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WO2019115573A1 - Formulation d'un matériau fonctionnel organique - Google Patents

Formulation d'un matériau fonctionnel organique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019115573A1
WO2019115573A1 PCT/EP2018/084448 EP2018084448W WO2019115573A1 WO 2019115573 A1 WO2019115573 A1 WO 2019115573A1 EP 2018084448 W EP2018084448 W EP 2018084448W WO 2019115573 A1 WO2019115573 A1 WO 2019115573A1
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Prior art keywords
organic
formulation
solvent
formulation according
group
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English (en)
Inventor
Gaëlle BÉALLE
Christoph Leonhard
Hsin-Rong Tseng
Manuel HAMBURGER
Anja JATSCH
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Merck Patent GmbH
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Merck Patent GmbH
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Priority to JP2020532990A priority Critical patent/JP7293229B2/ja
Priority to KR1020207019683A priority patent/KR102666621B1/ko
Priority to CN201880076995.6A priority patent/CN111418081B/zh
Publication of WO2019115573A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019115573A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K71/10—Deposition of organic active material
    • H10K71/12—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating
    • H10K71/15—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating characterised by the solvent used
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
    • H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
    • H10K50/11—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
    • H10K50/12—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers comprising dopants
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
    • H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
    • H10K50/14—Carrier transporting layers
    • H10K50/15—Hole transporting layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K2101/00—Properties of the organic materials covered by group H10K85/00
    • H10K2101/90—Multiple hosts in the emissive layer
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K71/10—Deposition of organic active material
    • H10K71/12—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating
    • H10K71/13—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating using printing techniques, e.g. ink-jet printing or screen printing
    • H10K71/135—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating using printing techniques, e.g. ink-jet printing or screen printing using ink-jet printing

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to formulations comprising substituted isosorbides as the first solvent, as well as to electroluminescent devices prepared by using these formulations.
  • OLEDs Organic Light Emitting Devices
  • Other techniques such as inkjet printing have been recently thoroughly investigated because of their advantages such as cost savings and scale-up possibilities.
  • One of the main challenges in multi-layer printing is to identify the relevant parameters to obtain a homogeneous deposition of inks on the substrate. To trigger these parameters, such as surface tension, viscosity or boiling boint, some additives can be added to the formulation.
  • One object of the present invention is the provision of a formulation of an organic semiconductor which allows a controlled deposition to form organic semiconductor layers having good layer properties and efficiency performance.
  • a further object of the present invention is the provision of a formulation of an organic semiconductor which allows an uniform
  • an organic solvent which contains a substituted isosorbide as the first solvent allows a complete control of the surface tension and induces an effective ink deposition to form a very uniform and well-defined organic layers of functional materials which have good layer properties and performance.
  • this class of solvents is accessible from renewable raw materials (sugars) they are also a sustainable source for printed OLED inks.
  • Particular beneficial technical effects like improved wetting of already- prepared underlying layers, better shelfl ife-stability of prepared formulations and improved film profile of the resulting layer after drying are observed if further solvents, preferably further organic solvents are used in combination with the first solvent. Details regarding preferred combinations of solvents, preferred compositions and their concentration ranges as well as the technical effects are described below. Brief Description of Drawings
  • Figure 1 shows a programmed print pattern of nine small single droplets positioned in a 3 x 3 matrix.
  • Figure 2 shows a single drop merged from all the single droplets.
  • Figure 3 showsa schematic view on the drop of Figure 2.
  • Figure 4 shows a surface profile, i.e. the surface height [nm] as a function of the distance x [pm] before (dotted line) and after solvent exposure (solid line).
  • Figure 5 shows the determination of the peak-to valley of the surface profile as a key performance indicator (KPI) for the qualification of the layer stability.
  • KPI key performance indicator
  • Figure 6 shows how the KPI according to Figure 5 is assigned to a Damage Indicator (Dl).
  • the present invention relates to a formulation containing at least one organic functional material and an at least two-fold substituted isosorbide as the first solvent.
  • Isosorbides are well known as being a heterocyclic compound that are derived from glucose and other sugars depending on the stereoisomer in question.
