WO2020078860A1 - Device and method for controlling the temperature in a cvd reactor - Google Patents
Device and method for controlling the temperature in a cvd reactor Download PDFInfo
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- WO2020078860A1 WO2020078860A1 PCT/EP2019/077648 EP2019077648W WO2020078860A1 WO 2020078860 A1 WO2020078860 A1 WO 2020078860A1 EP 2019077648 W EP2019077648 W EP 2019077648W WO 2020078860 A1 WO2020078860 A1 WO 2020078860A1
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- temperature
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/0003—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry for sensing the radiant heat transfer of samples, e.g. emittance meter
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
- C23C16/458—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating characterised by the method used for supporting substrates in the reaction chamber
- C23C16/4582—Rigid and flat substrates, e.g. plates or discs
- C23C16/4583—Rigid and flat substrates, e.g. plates or discs the substrate being supported substantially horizontally
- C23C16/4584—Rigid and flat substrates, e.g. plates or discs the substrate being supported substantially horizontally the substrate being rotated
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
- C23C16/46—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating characterised by the method used for heating the substrate
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/44—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
- C23C16/52—Controlling or regulating the coating process
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/0003—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry for sensing the radiant heat transfer of samples, e.g. emittance meter
- G01J5/0007—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry for sensing the radiant heat transfer of samples, e.g. emittance meter of wafers or semiconductor substrates, e.g. using Rapid Thermal Processing
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/80—Calibration
-
- H10P72/0432—
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- H10P72/0602—
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- H10P72/7618—
-
- H10P72/7621—
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for temperature control in a CVD reactor and a CVD reactor, in which, with a first temperature measuring device, a substrate temperature at a first measuring point and the temperature of a susceptor or a substrate neck at a second measuring point - is measured.
- the CVD reactor has a control device for controlling the substrate temperature.
- first measured values of a substrate temperature are measured at first measuring points and second measured values of a susceptor temperature are measured at second measuring points outside the substrate.
- the measurement is usually carried out using two temperature measuring devices which are different from one another, it being possible for these temperature measuring devices to be pyrometers.
- the temperature measuring devices can deliver qualitatively different measured values, the measured values differing qualitatively in that, for example, only the the second measured value is technically suitable for regulation and the first measured value is technically not suitable for regulation.
- the first measured value cannot be used technically for a control because it is a lagging measured value that is only available with a time delay and because the first measured value is subject to fluctuations or is difficult to evaluate technically due to surface properties, emission properties or reflection properties of the substrate , to be processed or determined.
- the technologically relevant temperature is not the temperature measured with the second measured value, but the surface temperature of the substrate, since chemical or physical reactions take place on this surface.
- a semiconductor layer consisting of several components is deposited in a CVD reactor according to the invention.
- the CVD reactor can be used, for example, to deposit GaN layers or AlN layers. These layers can be deposited on silicon substrates but also on sapphire substrates.
- the material of the layers or of the substrate can be transparent to infrared light, so that the first measured values cannot be determined with an IR pyrometer, but must be determined in some other way.
- the invention is based on the object of further improving the method mentioned at the outset for generating an actual temperature and of specifying a CVD reactor which can be used for this purpose.
- a recalibration factor be used to determine an actual value regulated against a target value, in particular an actual temperature.
- the recalibration factor is obtained from at least several first measured values, which can be obtained in a time interval of at least 10 seconds in the past.
- the current second measured value is multiplied by the recalibration factor.
- the recalibration factor is formed from an average of first measured values measured in a time interval.
- the time interval can contain measured values that are measured at a time that is one time behind the current second measured value.
- the time course of the substrate temperature, that is to say the first measured value can be delayed in relation to the time course of the susceptor temperature, that is to say the second measured value.
- the time delay is of the order of 10 to 30 seconds.
- the time delay is due to various factors, for example the inertia of the system, the different heat flow paths, the signal processing times and a rotation of the susceptor about an axis of rotation.
- the susceptor typically rotates at 5 rpm.
- the measured values used to form the mean value contain in particular measured values which lie behind the time of the measurement of the current second measured value by a time which corresponds, for example, to one third, half or a whole of the time by which the time course of the first measured value is delayed compared to the time course of the second measured value.
- the first measurement values are used to obtain the recalibration factor, which lie back by a time that corresponds at least to the time of one revolution of the susceptor. These times are typically above 4 seconds or above 12 seconds.
- the recalibration factor contains a quotient from the first value, in particular the mean value discussed above, and a second value, the second value being formed from second measurement values in the past. Like the first value, the second value can be an average of a plurality of first measured values measured in a time interval.
- the time interval is preferably at least the rotation time of the susceptor or a delay time by which the two measured values change with a time delay and in particular assume a stationary state with a time delay after a change in temperature, or at least 10 seconds.
- the first temperature values or the second temperature values can be used directly to form the mean value.
- the first value for generating the recalibration factor and / or the second value for generating the recalibration factor can also be obtained in each case over a low-pass filtered time temperature curve.
- the limit frequency of the digital low-pass filter used here can correspond to the time mentioned above, that is to say, for example, the round trip time of the susceptor or 10 seconds or more.
- the cut-off frequency of the low-pass filter can also be the reciprocal time by which the times are apart when the two measured values return to a steady state after a change in temperature.
- the border frequency is in particular a maximum of 0.1 Hz.
- the second temperature measured outside the substrate at the susceptor is therefore not used for the control, but rather a mixed temperature which is calculated from a product of a first mean value and the second measured value.
- To form the first mean value a large number of first measured values can be integrated within an integration interval of at least 10 seconds.
- the first mean value thus forms a temporal mean value of the first temperature for a certain past time.
- the recalibration factor is preferably calculated as follows:
- the first value Mi preferably depends exclusively on first values measured in a previous time interval, that is to say in particular on the substrate temperatures.
- the second value M 2 preferably depends exclusively on second values measured in a previous time interval, that is to say preferably on the susceptor temperatures or substrate holder temperatures.
- the time interval or as the reciprocal time the cut-off frequency of a low-pass filter lasts longer than 10 seconds, for example at least 15 seconds, at least 20 seconds, at least 40 seconds, at least 60 seconds, at least 80 seconds, at least 100 seconds or at least 120 seconds.
- each mean value is formed from at least ten measured values, preferably at least 20 or more than 30 measured values.
- the CVD reactor used can be a CVD reactor as is known from the prior art.
- the CVD reactor has a gas-tight, evacuable housing in which a process chamber is located.
- the bottom or the ceiling of the process chamber can be formed by a susceptor.
- the susceptor can be an optionally coated graphite disc, which can be heated from below or above with a heating device, for example an RF or IR heating device.
- One or more substrates can be arranged on the broad side surface of the susceptor facing the process chamber. Cover plates can be provided between the substrates, which cover the susceptor surface.
- the one or more substrates can be arranged on substrate holders which lie in pockets of the susceptor or are arranged directly on the surface of the susceptor.
- the susceptor can be rotated about its figure axis. However, it can also remain stationary with the housing.
- the substrate holders can lie rotatably in pockets and can rest on a gas cushion, which can set the substrate holder in rotation about its axis.
- a gas inlet element can be assigned to the process chamber ceiling or the process chamber floor. It can be a central gas inlet element arranged in the center of the process chamber. However, it is also provided that the gas inlet element is formed by a showerhead, which extends essentially over the entire broad side surface of the susceptor and has a large number of gas outlet openings.
- gaseous starting materials are introduced together with a carrier gas into the process chamber, where the starting materials, which are hydrides of elements of the 5th main group and organometallic compounds of III. Main group act, disassemble.
- the temperature profile within the process chamber influences the layer growth of decomposition products of the gaseous starting materials, for example GaN or A1N.
- the substrates can be III-V substrates, sapphire substrates or silicon substrates. There are at least two temperature measuring devices gene provided to measure the temperature at different points.
- a first measured value can be measured on a substrate.
- a second measurement value can be measured at a second location outside the substrate. The second measured value can be measured on the same side of the susceptor on which the first measured value is also measured.
- the second measured value is measured on the side of the susceptor that lies opposite the substrate.
- the two measuring points can thus be arranged on mutually different sides of the susceptor.
- two pyrometers can be located above the process ceiling, one of which has the first measured value at a first measuring point on a substrate and a second pyrometer at a second measuring point outside the substrate, for example on the susceptor surface or on the bottom of a pocket in a substrate holder is stored, deliver a second measured value.
- the first value is an average value Mi, which is calculated as follows,
- t specifies a time interval that can be between 10 seconds and 120 seconds or can last longer.
- Ti is the measured value of the first temperature, which is measured, for example, at intervals of seconds.
- the second value is an average value M 2 , which is formed as follows: where t is also a time of greater than 10 seconds, which can be in particular in the range between 15 seconds and 120 seconds. T 2 denotes a measured value of the second temperature which can be obtained in intervals of seconds. [0010] Not only can the averaging of the mean values Mi, M 2
- Temperature measurements Ti, T 2 are used. It is also provided that low-pass filtered temperatures TT and / or T 2 'are first formed from the measured temperatures Ti, T 2 in order to form mean values from these dynamically filtered temperatures TT, TT. [0011] According to the first variant, the first mean value Mi becomes a recalibration factor Rc and from it and a second measured value T 2 as follows
- T R (t) Rc * T it) calculates an actual value of a temperature, which actual value is the temperature that a control device controls against a target value.
- the actual value is the temperature that a control device controls against a target value.
- the values Mi and M 2 are to a certain extent smooth first and second temperatures in the past.
- Other temperature measuring devices for example spectrometers, can also be used to measure the temperatures.
- the first measured values are determined by so-called strip edge thermometry (BET). It is particularly advantageous to use strip edge thermometry if the substrate temperature is less than 700 degrees Celsius, since UV pyrometers have a strongly increasing signal-to-noise ratio at temperatures below 700 degrees Celsius.
- the substrate In strip edge thermometry, light is applied to the substrate at the measuring point, where the light preferably has at least some areas of the spectrum, for example white light.
- the light emitted by the substrate is measured with a spectrometer. In particular, its frequency is determined and a temperature is calculated from this.
- the method is advantageous in that the measurement values do not depend on the intensity of the light which is applied to the substrate or which the substrate emits.
- An increase in temperature causes a higher movement of the lattice atoms in the layer, which leads to a change in the band gap of the semiconductor.
- the wavelength of the emitted from the substrate or the layer deposited thereon increases with increasing temperature, so that a peak wavelength measured with a spectrometer can be used as a measure of a substrate temperature.
- the peak wavelength is the wavelength at which the spectrum shows an apex.
- FIG. 1 shows a cross section through a CVD reactor
- 2 shows a representation according to FIG. 1 of a second exemplary embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 3 shows a representation according to FIG. 1 of a third exemplary embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 4a schematically shows the temperature profile Ti of the substrate temperature with a reduction in the heating power
- FIG. 4d schematically shows the time course of the recalibration factor, which in the exemplary embodiment is a quotient of a first mean value of substrate temperatures measured in a time interval and a second mean value of susceptor or substrate holder temperatures measured in a time interval.
