, a cross section perpendicular to the fiber length of the fibrous tissue is likely to be exposed on the outer surface of the second portion. When the second partial ratio is made smaller, it becomes difficult to expose the cross section perpendicular to the fiber length of the fibrous tissue on the outer surface of the outer peripheral region of the cross section C.
- the cross section of the fibrous structure perpendicular to the fiber length has many grain boundaries. Therefore, in the second portion, the corrosion of the longitudinal bone is likely to proceed deeply into a wedge shape. When deep corrosion progresses, the elongation of the current collector tends to increase. On the other hand, in the first part, the corrosion of the longitudinal bone is shallow and is likely to proceed. The elongation of the current collector due to shallow corrosion is small. That is, even if the amount of corrosion is the same, as the second partial ratio is smaller, corrosion is less likely to proceed to a deep region of the current collector, extension of the current collector is suppressed, and dropout of the electrode material is suppressed. By setting the second partial ratio to 40% or less, the elongation of the current collector is more significantly suppressed.
- cross section G In the cross section perpendicular to the second direction of the transverse bone, that is, in the cross section parallel to the side element and parallel to the thickness direction (hereinafter, also referred to as cross section G), there is almost no stripe pattern of the metal fibrous tissue. Generally, a cross section perpendicular to the fiber length of the fibrous tissue is seen. In the outer peripheral area of the cross section G, generally the entire circumference corresponds to the second portion of the cross section C. That is, the outer peripheral region of the cross section G is composed of a fibrous structure extending substantially in the second direction all around. Therefore, in the outer peripheral region of the cross section G, the elongation of the current collector is suppressed even if the amount of corrosion is the same.
- the degree of progress of corrosion tends to be uniform in the entire internal bone. It is considered that such uniform corrosion suppresses uneven distribution of corroded portions and suppresses the current collector from extending in one direction.
- the first partial rate and the second partial rate can be intentionally controlled. Even if the longitudinal bone originally has a large second portion ratio, it is possible to deform the longitudinal bone so that the second portion is covered with the first portion.
- the first partial rate can be arbitrarily controlled by the press speed, the press pressure, the die shape, and the like. That is, deforming the longitudinal bone by press working is not a sufficient condition for increasing the first portion ratio, but it is necessary to control the press working condition appropriately.
- the current collector before pressing may be, for example, punching metal punched from a drawn sheet of lead or lead alloy.
- the manufacturing method of the lead-acid battery a step of preparing a positive electrode current collector, obtaining a positive electrode plate including the positive electrode current collector, the negative electrode current collector, the negative electrode plate including the negative electrode current collector And a step of preparing a positive electrode current collector, a step of preparing a rolled plate, and a plurality of intermediate bones formed in a grid by punching the rolled plate.
- the method includes a step of forming the intermediate lattice body, and a step of performing press working on the intermediate lattice body in the thickness direction of the intermediate lattice body to form at least a part of the internal bone.
- the press working is to deform at least a part of the plurality of intermediate bones so that at least one end portion in the bone width direction becomes thinner than the central portion in the bone width direction intersecting the extending direction of the intermediate bones.
- the ratio of the specific surface area S p of the positive electrode material to the specific surface area S n of the negative electrode material: S p / S n is controlled to 10 or more.
- the inside of the skeleton of the current collector is divided into an upper region on the upper element side of the skeleton, a lower region on the lower element side of the skeleton, and a middle region between the upper region and the lower region. Cut as described.
- four rows of the cross section C perpendicular to the first direction are formed in the plurality of vertical bones. That is, one row having a cross section C is formed in each of the upper region and the lower region, and two rows having a cross section C are formed in the middle region.
- the division line is wholly or partially so that the cross section C is formed in the vertical bone portion between the intersections as much as possible.
- the current collector may be divided into three parts by moving it slightly. When dividing the inside of the frame bone of the current collector into three, the dimensions of the ears or feet are not taken into consideration.
- the portion in which the fringes of the fibrous tissue form an angle of less than 45 ° with the contour of the cross section C is the first portion.
- a tangent line S1 of the point P is drawn, and a perpendicular line L of the tangent line S1 is drawn so as to pass through the point P.
- a tangent line S2 of a stripe existing at a depth of 55 ⁇ m from the point P on the perpendicular L and intersecting the perpendicular L is drawn at the intersection.
- the angle ⁇ between the tangent line S2 and the tangent line S1 is less than 45 °
- the point P constitutes the first contour portion corresponding to the first portion.
- the length of the first contour portion is specified, and the ratio of the first contour portion to the entire length of the contour C is obtained as the first partial ratio.
- the angle ⁇ is 45 ° or more, the point P constitutes the second portion. Even when it is not possible to determine whether or not the point P constitutes the first contour portion because the fibrous tissue cannot be observed, the point P constitutes the second portion.
- the first partial rate is obtained in all the selected cross-sections C, and the average value is calculated.
- the average should be calculated excluding the cross section, and the cutting position of the vertical bone may be shifted so that the node deviates.
- the current collector before being filled with the electrode material may be used.
- the fully charged battery is disassembled, the electrode plate is taken out, washed with water to remove the electrolytic solution, and dried.
- the electrode material is removed from the electrode plate, and the electrode material adhering to the surface of the current collector is removed with mannite.
- the entire prepared current collector may be taken out, covered with a thermosetting resin and cured, and then the current collector may be cut together with the cured resin.
- the state of the metallographic structure in the cross section C may be observed by photographing the cross section of the current collector by etching and then using a microscope.
- a fully charged lead acid battery is a fully charged lead acid battery already formed. As long as the lead storage battery is fully charged, it may be charged immediately after the formation or after a lapse of time from the formation. For example, the lead storage battery in use (preferably in the initial stage of use) may be fully charged after formation.
- the battery at the beginning of use is a battery that has not deteriorated in a long time since the start of use.
- a fully charged state of a lead storage battery means, in the case of a liquid type battery, a current (A) 0.2 times the numerical value (Ah) described as the rated capacity in a water tank at 25 ° C ⁇ 2 ° C. After constant-current charging until reaching 2.5 V / cell, the constant-current charging was further performed for 2 hours at a current (A) 0.2 times the numerical value (Ah) described as the rated capacity. .