  • the first organic solvent is a compound according to general formula (I) and/or stereoisomers thereof
  • X is identical or different on each occurrence either O or N, preferably both X are identical and very preferably both X are O;
  • Y is identical or different on each occurrence either S, NR 5 , O,
  • both Y are identical and very preferably both Y are O;
  • aliphatic groups are identical or different at each occurence, and are a linear, branched or cyclic aliphatic group having 1 to 40 aliphatic carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 20 aliphactic carbon atoms, in which one
  • R 5 is identical or different at each occurrence, and is H, a straight- chain alkyl or alkoxy group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms or a branched or cyclic alkyl or alkoxy group having from 3 to 20 carbon atoms and in which one or more hydrogen atoms may be replaced by D, F, Cl, Br, I, CN or NO2, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 2 to 60 carbon atoms in the ring system, wherein R 5 may be substituted with one or more R 6 ;
  • R 1 and R 2 are the same.
  • the substituents R 1 and R 2 are different from each other.
  • the term aliphatic group is well known to a skilled person and is understood as being a non-aromatic hydrocarbon group.
  • the aliphatic group according to the invention is a saturated aliphatic group. Even more preferably, the aliphatic group is an alkyl group.
  • P( 0)(R 5 ), -SO- and -S0 2 -; particularly preferably one CH 2 group or more non-adjacent CH 2 groups may be replaced by -0-, -S- and very particularly preferably one CH 2 group or more non-adjacent CH 2 groups may be replaced by -0-.
  • substituents R 1 and R 2 are not further substituted with R 6 .
  • R 3 is H.
  • R 4 is H.
  • R 3 and R 4 are H.
  • the aliphatic groups of R 1 to R 4 comprise 1 to 40 aliphatic carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 20 aliphatic carbon atoms, very preferably 1 to 10 aliphatic carbon atoms and particularly preferably 1 to 5 aliphatic carbon atoms.
  • the preferred alkyl groups of R 1 to R 4 comprise 1 to 40 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 20 carbon atoms, very preferably 1 to 10 carbon atoms and particularly preferably 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
  • the first atom of R 1 and R 2 that binds to the group Y of the isosorbide core structure is a non-aromatic carbon atom, whereby the isosorbide core structure is defined as having the following structure:
  • non-aromatic carbon atom is defined as a carbon atom that is not part of an aromatic system.
  • the first atoms of both R 4 and R 4 that bind to the carbon atom of the isosorbide core structure is either H or a non-aromatic carbon atom.
  • the first atom of R 1 and R 2 that binds to the group Y of the isosorbide core structure is a non-aromatic carbon atom and the first atom of R 4 and R 4 that binds to the carbon atom of the isosorbide core structure is either H or a non-aromatic carbon atom.
  • an aliphatic group is an acyclic, i.e. linear or branched, or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compound, also called hydrocarbon, wherein aromatic groups are excluded.
  • a straight chain aliphatic alkyl group withl to 40 C atoms, a branched or cyclic aliphatic alkyl group with 3 to 40 C atoms, an alkenyl group or alkynyl group with 2 to 40 C atoms and in which, in addition, individual H atoms or CFte groups may be substituted or replaced by the above-mentioned substituents, is preferably taken to mean the radicals methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t- butyl, 2-methylbutyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, cyclopentyl, neo-pentyl, n-hexyl, cyclohexyl, neo-hexyl, n-heptyl, cycloheptyl, n
  • An aryl group in according to this invention contains at least 6 C atoms; a heteroaryl group according to this invention contains at least 2 C atoms and at least one heteroatom, with the proviso that the sum of C atoms and heteroatoms is at least 5.
  • the heteroatoms are preferably selected from N, O, and/or S.
  • An aryl group or heteroaryl group here is taken to mean either a simple aromatic ring, i.e.
  • benzene or a simple heteroaromatic ring, for example pyridine, pyrimidine, thiophene, etc., or a condensed (fused) aryl or heteroaryl group, for example naphthalene, anthracene, pyrene, quinoline, isoquinoline, etc.
  • An aromatic ring system in the sense of this invention contains 6 to 60 C atoms in the ring system, preferably the aromatic ring system contains 6 to 20 C atoms in the ring system.
  • a heteroaromatic ring system in the sense of this invention contains 5 to 60 aromatic ring atoms of which at least one is a heteroatom, preferably the heteroaromatic ring system in the sense of this invention contains 5 to 20 aromatic ring atoms of which at least one is a heteroatom.
  • the heteroatoms are preferably selected from N, O, and/or S.
