WO2020057893A1 - Method for producing a membrane electrode assembly for a fuel cell - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for producing a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for a fuel cell (100), having an electrode unit (MPL) which is designed to function as a gas diffusion layer (GDL), comprising the following steps: 1) providing particulate components (a, b), where a) is a carbon and/or graphite granulate and b) is a polyvinylidene-fluoride-containing granulate (PVDF); 2) mixing at least one part of the component a) with component b) until component b) adheres to particles of component a); 3) mixing a pre-mixture obtained in step 2) with a remaining part of component a); 4) rolling out or extruding a mixture obtained in step 3) to form a strip-shaped material which forms the electrode unit (MPL).

Description

 description

Method of manufacturing a membrane electrode assembly for a

 Fuel cell

The invention relates to a method for producing a membrane electrode assembly for a fuel cell according to the independent

Procedural claim. Furthermore, the invention relates to a corresponding membrane electrode unit according to the independent device claim. In addition, the invention relates to a corresponding fuel cell according to the independent independent device claim.

State of the art

Fuel cells are electrochemical energy converters. In polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells or simply PEM fuel cells, the reactants hydrogen and oxygen are converted into water, electrical energy and heat for energy generation. According to the prior art, PEM fuel cells are constructed as a stack of repeat units, comprising a cathode region, a bipolar plate, an anode region and a membrane electrode unit. The bipolar plate is electrically conductive, but is impermeable to gases and ions. The bipolar plate is distributed in the anode area z. B. hydrogen gas and in the cathode region z. B. oxygen gas or air. In order to facilitate the transition and the distribution of the gases from the millimeter structuring of the bipolar plate to the nanoscale catalyst particles of the membrane electrode unit, a porous intermediate layer (e.g. gas diffusion layer, GDL) is required between the bipolar plate and the membrane electrode unit. This

The intermediate layer can be formed, for example, as a porous nonwoven made of carbon fibers. The fiber ends of the carbon fibers

protrude vertically from the surface of the intermediate layer due to the manufacturing process. If such fleeces are pressed through the web structure of the bipolar plate, the porosity under the webs is drastically reduced and product water accumulates especially under these webs. The accumulation of product water hinders the necessary diffusion of oxygen or air, in particular on the oxygen or air side. This limits the local current density and performance of the fuel cell. In order to be able to drive water out of the nonwovens, some known nonwovens are provided with a hydrophobic coating. By applying the

Hydrophobic coating, for example by spraying, can however lead to a partial or complete closure of the open pore structure, so that the fleece has a hydrophobic coating, but the pore structure is narrowed or closed to expel the condensed water. This also prevents oxygen or air from entering the membrane.

Currently, relatively thin membranes with a material thickness of a few micrometers are required in the fuel cells. Such membranes cannot be handled as cantilever films or only with considerable effort and a high reject rate. Therefore, they become very thin

Membranes are currently coated directly on one side of the fleece. Since the

If the fiber structure on the surface of the fleece is not flat, a wavy membrane can be formed. A wavy membrane does not allow good contact with the gas diffusion layer on the opposite side. The nonwovens are often coated with a microporous layer, which is connected to the nonwoven fabric by spraying on a particle suspension, drying and sintering the same. The surface ripple of the fleece is traced through the application process. In addition, when the fleece is coated directly with a particle suspension or with a membrane solution from which the membrane is formed, the solution or suspension can penetrate into the depressions in the fiber structure and fill them. Such a penetrated solution or suspension can

Seal the pore structure of the gas diffusion layer and hinder the gas flow and water removal. In addition, such a membrane or microporous layer can have an inhomogeneous thickness and thus cause an inhomogeneous electrical resistance. This allows local Different currents occur, which can limit the performance of the fuel cell.

Disclosure of the invention

The invention provides a method for manufacturing a membrane electrode assembly for a fuel cell according to the independent

Process claim before. The invention also sees a corresponding one

Membrane electrode unit according to the independent device claim. In addition, the invention provides a corresponding fuel cell according to the independent independent device claim. Further advantages and details of the invention emerge from the subclaims, the description and the drawings. Advantages, features and details that are described in connection with the method according to the invention apply, of course, also in connection with the method according to the invention

Membrane electrode unit and the fuel cell according to the invention and vice versa, so that with respect to the disclosure of the individual

Aspects of the invention are always mutually referenced.