- the CVD reactor 1 shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 consists of a gas-tight housing, in particular made of stainless steel, in which there is a susceptor 6 made of graphite or coated graphite, which is driven about an axis of rotation 16. Below the susceptor 6 is a heating device 5 with which the susceptor 6 can be heated. On the top of the susceptor 6 there are pockets 13, in each of which substrate holders 7 are arranged. The substrate holder 7 can rest on a gas cushion and be driven about axes of rotation 16. Each substrate holder 7 carries at least one substrate 8 to be coated.
- the susceptor 6 has a circular disk shape.
- the substrate holders 7 are arranged in a ring around the axis of rotation 16.
- the CVD reactor has a central gas inlet element 12, through which the process gases mentioned at the beginning can flow into the process chamber, which is delimited at the bottom by the susceptor 6 and at the top by a process chamber ceiling 9.
- the process chamber ceiling 9 has openings 10, 11. Above the openings 10, 11 there are two temperature measuring devices 2, 3, which may be pyrometers that supply measurement signals that are fed to a control device 4.
- the control device 4 uses the first and second temperature measurement values obtained from the temperature measurement devices 2, 3 in order to control the heating device 5.
- the first temperature measuring device 2 measures a surface temperature of the substrate 8 along a first optical path 14 through the opening 11 at a first measuring point 17.
- the second temperature measuring device 3 measures along a second optical path 15 through the opening 10 a temperature of the susceptor 6 at a second measuring point 18.
- the second temperature measuring device 3 measures a temperature along a second optical path 15 through the opening 10 at a second measuring point 18, which in the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 1 and in the figure 3 illustrated embodiment, the temperature of the Susceptor 6 and in the embodiment shown in Figure 2, the temperature of the substrate holder 7.
- the second measuring point 18 lies on the bottom of a pocket 13, so that the optical path 15 runs through an annular gap between the substrate holder 7 and the pocket wall.
- the optical path 15 runs through the substrate 8 lying on the substrate holder 7.
- the temperature measuring device 3 is an IR pyrometer.
- the substrate 8 is transparent to infrared light, so that the surface temperature of the substrate holder 7 can be determined with the IR pyrometer.
- the measuring point 18 can also lie next to the substrate 8 on the upper side of the substrate holder 7.
- the surface temperature of the susceptor 6 is measured with the second temperature measuring device 3.
- the measuring point 18 is here directly next to the substrate holder.
- the measuring point 18 can lie both radially inside and radially outside of the substrate holder 7. However, it can also be located at a location on the susceptor surface which is arranged between two adjacent substrate holders 7. It is further provided that the measuring point 18 for measuring the susceptor temperature can also be arranged on the underside of the susceptor 6. Pyrometers or thermocouples or the like can be used to measure the susceptor temperature.
- the second temperature measuring device 2 can be a UV pyrometer with which the surface temperature of the substrate 8 is measured.
- Cover plates can also rest on the susceptor 6.
- the second measuring point can also be arranged on one of the cover plates.
- the control device 4 is designed in such a way that, within predetermined time intervals, which are at least 10 seconds, the first temperature measurement values Ti are mathematically linked to one another in order to form an algebraic mean value Mi of the first temperature Ti over the interval. It can further be provided that the control device is set up in such a way that it generates a second algebraic mean value M 2 of the second temperature T from a large number of measured values of the second temperature T 2 over an interval that is at least 10 seconds long 2 forms.
- the control device 4 is also set up such that it forms an actual value TR from the first mean value Mi and the currently measured second measured value T 2 of the second temperature at the second measuring point 18, which is used to regulate the heating device 5 is used, the modified actual temperature TR consisting at least of a product of the first mean value Mi and the current second measured value T 2 .
- the modified actual value TR not only consists of the product of the first average value Mi and the current second measured value T 2 , but also additionally by a second average value M 2 of the second temperature has been divided.
- At least ten measured values of either the first temperature Ti or the second temperature T 2 are preferably used to determine an average value.
- FIG. 4a shows the reaction of the temperature Ti of the substrate 8 when the heating power is reduced to reduce the temperature at time ti.
- the substrate temperature Ti reaches its minimum at a point in time h and then takes a lower value after an overshoot caused by the control.
- FIG. 4b shows the time course of the temperature T 2 of the susceptor 6 or of the substrate holder 7 after the setpoint temperature has decreased.
- the temperature T 2 reaches its minimum at an earlier point in time, namely at the point in time t 2 , in order then to assume an essentially constant value according to an overshoot caused by the control algorithm. It can be seen from FIGS.
- FIGS. 4a and 4b show that the minimum of the substrate temperature Ti is reached at a later time h than the minimum of the susceptor temperature T 2 , which is already reached at a time t 2 .
- the time difference between the two times t 2 and h is in the range from 10 to 20 seconds.
- FIGS. 4a and 4b show that the temperature Ti drops slightly after the reduction in the heating power at the time ti compared to the temperature T 2 with a slight delay. If one does not consider the overshoot observed in time after time h, it can be seen that the system has a generic time in the form of the time difference h minus t 2 , i.e. the time within which, after a temperature change, the two temperatures Ti, T 2 return to its steady state.
- FIG. 4d shows a recalibration factor Rc to be multiplied by the current temperature T 2 of the susceptor, which takes into account the inertia of the profile of the substrate temperature Ti.
- the recalibration factor Rc is formed by the quotient of two mean values, the mean value of the first temperatures Ti being in the numerator and the mean value of the second temperatures T 2 being in the denominator.
- FIG. 4c shows the actual temperature T R calculated in this way and used for the control, which is calculated as follows:
- the integration times for forming the mean values Mi, M 2 are at least the time that the susceptor needs for one revolution around its axis of rotation.
- low-pass filtered temperature profiles can also be used.
- the limit frequency of the digital low-pass filter used is the reciprocal of the round trip time of the susceptor.
- the integration time for forming the mean values Mi, M 2 can also be at least the time difference fr minus t 2 .
- the maximum cut-off frequency is equal to the reciprocal of this time difference, the time difference being the time by which the first temperature Ti runs after the second temperature T 2 .
- the temperature at the measuring points Ti or T 2 reacts differently in time to a change in the heating power supplied. This leads to an overestimation or underestimation of the recalibration factor in dynamic situations.
- a suitable filtering can be a low pass filter.
- V of the recalibration ariants method satisfies the combination of the temperature signals Ti and T 2 'and T 2 TT and to win the Rekalibri fürsine in sufficient quality.
- the gas inlet element 12 can be a shower head, which extends over the entire surface of the susceptor 6 and on its broad side surface facing the susceptor has a large number of uniformly distributed gas outlet nozzles through which the process gas enters the process chamber .
- the substrates 8 can rest directly on the broad side surfaces of the susceptor 6 facing the process chamber. With the first temperature measuring device 2, the first measured value TI is determined at a measuring point 17 on the substrate.
- a second temperature measuring device 3 is used to measure a second measured value of a temperature at a measuring point outside the substrate 8, that is to say where the susceptor is not covered with the substrate 8.
- the second measuring point can be on the same broad side surface of the susceptor 6 on which the substrate 8 is also located. However, it is also provided that the second measuring point is on the back of the susceptor 6, that is to say on the side of the susceptor 6 opposite the substrate 8.
- the second temperature measuring device 3 can thus also be arranged below the susceptor 6.
- the susceptor 6 is arranged above the process chamber, so that the substrates on the the broad side surface of the susceptor facing down.
- the gas inlet element can then be arranged on the underside of the susceptor.
- At least one of the temperature measuring devices is a spectrometer with which the wavelength and in particular a peak wavelength of a light emission can be measured. The value of a frequency peak in the spectrum is measured.
- the temperature measuring device is used instead of the UV pyrometer, with which the measured value of the temperature on the substrate 8 is determined.
- the temperature of the substrate can be determined using strip edge thermometry (BET). This is particularly advantageous at temperatures below 700 degrees Celsius.
- BET strip edge thermometry
- light is applied to the first measuring point on the substrate, for example white light or a light with a spectrum that is at least partially continuous.
- the light response of the substrate is determined with the spectrometer.
- the layer deposited on the substrate luminesces with a frequency characterized for the bandgap. This frequency is temperature-dependent, so that by determining the wavelength or the frequency of the light emitted by the layer deposited on the substrate, a substrate temperature can be determined.
- a CVD reactor 1 with a first temperature measuring device 2, which is set up in such a way that it delivers first measured values Ti of a temperature at a first measuring point 17, which is arranged on a substrate 8, and with a second temperature measuring device 3, which is so is set up so that it supplies second measured values T 2 of a temperature measured at a second measuring point 18 outside or below the substrate 8, with a control device 4 for temperature control, the control device 4 being set up in such a way that for controlling a setpoint value Actual value TR, a recalibration factor Rc is obtained at least from previous first measured values Ti, which is multiplied by the current second measured value T 2 .
- a method or a CVD reactor 1 which is characterized in that the recalibration factor Rc is a quotient of one is a first value Mi formed in time and a second value M 2 formed from previous second measured values T 2 .
- a method or a CVD reactor 1 which is characterized in that a characteristic time by which the at least one first measured value Ti or at least one second measured value T 2 is compared to the time of the determination of the actual value , is the time of a rotation of the susceptor about its axis of rotation or a time difference b minus t 2 by which the first measured value Ti changes with a time delay compared to the second measured value T 2 and in particular assumes a steady state again after a change in heating power or is at least 10 seconds, at least 15 seconds, at least 20 seconds, at least 40 seconds, at least 60 seconds, at least 80 seconds, at least 100 seconds or at least 120 seconds.
- a method or a CVD reactor 1 which is characterized in that first measured values Ti and / or second measured values T 2 are used to determine the actual value TR with a low-pass filter, the Limit frequency of the low-pass filter is the reciprocal characteristic time.
- a method or a CVD reactor 1 which is characterized in that the mean values Mi, M 2 are formed from low-pass filtered first and second measured values Ti, T 2 .
- a method or a CVD reactor 1 which is characterized in that the CVD reactor 1 has a susceptor which can be heated from its underside with a heating device 5, the second measuring point 18 being an upper side of the susceptor 6, one Underside of the susceptor 6, the bottom of a pocket 13 in the susceptor 6, in which a substrate holder 7 is rotatably arranged, which carries at least one substrate 8, a point on the upper side of the substrate holder 7 next to the substrate 8 or one below the Substrate 8 is assigned to the location on the substrate holder 7.
- a method or a CVD reactor 1 which is characterized in that the first and second temperature measuring devices 2, 3 are pyrometers whose optical paths 14, 15 pass through openings 10, 11 of a process chamber ceiling 9 and / or that the first measuring device 2 for measuring the first measured value Ti, which corresponds to a substrate temperature, is a UV pyrometer, and that the second temperature measuring device 3, which supplies a measured value of the temperature of the substrate holder 7 or the susceptor 6 IR pyrometer and / or that a thermocouple, in particular on the underside of the susceptor 6, is used to measure the second temperature T 2 .