  • An aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system in the sense of this invention is intended to be taken to mean a system which does not necessarily contain only aryl or heteroaryl groups, but instead in which, in addition, a plurality of aryl or heteroaryl groups may be connected by a non-aromatic unit
  • systems such as 9,9'- spirobi- fluorene, 9,9-diarylfluorene, triarylamine, diaryl ether, stilbene, etc., are also intended to be taken to be aromatic ring systems in the sense of this invention, as are systems in which two or more aryl groups are connected, for example, by a cyclic alkyl group, alkenyl, or alkynylor by a silyl group.
  • ring systems that are linked to one another by a single bond such as, for example, biphenyl, terphenyl, or diphenyltriazine are referred to as an aromatic and heteroaromatic ring system in the sense of this application.
  • An aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system having 5 - 60 aromatic ring atoms, preferably 5-20 aromatic ring atoms, which may also in each case be substituted by the above-mentioned substituents and which may be linked via any desired positions on the aromatic or heteroaromatic group is taken to mean, in particular, groups derived from benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, benzanthracene, phenanthrene, benzophenanthrene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, fluoranthene, naphthacene, pentacene, benzopyrene, biphenyl, biphenylene, terphenyl, terphenylene, triphenylene,
  • azacarbazole benzocarboline, phenanthroline, 1 ,2,3-triazole, 1 ,2,4-triazole, benzotriazole, 1 ,2,3-oxadiazole, 1 ,2,4-oxadiazole, 1 ,2,5-oxadiazole, 1 ,3,4- oxadiazole, 1 ,2,3-thiadiazole, 1 ,2,4-thiadiazole, 1 ,2,5-thiadiazole, 1 ,3,4- thiadiazole, 1 ,3,5-triazine, 1 ,2,4-triazine, 1 ,2,3-triazine, tetrazole, 1 , 2,4,5- tetrazine, 1 ,2,3,4-tetrazine, 1 ,2,3,5-tetrazine, purine, pteridine, indolizine and benzothiadiazole or groups derived from combination of these systems.
  • Preferred substituents R 1 and R 2 are the following groups having the formulae (R-1 ) to (R-24) wherein the dotted line indicates the bond of R 1 or R 2 to the group Y of formula (1 ), wherein the groups may be substituted by one or more R 6 .
  • the substituents R 1 and R 2 are not further substituted with R 6 .
  • substituent R 6 is FI.
  • Examples of most preferred solvent compounds of formula (I) and their boiling points (BP) and melting points (MP) are shown in the following Table.
  • the first solvent has a surface tension of > 20 mN/m. More preferably, the surface tension of the first solvent is in the range from 25 to 40 mN/m.
  • the content of the first solvent is preferably in the range from 50 to
  • the formulations according to the present invention comprise in one embodiment at least a second solvent which is different from the first solvent.
  • the second solvent is employed together with the first solvent.
  • the content of the second solvent is preferably in the range from 0 to 50 vol.-%, more preferably in the range from 0 to 25 vol.-% and most preferably in the range from 0 to 10 vol.-%, based on the total amount of solvents in the formulation.
  • the formulation comprises the said first solvent and a second solvent wherein the content (expressed in vol.%) of the first solvent is lower than the content of the second solvent.
  • the content of the first solvent is in the range between 0.1 vol.- % to 49 vol.-%, very preferably in the range between 0.1 vol.-% to 30 vol.- %, particularly preferably in the range between 0.5 vol.-% and 20 vol.-%, very particularly preferably in the range between 1 vol.-% and 10 vol.-% and most preferably in the range between 2 vol.-% and 8 vol.-%, based on the total amount of solvents in the formulation.
  • Such formulations show particularly beneficial technical effects, such as good long-term stability with no precipitation of dissolved active compounds, improved wetting on the substrate or an underlying layer of an organic material, good film formation (dense layers with a flat profile) when dried and good performance of the final OLED device (with respect to parameters such as color, efficiency and lifetime).
  • the present invention also relates to the above-mentioned formulation that comprises the said first solvent and said second solvent, wherein the second solvent is a mixture of two different solvents.
  • the present invention also relates to a formulation comprising said first solvent and said second solvent wherein the second solvent is a mixture of three different solvents.
  • the present invention also relates to a formulation comprising said first solvent and said second solvent wherein the second solvent is a mixture of four different solvents.