- the fully charged state means that the current (A) is 0.2 times the value described as the rated capacity (Ah) in the air chamber at 25 ° C ⁇ 2 ° C.
- the thickness of the first portion may be 55 ⁇ m or more. Further, even if the outer peripheral region looks like the first part at first glance, if the thickness of the region where the striped pattern of the fibrous tissue is observed is less than 55 ⁇ m, it is regarded as the second part, not the first part.
- the first portion having a thickness of 55 ⁇ m or more has a sufficient action of suppressing the intrusion of corrosion into the inside. In this case, the intrusion of corrosion into the inner bone is likely to be highly uniform. Therefore, the elongation of the grid current collector is significantly suppressed, and the dropout of the electrode material is also significantly suppressed.
- the thickness of the first portion is preferably 100 ⁇ m or more from the viewpoint of further improving the suppression of intrusion of corrosion resistance corrosion of the longitudinal bone.
- the thickness of the first portion in cross section C may be measured as follows. First, a tangent line S1 is drawn at an arbitrary point P1 on the first contour portion, and a perpendicular line L of the tangent line S1 is drawn so as to pass through the point P1. Next, at a point Px that moves on the perpendicular L from the point P1 to a depth of X ⁇ m, a tangent line S2 of a stripe that intersects the perpendicular L is continuously drawn. At this time, when the angle between the tangent line S1 and the tangent line S2 is continuously 45 ° or less, it can be said that the thickness of the first portion immediately below the point P1 is X ⁇ m or more.
- the thickness of the inner bone may be, for example, 0.7 mm to 3 mm.
- the thickness of the inner bone is the length of the inner bone in the thickness direction of the grid or the electrode plate. If the thickness of the inner bone is 0.7 mm or more, the effect of suppressing corrosion is great, and if it is 3 mm or less, the holding power of the electrode material by the current collector is increased, and the falling of the electrode material is easily suppressed. Further, in the case of a relatively thick punched grid body having a thickness of 0.7 mm or more, generally, the proportion of the second contour portion in the contour C tends to increase. Even when the ratio of the second contour portion is large as described above, it is not difficult to reduce the second partial ratio to less than 50%, and further to 40% or less by pressing or the like.
- the bone width of the internal bone may be, for example, 0.7 mm to 3 mm.
- the bone width of the internal bone is the width perpendicular to the length direction of the internal bone in the plane direction of the current collector or the electrode plate. If the bone width of the internal bone is 0.7 mm or more, the effect of suppressing corrosion becomes large, and it becomes easy to avoid disconnection of the internal bone even during overcharge. Further, when the bone width of the internal bone is 3 mm or less, the filling property of the electrode material into the current collector is enhanced and the productivity of the electrode plate is improved.
- the second partial ratio is more preferably 30% or less in order to sufficiently suppress corrosion. Even if the second partial ratio becomes smaller than less than 50%, it is not possible to completely suppress the corrosion of the longitudinal bone. However, if the corrosion is made uniform, it is considered that uneven distribution of the corroded portion is suppressed and the unidirectional expansion of the current collector is suppressed.
- the shape of the cross section C is not particularly limited, but is preferably an octagon.
- the interior angle of the apex does not become too small, and the effect of suppressing corrosion near the apex is enhanced.
- a vertical bone having an octagonal cross section C for example, a vertical bone having a rectangular cross section C may be deformed.
- the method of deforming the longitudinal bone is not particularly limited, but for example, the inner bone may be pressed. At that time, the internal bone pressing conditions may be appropriately selected so that the second partial ratio is less than 50%, preferably 40% or less.
- the octagon does not have to be a strict octagon in a mathematical sense, and the vertices may be slightly rounded or each side may be slightly curved.
- the total length WLW of the internal method of the transverse bone and the total length WLH of the internal method of the longitudinal bone are WLH / LW ⁇ 0. .8 may be satisfied, and WLH / WLW ⁇ 1.3 may be satisfied.
- the corrosion of the current collector tends to enter the inside, it is possible to suppress the elongation of the current collector by controlling the second partial ratio to be less than 50%, or even 40% or less. It becomes more prominent.
- the inner length of each inner bone means the length in the inner grid of the grid, that is, the length of the side of the rectangular space that defines the grid (running length).
- the direction of the length WLW corresponds to the stretching direction (MD direction) of the stretched sheet.
- FIG. 1A and 1B are plan views showing appearances of current collectors 100A and 100B according to one embodiment and another embodiment of the present invention, respectively.
- Each of the current collectors 100A and 100B has a frame bone 110 and a mesh-shaped internal bone 120 inside the frame bone 110.
- the frame bone 110 includes an upper element 111 that is continuous with the ear 131, a lower element 112 that faces the upper element 111, and a pair of side elements 113 and 114 that connect the upper element 111 and the lower element 112.
- the broken line indicates the boundary that divides the inner bone into three parts, the upper region, the middle region, and the lower region.
- the transverse bone extends obliquely with respect to the upper element or the lower element.
- LH represents the inner length of each longitudinal bone per lattice
- LW represents the inner length of each transverse bone per lattice.
- the current collectors 100A and 100B are, for example, punched grids of a drawn sheet of lead or lead alloy, and the drawing direction is the direction indicated by the arrow MD in FIG.
- a cross section C of the vertical bone 120A is a cross section taken along the line IIa-IIa in FIG. 1
- a cross section G of the horizontal bone 120B is a cross section taken along the IIb-IIb line.
- the metal structure of the stretched sheet easily forms a layered or fibrous structure extending in the stretching direction. Therefore, the cross section C has a striped pattern.
- a pattern may be formed by cutting a layered or fibrous structure.
- FIG. 2A is an example of a photograph of a cross section C of the vertical bone 120A, and the cross section has an octagonal shape and a striped pattern of a metal fibrous tissue is seen.
- FIG. 2B is a conceptual diagram of an example of an octagonal cross section C imitating FIG. 2A.
- FIG. 3 is an example of a photograph of a cross section G of the transverse bone 120B, and a pattern of a cross section perpendicular to the fiber length of the metal fibrous structure can be seen in the cross section.
- most of the right and left sides of the octagonal cross section C is the second portion 220, and the other outer peripheral region is the first portion 210.
- the fringes of fibrous tissue form an angle ⁇ 1 of less than 45 ° with the contour of section C (line S1).