The present invention provides a method for producing a membrane electrode assembly for a fuel cell, the one, in particular

Microporous, electrode unit, wherein the, in particular microporous, electrode unit is designed to serve as a gas diffusion layer, comprising the following steps:

 1) Provision of particulate components (a, b):

 a) a carbon and / or graphite granulate,

 b) a polyvinylidene fluoride-containing granulate (PVDF),

 2) Mixing at least part of component a) with the

 Component b) until component b) adheres to particles of component a),

 3) Mixing a premix obtained in step 2) with a

 remaining part of component a),

4) Rolling out or extruding a mixture obtained in step 3) into a strip-like material which forms the electrode unit (MPL). A membrane electrode unit in the context of the invention can be understood to be an, in particular microporous, electrode unit which

Can have catalyst material for the electrochemical reaction, for example platinum, and which can be coated with an ion-conductive membrane. The, in particular microporous, electrode unit in the context of the invention can, with or without a separate fiber-based intermediate layer, as one

Serve gas diffusion layer. The, in particular microporous, electrode unit in the context of the invention has one in comparison to a fiber-based one

Gas diffusion layer or in comparison to a particle-based microporous layer, which is coated directly on a nonwoven fabric, a much smoother surface. The, in particular microporous, electrode unit in the context of the invention is advantageously suitable for coating with a thin membrane with a material thickness of a few micrometers, which has a uniform, advantageously flat, position on the surface of the

forms, in particular microporous, electrode unit according to the invention. The, in particular microporous, electrode unit in the context of the invention has a pore structure in the nanometer range and a material thickness of 10 pm to 150 pm, preferably 20 pm to 70 pm. Component a) serves for electrical conductivity of the finished electrode unit. Component b) acts as a binder and / or as a hydrophobic coating of the particles of the

Component a).

High levels of hydrophobic are used for fuel cell electrodes

Surfaces needed by adding polymers such. B.

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and / or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) can be obtained in the form of mixtures. These hydrophobic components must be evenly distributed in the mixture and with the carbon and / or

Graphite particles to be fixed.

The idea of the invention is that polymers such as. B.

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) (component b)) optionally with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (component c), and conductive particles, such as. B. carbon and / or graphite granules (component a)), which may have similar densities and particle sizes, are mixed intensively and quickly, for example Fluidization in an air stream. This mixture is fixed by thermal activation, that is to say melting of the polymers in step 2) and / or in step 3), if appropriate by wetting with a binder solution or binder suspension in an optional step 2a). The finished mixture has from step 2) to step 3) has more and more agglomerates. In the context of the invention, the mixture comprises a binder based on plastic, in particular that

polyvinylidene fluoride-containing granules (PVDF), which is particularly advantageous for a coherent mixture which advantageously forms a thin (advantageously stretchable) band-shaped material with a

Material thickness from 10pm to 150pm, preferably 20pm to 70pm can be processed. In steps 2) and 3) within the scope of the invention, the granules of the carbon and / or graphite granules are gradually pregranulated to granulate the carbon and / or graphite granules. The polyvinylidene fluoride-containing granules (PVDF) make it possible according to the invention that a thin strip-like material can be produced from the mixture provided in step 5) via an extrusion or rolling process, which can form a basis for the membrane electrode assembly of a fuel cell. When rolling out, mechanical forces occur on and in the agglomerates, which result from small relative movements of the graphite particles or agglomerates to one another. This also stretches the polymers so that additional graphite connection points are created which are pressed against the graphite particles by the local forces and the relative movement. This enables simple film formation.

Furthermore, the invention can provide within the scope of a method for producing a membrane electrode unit that in step 2) and / or in step 3) a solvent and / or water with a (respective) mass fraction of 1 to 10% by weight within the premix or is added to the mixture. The solvent can help to ensure that component b) is liquefied and that the particles of component a) can be pregranulated or granulated. The water can in turn have the effect that the particles of component a) in steps 2) and 3) are not damaged. The mixture provided or finished in step 3) is a coherent mixture which is neither liquid nor pasty, but which apparently remains dry, since the water only wets the particle surfaces but the mixture due to the small amount not fluidized. The solvent and / or water can largely evaporate in step 4). In principle, it is conceivable that after step 4) a step for drying the band-shaped material can be provided.

Furthermore, in the context of a method for producing a membrane electrode unit, the invention can provide that in step 1) component b) is provided in the form of an aqueous solution with a mass fraction of 30 to 70% by weight within the aqueous solution. In this way, the mixing of components a) and b) and / or the granulation of the particles of component a) can be promoted.