- the first and second temperature measuring devices 2, 3 are pyrometers whose optical paths 14, 15 pass through openings 10, 11 of a process chamber ceiling 9 and / or that the first measuring device 2 for measuring the first measured value Ti, which corresponds to a substrate temperature, is a UV pyrometer, and that the second temperature measuring device 3, which supplies a measured value of the temperature of the substrate holder 7 or the susceptor 6 IR pyr
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Abstract
Description
Beschreibung description
Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Regelung der Temperatur in einem CVD- Reaktor Device and method for regulating the temperature in a CVD reactor
Gebiet der Technik Technical field
[0001] Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Temperaturregelung in einem CVD-Reaktor und einen CVD-Reaktor, bei dem mit einer ersten Temper atur- messeinrichtung an einer ersten Messstelle eine Substrattemperatur und an ei- ner zweiten Messstelle die Temperatur eines Suszeptors oder eines Substrathal- ters gemessen wird. Der CVD-Reaktor besitzt eine Regeleinrichtung zur Rege- lung der Substrattemperatur. [0001] The invention relates to a method for temperature control in a CVD reactor and a CVD reactor, in which, with a first temperature measuring device, a substrate temperature at a first measuring point and the temperature of a susceptor or a substrate neck at a second measuring point - is measured. The CVD reactor has a control device for controlling the substrate temperature.
Stand der Technik State of the art
[0002] Verfahren zur Messung der Temperatur von Substratoberflächen oder von Suszeptoroberflächen, bei denen mittels zwei Pyrometern an verschiedenen Stellen auf dem Suszeptor Temperaturen gemessen werden, sind beispielsweise aus der US 8,888,360 B2; 9,200,965 B2 oder US 6,398,406 Bl vorbekannt. [0002] Methods for measuring the temperature of substrate surfaces or of susceptor surfaces, in which temperatures are measured by means of two pyrometers at different points on the susceptor, are described, for example, in US Pat. No. 8,888,360 B2; 9,200,965 B2 or US 6,398,406 B1 previously known.
[0003] Die Bildung von Soll-Werten aus verschiedenen Temperaturen wird auch in der DE 10 2015 100 640 Al beschrieben. [0004] Beim Abscheiden von Schichten auf Substraten in einem CVD-Reaktor werden an ersten Messstellen erste Messwerte einer Substrattemperatur und an zweiten Messstellen außerhalb des Substrates zweite Messwerte einer Suszep- tortemperatur gemessen. Die Messung erfolgt üblicherweise mit zwei vonei- nander verschiedenen Temperaturmesseinrichtungen, wobei diese Tempera- turmesseinrichtungen Pyrometer sein können. Die Temperaturmesseinrichtun- gen können qualitativ voneinander verschiedene Messwerte liefern, wobei sich die Messwerte qualitativ dadurch unterscheiden, dass beispielsweise nur der zweite Messwert technisch für eine Regelung geeignet ist und der erste Mess- wert technisch nicht für eine Regelung geeignet ist. Beispielsweise kann der erste Messwert deshalb technisch nicht für eine Regelung verwendet werden, weil er ein nachlaufender Messwert ist, der nur zeitverzögert zur Verfügung steht, und weil der erste Messwert Schwankungen unterliegt oder aufgrund von Oberflächeneigenschaften, Emissionseigenschaften oder Reflexionseigen- schaften des Substrates technisch schwer auszuwerten, aufzubereiten oder zu ermitteln ist. Die technologisch relevante Temperatur ist aber nicht die mit dem zweiten Messwert gemessene Temperatur, sondern die Oberflächentemperatur des Substrates, da an dieser Oberfläche chemische oder physikalische Reaktio- nen stattfinden. Beispielsweise wird in einem erfindungsgemäßen CVD- Reaktor eine aus mehreren Komponenten bestehende Halbleiterschicht abge- schieden. Der CVD-Reaktor kann beispielsweise dazu verwendet werden GaN- Schichten oder AlN-Schichten abzuscheiden. Das Abscheiden dieser Schichten kann auf Siliciumsubstraten aber auch auf Saphirsubstraten stattfinden. DasThe formation of target values from different temperatures is also described in DE 10 2015 100 640 A1. [0004] When layers are deposited on substrates in a CVD reactor, first measured values of a substrate temperature are measured at first measuring points and second measured values of a susceptor temperature are measured at second measuring points outside the substrate. The measurement is usually carried out using two temperature measuring devices which are different from one another, it being possible for these temperature measuring devices to be pyrometers. The temperature measuring devices can deliver qualitatively different measured values, the measured values differing qualitatively in that, for example, only the the second measured value is technically suitable for regulation and the first measured value is technically not suitable for regulation. For example, the first measured value cannot be used technically for a control because it is a lagging measured value that is only available with a time delay and because the first measured value is subject to fluctuations or is difficult to evaluate technically due to surface properties, emission properties or reflection properties of the substrate , to be processed or determined. However, the technologically relevant temperature is not the temperature measured with the second measured value, but the surface temperature of the substrate, since chemical or physical reactions take place on this surface. For example, a semiconductor layer consisting of several components is deposited in a CVD reactor according to the invention. The CVD reactor can be used, for example, to deposit GaN layers or AlN layers. These layers can be deposited on silicon substrates but also on sapphire substrates. The
Material der Schichten bzw. des Substrates kann für infrarotes Licht transparent sein, so dass erste Messwerte nicht mit einem IR-Pyrometer ermittelbar sind, sondern anderweitig zu ermitteln sind. The material of the layers or of the substrate can be transparent to infrared light, so that the first measured values cannot be determined with an IR pyrometer, but must be determined in some other way.
[0005] Aus dem oben genannten Stand der Technik wurden bereits Vorschläge gemacht, wie man mit Hilfe mathematischer Funktionen, deren Argumente mehrere zu verschiedenen Zeiten gemessene Messwerte sind, einen Tempera- tur-Ist-Wert erzeugen kann, der weitestgehend der Substrattemperatur ent- spricht und der zur Regelung einer Heizeinrichtung verwendet werden kann, mit dem der Suszeptor und das vom Suszeptor getragene Substrat beheizt wird. Zusammenfassung der Erfindung [0005] Proposals have already been made from the above-mentioned prior art on how one can use mathematical functions, the arguments of which are several measured values measured at different times, to generate an actual temperature value which largely corresponds to the substrate temperature and which can be used to control a heating device with which the susceptor and the substrate carried by the susceptor are heated. Summary of the invention
[0006] Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, das eingangs genannte Ver- fahren zur Erzeugung einer Ist-Temperatur weiter zu verbessern und einen hierzu verwendbaren CVD-Reaktor anzugeben. [0006] The invention is based on the object of further improving the method mentioned at the outset for generating an actual temperature and of specifying a CVD reactor which can be used for this purpose.
[0007] Gelöst wird die Aufgabe durch die in den Ansprüchen angegebene Er- findung, wobei die Unteransprüche nicht nur vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen der in den nebengeordneten Ansprüchen angegebenen Lösung sind, sondern auch eigenständige Lösungen der Aufgabe darstellen. [0007] The object is achieved by the invention specified in the claims, the subclaims not only being advantageous developments of the solution specified in the independent claims, but also representing independent solutions to the object.
[0008] Zunächst und im Wesentlichen wird vorgeschlagen, dass zur Bestim- mung eines gegen einen Soll-Wert geregelten Ist-Wertes, insbesondere einer Ist- Temperatur ein Rekalibrierungsfaktor verwendet wird. Der Rekalibrierungsfak- tor wird zumindest aus mehreren ersten Messwerten gewonnen, die in einem Zeitintervall von mindestens 10 Sekunden zeitlich zurückliegend gewonnen werden können. Mit dem Rekalibrierungsfaktor wird der aktuelle zweite Messwert multipliziert. In einer ersten Variante wird der Rekalibrierungsfaktor aus einem Mittelwert von in einem Zeitintervall gemessenen ersten Messwerten gebildet. Das Zeitintervall kann Messwerte enthalten, die zu einer Zeit gemes- sen werden, die um einen Zeitversatz gegenüber dem aktuellen zweiten Mess- wert zurückliegen. Der zeitliche Verlauf der Substrattemperatur, also des ersten Messwertes, kann gegenüber dem zeitlichen Verlauf der Suszeptortemperatur, also des zweiten Messwertes, zeitlich verzögert sein. Die zeitliche Verzögerung liegt etwa in der Größenordnung von 10 bis 30 Sekunden. Die zeitliche Verzö- gerung ist auf verschiedene Faktoren zurückzuführen, beispielsweise auf die Trägheit des Systems, die unterschiedlichen Wärmefluss wege, die Signalverar- beitungszeiten und auf eine Drehung des Suszeptors um eine Drehachse. Typi- scherweise dreht sich der Suszeptor mit 5 U/ min. Die zur Bildung des Mittel- wertes verwendeten Messwerte enthalten insbesondere Messwerte, die gegen- über dem Zeitpunkt der Messung des aktuellen zweiten Messwertes um eine Zeit zurückliegen, die beispielsweise einem Drittel, der Hälfte oder einem Gan- zen der Zeit entspricht, um die der zeitliche Verlauf des ersten Messwertes ge- genüber dem zeitlichen Verlauf des zweiten Messwertes verzögert ist. Es ist insbesondere vorgesehen, dass zur Gewinnung des Rekalibrierungsfaktors erste Messwerte verwendet werden, die um eine Zeit zurückliegen, die mindestens der Zeit einer Umdrehung des Suszeptors entspricht. Diese Zeiten liegen typi- scherweise oberhalb von 4 Sekunden oder oberhalb von 12 Sekunden. In einer bevorzugten Variante enthält der Rekalibrierungsfaktor einen Quotienten aus dem ersten Wert, insbesondere dem oben erörterten Mittelwert und einem zweiten Wert, wobei der zweite Wert aus zeitlich zurückliegenden zweiten Messwerten gebildet wird. Der zweite Wert kann ebenso wie der erste Wert ein Mittelwert aus einer Mehrzahl in einem Zeitintervall gemessenen ersten Mess- werten sein. Das Zeitintervall beträgt auch hier bevorzugt zumindest die Um drehungszeit des Suszeptors oder eine Verzögerungszeit, um die sich die bei- den Messwerte zeitlich verzögert ändern und insbesondere nach einer Tempe- raturänderung zeitverzögert einen stationären Zustand einnehmen, oder min- destens 10 Sekunden. Zur Bildung des Mittelwertes können unmittelbar die ersten Temperaturwerte oder die zweiten Temper aturwerte verwendet werden. Es ist aber auch vorgesehen, zuvor den zeitlichen Verlauf der Temperatur- messwerte mit einem Tiefpassfilter zu filtern. Alternativ zur Mittelwertbildung kann der erste Wert zur Erzeugung des Rekalibrierungsfaktors und/ oder der zweite Wert zur Erzeugung des Rekalibrierungsfaktors auch jeweils über einen tiefpassgefilterten zeitlichen Temperatur verlauf gewonnen werden. Die Grenz- frequenz des hierbei verwendeten, insbesondere digitalen Tiefpassfilters kann hierbei der oben genannten Zeit, also beispielsweise der Umlaufzeit des Sus- zeptors oder 10 Sekunden oder mehr entsprechen. Die Grenzfrequenz des Tief- passpassfilters kann darüber hinaus auch die reziproke Zeit sein, um die die Zeitpunkte auseinanderliegen, an denen nach einer Temper aturänderung die beiden Messwerte wieder einen stationären Zustand erreichen. Die