- the fringe (tangent S2) has an angle ⁇ 2 that exceeds 45 ° with the contour (line S1) of the cross section C.
- the outermost layer of the second portion 220 has a region in which a striped pattern of fibrous tissue having a thickness of less than about 55 ⁇ m is observed, but such a thin portion constitutes the first portion 210. do not do.
- FIG. 4 is a conceptual view of a cross section C showing the progress of internal bone corrosion.
- the portion where the shallow corrosion layer is formed is the first portion in which the fibrous structure extends along the contour of the outer peripheral region, and even if the corrosion progresses, the corrosion layer is unlikely to be formed deep.
- peeling tends to occur near the interface between the current collector and the electrode material. Therefore, it is considered that the stress that the current collector is about to deform is easily relieved.
- the portion where the wedge-shaped deep corrosion layer is formed is the second portion. When the deep corrosion layer is formed, the current collector is likely to be unevenly deformed, the current collector is elongated, and the electrode material is likely to drop off.
- An electrode plate for a lead storage battery according to the present invention includes the above current collector and an electrode material held by the current collector.
- the electrode material is a portion other than the current collector, but when a mat mainly composed of nonwoven fabric is attached to the electrode plate, the mat is not included in the electrode material.
- the thickness of the electrode plate includes the mat. This is because the mat is used integrally with the electrode plate. However, when the mat is attached to the separator, the thickness of the mat is included in the thickness of the separator.
- the density of the electrode material may be, for example, 3.6 g / cm 3 or more. Further, from the viewpoint of ensuring a sufficient initial capacity, the electrode material density is preferably 4.8 g / cm 3 or less. However, when the second partial ratio exceeds 40% (the first partial ratio is less than 60%), when the electrode material density becomes higher than 4.4 g / cm 3 , the electrode plate is likely to crack. Therefore, for example, when the discharge is repeated at a rate of about 5 hours, the deterioration may progress or the charge acceptability after overcharging may decrease.
- the second partial ratio is less than 40% (the first partial ratio is 60% or more)
- the electrode material density is as high as 4.4 g / cm 3 or more
- cracks are less likely to occur in the electrode plate and repeated discharge occurs. And deterioration of charge acceptability after overcharging are suppressed.
- the density of the electrode material means the value of the bulk density of the already-formed fully charged electrode material and is measured as follows.
- the battery after chemical formation is fully charged and then disassembled, and the obtained electrode plate is washed with water and dried to remove the electrolytic solution from the electrode plate.
- the washing with water is carried out by pressing a pH test paper against the surface of the washed negative electrode plate until it is confirmed that the color of the test paper does not change. However, the time for washing with water is within 2 hours. Is dried under a reduced pressure environment at 60 ° C. ⁇ 5 ° C. for about 6 hours.
- the water-washed positive electrode plate is dried at 60 ° C. ⁇ 5 ° C. for about 6 hours.
- the adhesive member is removed from the electrode plate by peeling.
- the electrode material is separated from the electrode plate to obtain an uncrushed measurement sample.
- the mercury was filled at a pressure of 0.5 psia or more and 0.55 psia or less ( ⁇ 3.45 kPa or more and 3.79 kPa or less) to measure the bulk volume of the electrode material,
- the bulk density of the electrode material is determined by dividing the mass of the sample by the bulk volume.
- the volume obtained by subtracting the volume of mercury injected from the volume of the measurement container is the bulk volume.
- the density of the electrode material can be measured using an automatic porosimeter (Autopore IV9505) manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation.
- the overpaste is an electrode material portion that covers the outermost surface of the current collector in the thickness direction. In general, when the amount of overpaste is small, the electrode plate is more likely to be deteriorated, and the decrease in discharge capacity due to repeated cycles is considered to increase.
- the second partial ratio is set to less than 50%, and further to 40% or less (the first partial ratio). Is set to 50% or more, and further exceeds 60%).
- the negative electrode plate of the lead storage battery is composed of a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode material.
- the negative electrode grid for a large lead-acid battery may be formed by casting lead (Pb) or a lead alloy.
- Pb-Sb alloy, Pb-Ca alloy, Pb-Ca-Sn alloy, and lead having a purity of three nines (99.9 mass%) or more are preferably used.
- These lead or lead alloy may further contain Ba, Ag, Al, Bi, As, Se, Cu and the like as additional elements.
- the negative electrode current collector may have a plurality of lead alloy layers having different compositions.
- the negative electrode material contains, as an essential component, a negative electrode active material (lead or lead sulfate) that develops a capacity by a redox reaction, and may contain additives such as an organic shrinkage inhibitor, a carbonaceous material, and barium sulfate.
- a negative electrode active material lead or lead sulfate
- the negative electrode active material in the charged state is spongy lead, but the unformed negative electrode plate is usually produced by using lead powder.
- At least one selected from the group consisting of lignins and / or synthetic organic stabilizers may be used as the organic stabilizer.
- lignins include lignin and lignin derivatives.
- the lignin derivative include lignin sulfonic acid or salts thereof (alkali metal salts such as sodium salts).
- the synthetic organic anti-shrink agent is an organic polymer containing elemental sulfur, and generally contains a plurality of aromatic rings in the molecule and also contains elemental sulfur as a sulfur-containing group.
- the sulfur-containing groups a stable form of a sulfonic acid group or a sulfonyl group is preferable.
- the sulfonic acid group may be present in an acid form or in a salt form such as Na salt. ..
- a condensate of a compound having a sulfur-containing group and an aromatic ring with an aldehyde compound is preferable.
- the aromatic ring include a benzene ring and a naphthalene ring.
- the plurality of aromatic rings may be linked by a direct bond or a linking group (for example, an alkylene group, a sulfone group, etc.). Examples of such a structure include biphenyl, bisphenylalkane, and bisphenylsulfone.
- Examples of the compound having an aromatic ring include compounds having the above aromatic ring and a hydroxy group and / or an amino group.
- the hydroxy group or amino group may be directly bonded to the aromatic ring, or may be bonded as an alkyl chain having a hydroxy group or amino group.
- the compound having an aromatic ring is preferably a bisphenol compound, a hydroxybiphenyl compound, a hydroxynaphthalene compound, a phenol compound or the like.