  • the first solvent has a boiling point of 400°C or below. More preferably, the first solvent has a boiling point in the range from 100 to 400°C, very preferably in the range from 100 to 350°C, particularly preferably between 150 and 350°C. and very particularly preferably between 200°C and 350°C. The boiling point are measured at 760 mm Hg.
  • Suitable second solvents are preferably organic solvents which include inter alia, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, esters, amides such as di Ci-C-2- alkylfomnamides, sulfur compounds, nitro compounds, hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons (e.g. chlorinated hydrocarbons), aromatic or heteroaromatic hydrocarbons and halogenated aromatic or heteroaromatic hydrocarbons.
  • organic solvents include inter alia, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, esters, amides such as di Ci-C-2- alkylfomnamides, sulfur compounds, nitro compounds, hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons (e.g. chlorinated hydrocarbons), aromatic or heteroaromatic hydrocarbons and halogenated aromatic or heteroaromatic hydrocarbons.
  • the second solvent can be chosen from one of the following groups: substituted and non-substituted aromatic or linear esters such as ethyl benzoate, butyl benzoate, octyl octanoate, diethyl sebacate;
  • substituted and non-substituted aromatic or linear ethers such as 3- phenoxytoluene, 3,4-dimethylanisole, phenetole or anisole; substituted or non-substituted arene derivatives such as toluene, xylene, pentylbenzene, hexylbenzene, cyclohexylbenzene, 2-methylbiphenyl, 2,2’-dimethylbiphenyl; indane derivatives such as hexamethylindane; substituted and non- substituted aromatic or linear ketones; substituted and non-substituted heterocycles such as pyrrolidinones, cyclic or non-cyclic siloxanes, pyridines, pyrazines; other fluorinated or chlorinated aromatic or linear ethers such as 3- phenoxytoluene, 3,4-dimethylanisole, phenetole or anisole; substituted or non-substituted
  • Particularly preferred second organic solvents are, for example, 1 ,2,3,4- tetramethylbenzene, 1 ,2,3,5-tetramethylbenzene, 1 ,2,3-trimethylbenzene,
  • these solvents can be employed individually or as a mixture of two, three or more solvents forming the second solvent.
  • the second solvent has a boiling point in the range from 100 to 400°C, more preferably in the range from 150 to 350°C.
  • the at least one organic functional material has a solubility in the first as well as in the second solvent which is preferably in the range from 1 to 250 g/l and more preferably in the range from 1 to 50 g/l.
  • the solubility of the organic functional materials in solvents can be determined according to the procedure described in the ISO 7579:2009.
  • the content of the at least one organic functional material in the formulation is in the range from 0.001 to 20 weight-%, preferably in the range from 0.01 to 15 weight-%, more preferably in the range from 0.1 to 10 weight-% and most preferably in the range from 0.3 to 10 weight-%, based on the total weight of the formulation.
  • the formulation according to the present invention has a surface tension preferably in the range from 10 to 70 mN/m and very preferably in the range from 10 to 50 mN/m and particularly preferably in the range from 15 to 40 mN/m.
  • the formulation according to the present invention has a viscosity preferably in the range from 0,8 to 50 mPa s, very preferably in the range from 1 to 40 mPa s, particularly preferably in the range from 2 to 20 mPa s and very particularly preferably in the range from 2 to 10 mPa s.
  • the organic solvent blend comprises a surface tension in the range from 15 to 80 mN/m, more preferably in the range from 20 to
  • the surface tension can be measured using a FTA (First Ten Angstrom) 1000 contact angle goniometer at 20°C. Details of the method are available from First Ten Angstrom as published by Roger P. Woodward, Ph.D.
  • the pendant drop method can be used to determine the surface tension.
  • This measurement technique dispenses a drop from a needle in a bulk liquid or gaseous phase.
  • the shape of the drop results from the relationship between the surface-tension, gravity and density differences.
  • the surface tension is calculated from the shadow image of a pendant drop using
  • a commonly used and commercially available high precision drop shape analysis tool namely FTA1000 from First Ten Angstrom, was used to perform all surface tension measurements.
  • the surface tension is determined by the software FTA1000. All measurements are performed at room temperature which is in the range between 20°C and 22°C.
  • the standard operating procedure includes the determination of the surface tension of each formulation using a fresh disposable drop dispensing system (syringe and needle). Each drop is measured over the duration of one minute with sixty measurements which are later on averaged. For each formulation three drops are measured. The final value is averaged over said measurements.
