WO2020044932A1 - 二次電池の充電システム - Google Patents
二次電池の充電システム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2020044932A1 WO2020044932A1 PCT/JP2019/030201 JP2019030201W WO2020044932A1 WO 2020044932 A1 WO2020044932 A1 WO 2020044932A1 JP 2019030201 W JP2019030201 W JP 2019030201W WO 2020044932 A1 WO2020044932 A1 WO 2020044932A1
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- charging
- secondary battery
- charge
- capacity
- voltage
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- H02J7/82—
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
- B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
- B60L58/16—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to battery ageing, e.g. to the number of charging cycles or the state of health [SoH]
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/382—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
- H01M10/448—End of discharge regulating measures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
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- H02J7/933—
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/392—Determining battery ageing or deterioration, e.g. state of health
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H02J7/84—
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a secondary battery charging system.
- a power storage device mounted on an electric vehicle a solar power generation device, a large power storage device attached to a wind power generation device, a power storage device attached to a home generator, a power storage device for home use, and as a backup power supply for a data server Applications for secondary batteries are diverse.
- a secondary battery used in such a power storage device deteriorates with a charge / discharge cycle, so that the charge / discharge efficiency decreases. Since a decrease in charge / discharge efficiency leads to an operation cost of a system such as an electric vehicle including a power storage device, a solar power generation device, and the like, improvement of charge / discharge efficiency is desired.
- Patent Literature 1 discloses that the ratio of the decrease in the actual capacity from the initial capacity of the secondary battery to the initial capacity is determined as the degree of deterioration, and as the degree of deterioration increases, at least the charging voltage and the charging current applied to the secondary battery are reduced. A charging system that makes one smaller is described. Thereby, it is said that deterioration of the secondary battery can be suppressed.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H11-163873 calculates the degree of progress of deterioration of a secondary battery, and when the current progress rate of deterioration is greater than a past progress rate by a predetermined value or more, an upper limit charging current, an upper limit discharging current, and an upper limit charging during charging. It describes that charging and discharging conditions such as lowering the voltage are limited. Thereby, it is said that the charge / discharge cycle characteristics such as the capacity retention rate of the secondary battery can be improved.
- Patent Literature 3 describes a charging system that charges a secondary battery by setting a first charging current value or a first charging power value based on a degree of change in a calculated full charge capacity of the secondary battery. ing. In this system, when the secondary battery is at the end of its life, the secondary battery is charged by setting a second charging current value smaller than the first charging current value or a second charging power value smaller than the first charging power value. I do. It is stated that this enables charging even in a state where deterioration has progressed, and that the use of the secondary battery can be continued.
- charging is controlled by initially setting a charging rate such as charging current and charging power, and a charging end voltage. Since the cycle characteristics of the secondary battery are affected by the charging conditions, it is necessary to optimize the charging conditions.
- the capacity retention rate of the secondary battery decreases with the cycle, the charge rate per capacity of the single cell of the secondary battery becomes relatively higher than in the initial stage of the cycle. As a result, a decrease in the capacity retention rate and charge / discharge efficiency of the secondary battery is accelerated. Even if the degree of deterioration of the secondary battery is determined as described in Patent Documents 1 to 3 and the charging rate or the charge termination voltage is reduced accordingly, the effect is limited.
- An object of the present disclosure is to realize a charging system for a secondary battery that can suppress a decrease in the capacity maintenance rate and charging / discharging efficiency of the secondary battery.
- a charging system for a secondary battery includes a secondary battery, a charger for charging the secondary battery, a unit for calculating a charging capacity of the secondary battery, and a secondary battery until the secondary battery reaches a first voltage.
- Charge control means for controlling a charger to perform a first charge step of charging and a second charge step of charging the secondary battery at a constant voltage of the first voltage, wherein the charge control means When the charge capacity of the secondary battery reaches the charge termination capacity set in a range less than the full charge capacity based on the first voltage of the battery, the charging is terminated.
- the secondary battery charging system it is possible to suppress a reduction in the capacity maintenance rate and the charge / discharge efficiency of the secondary battery.
- FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram of a charging system for a secondary battery according to an example of the embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a lapse of time of a charging capacity, a charging voltage, and a charging current for describing a charging control method in the charging system according to the example of the embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a charging control method in the charging system according to the example of the embodiment.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing a comparison of the charge capacity in the first cycle between Example 1 and Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the relationship between the capacity retention ratio (a), the charge capacity (b), and the number of cycles of the charge / discharge efficiency (Wh efficiency) (c) in Example 1 in comparison with Comparative Example 1. is there.
- FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram of a charging system 10 according to the embodiment.
- the charging system 10 includes a battery pack 12 and a charger 30 electrically connected to the battery pack 12.
- the battery pack 12 and the charger 30 are connected by respective terminals on the positive electrode side and the negative electrode side.
- a control device 20 described later of the battery pack 12 is communicably connected to the charger 30 via a connector.
- Battery pack 12 includes a secondary battery 14 and a control device 20.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery such as a lithium ion battery is used as the secondary battery, and a plurality of lithium ion battery cells are connected in series or in parallel or in a combination thereof in the lithium ion secondary battery.
- Each cell has a positive electrode plate, a negative electrode plate, and a separator disposed therebetween.
- the positive electrode plate has a positive electrode active material such as a transition metal composite oxide containing lithium.
- the negative electrode plate has a negative electrode active material such as a carbon material such as graphite. Resins such as polypropylene and polyethylene are used for the separator.
- the secondary battery 14 can be other than a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the secondary battery 14 is provided with a state detection unit 16 that detects the state of the secondary battery 14 including a temperature sensor, a voltage sensor, and the like.
- the temperature sensor detects the temperature of each cell and transmits the detected temperature to a control device 20 described later.
- the voltage sensor detects a voltage between terminals of each cell, and transmits the voltage data to the control device 20.
- the current sensor 18 is connected to the negative terminal of the secondary battery 14, detects a current flowing through the secondary battery 14, and transmits the current data to the control device 20.
- the control device 20 includes, for example, an IC.
- the control device 20 includes an A / D converter (not shown), a charge capacity calculation unit 21, a deterioration degree calculation unit 22, a charge control unit 23, and a communication unit (not shown).
- the A / D converter converts the current data of the secondary battery 14 detected by the current sensor 18 into a digital value.
- the A / D converter also converts the data of the temperature detection value of the secondary battery 14 detected by the temperature sensor and the voltage data of the secondary battery 14 detected by the voltage sensor into digital values. Each data converted into a digital value is transmitted to the charge capacity calculation means 21 and the charge control means 23.
- the charge capacity calculation means 21 calculates the current charge capacity (charge amount) of the secondary battery 14 based on the current data, temperature data, and voltage data supplied from the A / D converter.
- the charge capacity calculating means 21 may calculate the current charge capacity of the secondary battery 14 based on an integrated value of the current data and the voltage data, or the like.
- the charge capacity calculation means 21 calculates the actual charge capacity of the secondary battery 14 with respect to the full charge capacity from the open voltage (OCV), the closed circuit voltage (CCV), the integrated charge / discharge capacity, or a combination thereof.
- the charge depth (SOC) which is a ratio may be calculated, and the charge capacity may be calculated from the SOC.
- the calculated charging capacity is used to determine whether or not the charging end capacity has been reached during charging. As will be described in detail later, the initially set charge termination capacity can be changed according to the degree of deterioration of the secondary battery 14 due to the charge / discharge cycle.
- the deterioration degree calculating means 22 calculates the deterioration degree of the secondary battery 14.
- the deterioration degree calculating unit 22 can calculate the deterioration degree with respect to the initial capacity based on the measurement result of the charge capacity or the discharge capacity of the secondary battery 14.
- the measurement results of the OCV and the DC resistance of the secondary battery 14 are obtained.
- the deterioration degree calculating means 22 can calculate the deterioration degree.
- the degree of deterioration may be calculated by combining any two or more of these calculation methods. The degree of deterioration is used to change the charge termination capacity described later.
- the degree of deterioration when a predetermined trigger condition is satisfied. For example, when the charging / discharging cycle of the secondary battery 14 reaches a predetermined number of cycles from the initial time point or the previous calculation point of the deterioration degree, the deterioration degree is calculated assuming that the trigger condition is satisfied.
- the trigger condition in addition to the number of cycles, the driving time of the secondary battery 14, the number of charging times, the integrated value of the charging capacity, and the integrated value of the discharging capacity can be used. Two or more conditions can be used for the trigger condition, and they can be used for both the AND condition and the OR condition.