Grenzfre- quenz beträgt insbesondere maximal 0,1 Hz. Zur Regelung wird also nicht die außerhalb des Substrates am Suszeptor gemessene zweite Temperatur verwen- det, sondern eine Mischtemperatur die aus einem Produkt eines ersten Mittel- wertes und dem zweiten Messwert berechnet wird. Zur Bildung des ersten Mit- tel wertes kann eine Vielzahl von ersten Messwerten innerhalb eines Integrati- onsintervalls von mindestens 10 Sekunden aufintegriert werden. Der erste Mit- telwert bildet somit einen zeitlichen Mittelwert der ersten Temperatur für eine gewisse zurückliegende Zeit. Bevorzugt berechnet sich der Rekalibrierungsfak- tor wie folgt: [0008] First and foremost, it is proposed that a recalibration factor be used to determine an actual value regulated against a target value, in particular an actual temperature. The recalibration factor is obtained from at least several first measured values, which can be obtained in a time interval of at least 10 seconds in the past. The current second measured value is multiplied by the recalibration factor. In a first variant, the recalibration factor is formed from an average of first measured values measured in a time interval. The time interval can contain measured values that are measured at a time that is one time behind the current second measured value. The time course of the substrate temperature, that is to say the first measured value, can be delayed in relation to the time course of the susceptor temperature, that is to say the second measured value. The time delay is of the order of 10 to 30 seconds. The time delay is due to various factors, for example the inertia of the system, the different heat flow paths, the signal processing times and a rotation of the susceptor about an axis of rotation. The susceptor typically rotates at 5 rpm. The measured values used to form the mean value contain in particular measured values which lie behind the time of the measurement of the current second measured value by a time which corresponds, for example, to one third, half or a whole of the time by which the time course of the first measured value is delayed compared to the time course of the second measured value. In particular, it is provided that the first measurement values are used to obtain the recalibration factor, which lie back by a time that corresponds at least to the time of one revolution of the susceptor. These times are typically above 4 seconds or above 12 seconds. In a preferred variant, the recalibration factor contains a quotient from the first value, in particular the mean value discussed above, and a second value, the second value being formed from second measurement values in the past. Like the first value, the second value can be an average of a plurality of first measured values measured in a time interval. Here, too, the time interval is preferably at least the rotation time of the susceptor or a delay time by which the two measured values change with a time delay and in particular assume a stationary state with a time delay after a change in temperature, or at least 10 seconds. The first temperature values or the second temperature values can be used directly to form the mean value. However, provision is also made to filter the temporal course of the temperature measured values beforehand using a low-pass filter. As an alternative to averaging, the first value for generating the recalibration factor and / or the second value for generating the recalibration factor can also be obtained in each case over a low-pass filtered time temperature curve. The limit frequency of the digital low-pass filter used here, in particular, can correspond to the time mentioned above, that is to say, for example, the round trip time of the susceptor or 10 seconds or more. The cut-off frequency of the low-pass filter can also be the reciprocal time by which the times are apart when the two measured values return to a steady state after a change in temperature. The border frequency is in particular a maximum of 0.1 Hz. The second temperature measured outside the substrate at the susceptor is therefore not used for the control, but rather a mixed temperature which is calculated from a product of a first mean value and the second measured value. To form the first mean value, a large number of first measured values can be integrated within an integration interval of at least 10 seconds. The first mean value thus forms a temporal mean value of the first temperature for a certain past time. The recalibration factor is preferably calculated as follows:
Dabei hängt der erste Wert Mi bevorzugt ausschließlich von ersten in einem zurückliegenden Zeitintervall gemessenen Werten, also insbesondere von den Substrattemperaturen ab. Bevorzugt hängt der zweite Wert M2 ausschließlich von in einem zurückliegenden Zeitintervall gemessenen zweiten Werten, also bevorzugt den Suszeptortemperaturen oder Substrathaltertemperaturen ab. In einer Weiterbildung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens kann vorgesehen sein, dass das Zeitintervall bzw. als reziproke Zeit die Grenzfrequenz eines Tiefpass- filters länger als 10 Sekunden andauert, es kann beispielsweise mindestens 15 Sekunden, mindestens 20 Sekunden, mindestens 40 Sekunden, mindestens 60 Sekunden, mindestens 80 Sekunden, mindestens 100 Sekunden oder mindes- tens 120 Sekunden lang sein. Je länger das Zeitintervall ist, desto träger reagiert die Regelung auf Änderungen der mit der ersten Temperaturmesseinrichtung gelieferten Messwerte. Es ist vorgesehen, dass in etwa jeder Sekunde ein Mess- wert gewonnen wird. Es ist ferner vorgesehen, dass jeder Mittelwert aus zu- mindest zehn Messwerten, bevorzugt mindestens 20 oder mehr als 30 Messwer- ten gebildet wird. [0009] Bei dem verwendeten CVD-Reaktor kann es sich um einen CVD- Reaktor handeln, wie er aus dem Stand der Technik bekannt ist. Der CVD- Reaktor besitzt ein gasdichtes, evakuierbares Gehäuse, in dem sich eine Pro- zesskammer befindet. Der Boden oder die Decke der Prozesskammer kann von einem Suszeptor ausgebildet sein. Bei dem Suszeptor kann es sich um eine ge- gebenenfalls beschichtete Graphitscheibe handeln, die von unten oder oben mit einer Heizeinrichtung, beispielsweise einer RF- oder IR-Heizeinrichtung be- heizbar ist. Auf der zur Prozesskammer weisenden Breitseitenfläche des Sus- zeptors können ein oder mehrere Substrate angeordnet sein. Zwischen den Substraten können Abdeckplatten vorgesehen sein, die die Suszeptoroberfläche abdecken. Die ein oder mehreren Substrate können auf Substrathaltern ange- ordnet sein, die in Taschen des Suszeptor s einliegen oder direkt auf der Ober- fläche des Suszeptors angeordnet sein. Der Suszeptor kann um seine Figu- renachse gedreht werden. Er kann aber auch ortsfest zum Gehäuse verbleiben. Die Substrathalter können drehbar in Taschen liegen ein und können auf einem Gaspolster aufliegen, das die Substrathalter in eine Drehung um ihre Achse versetzen kann. Der Prozesskammerdecke oder dem Prozesskammerboden kann ein Gaseinlassorgan zugeordnet sein. Es kann sich um ein im Zentrum der Prozesskammer angeordnetes zentrales Gaseinlassorgan handeln. Es ist aber auch vorgesehen, dass das Gaseinlassorgan von einem Showerhead ausgebildet ist, der sich im Wesentlichen über die gesamte Breitseitenfläche des Suszeptor erstreckt und eine Vielzahl von Gasaustrittsöffnungen aufweist. Durch das Ga- seinlassorgan werden gasförmige Ausgangsstoffe zusammen mit einem Trä- gergas in die Prozesskammer eingeleitet, wo sich die Ausgangsstoffe, bei denen es sich um Hydride von Elementen der V. Hauptgruppe und metallorganischen Verbindungen der III. Hauptgruppe handeln, zerlegen. Das Temperaturprofil innerhalb der Prozesskammer beeinflusst das Schichtwachstum von Zerle- gungsprodukten der gasförmigen Ausgangsstoffe, beispielweise GaN oder A1N. Bei den Substraten kann es sich um III-V-Substrate, Saphirsubstrate oder Siliciumsubstrate handeln. Es sind zumindest zwei Temperaturmesseinrichtun- gen vorgesehen, um die Temperatur an unterschiedlichen Stellen zu messen.The first value Mi preferably depends exclusively on first values measured in a previous time interval, that is to say in particular on the substrate temperatures. The second value M 2 preferably depends exclusively on second values measured in a previous time interval, that is to say preferably on the susceptor temperatures or substrate holder temperatures. In a further development of the method according to the invention it can be provided that the time interval or as the reciprocal time the cut-off frequency of a low-pass filter lasts longer than 10 seconds, for example at least 15 seconds, at least 20 seconds, at least 40 seconds, at least 60 seconds, at least 80 seconds, at least 100 seconds or at least 120 seconds. The longer the time interval, the slower the control reacts to changes in the measured values supplied with the first temperature measuring device. It is envisaged that a measured value will be obtained every second. It is further provided that each mean value is formed from at least ten measured values, preferably at least 20 or more than 30 measured values. [0009] The CVD reactor used can be a CVD reactor as is known from the prior art. The CVD reactor has a gas-tight, evacuable housing in which a process chamber is located. The bottom or the ceiling of the process chamber can be formed by a susceptor. The susceptor can be an optionally coated graphite disc, which can be heated from below or above with a heating device, for example an RF or IR heating device. One or more substrates can be arranged on the broad side surface of the susceptor facing the process chamber. Cover plates can be provided between the substrates, which cover the susceptor surface. The one or more substrates can be arranged on substrate holders which lie in pockets of the susceptor or are arranged directly on the surface of the susceptor. The susceptor can be rotated about its figure axis. However, it can also remain stationary with the housing. The substrate holders can lie rotatably in pockets and can rest on a gas cushion, which can set the substrate holder in rotation about its axis. A gas inlet element can be assigned to the process chamber ceiling or the process chamber floor. It can be a central gas inlet element arranged in the center of the process chamber. However, it is also provided that the gas inlet element is formed by a showerhead, which extends essentially over the entire broad side surface of the susceptor and has a large number of gas outlet openings. Through the gas inlet element, gaseous starting materials are introduced together with a carrier gas into the process chamber, where the starting materials, which are hydrides of elements of the 5th main group and organometallic compounds of III. Main group act, disassemble. The temperature profile within the process chamber influences the layer growth of decomposition products of the gaseous starting materials, for example GaN or A1N. The substrates can be III-V substrates, sapphire substrates or silicon substrates. There are at least two temperature measuring devices gene provided to measure the temperature at different points.
An einer ersten Messstelle kann auf einem Substrat ein erster Messwert gemes- sen werden. An einer zweiten Stelle kann außerhalb des Substrates ein zweiter Messwert gemessen werden. Der zweite Messwert kann auf derselben Seite des Suszeptors gemessen werden, auf der auch der erste Messwert gemessen wird.At a first measuring point, a first measured value can be measured on a substrate. A second measurement value can be measured at a second location outside the substrate. The second measured value can be measured on the same side of the susceptor on which the first measured value is also measured.