- the compound having an aromatic ring may further have a substituent.
- the organic anti-shrink agent may contain one kind of the residue of these compounds, or may contain plural kinds thereof.
- bisphenol compound bisphenol A, bisphenol S, bisphenol F and the like are preferable.
- the sulfur-containing group may be directly bonded to the aromatic ring contained in the compound, for example, may be bonded to the aromatic ring as an alkyl chain having a sulfur-containing group.
- a condensation product of an aldehyde compound with a compound having an aromatic ring as described above and a monocyclic aromatic compound (aminobenzenesulfonic acid, alkylaminobenzenesulfonic acid, phenolsulfonic acid or a substituted product thereof) is used.
- a monocyclic aromatic compound aminobenzenesulfonic acid, alkylaminobenzenesulfonic acid, phenolsulfonic acid or a substituted product thereof.
- the content of the organic anti-shrink agent contained in the negative electrode material is, for example, preferably 0.01% by mass or more, more preferably 0.02% by mass or more, and further preferably 0.05% by mass or more. On the other hand, 1.0 mass% or less is preferable, 0.8 mass% or less is more preferable, and 0.5 mass% or less is further preferable.
- the negative electrode material preferably contains a bisphenol-based organic shrinkage preventive agent that uses a bisphenol compound as a compound having an aromatic ring.
- the content of the bisphenol-based organic shrinkproofing agent in the negative electrode material is preferably 0.25% by mass or more and 0.4% by mass or less, and more preferably 0.3% by mass or more and 0.4% by mass or less.
- the content of the organic shrink proofing agent contained in the negative electrode material is the content of the negative electrode material in the fully charged state after chemical conversion, which is sampled from the lead storage battery in the fully charged state after chemical formation, by the method described below.
- carbon black As the carbonaceous material contained in the negative electrode material, carbon black, graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon or the like can be used.
- carbon black include acetylene black, furnace black and lamp black.
- Furness black includes Ketjen black (trade name).
- the graphite may be any carbon material having a graphite type crystal structure, and may be either artificial graphite or natural graphite.
- the content of the carbonaceous material in the negative electrode material is, for example, preferably 0.05% by mass or more, and more preferably 0.2% by mass or more. On the other hand, 4.0 mass% or less is preferable, 3 mass% or less is more preferable, and 2 mass% or less is further preferable.
- the content of barium sulfate in the negative electrode material is, for example, preferably 0.5% by mass or more, more preferably 1% by mass or more, and further preferably 1.3% by mass or more. On the other hand, 3.0 mass% or less is preferable, 2.5 mass% or less is more preferable, and 2 mass% or less is further preferable.
- the lead-acid battery after chemical formation should be fully charged and then disassembled to obtain the negative electrode plate to be analyzed.
- the obtained negative electrode plate is washed with water and dried to remove the electrolytic solution in the negative electrode plate.
- the washing with water is carried out by pressing a pH test paper against the surface of the washed negative electrode plate until it is confirmed that the color of the test paper does not change.
- the time for washing with water is within 2 hours. Is dried in a reduced pressure environment for about 6 hours at 60 ° C. ⁇ 5 ° C. After drying, when the negative electrode plate includes a sticking member, the sticking member is removed from the negative electrode plate by peeling.
- the negative electrode An unground sample S is obtained by separating the negative electrode material from the plate.
- the uncrushed sample S is crushed, and the crushed sample S is immersed in a 1 mol / L NaOH aqueous solution to extract the organic shrinkage preventive agent. Insoluble components are removed by filtration from the extracted aqueous NaOH solution containing the organic shrinkage inhibitor.
- the obtained filtrate (hereinafter, also referred to as an analysis target filtrate) is desalted, then concentrated and dried to obtain a powder of an organic shrink proofing agent (hereinafter also referred to as an analysis target powder).
- the filtrate may be placed in a dialysis tube and immersed in distilled water.
- the UV-Visible absorption spectrum of the filtrate to be analyzed The content of the organic shrinkproofing agent in the negative electrode material is quantified using the spectral intensity and the calibration curve prepared in advance. Unable to rigorously specify the structural formula of the organic shrinkage agent to be analyzed, if the calibration curve of the same organic shrinkage agent cannot be used, UV-visible absorption spectrum similar to the organic shrinkage agent to be analyzed, infrared spectrum, A calibration curve is prepared using an organic shrinking agent that is available, showing an NMR spectrum and the like.
- the content of the bisphenol-based organic anti-shrink agent it is preferable to prepare a sample S by taking out the negative electrode material from an unused lead storage battery, washing it with water and drying it. This is because the bisphenol compound has a property of dissolving in the electrolytic solution, and the content in the negative electrode material may gradually decrease.
- the dispersion liquid is subjected to suction filtration using a membrane filter whose mass has been measured in advance, and the membrane filter is dried together with the filtered sample in a drier at 110 ° C ⁇ 5 ° C.
- the sample filtered out is a mixed sample of carbonaceous material and barium sulfate.
- the mass (A) of the mixed sample is measured by subtracting the mass of the membrane filter from the total mass of the dried mixed sample and the membrane filter.
- the dried mixed sample is put into a crucible together with a membrane filter, and is burnt at a temperature of 700 ° C. or higher.
- the remaining residue is barium oxide.
- the mass of barium oxide is converted into the mass of barium sulfate to obtain the mass (B) of barium sulfate.
- the mass B is subtracted from the mass A to calculate the mass of the carbonaceous material.
- the negative electrode plate can be formed by filling a negative electrode current collector with a negative electrode paste, aging and drying to prepare an unformed negative electrode plate, and then forming the unformed negative electrode plate.
- the negative electrode paste is prepared by adding water and sulfuric acid to lead powder and various additives and kneading. In the aging step, it is preferable to age the unformed negative electrode plate at room temperature or at a higher temperature and higher humidity.
- the formation can be performed by charging the electrode group while immersing the electrode group including the unformed negative electrode plate in the electrolytic solution containing sulfuric acid in the battery case of the lead storage battery. However, the formation may be performed before the lead-acid battery or the electrode group is assembled. By formation, spongy lead is produced.
- the positive electrode plate of the lead storage battery includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode material.
- the positive electrode current collector can be formed by press punching a lead or lead alloy sheet.