Furthermore, in the context of a method for producing a membrane electrode unit, the invention can provide that in step 1) the components (a, b) are provided in a mass ratio of 1: 1 to 20: 1, preferably 10: 1, and / or in step 2) the components (a, b) in one

Mass ratio 4: 1 to 19: 1, preferably 9: 1, are provided. This means that the carbon and / or graphite granules (or component a) can be mixed in portions or in part into a premix which, with each addition of a further portion or a further part of component a), and / or graphite granules (or on component a) in the finished mixture. At the same time, sufficient binder remains in the finished mixture in the form of component b), which ensures that the finished mixture is held together, so that this mixture can be processed as a coherent mixture into a band-shaped material.

In addition, as part of a method for producing a membrane electrode unit, the invention can provide that in step 1) component b) polytetrafluoroethylene granulate (PTFE) is added, and / or in step 1) polyvinylidene fluoride granulate (PVDF) and polytetrafluoroethylene Granules (PTFE) in a mass ratio of 1: 1 to 5: 1, preferably 1: 1, are provided. The polytetrafluoroethylene granulate (PTFE) is advantageously used as a binder that can be plastically deformed and therefore easily brought into contact with particles, and maintains particle contact even when subjected to mechanical stress and tends to stretch between the particles when subjected to mechanical stress . The Polyvinylidene fluoride granules (PVDF) are advantageously used as a binder that is sufficiently stable to be processed into thin, elastic films. In a corresponding ratio between the polyvinylidene fluoride granules (PVDF) and the polytetrafluoroethylene granules (PTFE), a combination of good binding and tensile strength for production and processing as a band-shaped material with a relatively low material thickness of 20 to 70 mhh is achieved.

In addition, in the context of a method for producing a membrane electrode unit, the invention can provide that in step 2) the particles of component a) are pregranulated with the material of component b) and / or that step 2) is carried out at a temperature of > 19 ° C, and / or that step 2) is carried out by means of extrusion, kneading, mixing, pressing or rolling. In this way, an advantageously dry, that is to say solvent-free, premix can be produced. At a temperature of>

The polymer structure is converted at 19 ° C. and becomes plastifiable, so that a pregranulation of at least part of component a) can be made possible. At the same time, component b) remains sufficiently granular so that a further admixture with component a) can gradually take place in step 3).

Furthermore, in the context of a method for producing a membrane electrode unit, the invention can provide that in step 3) the particles of component a) are granulated with the material of component b) and / or that step 3) is carried out at a temperature of 50 ° C to 400 ° C, in particular 150 ° C and 240 ° C, and / or that step 3) is carried out by means of fluidized bed granulation. Thus,

advantageously coherent mixture can be produced, which can be processed into a band-shaped material. At a temperature of 50 ° C to 400 ° C, in particular 150 ° C and 240 ° C, the binder or component b) can fuse and granulate the particles of the

Effect component a).

Furthermore, as part of a method for producing a membrane electrode unit, the invention can provide that in step 4) at least one roller or an extruder screw is heated to a temperature of 50 ° C to 400 ° C, in particular 150 ° C and 240 ° C. Evaporation of the

existing solvent and / or water. In addition, the band-shaped material can be smoothed.

Furthermore, in the context of a method for producing a membrane electrode unit, the invention can provide that in a further step 5) the tape-like material is wetted with a catalytic solution or the tape-like material is coated with a catalyst layer. Thus, a

Catalyst layer are formed, which can serve to trigger the chemical reaction on the active surface of the membrane.

Nevertheless and / or additionally, it is conceivable that in step 1) at least some of the particles of component a) are wetted or coated with a catalyst. In this way, particles with different properties can be processed in the premix in step 2) and in the mixture in step 3). The particles with a catalyst can serve directly or without further processing of the surface of the band-shaped material a catalyst layer for triggering the chemical reaction on the active surface of the membrane.

In addition, as part of a method for producing a membrane electrode unit, the invention can provide that in a further step 6) the strip-shaped material is printed with an ion-conductive membrane to form a multilayer material. A multilayer material can thus be provided, from which the ready-to-use membrane electrode unit can be cut for a fuel cell.

In addition, within the scope of a method for producing a membrane electrode unit, the invention can provide that in a further step 7) the multilayer material is cut to a membrane electrode unit. A ready-to-use membrane electrode unit for a fuel cell can thus be provided. The present invention further provides a membrane electrode assembly that can be manufactured using a method that is as above

described can be executed. With the membrane electrode unit according to the invention, the same advantages are achieved as in the above

In connection with the inventive method have been described.

These advantages are referred to in full in the present case.