Es ist aber auch vorgesehen, dass der zweite Messwert auf der Seite des Suszep- tors gemessen wird, die dem Substrat gegenüber liegt. Die beiden Messstellen können somit auf voneinander verschiedenen Seiten des Suszeptors angeordnet sein. Bei einer Variante der Erfindung können sich oberhalb der Prozessdecke zwei Pyrometer befinden, von denen eines an einer ersten Messstelle auf einem Substrat den ersten Messwert und ein zweites Pyrometer an einer zweiten Messstelle außerhalb des Substrates, beispielsweise auf der Suszeptoroberfläche oder auf dem Boden einer Tasche in der ein Substrathalter gelagert ist, einen zweiten Messwert liefern. Gemäß einer Variante der Erfindung ist der erste Wert ein Mittelwert Mi, der wie folgt berechnet wird, However, it is also provided that the second measured value is measured on the side of the susceptor that lies opposite the substrate. The two measuring points can thus be arranged on mutually different sides of the susceptor. In a variant of the invention, two pyrometers can be located above the process ceiling, one of which has the first measured value at a first measuring point on a substrate and a second pyrometer at a second measuring point outside the substrate, for example on the susceptor surface or on the bottom of a pocket in a substrate holder is stored, deliver a second measured value. According to a variant of the invention, the first value is an average value Mi, which is calculated as follows,
wobei t ein Zeitintervall angibt, das zwischen 10 Sekunden und 120 Sekunden liegen kann oder auch länger andauern kann. Mit Ti ist der Messwert der ersten Temperatur bezeichnet, der beispielsweise in Sekundenabständen gemessen wird. In einer Variante der Erfindung ist der zweite Wert ein Mittelwert M2, der wie folgt gebildet wird: wobei t auch hier eine Zeit von größer 10 Sekunden ist, die insbesondere im Bereich zwischen 15 Sekunden und 120 Sekunden liegen kann. Mit T2 ist ein Messwert der zweiten Temperatur bezeichnet der in Sekundenabständen ge- wonnen werden kann. [0010] Zur Mittelwertbildung der Mittelwerte Mi, M2 können nicht nur diewhere t specifies a time interval that can be between 10 seconds and 120 seconds or can last longer. Ti is the measured value of the first temperature, which is measured, for example, at intervals of seconds. In a variant of the invention, the second value is an average value M 2 , which is formed as follows: where t is also a time of greater than 10 seconds, which can be in particular in the range between 15 seconds and 120 seconds. T 2 denotes a measured value of the second temperature which can be obtained in intervals of seconds. [0010] Not only can the averaging of the mean values Mi, M 2
Temperaturmesswerte Ti, T2 verwendet werden. Es ist auch vorgesehen, zu- nächst aus den gemessenen Temperaturen Ti, T2 tiefpassgefilterte Temperatu- ren TT und/ oder T2' zu bilden, um aus diesen dynamisch gefilterten Tempera- turen TT, TT Mittelwerte zu bilden. [0011] Gemäß der ersten Variante wird aus dem ersten Mittelwert Mi ein Re- kalibrierungsfaktor Rc und daraus und einem zweiten Messwert T2 wie folgt Temperature measurements Ti, T 2 are used. It is also provided that low-pass filtered temperatures TT and / or T 2 'are first formed from the measured temperatures Ti, T 2 in order to form mean values from these dynamically filtered temperatures TT, TT. [0011] According to the first variant, the first mean value Mi becomes a recalibration factor Rc and from it and a second measured value T 2 as follows
TR(t) = Rc * T i t) ein Ist-Wert einer Temperatur berechnet, welcher Ist-Wert die Temperatur ist, die eine Regeleinrichtung gegen einen Soll- Wert regelt. [0012] Gemäß einer zweiten, bevorzugten Variante der Erfindung wird die Ist-T R (t) = Rc * T it) calculates an actual value of a temperature, which actual value is the temperature that a control device controls against a target value. According to a second, preferred variant of the invention, the actual
Temperatur wie folgt berechnet Temperature calculated as follows
Bei den Werten Mi und M2 handelt es sich gewissermaßen um geglättete, in der Vergangenheit zurückliegende erste und zweite Temperaturen. Je kleiner das Zeitintervall ist, innerhalb dessen die Glättung stattfindet, desto mehr verhält sich die Temperatur TR im kurzfristigem Regime wie die Substrattemperatur Ti, je größer die Zeit ist desto mehr verhält sich TR wie die Suszeptortemperatur T2; Mittelfristig konvergiert sie immer gegen die Substrattemperatur Ti. Zur Mes- sung der Temperaturen können auch anderweitige Temperaturmesseinrichtun- gen, beispielsweise Spektrometer verwendet werden. Es ist insbesondere vor- gesehen, dass die ersten Messwerte durch die sogenannte Bandkantenthermo- metrie (BET) ermittelt werden. Es ist insbesondere von Vorteil, die Bandkanten- thermometrie zu verwenden, wenn die Substrattemperatur kleiner als 700 Grad Celsius ist, da UV-Pyrometer bei Temperaturen unterhalb von 700 Grad Celsius ein stark ansteigendes Signal-Rausch- Verhältnis aufweisen. Bei der Bandkan- tenthermometrie wird das Substrat am Messpunkt mit Licht beaufschlagt, wo bei das Licht bevorzugt zumindest Bereichsweise ein Bereich des Spektrum aufweist, beispielsweise weißes Licht ist. Mit einem Spektrometer wird das vom Substrat emittierte Licht vermessen. Es wird insbesondere dessen Frequenz be- stimmt und hieraus eine Temperatur berechnet. Das Verfahren ist insofern von Vorteil, da es die Messwerte nicht von der Intensität des Lichtes, mit dem das Substrat beaufschlagt wird bzw. die das Substrat emittiert, abhängen. Ein An- stieg der Temperatur bewirkt eine höhere Bewegung der Gitter atome in der Schicht, was zu einer Veränderung der Bandlücke des Halbleiters führt. Die Wellenlänge des vom Substrat bzw. der darauf abgeschiedenen Schicht emit- tiert wird, vergrößert sich mit ansteigender Temperatur, sodass eine mit einem Spektrometer gemessene Peak-Wellenlänge als Maß für eine Substrattempera- tur verwendet werden kann. Bei der Peak-Wellenlänge handelt es sich um die Wellenlänge, an der das Spektrum einen Scheitelpunkt zeigt. The values Mi and M 2 are to a certain extent smooth first and second temperatures in the past. The smaller the time interval within which the smoothing takes place, the more the temperature TR behaves in the short-term regime like the substrate temperature Ti, the longer the time, the more TR behaves like the susceptor temperature T 2 ; In the medium term, it always converges to the substrate temperature Ti. Other temperature measuring devices, for example spectrometers, can also be used to measure the temperatures. In particular, it is provided that the first measured values are determined by so-called strip edge thermometry (BET). It is particularly advantageous to use strip edge thermometry if the substrate temperature is less than 700 degrees Celsius, since UV pyrometers have a strongly increasing signal-to-noise ratio at temperatures below 700 degrees Celsius. In strip edge thermometry, light is applied to the substrate at the measuring point, where the light preferably has at least some areas of the spectrum, for example white light. The light emitted by the substrate is measured with a spectrometer. In particular, its frequency is determined and a temperature is calculated from this. The method is advantageous in that the measurement values do not depend on the intensity of the light which is applied to the substrate or which the substrate emits. An increase in temperature causes a higher movement of the lattice atoms in the layer, which leads to a change in the band gap of the semiconductor. The wavelength of the emitted from the substrate or the layer deposited thereon increases with increasing temperature, so that a peak wavelength measured with a spectrometer can be used as a measure of a substrate temperature. The peak wavelength is the wavelength at which the spectrum shows an apex.
Kurze Beschreibung der Zeichnungen Brief description of the drawings
[0013] Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand der beigefügten Zeichnung erläutert. Es zeigt: An embodiment of the invention is explained below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It shows:
Fig. 1 einen Querschnitt durch einen CVD-Reaktor, Fig. 2 eine Darstellung gemäß Figur 1 eines zweiten Ausführungsbei- spiels der Erfindung, 1 shows a cross section through a CVD reactor, 2 shows a representation according to FIG. 1 of a second exemplary embodiment of the invention,
Fig. 3 eine Darstellung gemäß Figur 1 eines dritten Ausführungsbei- spiels der Erfindung, Fig. 4a schematisch den Temperaturverlauf Ti der Substrattemperatur bei einer Verminderung der Heizleistung, 3 shows a representation according to FIG. 1 of a third exemplary embodiment of the invention, FIG. 4a schematically shows the temperature profile Ti of the substrate temperature with a reduction in the heating power,
Fig. 4b schematisch den Verlauf der Suszeptortemperatur bzw. Sub- strathaltertemperatur nach dem Absenken der Heizleistung, 4b schematically shows the course of the susceptor temperature or substrate holder temperature after the heating power has been reduced,
Fig. 4c den zeitlichen Verlauf der unter Verwendung eines Rekalibrie- rungsfaktors gebildeten Ist-Wert, der zur Temperaturregelung verwendet wird und 4c shows the time course of the actual value formed using a recalibration factor, which is used for temperature control, and
Fig. 4d schematisch den zeitlichen Verlauf des Rekalibrierungsfaktors, der beim Ausführungsbeispiel ein Quotient aus einem ersten Mittelwert von in einem Zeitintervall gemessenen Substrattem- peraturen und einem zweiten Mittelwert aus in einem Zeitin- tervall gemessenen Suszeptor- oder Substrathaltertemperaturen ist. 4d schematically shows the time course of the recalibration factor, which in the exemplary embodiment is a quotient of a first mean value of substrate temperatures measured in a time interval and a second mean value of susceptor or substrate holder temperatures measured in a time interval.
Beschreibung der Ausführungsformen Description of the embodiments
[0014] Der in den Figuren 1 bis 3 dargestellte CVD-Reaktor 1 besteht aus ei- nem gasdichten, insbesondere aus Edelstahl gefertigten Gehäuse, in dem sich ein um eine Drehachse 16 drehangetriebener Suszeptor 6 aus Graphit oder be- schichtetem Graphit befindet. Unterhalb des Suszeptors 6 befindet sich eine Heizeinrichtung 5, mit der der Suszeptor 6 beheizt werden kann. [0015] Auf der Oberseite des Suszeptors 6 befinden sich Taschen 13, in denen jeweils Substrathalter 7 angeordnet sind. Die Substrathalter 7 können auf einem Gaskissen ruhen und um Drehachsen 16 angetrieben werden. Jeder Substrathal- ter 7 trägt zumindest ein zu beschichtendes Substrat 8. Der Suszeptor 6 hat eine Kreisscheibenform. Die Substrathalter 7 sind ringförmig um die Drehachse 16 angeordnet. The CVD reactor 1 shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 consists of a gas-tight housing, in particular made of stainless steel, in which there is a susceptor 6 made of graphite or coated graphite, which is driven about an axis of rotation 16. Below the susceptor 6 is a heating device 5 with which the susceptor 6 can be heated. On the top of the susceptor 6 there are pockets 13, in each of which substrate holders 7 are arranged. The substrate holder 7 can rest on a gas cushion and be driven about axes of rotation 16. Each substrate holder 7 carries at least one substrate 8 to be coated. The susceptor 6 has a circular disk shape. The substrate holders 7 are arranged in a ring around the axis of rotation 16.
[0016] Beim Ausführungsbeispiel besitzt der CVD-Reaktor ein zentrales Gas- einlassorgan 12, durch welches die eingangs genannten Prozessgase in die Pro- zesskammer einströmen können, die nach unten durch den Suszeptor 6 und nach oben durch eine Prozesskammerdecke 9 begrenzt ist. In the exemplary embodiment, the CVD reactor has a central gas inlet element 12, through which the process gases mentioned at the beginning can flow into the process chamber, which is delimited at the bottom by the susceptor 6 and at the top by a process chamber ceiling 9.