- the charging control means 23 controls the charger 30 by outputting a control signal of a charging power value, a charging current value, or a charging voltage value to the charger 30 via the communication unit and the connector. Further, in consideration of actual use, the battery is often charged from a completely discharged state. Therefore, when a charge command is issued, the control device 20 may calculate the required amount of charge for the secondary battery 14. For example, the charging control unit 23 may control the charger 30 so as to charge a difference between a charging end capacity described later and an actual charging capacity calculated based on the current SOC.
- the charging control means 23 is specifically configured by a microcomputer having a CPU and a memory.
- the memory of the microcomputer includes a program memory and a working memory.
- the program memory stores a program for calculating the charge capacity and the degree of deterioration of the secondary battery based on current data, voltage data, and temperature data, and other operation programs. The charging control method by the charging control means 23 will be described later in detail.
- [Charger] Charger 30 includes a control IC, a charging current supply circuit, and the like.
- the control IC communicates with the control device 20 of the battery pack 12 and controls the charging current supply circuit.
- the charging current supply circuit increases or decreases the charging current when charging the secondary battery 14 based on a signal from the control IC.
- the charger 30 charges the secondary battery 14 by constant power charging (CP charging) or constant current charging (CC charging) and constant voltage charging (CV charging).
- the control IC may be omitted, and the control device of the battery pack 12 may control the charging current supply circuit of the charger 30 to increase or decrease the charging current.
- a load (not shown) such as a motor is connected to the secondary battery 14 in parallel with the charger 30.
- the control device 20 also has a discharge control function, and controls an electric circuit so as to supply power from the secondary battery 14 to a load when a discharge instruction is issued.
- the charging control means 23 of the control device 20 controls the charger 30 to perform the first charging step and the second charging step.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a time course of a charging capacity, a charging voltage, and a charging current for describing a charging control method in the charging system 10 according to the example of the embodiment.
- the embodiment is indicated by a solid line ⁇ , in which constant power charging (CP charging) in the first charging step is performed, and then constant voltage charging (CV charging) in the second step is performed.
- CP charging constant power charging
- CV charging constant voltage charging
- FIG. 2 shows that the current is maintained constant during CP charging, but in practice, the current gradually decreases as the voltage increases.
- the secondary battery 14 is charged by constant power charging (CP charging) until the voltage reaches the first voltage V1, which is the recommended charging voltage value of the secondary battery 14.
- the recommended charging voltage means a maximum charging voltage determined based on the specifications of the secondary battery 14. For example, in a lithium ion battery in which a carbon material and a lithium-containing transition metal composite oxide are used as a negative electrode active material and a positive electrode active material, respectively, the recommended charging voltage value per single cell is often 4.2 to 4.3 V. .
- the secondary battery 14 may be charged by constant current charging (CC charging) until the voltage reaches the first voltage V1.
- constant voltage charging for charging the secondary battery 14 at a constant voltage of the first voltage V1 is performed.
- the charge control unit 23 determines that the charge capacity of the secondary battery 14 has reached the charge termination capacity S2 set within a range less than the full charge capacity S1 based on the first voltage V1 of the secondary battery 14 ( At time t1), charging ends.
- the solid line ⁇ in FIG. 2 shows a case where the charge termination capacity S2 is reached immediately after the CV charging is started. As shown in FIG. 2, the charging of the secondary battery 14 preferably ends after the CV charging starts.
- Charge termination capacity S2 is determined based on, for example, a full charge capacity based on a second voltage V2 lower than the first voltage V1.
- the full charge capacity based on the second voltage V2 is determined by performing the CP charge or the CC charge until the battery voltage of the secondary battery 14 reaches the second voltage V2, and then the second voltage until the current value sufficiently decreases. It can be measured by performing CV charging at V2. It is preferable that the current value serving as the termination condition of the CV charging be set between 0.02C and 0.05C. Before the secondary battery 14 is incorporated into the charging system 10, the charge termination capacity S2 may be determined in advance.
- the second voltage V2 is set, for example, in a range of 95% or more and 99% or less of the first voltage V1.
- the first voltage V1 is 4.2V per unit cell
- the second voltage V2 is around 4.0 to 4.15V per unit cell.
- the deterioration degree calculating means 22 calculates the deterioration degree when the above trigger condition is satisfied.
- the charging control unit 23 changes the charging end capacity to be reduced according to the calculated degree of deterioration. For example, the ratio of the amount of decrease in the charge capacity from the initial time to the time when the trigger condition is satisfied with respect to the charge capacity at the initial time can be calculated as the degree of deterioration. Assuming that the degree of deterioration thus calculated is G (0 ⁇ G ⁇ 1) and the charge termination capacity S2 before the change is S2_1, the charge termination capacity S2 after the change is calculated from the equation (1-G) ⁇ S2_1. Is done. In the charging / discharging cycle after the above trigger condition is satisfied, charging is controlled so as to end charging with the changed charge termination capacity S2.