The present invention further provides a fuel cell with a

Membrane electrode unit, which can be manufactured using a method which can be carried out as described above. The fuel cell according to the invention also achieves the same advantages that were described above in connection with the method according to the invention. These advantages are referred to in full in the present case.

In addition, it is conceivable for a fuel cell in the sense of the invention that an electrode unit with a membrane coated thereon is used on a cathode side and an electrode unit with or without a coating with a membrane that is pressed together, hot pressed, glued together is used on an anode side or the like.

In addition, it is conceivable for a fuel cell in the sense of the invention that the, in particular microporous, electrode unit can serve as a gas diffusion layer without a further, for example fibrous intermediate layer to

To facilitate distribution of the reactants from the millimeter structure of a bipolar plate on the nanoscale catalyst particles of the membrane electrode assembly.

Preferred embodiments:

The membrane electrode assembly according to the invention and the fuel cell according to the invention and their developments and their advantages are explained in more detail below with reference to drawings. Each shows schematically: 1 shows a schematic representation of a sequence of a method according to the invention,

2 shows a schematic sectional illustration of a membrane electrode unit in the sense of the invention,

3 shows a schematic sectional illustration of a fuel cell in the sense of the invention, and

4 is a schematic sectional view of a membrane

Electrode unit in the sense of the invention in an enlarged view.

In the different figures, the same parts of the invention are always provided with the same reference symbols, which is why they are generally only described once.

FIG. 1 shows a schematic sequence of a method for producing a membrane electrode assembly MEA for a fuel cell 100 in the sense of the invention. The fuel cell 100 contains a, in particular microporous, electrode unit MPL, which is designed to serve as a gas diffusion layer GDL. The process includes the following steps:

1) Provision of particulate components (a, b):

 a) a carbon and / or graphite granulate,

 b) a polyvinylidene fluoride-containing granulate (PVDF) (or with

 In other words, a mixture containing polyvinylidene fluoride, optionally with optional further polymers, such as. B. a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and / or an acrylate),

 2) Mixing at least part of component a) with the

 Component b) until component b) adheres to particles of component a).

Step 2) takes place e.g. B. by mixing the components (a, b) in a fluidized bed (F) or in a paddle mixer, preferably under elevated temperature. This is followed by an optional addition of

Component a), if the content of component b), at which adhesion can be achieved at elevated temperature, is higher than the desired polymer content of a strip material to be produced - that is to say dilution of the premix with further material of component a). In step 2), components (a, b) are advantageously agglomerated.

In an optional step 2a), the invention can provide:

 2a) premixing and / or dissolving a further particulate component c), for example a polyvinylidene fluoride granulate (PVDF) and / or a polytetrafluoroethylene granulate (PTFE) and / or an acrylate, in a solvent and / or water in a continuous or

 discontinuous mixing process (B). Optional mixing of carbon blacks to improve the electrical conductivity of the

 band-shaped material to be produced can be provided in step 2a).

3) Mixing a premix obtained in step 2) with a

 remaining part of component a),

Step 3) can preferably be carried out by mixing the, in particular liquid, solution or suspension obtained in step 2a) with the premix obtained in step 2). This can be done in a fluidized bed (F) in which the particulate components provided in step 2) are at least partially coated with the solution or improve the adhesion of components a) and / or b). Advantageously, in step 3) by removing the solvent in the air stream

Fluidized bed fluidized bed (F) achieves an additional agglomeration of the particulate components (a, b, c), preferably by means of the further particulate component c). The electrical and mechanical connection of the agglomerated components is very intensive and uniform. About solvent content, air flow speed and the mass ratios of the individual

Components to each other can be made porous or dense agglomerates depending on the requirements of the subsequent processing. In an optional step 3a), the invention can provide:

 3a) providing a mixture of those obtained in step 3)

 Agglomerates,

4) Rolling out or extruding a mixture obtained in step 3) into a strip-like material which forms the, in particular microporous, electrode unit or from which the, in particular microporous, electrode unit can be cut.

The illustration in FIG. 1 shows two further components c) and d) which can optionally be added to the premix in step 2) and / or to the mixture in step 4). These components c) and d) are referred to in detail below.