- the sheet is preferably a stretched sheet that has been stretched (also referred to as a rolled plate).
- the stretched sheet may be a uniaxially stretched sheet or a biaxially stretched sheet.
- the lead or lead alloy used for the positive electrode current collector a Pb-Ca-based alloy or a Pb-Ca-Sn-based alloy is preferable from the viewpoint of corrosion resistance and mechanical strength, and lead having a purity of three-nine or higher may be used.
- the positive electrode current collector may have lead alloy layers having different compositions, and may have a plurality of alloy layers.
- the positive electrode material contains a positive electrode active material (lead dioxide or lead sulfate) that develops capacity by a redox reaction.
- the positive electrode material may contain an additive, if necessary.
- the unformed positive electrode plate is obtained by filling a positive electrode current collector with a positive electrode paste, aging and drying. After that, an unformed positive electrode plate is formed.
- the positive electrode paste is prepared by kneading lead powder, additives, water, sulfuric acid and the like.
- the electrolytic solution is an aqueous solution containing sulfuric acid, and may be gelled if necessary.
- the specific gravity of the electrolytic solution at 20 ° C. in the already-formed fully charged lead-acid battery is, for example, 1.20 to 1.35, and preferably 1.25 to 1.32.
- a separator is usually arranged between the negative electrode plate and the positive electrode plate.
- a nonwoven fabric, a microporous membrane, or the like is used for the separator.
- a non-woven fabric is a mat in which fibers are entwined without being woven, and the fibers are the main components. For example, 60% by mass or more of the nonwoven fabric is formed of fibers.
- the non-woven fabric may include components other than fibers, such as acid-resistant inorganic powder and a polymer as a binder.
- the microporous membrane is a porous sheet mainly composed of components other than fiber components.
- a composition containing a pore-forming agent (polymer powder, oil, etc.) is extruded into a sheet, and then the pore-forming agent is removed. It is obtained by forming pores.
- the microporous membrane preferably has a polymer component as a main component.
- polymer component polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene are preferable.
- FIG. 5 shows a perspective view of the external appearance of the lead storage battery according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- the lead storage battery 1 includes a battery case 12 that contains an electrode group 11 and an electrolytic solution (not shown).
- the inside of the battery case 12 is partitioned into a plurality of cell chambers 14 by partition walls 13.
- One electrode group 11 is housed in each cell chamber 14.
- the opening of the battery case 12 is closed by a lid 15 having a negative electrode terminal 16 and a positive electrode terminal 17.
- the lid 15 is provided with a liquid port stopper 18 for each cell chamber. When replenishing water, the liquid port plug 18 is removed to replenish the replenishing water.
- the liquid port plug 18 may have a function of discharging the gas generated in the cell chamber 14 to the outside of the battery.
- the electrode group 11 is configured by stacking a plurality of negative electrode plates 2 and positive electrode plates 3 with a separator 4 in between.
- the bag-shaped separator 4 that accommodates the negative electrode plate 2 is shown, but the form of the separator is not particularly limited.
- the negative electrode shelf 6 that connects the ears 2 a of the plurality of negative electrode plates 2 in parallel is connected to the through-connecting body 8, and the ears 3 a of the plurality of positive electrode plates 3 are connected.
- a positive pole shelf 5 connected in parallel is connected to a positive pole 7.
- the positive pole 7 is connected to a positive terminal 17 outside the lid 15.
- the negative pole 9 is connected to the negative shelf 6 and the through-connector 8 is connected to the positive shelf 5.
- the negative pole 9 is connected to a negative terminal 16 outside the lid 15.
- Each through connection body 8 passes through a through hole provided in the partition wall 13 and connects the electrode groups 11 of the adjacent cell chambers 14 in series.
- FIG. 5 shows an example of a liquid type battery (vent type battery), but the lead storage battery may be a control valve type battery (VRLA type).
- VRLA type control valve type battery
- test battery (A) Overcharge test Using a predetermined test battery, an overcharge test was performed for 5 days at a constant current of 10 A (current density: 0.0045 A / cm 2 ) in a 75 ° C. ⁇ 2 ° C. water tank, and then rested for 2 days. The operation (1 week) is repeated for 5 weeks. The apparent current collector area when calculating the current density is twice the product of the external height and width of the frame bone of the positive electrode current collector. After the overcharge test for 5 weeks, the fully charged battery is disassembled, the positive electrode plate is taken out, washed with water to remove the electrolytic solution, and dried.
- 10 A current density: 0.0045 A / cm 2
- the dimension of the portion of the frame bone of the positive electrode current collector that is most swollen in the second direction is measured and compared with the initial dimension to obtain the width extension amount.
- the rate of change in width elongation of the current collector can be calculated by the following formula.
- Rate of change in width extension of positive electrode current collector ⁇ (width extension amount at first S p / S n ratio) ⁇ (width extension amount at second S p / S n ratio) ⁇ / (first S p / Sn ratio width extension)
- the width expansion amount at the first S p / S n ratio is, for example, the width expansion amount when the S p / S n ratio is 8.8, and the width expansion amount at the second S p / S n ratio.
- the amount is, for example, the width extension amount when the S p / S n ratio is 10.1.
- CCA performance test A CCA performance test is performed under the following conditions. In order to make overcharge conditions more than the usual 4 minutes-10 minutes test specified in JIS D5301, a discharge 2 minutes-10 minutes charge test (2 minutes-10 minutes test) is performed at 75 ° C ⁇ 2 ° C. CCA performance is determined every 550 cycles. Discharge: 25 A, 2 minutes Charge: 14.8 V / Batt. , 25 A, 10 minutes. The CCA determination method complies with JIS D5301.
- a lead-acid battery including a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, and an electrolytic solution, wherein the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate each include a current collector and an electrode material held by the current collector.
- the current collector has a frame bone, an ear provided on the frame bone, and an internal bone inside the frame bone, and the frame bone faces an upper element continuous with the ear and the upper element.
- the fibrous tissue is composed of a first portion extending along the contour of the cross section and a second portion other than the first portion, and occupies the entire length of the contour of the cross section.
- the ratio of the length of the contour corresponding to the portion is less than 50%, the ratio of the specific surface area S p of the positive electrode material for the specific surface area S n of the negative electrode material: S p / S n is 10 or more, Lead acid battery.