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a charging control method in the charging system 10 according to the example of the embodiment.
- the process illustrated in FIG. 3 is executed by the control device 20.
- the charge control unit 23 determines whether or not a trigger condition such as that the number of charge / discharge cycles of the secondary battery 14 has reached a predetermined number is satisfied. If the determination in step S11 is affirmative (YES), the process proceeds to step S12. If the determination in step S11 is negative (NO), the process proceeds to step S14.
- step S12 the deterioration degree calculating means 22 calculates the deterioration degree. Then, in step S13, the charge control unit 23 changes the charge termination capacity S2 according to the calculation result of the degree of deterioration.
- step S14 the charging control means 23 executes charging control so as to end charging at the charging end capacity S2. Before the trigger condition is satisfied, the initially set charge termination capacity S2 is applied.
- the charging when charging at the first voltage V1, the charging is terminated with the charge termination capacity S2 smaller than the full charge capacity S1 based on the first voltage V1, so that the capacity maintenance accompanying the charge / discharge cycle is maintained. Rate and charge / discharge efficiency can be suppressed from decreasing.
- charging such as CP charging and CV charging is performed based on the first voltage V1
- the charging time required to obtain the same charging capacity is reduced as compared with the case where charging is performed based on a voltage lower than the first voltage V1. You.
- the end-of-charge capacity S2 so as to decrease in accordance with the degree of deterioration, the cycle characteristics are further improved.
- the end-of-charge capacity S2 is calculated according to the degree of deterioration calculated by the degree-of-deterioration calculating means 22.
- a charge / discharge cycle for measuring a full charge capacity based on a second voltage V2 lower than the first voltage V1 is performed, and the deterioration degree calculating means 22 determines the full charge.
- the degree of deterioration may be calculated from the capacity.
- the measured full charge capacity can be used as the charge termination capacity S2.
- a first embodiment described below corresponds to such a configuration.
- Example 1 First, a configuration of a single cell of the secondary battery 14 in the first embodiment will be described.
- the single cell of the secondary battery 14 was a wound nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- a lithium nickel cobalt aluminum composite oxide represented by LiNi 0.88 Co 0.09 Al 0.03 O 2 was used as a positive electrode active material. Then, 100 parts by mass of LiNi 0.88 Co 0.09 Al 0.03 O 2 (positive electrode active material), 1 part by mass of acetylene black, and 0.9 part by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) (binding) was mixed in a solvent of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) to prepare a positive electrode mixture slurry. Next, the paste-like positive electrode mixture slurry is uniformly applied to both surfaces of a long positive electrode current collector made of aluminum foil, dried in a drier, and NMP is removed.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- the positive electrode plate after the rolling was cut into a predetermined electrode size to produce a positive electrode plate. Further, a solid portion where no active material was formed was formed at the center in the length direction of the positive electrode plate, and a positive electrode lead of aluminum was connected to the uncoated portion by ultrasonic welding.
- Electrode group The fabricated positive electrode plate and negative electrode plate were spirally wound through a polyolefin-based resin separator to produce a wound electrode group. At this time, the negative electrode current collector made of copper foil was exposed at the outermost periphery of the electrode group.
- a disk-shaped insulating plate was inserted inside the bottomed cylindrical case main body, and an electrode group was inserted above the insulating plate. At this time, the electrode group was arranged on the case main body, and the negative electrode current collector was brought into contact with the inner surface of the cylindrical portion of the case main body. The negative electrode lead connected to the negative electrode plate was connected to the inner surface of the bottom of the case body by welding. Next, an insulating plate was inserted above the electrode group inside the case body, and a predetermined amount of the prepared nonaqueous electrolyte was injected into the case body containing the electrode group.
- the positive electrode lead connected to the positive electrode plate is connected to the sealing body by welding, the sealing body is inserted through the gasket inside the opening of the case body, and the open end of the case body is swaged to form a closed mold.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery was manufactured.
- As the sealing body a valve body having a thin terminal portion provided on a circular terminal plate made of an aluminum material was used. The thinnest part was formed at the center of the thin part of the terminal plate. Then, a predetermined rupture disk and an insulating plate were connected to the terminal plate to prepare a sealing body.