A membrane electrode unit MEA in the context of the invention can be understood to be an, in particular microporous, electrode unit MPL, which can have catalyst material for the electrochemical reaction, for example platinum, and which can be coated with an ion-conductive membrane M (cf. FIG. 4 ). The, in particular microporous, electrode unit MPL in the context of the invention, with or without a separate fiber-based intermediate layer, can serve as a gas diffusion layer GDL (cf. FIG. 3). The, in particular microporous, electrode unit MPL in the context of the invention has a substantially even surface in comparison to a fiber-based gas diffusion layer GDL (see FIG. 4). The, in particular microporous, electrode unit PML in the context of the invention is suitable in an advantageous manner for coating with a thin membrane M with a material thickness of a few micrometers, which has a uniform,

advantageously forms a flat, layer on the surface of the inventive, in particular microporous, electrode unit MPL (cf. FIG. 4). The, in particular microporous, MPL electrode unit in the context of the invention has a pore structure in the nanometer range and a material thickness of 20 to 70 mhh. Component a) serves for electrical conductivity of the finished electrode unit MPL. Component b) acts as a binder and / or as a hydrophobic coating of the particles of component a). In steps 2) and 3) it is possible to add the carbon and / or graphite granules (or component a) in portions or in part to one

Premixing takes place, which with each addition of a further portion or a further part of component a) has an increasing amount of carbon and / or graphite granules (or of component a) in the finished mixture.

In the context of the invention, the mixture can have a binder based on plastic, for example the polyvinylidene fluoride granules (PVDF), as a component or as a component of component b). Furthermore, the mixture can within the scope of the invention a further binder based on plastic, for example.

Have polytetrafluoroethylene granules (PTFE) as a further optional component c). The invention can provide that component c) is added to component b) in step 1). Furthermore, the invention can provide in step 1) polyvinylidene fluoride granules (PVDF) and

To provide polytetrafluoroethylene granules (PTFE) in a mass ratio of 1: 1 to 5: 1, preferably 1: 1. In a corresponding ratio between the polyvinylidene fluoride granules (PVDF) and the

Polytetrafluoroethylene granules (PTFE) achieve a combination of good binding and even stretchability as well as a relatively low material thickness of 20 to 70 mhh for the band-shaped material.

In steps 2) and 3), within the scope of the invention, the particles of the carbon and / or graphite granules are pregranulated gradually to a specific, for example complete, granulation of the carbon and / or graphite granules. Again in step 4), the binder can be stretched by mechanical movement, thus a larger contact area for the

Form connection of graphite.

It can also be seen from FIG. 1 that in step 2) and / or in step 3) a solvent and / or water can be added to the premix or mixture as a further component d), for example with a (respective)

 Mass fraction of 1 to 10% by weight within the premix or mixture. The solvent can be used for pre-granulation or

Granulation can take place. The water can in turn serve to ensure that the Particles of carbon and / or graphite granules are not damaged.

Thus, in step 3) a coherent mixture can be provided which is neither liquid nor pasty, but which can be processed to a strip-like material in step 4), for example by means of rolling or extrusion.

Components b) and c) can be provided in the form of an aqueous solution with a (respective) mass fraction of 30 to 70% by weight within the aqueous solution.

Within the scope of the invention, it is conceivable that in step 1) the carbon and / or graphite granules are provided in a mass ratio of 1: 1 to 20: 1, preferably 10: 1, to the binder or binders, and / or in Step 2) the carbon and / or graphite granules are provided in a mass ratio of 4: 1 to 19: 1, preferably 9: 1, to the binder or binders.

In step 2), the particles of component a) can be pregranulated at a temperature of> 19 ° C. In addition, in step 2)

Pre-granulation is carried out using extrusion, kneading, mixing, pressing or rolling.

In step 4), the particles of component a) can be granulated at a temperature of 50 ° C. to 400 ° C., in particular 150 ° C. and 240 ° C., depending on the melting temperature of the binder or the mixture of binders. The temperature can depend on the mixing ratio between component b) and component c).

As is indicated in FIG. 1, step 3) can be carried out using

Fluidized bed granulation can be carried out. Thus,

advantageously coherent mixture can be produced, which can be processed into a band-shaped material. By means of a

Fluidized bed granulation and elevated temperature can advantageously fibrillate component b) and / or component c). Furthermore, it can be provided within the scope of the invention that in step 4) at least one roller W1, W2 or an extruder screw E on a

Temperature of 50 ° C to 400 ° C, especially 150 ° C and 240 ° C, is heated. The temperature can depend on the mixing ratio between component b) and component c). Thus, in step 4) the solvent and / or water can largely evaporate and the strip-like material can also be smoothed.

In the context of the invention, it is conceivable that a catalyst material is formed on the surface of the finished strip-like material as a wetting and / or a coating, for example in a further step 5), not shown.