- the method comprising deforming so, in the step of obtaining the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate, the ratio of the specific surface area S p of the positive electrode material for the specific surface area S n of the negative electrode material: the S p / S n, A method of manufacturing a lead storage battery, which is 10 or more.
- the specifications of the current collector are as follows. Internal bone thickness: 0.95 mm Frame bone height H: 115 mm Width of frame bone W: 137 mm
- a positive electrode paste containing lead powder is prepared, a current collector is filled with the positive electrode paste, and aged and dried to prepare an unformed positive electrode plate.
- the density of the positive electrode material after chemical conversion is adjusted to be 3.6 g / cm 3 .
- test battery X Production of Test Battery X
- a test battery X is assembled using the negative electrode plate and the positive electrode plate produced as described above.
- An unformed negative electrode plate is housed in a bag-shaped separator, and an electrode group is formed by 7 unformed positive electrode plates and 8 unformed negative electrode plates.
- the electrode group is housed in a polypropylene battery case together with the electrolytic solution and subjected to chemical formation in the battery case to prepare a test battery X (2 V, rated 5 hour rate capacity 40 Ah).
- test battery Y is assembled using the negative electrode plate and the positive electrode plate produced as described above.
- An unformed negative electrode plate is housed in a bag-shaped separator, and an electrode group is formed by 7 unformed positive electrode plates and 8 unformed negative electrode plates.
- the electrode group is housed in a polypropylene battery case together with the electrolytic solution and subjected to chemical formation in the battery case to prepare a test battery Y (12 V, rated 5 hour rate capacity 40 Ah).
- FIG. 6 shows the relationship between the S p / S n ratio and the width extension amount of the current collector. From FIG. 6, it can be seen that the width extension amount decreases as the S p / S n ratio increases. In particular, when the S p / S n ratio is 10 or less and the second partial ratio is 40% or less, the width elongation amount is significantly reduced.
- FIG. 7 shows the relationship between the S p / S n ratio and the rate of change in width extension of the current collector. From FIG. 7, it can be seen that when the second partial ratio is 40% or less, the change rate of the width extension becomes maximum when the S p / S n ratio is 10.
- FIG. 8 shows the relationship between the S p / S n ratio and the CCA performance. From FIG. 8, it can be seen that when the S p / S n ratio exceeds 13, the CCA performance deteriorates.
- FIG. 9 shows the change in cycle life characteristics due to the difference in S p / S n ratio. It can be seen from FIG. 9 that the cycle characteristics are good when the S p / S n ratio is a large value of 10 or more.
- FIG. 10 shows the relationship between the content of the organic anti-shrink agent in the negative electrode material and the width extension amount of the current collector. From FIG. 10, it can be seen that the width elongation amount decreases as the content of the organic anti-shrink agent increases. In particular, when the second partial rate is 40% or less, the decrease in the width extension amount is remarkable.
- FIG. 11 shows the relationship between the content of the organic anti-shrink agent in the negative electrode material and the initial discharge capacity ratio. From FIG. 11, it can be seen that the initial discharge capacity ratio is 90% or more in the range of the organic shrinkage inhibitor content of 0.25 to 0.4% by mass, which is good.