- the recommended charging voltage of such a single cell of the secondary battery 14 is 4.2V.
- the initial full charge capacity at 4.2 V corresponding to the first voltage V1 is 4400 mAh (15.8 Wh), and the initial full charge capacity at 4.1 V corresponding to the second voltage V2 is 4000 mAh. (14.4 Wh).
- Table 1 shows the charging and discharging modes, the maximum voltage during charging, the presence or absence of a change in the charging rate and the discharging rate, and the charge termination capacity in Example 1-5 and Comparative Example 1-3.
- the control device 20 was caused to alternately execute the charge and discharge cycles of the first pattern and the second pattern.
- the charge / discharge cycle was started from the first pattern, the first pattern was performed for one cycle, and then the second pattern was performed for 24 cycles. A set of 25 charge / discharge cycles for the first pattern and the second pattern was repeated 40 times.
- the charge / discharge cycle of the first pattern is performed to determine the charge termination capacity S2 in the charge / discharge cycle of the second pattern that follows.
- the charge and discharge conditions of the first pattern and the second pattern are as follows.
- a charge / discharge cycle was performed to measure the full charge capacity based on the second voltage V2 of the secondary battery 14. That is, the secondary battery 14 is charged with a constant power of 0.5E (7.9 W per unit cell) until the battery voltage reaches the second voltage V2 (4.1 V per unit cell) (CP charging), and then The battery was charged at the constant voltage of the first voltage V1 until the current value attenuated to 0.05 C (220 mA per single cell) (CV charging). The charge capacity measured at this time is the full charge capacity based on the second voltage V2 of the secondary battery 14. After charging, the secondary battery 14 was discharged at a constant power of 0.5E (7.9 W per single cell) until the battery voltage reached the discharge end voltage (3 V per single cell) (CP discharge).
- the full charge capacity of the secondary battery 14 based on the second voltage V2 calculated in the charge / discharge cycle of the immediately preceding first pattern was used as the charge termination capacity S2. That is, the secondary battery 14 is charged with a constant power of 0.5E (7.9 W per unit cell) until the battery voltage becomes the first voltage V1 (4.2 V per unit cell) (CP charging), and then The battery was charged at a constant voltage of the first voltage V1 (CV charging). When the charge capacity of the secondary battery 14 reached the charge termination capacity S2, the charge was terminated. Subsequent discharge conditions are the same as those of the first pattern.
- Example 2 in addition to the charge / discharge cycle conditions of the first embodiment, each time the charge / discharge cycle of the second pattern starts, the charge rate at the time of the CP charge is reduced according to the degree of deterioration. Specifically, first, the amount of decrease in charge capacity was calculated by subtracting the full charge capacity of the first pattern immediately before the charge / discharge cycle of the second pattern from the full charge capacity of the first pattern of the first time. Next, the ratio of the amount of decrease in the charge capacity to the full charge capacity of the first pattern was calculated as the degree of deterioration of the secondary battery.
- Example 3 In Example 3, in addition to the charge / discharge cycle conditions of Example 2, every time the charge / discharge cycle of the second pattern starts, the discharge rate at the time of CP discharge is also reduced according to the degree of deterioration. Specifically, G, which is the degree of deterioration of the secondary battery, was calculated in the same manner as in Example 2. That is, the discharge rate of the second pattern was calculated from the equation (1-G) ⁇ 0.5E obtained by multiplying 0.5-E, which is the discharge rate of the first charge / discharge cycle, by (1-G). In the third embodiment, other configurations and control methods are the same as those in the first embodiment.
- the second voltage V2 in the charge / discharge cycle of the first pattern of the first embodiment is changed from 4.1 V to 4.15 V per single cell, and the full charge capacity obtained at that time is changed to the second charge voltage.
- the charge termination capacity S2 was defined as two patterns.
- other configurations and control methods are the same as those in the first embodiment.
- Example 5 the first voltage V1 in the charge / discharge cycle of the second pattern of Example 1 was changed from 4.2 V to 4.15 V per single cell.
- other configurations and control methods are the same as those in the first embodiment.
- Comparative Example 1 differs from the secondary battery manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1 in that the second voltage V2 (4.1 V per unit cell) was changed to the first voltage V1 (4.2 V per unit cell). Performed a charge / discharge cycle under the same conditions as the charge / discharge cycle of the first pattern in Example 1. Such a charge / discharge cycle was repeated 1000 times. In Comparative Example 1, other configurations and control methods are the same as those in Example 1.