  • the tool is regularly cross-checked against various liquids having well known surface tensions.
  • the viscosity of the formulations and solvents of the Examples was measured using a TA instruments ARG2 rheometer over a shear rate range of 10 to 1000 s 1 using 40 mm parallel plate geometry. Measurement was taken as an average between 200 to 800 s _1 where the temperature and sheer rate are exactly controlled.
  • the viscosities given in Table 3 are the viscosities of each formulation measured at a temperature of 25°C and a sheer rate of 500 s 1 . Each solvent is measured three times. The stated viscosity value is averaged over said measurements.
  • the present invention also relates to a formulation comprising at least one quantum material and an isosorbide as the first solvent.
  • the present invention further relates to a formulation comprising at least one organic functional material and at least one quantum material.
  • the formulations according to the invention can be used for the production of functional layers of electronic devices.
  • Functional materials are generally the organic materials which are introduced between the anode and the cathode of an electronic or opto- electronic device, particularly of an electroluminescent device.
  • Quantum materials are well known to one skilled in the art. Quantum materials are also known as quantum sized particles, nanocrystal materials, semiconducting light emitting nanoparticles, quantum dots and quantum rods. Quantum materials can be employed as photoluminescent materials or as electroiluminescent materials. Generally, quantum materials are characterized in that they exhibit a narrow size distribution and have narrow emission spectra.
  • Quantum materials typically comprise a core and one or more shell layers as well as ligands that are attached to the outermost surface of the material.
  • quantum materials have an average particle diameter in the range between 0.1 and 999 nm, very preferably in the range between 1 to 150 nm and particularly preferably in the range between 3 to 100 nm, wherein the ligand sphere of a quantum material is not considered.
  • organic functional material denotes, inter alia, organic conductors, organic semiconductors, organic fluorescent compounds which also includes organic delayed fluorescent compounds, organic phosphorescent compounds, organic light-absorbent compounds, organic light-sensitive compounds, organic photosensitisation agents, organic p-dopants, organic n-dpoants and other organic photoactive compounds.
  • organic functional material furthermore encompasses organometallic complexes of transition metals, rare earths, lanthanides and actinides.
  • the organic functional material is selected from the group consisting of fluorescent emitters, phosphorescent emitters, emitters that emit light based on delayed fluorescence, host materials, matrix materials, host materials that exhibit delayed fluorescence, exciton-blocking materials, electron-transport materials, electron-injection materials, hole-transport materials, hole-injection materials, n-dopants, p-dopants, wide-band-gap materials, electron-blocking materials and hole-blocking materials.
  • Preferred embodiments of organic functional materials are disclosed in detail in WO 2011/076314 A1 , where this document is incorporated into the present application by way of reference.
  • the organic functional material is an organic semiconductor selected from the group consisting of hole-injecting, hole- transporting, emitting, electron-transporting and electron-injecting materials.
  • the organic functional material is an organic
  • semiconductor selected from the group consisting of hole-injecting and hole-transporting materials.
  • the organic functional material can be a compound having a low molecular weight, a polymer, an oligomer or a dendrimer, where the organic functional material may also be in the form of a mixture.
  • the formulations according to the present invention may comprise two different compounds having a low molecular weight, one compound having a low molecular weight and one polymer or two polymers (blend).
  • Organic functional materials are frequently described via the properties of the frontier orbitals, which are described in greater detail below.
  • Molecular orbitals in particular also the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), their energy levels and the energy of the lowest triplet state Ti or of the lowest excited singlet state Si of the materials are determined via quantum-chemical calculations.
  • HOMO highest occupied molecular orbital
  • LUMO lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
  • the "TD-SCF/ DFT/Default Spin/B3PW91” method with the "6-31 G(d)" base set (charge 0, spin singlet) is used here.
  • the geometry is optimised via the "Ground State/Flartree-Fock/Default Spin/l_anl_2MB/ Charge 0/Spin Singlet” method.
  • the energy calculation is carried out analogously to the above-described method for the organic substances, with the difference that the "Lanl_2DZ" base set is used for the metal atom and the "6-31 G(d)” base set is used for the ligands.
  • the energy calculation gives the FIOMO energy level HEh or LUMO energy level LEh in hartree units.
  • these values are to be regarded as HOMO and LUMO energy levels respectively of the materials.