Nevertheless and / or additionally, it is conceivable that in step 1) at least some of the particles of component a) are wetted or coated with a catalyst. In this way, particles with a catalyst can already be present in the premix in step 2) and in the mixture in step 3).

Furthermore, as part of a method for producing a membrane electrode assembly MEA, for example in a further step 6) (not shown), it can be provided that the strip-shaped material is printed with an ion-conductive membrane M to form a multilayer material from which the ready-to-use membrane is made - Electrode unit MEA (see FIG. 2) can be cut for a fuel cell 100 (see FIG. 3).

Finally, in a further step 7), not shown, a

The multilayer material is cut to a membrane electrode assembly MEA. Thus, a ready-to-use membrane electrode assembly MEA (see FIG. 2) for a fuel cell 100 (see FIG. 3) can be provided.

In the case of a fuel cell 100, the invention can provide that an electrode unit MPL produced according to the invention with a membrane M coated thereon is used on a cathode side K and on an

Anode side A with an electrode unit MPL produced according to the invention or is used without a coating with a membrane M, which can be pressed together, hot pressed, glued or the like.

The, in particular microporous, electrode unit MPL can advantageously serve as a gas diffusion layer GDL without a further, for example fibrous intermediate layer, in order to facilitate the distribution of the reactants from the millimeter structure of a bipolar plate BPP onto the nanoscale catalyst particles of the membrane electrode unit MEA (cf. Figure 3). The foregoing description of the figures describes the present

Invention only in the context of examples. Of course, individual features of the embodiments, if it makes technical sense, can be freely combined with one another without going outside the scope of the invention.

Claims

Expectations 1. A method for producing a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for a fuel cell (100), which has an electrode assembly (MPL) that is designed to serve as a gas diffusion layer (GDL),  comprising the following steps:  1) Provision of particulate components (a, b):  a) a carbon and / or graphite granulate,  b) a polyvinylidene fluoride-containing granulate (PVDF), 2) mixing at least part of component a) with component b) until component b) adheres to particles of component a),  3) mixing a premix obtained in step 2) with a remaining part of component a),  4) Rolling out or extruding one obtained in step 3)  Mix to form a band-like material that forms the electrode unit (MPL). 2. The method according to claim 1,  characterized,  that in step 2) and / or in step 3) a solvent and / or water with a mass fraction of 1 to 10% by weight is added to the respective premix or mixture. 3. The method according to any one of the preceding claims,  characterized, that in step 1) component b) is provided in the form of an aqueous solution with a mass fraction of 30 to 70% by weight within the aqueous solution. 4. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in  that in step 1) the components (a, b) are provided in a mass ratio of 1: 1 to 20: 1,  and / or in step 2) the components (a, b) are provided in a mass ratio of 4: 1 to 19: 1. 5. The method according to any one of the preceding claims,  characterized,  that in step 1) component b) polytetrafluoroethylene granules (PTFE) are added,  and / or in step 1) polyvinylidene fluoride granules (PVDF) and  Polytetrafluoroethylene granules (PTFE) are provided in a mass ratio of 1: 1 to 5: 1. 6. The method according to any one of the preceding claims,  characterized,  that in step 2) the particles of component a) are pregranulated with the material of component b),  and / or that step 2) is carried out at a temperature of> 19 ° C.,  and / or that step 2) is carried out by means of extrusion, kneading, mixing, pressing or rolling. 7. The method according to any one of the preceding claims,  characterized,  that in step 3) the particles of component a) are granulated with the material of component b),  and / or that step 3) is carried out at a temperature of 50 ° C to 400 ° C, and / or that step 3) is carried out by means of fluidized bed granulation. 8. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in  that in step 4) at least one roller (Wl, W2) is heated to a temperature of 50 ° C to 400 ° C. 9. The method according to any one of the preceding claims,  characterized,  that in a further step 7) the tape-like material is wetted with a catalytic solution or the tape-like material is coated with a catalyst layer,  and / or that in step 1) at least some of the particles of the  Component a) is wetted or coated with a catalyst. 10. The method according to any one of the preceding claims,  characterized,  that in a further step 6) the strip-shaped material is printed with an ion-conductive membrane (M) to form a multilayer material. 11. The method according to the preceding claim,  characterized,  that in a further step 7) the multilayer material is cut to a membrane electrode assembly (MEA). 12. Membrane electrode unit (MEA),  characterized,  that the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is produced using a method according to one of the preceding claims. 13. Fuel cell (100) with a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) according to the preceding claim.