- Comparative Example 2 In Comparative Example 2, a secondary battery fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 was subjected to a charge / discharge cycle under the same conditions as the charge / discharge cycle of the first pattern in Example 1. Such a charge / discharge cycle was repeated 1000 times. In Comparative Example 2, other configurations and control methods are the same as those in Example 1.
- Comparative Example 3 In Comparative Example 3, in addition to the charge / discharge cycle conditions of Comparative Example 2, the charge rate during CP charging was reduced according to the degree of deterioration of the secondary battery. Specifically, it is as follows. The charge / discharge cycle of Comparative Example 2 was divided into the first pattern of one cycle and the second pattern of 24 cycles as in the example. G, which is the degree of deterioration of the secondary battery, was calculated in the same manner as in Example 2. That is, the charge rate of the second pattern was calculated from the equation (1-G) ⁇ 0.5E obtained by multiplying 0.5-E, which is the charge rate of the first charge / discharge cycle, by (1-G).
- Table 2 shows the results of the capacity retention rate and the charge / discharge efficiency at the time of 1000 cycles as the cycle characteristics at 25 ° C. by performing tests using the above-described Examples 1-5 and Comparative Examples 1-3.
- the capacity retention ratio was calculated as the ratio (percentage) of the discharge capacity at the 1000th cycle to the discharge capacity at the second cycle, and the charge / discharge efficiency was calculated as the ratio (percentage) of the discharge power amount to the charge power amount at the 1000th cycle.
- Comparative Example 2 the maximum voltage in charging is lower than that in Comparative Example 1, so that the charge capacity in the first cycle decreases.
- the capacity retention ratio and charge / discharge efficiency were improved as compared with Comparative Example 1.
- Comparative Example 3 the charge rate is reduced in accordance with the degree of deterioration every predetermined cycle, and the capacity retention ratio and the charge / discharge efficiency are slightly improved, as compared with Comparative Example 2.
- Example 1 As shown in Table 1, in Example 1, the voltage (4.1 V per unit cell) higher than the voltage of Comparative Example 2 (4.1 V per unit cell) in the second pattern compared to Comparative Example 2 showing almost the same charge capacity. Since the charging is performed on the basis of 4.2 V), the CP charging area becomes longer and the charging time is shortened. Then, as shown in Table 2, in Example 1, the degree of deterioration of the secondary battery was grasped by the first pattern, and the charging condition of the second pattern thereafter was optimized. It was confirmed that the charge / discharge efficiency after the cycle was improved. Although not shown in Table 2, it was confirmed that in Example 1, the charge / discharge efficiency was improved from the initial stage of the cycle as compared with Comparative Examples 1 and 2.
- the charge rate is reduced according to the degree of deterioration at every predetermined cycle, and in the third embodiment, the discharge rate is further reduced according to the degree of deterioration. Therefore, in Examples 2 and 3, it was confirmed that the capacity retention ratio and the charge / discharge efficiency were further improved compared to Example 1.
- the first voltage V1 in the second pattern is reduced from 4.2 V per unit cell of the first embodiment to 4.15 V, thereby further improving the capacity retention ratio and the charge / discharge efficiency compared to the first embodiment. It could be confirmed.
- the charge capacity by the CV charge is increased by the decrease in the charge capacity by the CP charge. Therefore, the charging time of the second pattern of the fifth embodiment is longer than that of the first embodiment.
- the charge termination capacity S2 is determined based on the full charge capacity based on the second voltage V2, but the first voltage V1 of the secondary battery is determined. If it is set to be less than the full charge capacity based on, the setting can be made without being limited to this.
- control device may be included in the state detection unit or the current sensor.
- the detection unit may calculate the degree of deterioration or the required charge.