[0017] Die Prozesskammerdecke 9 besitzt Öffnungen 10, 11. Oberhalb der Öff- nungen 10, 11 befinden sich zwei Temperaturmesseinrichtungen 2, 3, bei denen es sich um Pyrometer handeln kann, die Messsignale liefern, die einer Regelein- richtung 4 zugeleitet werden. Die Regeleinrichtung 4 verwendet die von den Temperaturmesseinrichtungen 2, 3 gewonnenen ersten und zweiten Tempera- turmess werte, um die Heizeinrichtung 5 zu regeln. The process chamber ceiling 9 has openings 10, 11. Above the openings 10, 11 there are two temperature measuring devices 2, 3, which may be pyrometers that supply measurement signals that are fed to a control device 4. The control device 4 uses the first and second temperature measurement values obtained from the temperature measurement devices 2, 3 in order to control the heating device 5.
[0018] Die erste Temperaturmesseinrichtung 2 misst entlang eines ersten opti- schen Weges 14 durch die Öffnung 11 hindurch an einer ersten Messstelle 17 eine Oberflächentemperatur des Substrates 8. Die zweite Temperaturmessein- richtung 3 misst entlang eines zweiten optischen Weges 15 durch die Öffnung 10 hindurch an einer zweiten Messstelle 18 eine Temperatur des Suszeptors 6. Die zweite Temperaturmesseinrichtung 3 misst entlang eines zweiten optischen Weges 15 durch die Öffnung 10 hindurch an einer zweiten Messstelle 18 eine Temperatur, die bei dem in der Figur 1 dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel und bei dem in der Figur 3 dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel die Temperatur des Suszeptors 6 und bei dem in der Figur 2 dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel die Temperatur des Substrathalters 7 ist. The first temperature measuring device 2 measures a surface temperature of the substrate 8 along a first optical path 14 through the opening 11 at a first measuring point 17. The second temperature measuring device 3 measures along a second optical path 15 through the opening 10 a temperature of the susceptor 6 at a second measuring point 18. The second temperature measuring device 3 measures a temperature along a second optical path 15 through the opening 10 at a second measuring point 18, which in the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 1 and in the figure 3 illustrated embodiment, the temperature of the Susceptor 6 and in the embodiment shown in Figure 2, the temperature of the substrate holder 7.
[0019] Bei dem in der Figur 1 dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel liegt die zweite Messstelle 18 am Boden einer Tasche 13, so dass der optische Weg 15 durch einen Ringspalt zwischen Substrathalter 7 und die Taschenwand hin- durchläuft. In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the second measuring point 18 lies on the bottom of a pocket 13, so that the optical path 15 runs through an annular gap between the substrate holder 7 and the pocket wall.
[0020] Bei dem in der Figur 2 dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel läuft der opti- sche Weg 15 durch das auf dem Substrathalter 7 aufliegenden Substrat 8 hin- durch. Die Temperaturmesseinrichtung 3 ist ein IR-Pyrometer. Das Substrat 8 ist für infrarotes Licht transparent, so dass mit dem IR-Pyrometer die Oberflä- chentemperatur des Substrathalters 7 bestimmt werden kann. Alternativ dazu kann die Messstelle 18 aber auch neben dem Substrat 8 auf der Oberseite des Substrathalters 7 liegen. In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the optical path 15 runs through the substrate 8 lying on the substrate holder 7. The temperature measuring device 3 is an IR pyrometer. The substrate 8 is transparent to infrared light, so that the surface temperature of the substrate holder 7 can be determined with the IR pyrometer. As an alternative to this, the measuring point 18 can also lie next to the substrate 8 on the upper side of the substrate holder 7.
[0021] Bei dem in der Figur 3 dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel wird mit der zweiten Temperaturmesseinrichtung 3 die Oberflächentemperatur des Suszep- tors 6 gemessen. Die Messstelle 18 liegt hier unmittelbar neben dem Substrat- halter. Die Messstelle 18 kann sowohl radial innerhalb als auch radial außerhalb des Substrathalters 7 liegen. Sie kann aber auch an einem Ort der Suszeptor- oberfläche liegen, der zwischen zwei benachbarten Substrathaltern 7 angeord- net ist. Es ist ferner vorgesehen, dass die Messstelle 18 zur Messung der Suszep- tortemperatur auch auf der Unterseite des Suszeptors 6 angeordnet sein kann. Zur Messung der Suszeptortemperatur können Pyrometer oder Thermoelemen- te oder dergleichen verwendet werden. [0022] Bei der zweiten Temperaturmesseinrichtung 2 kann es sich um ein UV- Pyrometer handeln, mit dem die Oberflächentemperatur des Substrates 8 ge- messen wird. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the surface temperature of the susceptor 6 is measured with the second temperature measuring device 3. The measuring point 18 is here directly next to the substrate holder. The measuring point 18 can lie both radially inside and radially outside of the substrate holder 7. However, it can also be located at a location on the susceptor surface which is arranged between two adjacent substrate holders 7. It is further provided that the measuring point 18 for measuring the susceptor temperature can also be arranged on the underside of the susceptor 6. Pyrometers or thermocouples or the like can be used to measure the susceptor temperature. The second temperature measuring device 2 can be a UV pyrometer with which the surface temperature of the substrate 8 is measured.
[0023] Auf dem Suszeptor 6 können auch Abdeckplatten aufliegen. Die zweite Messstelle kann auch auf einer der Abdeckplatten angeordnet sein. Cover plates can also rest on the susceptor 6. The second measuring point can also be arranged on one of the cover plates.
[0024] Die Regeleinrichtung 4 ist derart ausgebildet, dass sie innerhalb von vorgegebenen Zeitintervallen, die mindestens 10 Sekunden, betragen erste Temperaturmesswerte Ti mathematisch miteinander verknüpft, um einen al- gebraischen Mittelwert Mi der ersten Temperatur Ti über das Intervall zu bil- den. Es kann ferner vorgesehen sein, dass die Regeleinrichtung derart einge- richtet ist, dass sie aus einer Vielzahl von Messwerten der zweiten Temperatur T2 über ein Intervall, das mindestens 10 Sekunden lang ist, einen zweiten algeb- raischen Mittelwert M2 der zweiten Temperatur T2 bildet. The control device 4 is designed in such a way that, within predetermined time intervals, which are at least 10 seconds, the first temperature measurement values Ti are mathematically linked to one another in order to form an algebraic mean value Mi of the first temperature Ti over the interval. It can further be provided that the control device is set up in such a way that it generates a second algebraic mean value M 2 of the second temperature T from a large number of measured values of the second temperature T 2 over an interval that is at least 10 seconds long 2 forms.
[0025] Die Regeleinrichtung 4 ist ferner so eingerichtet, dass sie aus dem ers- ten Mittelwert Mi und dem aktuell gemessenen zweiten Messwert T2 der zwei- ten Temperatur an der zweiten Messstelle 18 einen Ist-Wert TR bildet, der zur Regelung der Heizeinrichtung 5 verwendet wird, wobei die modifizierte Ist- Temperatur TR zumindest aus einem Produkt des ersten Mittelwertes Mi und des aktuellen zweiten Messwertes T2 besteht. [0026] In einer Variante der Erfindung kann vorgesehen sein, dass der modifi- zierte Ist-Wert TR nicht nur das Produkt aus erstem Mittelwert Mi und dem ak- tuellen zweiten Messwert T2 besteht, sondern zusätzlich noch durch einen zweiten Mittelwert M2 der zweiten Temperatur dividiert worden ist. [0027] Zur Bestimmung eines Mittelwertes werden bevorzugt mindestens zehn Messwerte entweder der ersten Temperatur Ti oder der zweiten Tempera- tur T2 verwendet. The control device 4 is also set up such that it forms an actual value TR from the first mean value Mi and the currently measured second measured value T 2 of the second temperature at the second measuring point 18, which is used to regulate the heating device 5 is used, the modified actual temperature TR consisting at least of a product of the first mean value Mi and the current second measured value T 2 . [0026] In a variant of the invention it can be provided that the modified actual value TR not only consists of the product of the first average value Mi and the current second measured value T 2 , but also additionally by a second average value M 2 of the second temperature has been divided. [0027] At least ten measured values of either the first temperature Ti or the second temperature T 2 are preferably used to determine an average value.
[0028] Die Figur 4a zeigt die Reaktion der Temperatur Ti des Substrates 8, wenn die Heizleistung zur Verminderung der Temperatur zum Zeitpunkt ti vermindert wird. Während einer Abkühlzeit von ca. 20 bis 30 Sekunden er- reicht die Substrattemperatur Ti zu einem Zeitpunkt h ihr Minimum um an- schließend nach einem durch die Regelung bedingten Überschwinger einen geringeren Wert einzunehmen. [0029] Die Figur 4b zeigt den zeitlichen Verlauf der Temperatur T2 des Suszep- tors 6 oder des Substrathalters 7 nach einer Verminderung der Sollwert-Tempe- ratur. Die Temperatur T2 erreicht zu einem früheren Zeitpunkt, nämlich zum Zeitpunkt t2 ihr Minimum, um anschließend nach einem vom Regelalgorithmus bedingten Über schwinger einen im Wesentlichen konstanten Wert einzuneh- men. Aus den Figuren 4a und 4b ist ersichtlich, dass das Minimum der Sub- strattemperatur Ti zu einer späteren Zeit h erreicht wird, als das Minimum der Suszeptortemperatur T2, welches bereits bei einer Zeit t2 erreicht wird. Die zeit- liche Differenz der beiden Zeiten t2 und h liegt im Bereich von 10 bis 20 Sekun- den. [0030] Die Figuren 4a und 4b zeigen, dass die Temperatur Ti geringfügig zeit- lich verzögert nach dem Vermindern der Heizleistung zum Zeitpunkt ti gegen- über der Temperatur T2 absinkt. Lässt man in der Betrachtung den zeitlich nach der Zeit h beobachteten Überschwinger außer Betracht, so ist ersichtlich, dass das System eine generische Zeit in Form der Zeitdifferenz h minus t2 besitzt, also der Zeit, innerhalb der nach einer Temperaturveränderung die beiden Temperaturen Ti, T2 wieder ihre stationären Zustände erreichen. [0031] Die Figur 4d zeigt einen mit der aktuellen Temperatur T2 des Suszep- tors zu multiplizierenden Rekalibrierungsfaktor Rc, der die Trägheit des Ver- laufs der Substrattemperatur Ti berücksichtigt. Beim Ausführungsbeispiel wird der Rekalibrierungsfaktor Rc durch den Quotienten zweier Mittelwerte gebil- det, wobei im Zähler der Mittelwert der ersten Temperaturen Ti und im Nenner der Mittelwert der zweiten Temperaturen T2 steht. Figure 4a shows the reaction of the temperature Ti of the substrate 8 when the heating power is reduced to reduce the temperature at time ti. During a cooling time of approx. 20 to 30 seconds, the substrate temperature Ti reaches its minimum at a point in time h and then takes a lower value after an overshoot caused by the control. FIG. 4b shows the time course of the temperature T 2 of the susceptor 6 or of the substrate holder 7 after the setpoint temperature has decreased. The temperature T 2 reaches its minimum at an earlier point in time, namely at the point in time t 2 , in order then to assume an essentially constant value according to an overshoot caused by the control algorithm. It can be seen from FIGS. 4a and 4b that the minimum of the substrate temperature Ti is reached at a later time h than the minimum of the susceptor temperature T 2 , which is already reached at a time t 2 . The time difference between the two times t 2 and h is in the range from 10 to 20 seconds. [0030] FIGS. 4a and 4b show that the temperature Ti drops slightly after the reduction in the heating power at the time ti compared to the temperature T 2 with a slight delay. If one does not consider the overshoot observed in time after time h, it can be seen that the system has a generic time in the form of the time difference h minus t 2 , i.e. the time within which, after a temperature change, the two temperatures Ti, T 2 return to its steady state. FIG. 4d shows a recalibration factor Rc to be multiplied by the current temperature T 2 of the susceptor, which takes into account the inertia of the profile of the substrate temperature Ti. In the exemplary embodiment, the recalibration factor Rc is formed by the quotient of two mean values, the mean value of the first temperatures Ti being in the numerator and the mean value of the second temperatures T 2 being in the denominator.