- FIG. 12 shows the relationship between the content of the organic shrinkproofing agent in the negative electrode material and the cycle characteristics (CCA performance). From FIG. 12, it can be seen that when the content of the organic anti-shrink agent is 0.25% by mass or more, the decrease in CCA performance due to the cycle is suppressed.
- the lead acid battery according to the present invention can be suitably used as a power source for starting automobiles, motorcycles, etc., and a power source for industrial power storage devices such as electric vehicles (forklifts, etc.).
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Abstract
Description
(負極板1枚あたりの負極電極材料の質量)×負極電極材料の比表面積×(1/2)×(正極板に対向している負極板の面の数)
ここで、負極板は1枚あたり2面を有するので、「負極板の面の数」は一般に負極板の数の倍である。ただし、両面のうち片面だけが正極板と対向している負極板については1面とカウントする。
縦骨は、側部要素と平行に延びていてもよく、側部要素に対して斜め方向に延びていてもよい。また、縦骨は、直線状でもよく、曲線状でもよく、多少の折れ曲がりを有してもよい。すなわち、縦骨は、第1方向に向かうベクトルが第2方向に向かうベクトルよりも大きくなるように延びていればよい。
図1Aおよび図1Bは、それぞれ本発明の一実施形態および別の実施形態に係る集電体100Aおよび100Bの外観を示す平面図である。集電体100Aおよび100Bは、いずれも枠骨110と、枠骨110の内側の網目状の内骨120とを有する。枠骨110は、耳131と連続する上部要素111と、上部要素111と対向する下部要素112と、上部要素111と下部要素112とを連結する一対の側部要素113、114とを具備する。破線は、内骨を、上部領域、中部領域、下部領域に三等分する境界を示している。図1Aの集電体100Aは、下部要素112と連続する下部突起(足部とも称する。)132を有する。図1Bの集電体100Bでは、横骨が上部要素または下部要素に対して斜め方向に延びている。LHは縦骨の格子当たりの内法長さを示し、LWは横骨の格子当たりの内法長さを示す。
鉛蓄電池の負極板は、負極集電体と、負極電極材料とで構成されている。大型の鉛蓄電池用の負極格子は、鉛(Pb)または鉛合金の鋳造により形成される場合もある。
未粉砕の試料Sを粉砕し、粉砕された試料Sを1mol/LのNaOH水溶液に浸漬し、有機防縮剤を抽出する。抽出された有機防縮剤を含むNaOH水溶液から不溶成分を濾過で除く。得られた濾液(以下、分析対象濾液とも称する。)を脱塩した後、濃縮し、乾燥すれば、有機防縮剤の粉末(以下、分析対象粉末とも称する。)が得られる。脱塩は、濾液を透析チューブに入れて蒸留水中に浸して行えばよい。
未粉砕の試料Sを粉砕し、粉砕された試料S10gに対し、20質量%濃度の硝酸を50ml加え、約20分加熱し、鉛成分を硝酸鉛として溶解させる。次に、硝酸鉛を含む溶液を濾過して、炭素質材料、硫酸バリウム等の固形分を濾別する。
鉛蓄電池の正極板は、正極集電体と、正極電極材料とを具備する。正極集電体は、鉛または鉛合金のシートのプレス打ち抜き加工により形成することができる。シートは、延伸加工が施された延伸シート(または圧延板とも称する。)であることが好ましい。延伸シートは、一軸延伸シートでも二軸延伸シートでもよい。
電解液は、硫酸を含む水溶液であり、必要に応じてゲル化させてもよい。既化成で満充電状態の鉛蓄電池における電解液の20℃における比重は、例えば1.20~1.35であり、1.25~1.32であることが好ましい。
負極板と正極板との間には、通常、セパレータが配置される。セパレータには、不織布、微多孔膜などが用いられる。不織布は、繊維を織らずに絡み合わせたマットであり、繊維を主体とする。例えば、不織布の60質量%以上が繊維で形成されている。繊維としては、ガラス繊維、ポリマー繊維、パルプ繊維などを用いることができる。不織布は、繊維以外の成分、例えば耐酸性の無機粉体、結着剤としてのポリマーなどを含んでもよい。微多孔膜は、繊維成分以外を主体とする多孔性のシートであり、例えば、造孔剤(ポリマー粉末、オイルなど)を含む組成物をシート状に押し出し成形した後、造孔剤を除去して細孔を形成することにより得られる。微多孔膜は、ポリマー成分を主体とするものが好ましい。ポリマー成分としては、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレンなどのポリオレフィンが好ましい。
鉛蓄電池1は、電極群11と電解液(図示せず)とを収容する電槽12を具備する。電槽12内は、隔壁13により、複数のセル室14に仕切られている。各セル室14には、電極群11が1つずつ収納されている。電槽12の開口部は、負極端子16および正極端子17を具備する蓋15で閉じられる。蓋15には、セル室毎に液口栓18が設けられている。補水の際には、液口栓18を外して補水液が補給される。液口栓18は、セル室14内で発生したガスを電池外に排出する機能を有してもよい。
[試験電池の評価]
(a)過充電試験
所定の試験電池を用いて、75℃±2℃水槽内で定電流10A(電流密度:0.0045A/cm2)による過充電試験を5日間行い、その後、2日間休止させる操作(1週間)を5週間繰り返す。電流密度を算出する際の見かけの集電体面積は、正極集電体の枠骨の外法の高さと幅との積の2倍とする。
5週間の過充電試験後、満充電状態の電池を解体して正極板を取り出し、水洗して電解液を除去し、乾燥する。次いで、正極板から電極材料を除去し、マンニットで集電体の表面に付着している電極材料を除去する。正極集電体の枠骨の第2方向(幅方向)へ最も膨らんでいる部分の寸法を測定し、初期寸法と比較して幅伸び量を求める。また、集電体の幅伸び変化率は、以下の式で求めることができる。
所定の試験電池を用いて、以下の条件で実施する。
JIS D5301で指定された通常の4分-10分試験よりも過充電条件にするために、放電2分-充電10分の試験(2分-10分試験)を75℃±2℃で実施し、550サイクル毎にCCA性能を判定する。
放電:25A、2分
充電:14.8V/Batt.、25A、10分
なお、CCA判定方法は、JIS D5301の規定に準じる。
満充電状態の所定の試験電池の容量試験を25℃±2℃水槽内で、以下の要領で実施する。定電流(定格容量(Ah)として記載の数値の0.2倍の電流(A))で1.75V/セルまで放電し、その後、定電流(定格容量として記載の数値の0.2倍の電流(A))で放電量の135%まで充電する。同様のサイクルを5回繰り返し、初期容量(5時間率放電容量)に対する5サイクル目の5hR放電容量の割合(初期容量比)を求める。なお、定格容量として記載の数値は、単位をAhとした数値である。定格容量として記載の数値を元に設定される電流の単位はAとする。