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Abstract
Description
まず電池パック12を説明する。電池パック12は、二次電池14と、制御装置20とを含む。例えば、二次電池にはリチウムイオン電池などの非水電解質二次電池が用いられ、リチウムイオン二次電池は、複数のリチウムイオン電池セルが直列または並列またはこれらの組み合わせで接続される。各セルは、正極板、負極板、及びこれらの間に配置されるセパレータを有する。正極板は、リチウム含有遷移金属複合酸化物等の正極活物質を有する。負極板は、黒鉛等の炭素材料等の負極活物質を有する。セパレータには、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン等の樹脂が用いられる。なお、二次電池14は、リチウムイオン二次電池以外とすることもできる。
充電器30は、制御IC、充電電流供給回路等を含む。制御ICは、電池パック12の制御装置20と通信し、充電電流供給回路を制御する。充電電流供給回路は、制御ICからの信号に基づいて、二次電池14を充電する際の充電電流を増減調整する。充電器30は、定電力充電(CP充電)または定電流充電(CC充電)と、定電圧充電(CV充電)とにより、二次電池14を充電する。制御ICを省略し、電池パック12の制御装置が、充電器30の充電電流供給回路を制御して、充電電流を増減調整する構成としてもよい。
二次電池14には、充電器30と並列にモータ等の負荷(図示せず)が接続される。制御装置20は、放電制御の機能も有し、放電の指示があったときには、二次電池14から負荷に電力を供給するように電気回路を制御する。
次に、制御装置20による充電制御方法を説明する。制御装置20の充電制御手段23は、第1充電ステップ及び第2充電ステップを行うように充電器30を制御する。
まず、実施例1における二次電池14の単セルの構成を説明する。二次電池14の単セルは、巻回型の非水電解質二次電池とした。
正極活物質として、LiNi0.88Co0.09Al0.03O2で表されるリチウムニッケルコバルトアルミニウム複合酸化物を用いた。その後、100質量部のLiNi0.88Co0.09Al0.03O2(正極活物質)と、1質量部のアセチレンブラックと、0.9質量部のポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)(結着剤)とを、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)の溶剤中で混合して、正極合剤スラリーを調製した。次に、ペースト状の当該正極合剤スラリーをアルミニウム箔からなる長尺な正極集電体の両面に均一に塗布し乾燥機中で乾燥させてNMPを除去した後、ロールプレス機を用いて所定の厚みに圧延して長尺状の正極板を得た。さらに、圧延加工後の正極板を所定の電極サイズに裁断して、正極板を作製した。また、正極板の長さ方向中央部に活物質が形成されていない無地部を形成し、その無地部にアルミニウムの正極リードを超音波溶着により接続した。
負極活物質としての黒鉛粉末を100質量部と、結着剤としてのスチレン-ブタジエンゴム(SBR)を1質量部と、増粘剤としてのカルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)を1質量部とを混合した。そして、この混合したものを水に分散させて、負極合剤スラリーを調製した。この負極合剤スラリーを、銅箔からなる負極集電体の両面に塗布し、乾燥機により乾燥させた後、所定厚みとなるように圧縮ローラで圧延して長尺状の負極板を得た。そして、長尺状の負極板を所定の電極サイズに裁断して、負極板を作製した。また、負極板の無地部に、ニッケル-銅-ニッケルのクラッド材からなる負極リードを、巻回後の電極群において内周部となる位置に超音波溶着により接続した。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)と、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)とを、体積比でEC:DMC=1:3となるように混合した混合溶媒の100質量部に、ビニレンカーボネート(VC)を5質量部添加し、さらにLiPF6を1.5モル/L溶解して非水電解液を調製した。
作製された正極板及び負極板を、ポリオレフィン系樹脂製のセパレータを介して渦巻状に巻回することにより、巻回型の電極群を作製した。このとき、電極群の最外周に銅箔の負極集電体が露出されるようにした。
有底円筒状のケース本体の内側に円板状の絶縁板を挿入し、その上側に電極群を挿入した。このとき、電極群をケース本体に配置して負極集電体をケース本体の筒部の内面に接触させた。負極板に接続された負極リードを、ケース本体の底部の内面に溶接により接続した。次に、ケース本体の内側で電極群の上側に絶縁板を挿入し、調製した非水電解液を電極群が入れられたケース本体の内部に所定量注入した。そして、正極板に接続された正極リードを封口体に溶接により接続し、封口体をケース本体の開口部の内側にガスケットを介して挿入し、ケース本体の開口端部をかしめることで密閉型の非水電解質二次電池の単セルを作製した。また、封口体は、弁体としてアルミニウム材からなる円形の端子板に薄肉部を設けたものを用いた。端子板の薄肉部の中央部には最薄肉部を形成した。そして、所定のラプチャーディスクと絶縁板を端子板に接続し、封口体を作製した。