[0032] Die Figur 4c zeigt die so berechnete, zur Regelung verwendete Ist- Temperatur TR, die wie folgt berechnet wird: Die Integrationszeiten zur Bildung der Mittelwerte Mi, M2 beträgt hier zumin- dest die Zeit, die der Suszeptor für einen Umlauf um seine Drehachse benötigt. Anstelle der Mittelwerte Mi, M2 können aber auch tiefpassgefilterte Tempera- turverläufe verwendet werden. Die Grenzfrequenz des dabei verwendeten, ins- besondere digitalen Tiefpassfilters ist maximal der Kehrwert der Umlaufzeit des Suszeptors. FIG. 4c shows the actual temperature T R calculated in this way and used for the control, which is calculated as follows: The integration times for forming the mean values Mi, M 2 here are at least the time that the susceptor needs for one revolution around its axis of rotation. Instead of the mean values Mi, M 2 , low-pass filtered temperature profiles can also be used. The limit frequency of the digital low-pass filter used, in particular, is the reciprocal of the round trip time of the susceptor.
[0033] Die Integrationszeit zur Bildung der Mittelwerte Mi, M2 kann aber auch zumindest die Zeitdifferenz fr minus t2 sein. Bei der Verwendung eines Tief- passfilters ist die maximale Grenzfrequenz gleich dem Kehrwert dieser Zeitdif- ferenz, wobei die Zeitdifferenz die Zeit ist, um die die erste Temperatur Ti der zweiten Temperatur T2 nachläuft. The integration time for forming the mean values Mi, M 2 can also be at least the time difference fr minus t 2 . When using a low-pass filter, the maximum cut-off frequency is equal to the reciprocal of this time difference, the time difference being the time by which the first temperature Ti runs after the second temperature T 2 .
[0034] In Abhängigkeit von der Ausführung des CVD-Reaktors reagiert die Temperatur an den Messstellen Ti bzw. T2 zeitlich unterschiedlich auf eine Än- derung der zugeführten Heizleistung. Dies führt zu eine Über- bzw. Unter- schätzung des Rekalibrierungsfaktors in dynamischen Situationen. Mittels ge- eigneter Filterung der Signale Ti und T2 lässt sich die zeitliche Antwort der ge- filterten Größen Ti' und T2' auf eine Heizleistungsänderung ausgleichen. Eine geeignete Filterung kann hierbei ein Tiefpassfilter sein. In einigen Ausfüh- rungs Varianten des Rekalibrierungs- Verfahrens genügt die Kombination der Temperatur signale Ti und T2' bzw. TT und T2 um den Rekalibrierungsfaktor in ausreichender Qualität zu gewinnen. Depending on the design of the CVD reactor, the temperature at the measuring points Ti or T 2 reacts differently in time to a change in the heating power supplied. This leads to an overestimation or underestimation of the recalibration factor in dynamic situations. By means of With suitable filtering of the signals Ti and T 2 , the time response of the filtered variables Ti 'and T 2 ' to a change in heating output can be compensated. A suitable filtering can be a low pass filter. In some exemplary V of the recalibration ariants method satisfies the combination of the temperature signals Ti and T 2 'and T 2 TT and to win the Rekalibrierungsfaktor in sufficient quality.
[0035] Es ist somit auch vorgesehen, dass eine wie oben beschrieben durchge- führte Mittelwertbildung nicht mit den unmittelbar gemessenen Temperaturen, sondern mit zuvor gefilterten Temperaturen durchgeführt wird. In einem nicht dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel kann das Gaseinlassorgan 12 ein Schower- head sein, der sich über die gesamte Fläche des Suszeptors 6 erstreckt und auf seiner zum Suszeptor weisenden Breitseitenfläche eine Vielzahl von gleichmä- ßig verteilten Gasaustrittsdüsen aufweist, durch welche das Prozessgas in die Prozesskammer eintritt. Bei diesem Ausführungsbeispiel können die Substrate 8 unmittelbar auf der zur Prozesskammer weisenden Breitseitenflächen des Suszeptors 6 aufliegen. Mit der ersten Temperaturmesseinrichtung 2 wird an einer Messstelle 17 auf dem Substrat der erste Messwert TI ermittelt. Mit einer zweiten Temperaturmesseinrichtung 3 wird an einer Messstelle außerhalb des Substrates 8, also dort, wo der Suszeptor nicht mit dem Substrat 8 bedeckt ist, ein zweiter Messwert einer Temperatur gemessen. Die zweite Messstelle kann auf derselben Breitseitenfläche des Suszeptors 6 liegen, auf der auch das Sub- strat 8 liegt. Es ist aber auch vorgesehen, dass die zweite Messstelle auf der Rückseite des Suszeptors 6 liegt, also auf der dem Substrat 8 gegenüber liegen- den Seite des Suszeptors 6. Die zweite Temperaturmesseinrichtung 3 kann so- mit auch unterhalb des Suszeptors 6 angeordnet sein. [0035] It is therefore also provided that averaging, as described above, is not carried out with the directly measured temperatures, but with previously filtered temperatures. In an exemplary embodiment not shown, the gas inlet element 12 can be a shower head, which extends over the entire surface of the susceptor 6 and on its broad side surface facing the susceptor has a large number of uniformly distributed gas outlet nozzles through which the process gas enters the process chamber . In this exemplary embodiment, the substrates 8 can rest directly on the broad side surfaces of the susceptor 6 facing the process chamber. With the first temperature measuring device 2, the first measured value TI is determined at a measuring point 17 on the substrate. A second temperature measuring device 3 is used to measure a second measured value of a temperature at a measuring point outside the substrate 8, that is to say where the susceptor is not covered with the substrate 8. The second measuring point can be on the same broad side surface of the susceptor 6 on which the substrate 8 is also located. However, it is also provided that the second measuring point is on the back of the susceptor 6, that is to say on the side of the susceptor 6 opposite the substrate 8. The second temperature measuring device 3 can thus also be arranged below the susceptor 6.
[0036] In einem weiteren, nicht dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel ist der Sus- zeptor 6 oberhalb der Prozesskammer angeordnet, sodass die Substrate auf der nach unten weisenden Breitseitenfläche des Suszeptors sitzen. Das Gaseinlass- organ kann dann auf der Unterseite des Suszeptors angeordnet sein. Auch bei dieser Anordnung ist es möglich, die ersten und zweiten Messwerte auf dersel- ben Breitseitenfläche des Suszeptors 7 zu ermitteln oder die ersten und zweiten Messwerte auf verschiedenen Seiten des Suszeptors 6 zu ermitteln, wobei der erste Messwert auf dem Substrat 8 und der zweite Messwert auf der Rückseite des Suszeptors 6 ermittelt werden kann. [0036] In a further exemplary embodiment, not shown, the susceptor 6 is arranged above the process chamber, so that the substrates on the the broad side surface of the susceptor facing down. The gas inlet element can then be arranged on the underside of the susceptor. With this arrangement it is also possible to determine the first and second measured values on the same broad side surface of the susceptor 7 or to determine the first and second measured values on different sides of the susceptor 6, the first measured value on the substrate 8 and the second measured value can be determined on the back of the susceptor 6.
[0037] In einer Weiterbildung der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, dass zumindest eine der Temperaturmesseinrichtungen ein Spektrometer ist, mit dem die Wel- lenlänge und insbesondere eine Peak-Wellenlänge einer Lichtemission gemes- sen werden kann. Es wird der Wert einer Frequenzspitze im Spektrum gemes- sen. In a further development of the invention it is provided that at least one of the temperature measuring devices is a spectrometer with which the wavelength and in particular a peak wavelength of a light emission can be measured. The value of a frequency peak in the spectrum is measured.
[0038] Es ist insbesondere vorgesehen, dass die Temperaturmesseinrichtung an Stelle des UV-Pyrometers eingesetzt wird, mit dem der Messwert der Tem- peratur auf dem Substrat 8 bestimmt wird. Die Temperatur des Substrates kann mit Bandkantenthermometrie (BET) ermittelt werden. Dies ist insbesondere bei Temperaturen unter 700 Grad Celsius von Vorteil. Dabei wird die erste Mess- stelle auf dem Substrat mit Licht beaufschlagt, beispielsweise wird weißes Licht oder ein Licht mit einem zumindest bereichsweise kontinuierlichen Spektrum verwendet. Mit dem Spektrometer wird die Licht- Antwort des Substrates er- mittelt. Die auf dem Substrat abgeschiedene Schicht luminesziert mit einer für den Bandabstand charakterisierten Frequenz. Diese Frequenz ist temperaturab- hängig, sodass durch Bestimmen der Wellenlänge bzw. der Frequenz des von der auf dem Substrat abgeschiedenen Schicht emittierten Lichtes eine Sub- strattemperatur ermittelt werden kann. Diese ersten Messwerte TI werden in der oben beschriebenen Weise zur Regelung der Temperatur verwendet. [0039] Die vorstehenden Ausführungen dienen der Erläuterung der von der Anmeldung insgesamt erfassten Erfindungen, die den Stand der Technik zu mindest durch die folgenden Merkmalskombinationen jeweils auch eigenstän- dig weiterbilden, wobei zwei, mehrere oder alle dieser Merkmalskombinatio- nen auch kombiniert sein können, nämlich: [0038] In particular, it is provided that the temperature measuring device is used instead of the UV pyrometer, with which the measured value of the temperature on the substrate 8 is determined. The temperature of the substrate can be determined using strip edge thermometry (BET). This is particularly advantageous at temperatures below 700 degrees Celsius. In this case, light is applied to the first measuring point on the substrate, for example white light or a light with a spectrum that is at least partially continuous. The light response of the substrate is determined with the spectrometer. The layer deposited on the substrate luminesces with a frequency characterized for the bandgap. This frequency is temperature-dependent, so that by determining the wavelength or the frequency of the light emitted by the layer deposited on the substrate, a substrate temperature can be determined. These first measured values TI are used to regulate the temperature in the manner described above. The above explanations serve to explain the inventions covered by the application as a whole, which independently further develop the state of the art at least through the following combinations of features, two, more or all of these combinations of features also being able to be combined, namely:
[0040] Ein Verfahren zur Temperaturregelung in einem CVD-Reaktor 1, bei dem mit einer ersten Temperaturmesseinrichtung 2 an einer ersten Messstelle 17 auf einem Substrat 8 erste Messwerte Ti einer Temperatur und mit einer zweiten Temperaturmesseinrichtung 3 an einer zweiten Messstelle 18 außerhalb oder unterhalb des Substrates 8 zweite Messwerte T2 einer Temperatur gemes- sen werden, wobei zur Bestimmung eines gegen einen Soll- Wert geregelten Ist- Wertes TR zumindest aus zeitlich zurückliegenden ersten Messwerten Ti ein Rekalibrierungsfaktor Rc gewonnen wird, der mit dem aktuellen zweiten Messwert T2 multipliziert wird. A method for temperature control in a CVD reactor 1, in which with a first temperature measuring device 2 at a first measuring point 17 on a substrate 8 first measurement values Ti of a temperature and with a second temperature measuring device 3 at a second measuring point 18 outside or below the Substrate 8 second measured values T 2 of a temperature are measured, a recalibration factor Rc, which is multiplied by the current second measured value T 2, being obtained at least from the first measured values Ti dating back in time, in order to determine an actual value TR regulated against a target value .