(1)正極板と、負極板と、電解液と、を具備する鉛蓄電池であって、正極板および負極板は、それぞれ、集電体と、集電体に保持された電極材料と、を備え、集電体は、枠骨と、枠骨に設けられた耳と、枠骨の内側の内骨と、を有し、枠骨は、耳と連続する上部要素と、上部要素と対向する下部要素と、上部要素と下部要素とを連結する一対の側部要素と、を具備し、内骨は、上部要素から下部要素に向かう第1方向に延びる縦骨と、一方の側部要素から他方の側部要素に向かう第2方向に延びる横骨と、を具備し、縦骨の第1方向に垂直な断面において、金属の繊維状組織の縞模様が見られ、断面の外周領域は、繊維状組織が断面の輪郭に沿って延びる第1部分と、第1部分以外の第2部分と、で構成され、断面の輪郭の全長に占める第2部分に対応する輪郭の長さの割合は、50%未満であり、負極電極材料の比表面積Snに対する正極電極材料の比表面積Spの比:Sp/Snが、10以上である、鉛蓄電池。
(3)上記(2)において、前記負極電極材料が、ビスフェノール系の有機防縮剤を0.3質量%以上含有する、鉛蓄電池。
(4)上記(1)~(3)のいずれかにおいて、前記負極電極材料が、ビスフェノール系の有機防縮剤を0.4質量%以下含有する、鉛蓄電池。
(5)上記(1)~(4)のいずれかにおいて、前記負極電極材料の比表面積Snに対する正極電極材料の比表面積Spの比:Sp/Snが、13以下である、鉛蓄電池。
(6)上記(1)~(5)のいずれかにおいて、前記断面の輪郭の全長に占める前記第2部分に対応する輪郭の長さの割合は、40%以下である、鉛蓄電池。
(7)上記(6)において、前記断面の輪郭の全長に占める前記第2部分に対応する輪郭の長さの割合は、30%以下である、鉛蓄電池。
Pb-Ca-Sn系合金の圧延シートを打ち抜き、内骨にプレス加工を施して、表1に示す断面Cの第2部分率を有する集電体を得る。
内骨の厚み:0.95mm
枠骨の高さH:115mm
枠骨の幅W:137mm
鉛粉を含む正極ペーストを調製し、集電体に正極ペーストを充填し、熟成乾燥し、未化成の正極板を作製する。正極電極材料の化成後の密度は3.6g/cm3となるように調整する。
鉛粉、水、希硫酸、硫酸バリウム、カーボンブラック、および有機防縮剤としてビスフェノールAおよびビスフェノールSのホルムアルデヒド縮合物を0.2質量%混合して、負極ペーストを調製する。格子体A1に負極ペーストを充填し、熟成乾燥し、未化成の負極板を得る。
鉛粉量に対する水量あるいは希硫酸量を適宜変更することにより、負極電極材料の比表面積Snに対する正極電極材料の比表面積の比:Sp/Snを表1に示すように調整する。
(X)試験電池Xの作製
上記のように作製した負極板と正極板を用いて試験電池Xを組み立てる。未化成の負極板を袋状セパレータに収容し、未化成の正極板7枚と未化成の負極板8枚とで電極群を形成する。電極群をポリプロピレン製の電槽に電解液とともに収容し、電槽内で化成を施し、試験電池X(2V、定格5時間率容量40Ah)を作製する。
上記のように作製した負極板と正極板を用いて試験電池Yを組み立てる。未化成の負極板を袋状セパレータに収容し、未化成の正極板7枚と未化成の負極板8枚とで電極群を形成する。電極群をポリプロピレン製の電槽に電解液とともに収容し、電槽内で化成を施し、試験電池Y(12V、定格5時間率容量40Ah)を作製する。
表1に示すSp/Sn比および第2部分率を有する複数の電池Xを作製し、過充電試験を行う。集電体の幅伸び量および幅伸び変化率の結果を表1に示す。
次に、第2部分率が40%である集電体を用いて、既に述べた複数の電池Yを組み立て、CCA性能を評価する。図8に、Sp/Sn比とCCA性能との関係を示す。図8より、Sp/Sn比が13を超えると、CCA性能が低下することがわかる。
次に、有機防縮剤(ビスフェノールAおよびビスフェノールSのホルムアルデヒド縮合物)の負極電極材料における含有量とともに、Sp/Sn比および第2部分率を表2に示すように変更して、複数の電池Xを作製し、過充電試験を行う。集電体の幅伸び量の結果を表2に示す。
次に、表2に示す電池のうち、第2部分率が40%である集電体を用いて複数の電池Yを組み立て、初期放電容量比率を評価する。図11に、負極電極材料における有機防縮剤含有量と初期放電容量比率との関係を示す。図11より、有機防縮剤含有量が0.25~0.4質量%の範囲で、初期放電容量比率が90%以上の値であり、良好であることがわかる。
次に、第2部分率が40%である集電体を用いた複数の電池Yに関し、CCA性能試験を行う。図12に、負極電極材料における有機防縮剤含有量とサイクル特性(CCA性能)との関係を示す。図12より、有機防縮剤含有量が0.25質量%以上で、サイクルに伴うCCA性能の低下が抑制されることがわかる。
Claims (10)
- 正極板と、負極板と、電解液と、を具備する鉛蓄電池であって、
前記正極板は、正極集電体と、前記正極集電体に保持された正極電極材料と、を備え、
前記負極板は、負極集電体と、前記負極集電体に保持された負極電極材料と、を備え、
前記正極集電体は、枠骨と、前記枠骨に設けられた耳と、前記枠骨の内側の内骨と、を有し、
前記枠骨は、前記耳と連続する上部要素と、前記上部要素と対向する下部要素と、前記上部要素と前記下部要素とを連結する一対の側部要素と、を具備し、
前記内骨は、前記上部要素から前記下部要素に向かう第1方向に延びる縦骨と、一方の前記側部要素から他方の前記側部要素に向かう第2方向に延びる横骨と、を具備し、
前記縦骨の前記第1方向に垂直な断面において、金属の繊維状組織の縞模様が見られ、
前記断面の外周領域は、前記繊維状組織が前記断面の輪郭に沿って延びる第1部分と、前記第1部分以外の第2部分と、で構成され、
前記断面の輪郭の全長に占める前記第2部分に対応する輪郭の長さの割合は、50%未満であり、
前記負極電極材料の比表面積Snに対する前記正極電極材料の比表面積Spの比:Sp/Snが、10以上である、鉛蓄電池。 - 前記負極電極材料が、ビスフェノール系の有機防縮剤を0.25質量%以上含有する、請求項1に記載の鉛蓄電池。
- 前記負極電極材料が、ビスフェノール系の有機防縮剤を0.30質量%以上含有する、請求項1に記載の鉛蓄電池。
- 前記負極電極材料が、ビスフェノール系の有機防縮剤を0.4質量%以下含有する、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の鉛蓄電池。
- 前記負極電極材料が、ビスフェノール系の有機防縮剤を0.25質量%以上0.4質量%以下含有する、請求項1に記載の鉛蓄電池。
- 前記負極電極材料の比表面積Snに対する前記正極電極材料の比表面積Spの比:Sp/Snが、13以下である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の鉛蓄電池。
- 前記負極電極材料の比表面積Snに対する前記正極電極材料の比表面積Spの比:Sp/Snが、10以上13以下である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の鉛蓄電池。
- 前記断面の輪郭の全長に占める前記第2部分に対応する輪郭の長さの割合は、40%以下である、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の鉛蓄電池。
- 前記断面の輪郭の全長に占める前記第2部分に対応する輪郭の長さの割合は、30%以下である、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の鉛蓄電池。
- 請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の鉛蓄電池の製造方法であって、
前記正極集電体を準備し、前記正極集電体を含む前記正極板を得る工程と、
前記負極集電体を準備し、前記負極集電体を含む前記負極板を得る工程と、
を有し、
前記正極集電体を準備する工程が、
圧延板を準備する工程と、
前記圧延板に対して打ち抜き加工を行うことにより、格子状に形成された複数の中間骨を有する中間格子体を形成する工程と、
前記中間格子体に対して前記中間格子体の厚さ方向からプレス加工を行って前記内骨の少なくとも一部を形成する工程と、を含み、
前記プレス加工は、前記複数の中間骨の少なくとも一部において、前記中間骨の延びる方向と交差する骨幅方向における中央部よりも前記骨幅方向における少なくとも一方の端部が薄くなるように変形させることを含み、
前記正極板および前記負極板を得る工程において、前記負極電極材料の比表面積Snに対する前記正極電極材料の比表面積Spの比:Sp/Snを、10以上とする、鉛蓄電池の製造方法。
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