次に制御装置20による充放電制御を説明する。表1は、実施例1-5と、比較例1-3とにおける充電及び放電におけるモード、充電時の最大電圧、充電レート及び放電レートの変更の有無、並びに充電終止容量を示している。
実施例2では、実施例1の充放電サイクル条件に加えて、第2パターンの充放電サイクルが開始する毎に、劣化度合いに応じてCP充電時の充電レートを低減した。具体的には、まず、初回の第1パターンの満充電容量から第2パターンの充放電サイクル直前の第1パターンの満充電容量を差し引いて充電容量の低下量を算出した。次に、初回の第1パターンの満充電容量に対する充電容量の低下量の比を二次電池の劣化度合いとして算出した。算出した劣化度合いをG(0≦G<1)としたとき、初回の充放電サイクルの充電レートである0.5Eに(1-G)を乗じた式(1-G)×0.5Eから第2パターンの充電レートを算出した。実施例2において、その他の構成及び制御方法は、実施例1と同様である。
実施例3では、実施例2の充放電サイクル条件に加えて、第2パターンの充放電サイクルが開始する毎に、劣化度合いに応じてCP放電時の放電レートも低減した。具体的には、実施例2と同様の方法で二次電池の劣化度合いであるGを算出した。すなわち、初回の充放電サイクルの放電レートである0.5Eに(1-G)を乗じた式(1-G)×0.5Eから第2パターンの放電レートを算出した。実施例3において、その他の構成及び制御方法は、実施例1と同様である。
実施例4では、実施例1の第1パターンの充放電サイクルにおける第2電圧V2を単セル当たりで4.1Vから4.15Vに変更し、そのときに得られた満充電容量をその後の第2パターンの充電終止容量S2とした。実施例4において、その他の構成及び制御方法は、実施例1と同様である。
実施例5では、実施例1の第2パターンの充放電サイクルにおける第1電圧V1を単セル当たりで4.2Vから4.15Vに変更した。実施例5において、その他の構成及び制御方法は、実施例1と同様である。
比較例1では、実施例1と同様に作製した二次電池について、第2電圧V2(単セル当たりで4.1V)を第1電圧V1(単セル当たりで4.2V)に変更したこと以外は実施例1の第1パターンの充放電サイクルと同様の条件で充放電サイクルを行った。このような充放電サイクルを1000回繰り返した。比較例1において、その他の構成及び制御方法は、実施例1と同様である。
比較例2では、実施例1と同様に作製した二次電池について、実施例1の第1パターンの充放電サイクルと同様の条件で充放電サイクルを行った。このような充放電サイクルを1000回繰り返した。比較例2において、その他の構成及び制御方法は、実施例1と同様である。
比較例3では、比較例2の充放電サイクル条件に加えて、二次電池の劣化度合いに応じてCP充電時の充電レートを低減した。具体的には以下の通りである。比較例2の充放電サイクルを実施例のような1サイクルの第1パターンと24サイクルの第2パターンに分けた。実施例2と同様の方法で二次電池の劣化度合いであるGを算出した。すなわち、初回の充放電サイクルの充電レートである0.5Eに(1-G)を乗じた式(1-G)×0.5Eから第2パターンの充電レートを算出した。
表2は、上記の実施例1-5及び比較例1-3を用いた試験を行って、25℃のサイクル特性として、1000サイクル時点の容量維持率と充放電効率の結果を示している。容量維持率は2サイクル目の放電容量に対する1000サイクル目の放電容量の割合(百分率)で算出し、充放電効率は1000サイクル目の充電電力量に対する放電電力量の割合(百分率)として算出した。
Claims (4)
- 二次電池と、
前記二次電池を充電する充電器と、
前記二次電池の充電容量を算出する手段と、
第1電圧に到達するまで前記二次電池を充電する第1充電ステップと、前記第1電圧の定電圧で前記二次電池を充電する第2充電ステップとを行うように前記充電器を制御する充電制御手段と、を備え、
前記充電制御手段は、前記二次電池の前記第1電圧を基準とする満充電容量未満の範囲で設定された充電終止容量に前記二次電池の充電容量が到達した場合に、充電を終了する、二次電池の充電システム。 - 前記充電終止容量は、前記第1電圧より低い第2電圧を基準とする満充電容量に基づいて決定される、請求項1に記載の二次電池の充電システム。
- 前記第2電圧は、前記第1電圧の95%以上99%以下の範囲で設定される、請求項2に記載の二次電池の充電システム。
- 前記二次電池の劣化度合いを算出する手段を有し、
前記劣化度合いの算出結果に基づいて前記充電終止容量が変更される、請求項1から3のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池の充電システム。
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| JPWO2020044932A1 (ja) | 2021-09-24 |
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