[0041] Ein CVD-Reaktor 1 mit einer ersten Temperaturmesseinrichtung 2, die so eingerichtet ist, dass sie an einer ersten Messstelle 17, die auf einem Substrat 8 angeordnet ist, erste Messwerte Ti einer Temperatur liefert und mit einer zweiten Temperaturmesseinrichtung 3, die so eingerichtet ist, dass sie an einer zweiten Messstelle 18 außerhalb oder unterhalb des Substrates 8 gemessene zweite Messwerte T2 einer Temperatur liefert, mit einer Regeleinrichtung 4 zur Temperaturregelung, wobei die Regeleinrichtung 4 so eingerichtet ist, dass zur Bestimmung eines gegen einen Soll-Wert geregelten Ist-Wertes TR zumindest aus zeitlich zurückliegenden ersten Messwerten Ti ein Rekalibrierungsfaktor Rc gewonnen wird, der mit dem aktuellen zweiten Messwert T2 multipliziert wird. A CVD reactor 1 with a first temperature measuring device 2, which is set up in such a way that it delivers first measured values Ti of a temperature at a first measuring point 17, which is arranged on a substrate 8, and with a second temperature measuring device 3, which is so is set up so that it supplies second measured values T 2 of a temperature measured at a second measuring point 18 outside or below the substrate 8, with a control device 4 for temperature control, the control device 4 being set up in such a way that for controlling a setpoint value Actual value TR, a recalibration factor Rc is obtained at least from previous first measured values Ti, which is multiplied by the current second measured value T 2 .
[0042] Ein Verfahren oder ein CVD-Reaktor 1, welches oder welcher, dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass der Rekalibrierungsfaktor Rc ein Quotient eines aus zeitlich zurückliegenden ersten Messwerten Ti gebildeten ersten Wertes Mi und eines aus zurückliegenden zweiten Messwerten T2 gebildeten zweiten Wertes M2 ist. A method or a CVD reactor 1, which is characterized in that the recalibration factor Rc is a quotient of one is a first value Mi formed in time and a second value M 2 formed from previous second measured values T 2 .
[0043] Ein Verfahren oder ein CVD-Reaktor 1, welches oder welcher, dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass eine charakteristische Zeit, um die der mindestens eine erste Messwert Ti oder mindestens eine zweite Messwert T2 gegenüber dem Zeitpunkt der Bestimmung des Ist-Wertes zurückliegt, die Zeit einer Umdre- hung des Suszeptors um seine Drehachse ist oder eine Zeitdifferenz b minus t2, um die sich der erste Messwert Ti zeitverzögert gegenüber dem zweiten Mess- wert T2 ändert und insbesondere nach einer Heizleistungsänderung wieder ei- nen stationären Zustand einnimmt oder mindestens 10 Sekunden, mindestens 15 Sekunden, mindestens 20 Sekunden, mindestens 40 Sekunden, mindestens 60 Sekunden, mindestens 80 Sekunden, mindestens 100 Sekunden oder mindes- tens 120 Sekunden beträgt. [0044] Ein Verfahren oder ein CVD-Reaktor 1, welches oder welcher, dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass die Mittelwerte Mi, M2 über die charakteristische Zeit gebildet werden. A method or a CVD reactor 1, which is characterized in that a characteristic time by which the at least one first measured value Ti or at least one second measured value T 2 is compared to the time of the determination of the actual value , is the time of a rotation of the susceptor about its axis of rotation or a time difference b minus t 2 by which the first measured value Ti changes with a time delay compared to the second measured value T 2 and in particular assumes a steady state again after a change in heating power or is at least 10 seconds, at least 15 seconds, at least 20 seconds, at least 40 seconds, at least 60 seconds, at least 80 seconds, at least 100 seconds or at least 120 seconds. A method or a CVD reactor 1, which is characterized in that the mean values Mi, M 2 are formed over the characteristic time.
[0045] Ein Verfahren oder ein CVD-Reaktor 1, welches oder welcher, dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass zur Bestimmung des Ist-Wertes TR mit einem tiefpass- gefilterte erste Messwerte Ti und/ oder zweite Messwerte T2 verwendet wer- den, wobei die Grenzfrequenz des Tiefpassfilters die reziproke charakteristi- sche Zeit ist. A method or a CVD reactor 1, which is characterized in that first measured values Ti and / or second measured values T 2 are used to determine the actual value TR with a low-pass filter, the Limit frequency of the low-pass filter is the reciprocal characteristic time.
[0046] Ein Verfahren oder ein CVD-Reaktor 1, welches oder welcher, dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass die Mittelwerte Mi, M2 aus tiefpassgefilterten ersten bzw. zweiten Messwerten Ti, T2 gebildet sind. [0047] Ein Verfahren oder ein CVD-Reaktor 1, welches oder welcher, dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass zur Bildung des Rekalibrierungsfaktors Rc ein zeitlich rückversetzter Mittelwert M2 der zweiten Temperatur T2 verwendet wird und insbesondere zusätzlich ein zeitlich rückversetzter Mittelwert Mi der ersten Temperatur Ti verwendet wird. A method or a CVD reactor 1, which is characterized in that the mean values Mi, M 2 are formed from low-pass filtered first and second measured values Ti, T 2 . A method or a CVD reactor 1, which is characterized in that a time-shifted mean value M 2 of the second temperature T 2 is used to form the recalibration factor Rc and in particular additionally a time-shifted mean value Mi of the first temperature Ti is used.
[0048] Ein Verfahren oder ein CVD-Reaktor 1, welches oder welcher, dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass der CVD-Reaktor 1 einen von seiner Unterseite mit einer Heizeinrichtung 5 beheizbaren Suszeptor aufweist, wobei die zweite Messstelle 18 einer Oberseite des Suszeptors 6, einer Unterseite des Suszeptors 6, dem Boden einer Tasche 13 im Suszeptor 6, in der ein Substrathalter 7 dreh- bar angeordnet ist, der zumindest ein Substrat 8 trägt, ein Punkt auf der Ober- seite des Substrathalters 7 neben dem Substrat 8 oder einem unterhalb des Sub- strates 8 liegenden Ort auf dem Substrathalter 7 zugeordnet ist. A method or a CVD reactor 1, which is characterized in that the CVD reactor 1 has a susceptor which can be heated from its underside with a heating device 5, the second measuring point 18 being an upper side of the susceptor 6, one Underside of the susceptor 6, the bottom of a pocket 13 in the susceptor 6, in which a substrate holder 7 is rotatably arranged, which carries at least one substrate 8, a point on the upper side of the substrate holder 7 next to the substrate 8 or one below the Substrate 8 is assigned to the location on the substrate holder 7.
[0049] Ein Verfahren oder ein CVD-Reaktor 1, welches oder welcher, dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass die ersten und zweiten Temperaturmesseinrichtungen 2, 3 Pyrometer sind, deren optische Wege 14, 15 durch Öffnungen 10, 11 einer Prozesskammerdecke 9 hindurchtreten und/ oder dass die erste Messeinrich- tung 2 zur Messung des ersten Messwertes Ti, der einer Substrattemperatur entspricht, ein UV-Pyrometer ist und dass die zweite Temperaturmesseinrich- tung 3, die einen Messwert der Temperatur des Substrathalters 7 oder des Sus- zeptors 6 liefert, ein IR-Pyrometer ist und/ oder dass zur Messung der zweiten Temperatur T2 ein Thermoelement insbesondere an der Unterseite des Suszep- tor 6 verwendet wird. Liste der Bezugszeichen A method or a CVD reactor 1, which is characterized in that the first and second temperature measuring devices 2, 3 are pyrometers whose optical paths 14, 15 pass through openings 10, 11 of a process chamber ceiling 9 and / or that the first measuring device 2 for measuring the first measured value Ti, which corresponds to a substrate temperature, is a UV pyrometer, and that the second temperature measuring device 3, which supplies a measured value of the temperature of the substrate holder 7 or the susceptor 6 IR pyrometer and / or that a thermocouple, in particular on the underside of the susceptor 6, is used to measure the second temperature T 2 . List of reference numbers
1 CVD-Reaktor Mi erster Mittelwert 1 CVD reactor Wed first average
2 Temperaturmesseinrichtung M2 zweiter Mittelwert 2 temperature measuring device M 2 second average
3 Temperaturmesseinrichtung Ti erster Messwert 3 Temperature measuring device Ti first measured value
4 Regeleinrichtung T2 zweiter Messwert 4 control device T 2 second measured value
5 Heizeinrichtung TT tiefpassgefilterte Temperatur 5 Heating device TT low-pass filtered temperature
6 Suszeptor T2' tiefpassgefilterte Temperatur6 Susceptor T 2 'low pass filtered temperature
7 Substrathalter ti Zeitpunkt 7 substrate holder at the time
8 Substrat t2 Zeitpunkt 8 substrate t 2 time
9 Prozesskammerdecke t3 Zeitpunkt 9 Process chamber ceiling t 3 time
10 Öffnung TR Temperatur-Ist- Wert 10 TR opening actual temperature value
11 Öffnung Rc Rekalibrierungsfaktor11 Opening Rc recalibration factor
12 Gaseinlassorgan 12 gas inlet element
13 Tasche 13 pocket
14 optischer Weg 14 optical path
15 optischer Weg 15 optical path
16 Drehachse 16 axis of rotation
17 erste Messstelle 17 first measuring point
18 zweite Messstelle 18 second measuring point
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| CN112729884A (en) * | 2020-12-22 | 2021-04-30 | 河北建设投资集团有限责任公司 | Equipment fault diagnosis method and device based on big data |
| CN113252195A (en) * | 2021-05-12 | 2021-08-13 | 新磊半导体科技(苏州)有限公司 | Method for determining substrate temperature in molecular beam epitaxy equipment |
| CN118814145A (en) * | 2024-09-18 | 2024-10-22 | 浙江求是半导体设备有限公司 | A temperature control method and system for a CVD reactor |
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| DE102020100481A1 (en) * | 2020-01-10 | 2021-07-15 | Aixtron Se | CVD reactor and method for controlling the surface temperature of the substrates |
| DE102020119873A1 (en) | 2020-07-28 | 2022-02-03 | Aixtron Se | Method for detecting faulty or incorrectly used substrates in a CVD reactor |
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| DE102018125531A1 (en) | 2020-04-16 |
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