  • the lowest triplet state Ti is defined as the energy of the triplet state having the lowest energy which arises from the quantum-chemical calculation described.
  • the lowest excited singlet state Si is defined as the energy of the excited singlet state having the lowest energy which arises from the quantum- chemical calculation described.
  • a hole-injection material has an HOMO level which is in the region of or above the level of the anode, i.e. in general is at least -5.3 eV.
  • hole-transport materials are capable of transporting holes, i.e. positive charges, which are generally injected from the anode or an adjacent layer, for exam- pie a hole-injection layer.
  • a hole-transport material generally has a high HOMO level of preferably at least -5.4 eV.
  • arylamine dendrimers JP Heisei 8 (1996) 193191
  • monomeric triarylamines US 3180730
  • triarylamines containing one or more vinyl radicals and/or at least one functional group containing active hydrogen US 3567450 and US 3658520
  • tetraaryldiamines the two tertiary amine units are connected via an aryl group.
  • More triarylamino groups may also be present in the molecule.
  • Phthalocyanine derivatives, naphthalocyanine derivatives, butadiene derivatives and quinoline deriva- tives, such as, for example, dipyrazino[2,3-f:2’,3’-h]quinoxalinehexacarbo- nitrile, are also suitable.
  • TCTA 4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-N,N-bis[4-(9H- carbazol-9-yl)phenyl]benzenamine
  • Particularly suitable compounds for electron-transporting and electron- injecting layers are metal chelates of 8-hydroxyquinoline (for example LiQ, AIQ3, GaQ3, MgQ2, ZnQ2, lnQ3, ZrQ 4 ), BAIQ, Ga oxinoid complexes,
  • 4-azaphenanthren-5-ol-Be complexes (US 5529853 A, cf. formula ET-1 ), butadiene derivatives (US 4356429), heterocyclic optical brighteners (US 4539507), benzimidazole derivatives (US 2007/0273272 A1 ), such as, for example, TPBI (US 5766779, cf.
  • 1 ,3,5-triazines for example spirobifluorenyltriazine derivatives (for example in accordance with DE 102008064200), pyrenes, anthracenes, tetracenes, fluorenes, spiro- fluorenes, dendrimers, tetracenes (for example rubrene derivatives), 1 ,10- phenanthroline derivatives (JP 2003-115387, JP 2004-311184, JP 2001 - 267080, WO 02/043449), silacyclopentadiene derivatives (EP 1480280, EP 1478032, EP 1469533), borane derivatives, such as, for example, tri- arylborane derivatives containing Si (US 2007/0087219 A1 , cf.
  • spirobifluorenyltriazine derivatives for example in accordance with DE 102008064200
  • pyrenes for example in accordance with DE 10
  • phenanthrolines especially 1 ,10- phenanthroline derivatives, such as, for example, BCP and Bphen, also several phenanthrolines connected via biphenyl or other aromatic groups (US 2007-0252517 A1 ) or phenanthrolines connected to anthracene (US 2007-0122656 A1 , cf. formulae ET-4 and ET-5).
  • heterocyclic organic compounds such as, for exam- pie, thiopyran dioxides, oxazoles, triazoles, imidazoles or oxadiazoles.
  • Examples of the use of five-membered rings containing N such as, for example, oxazoles, preferably 1 ,3,4-oxadiazoles, for example compounds of the formulae ET-6, ET-7, ET-8 and ET-9, which are disclosed, inter alia, in US 2007/0273272 A1 ; thiazoles, oxadiazoles, thiadiazoles, triazoles, inter alia, see US 2008/0102311 A1 and Y.A. Levin, M.S. Skorobogatova, Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii 1967 (2), 339-341 , preferably compounds of the formula ET-10, silacyclopentadiene derivatives.
  • Pre- ferred compounds are the following of the formulae (ET-6) to (ET-10):
  • organic compounds such as derivatives of fluorenone, fluorenylidenemethane, perylenetetracarbonic acid, anthra- quinonedimethane, diphenoquinone, anthrone and anthraquinone- diethylenediamine.
  • formula ET-12 formula ET-13 The compounds which are able to generate electron-injection and/or electron-transport properties preferably result in an LUMO of less than - 2.5 eV (vs. vacuum level), particularly preferably less than -2.7 eV.
  • the present formulations may comprise emitters.
  • emitter denotes a material which, after excitation, which can take place by transfer of any type of energy, allows a radiative transition into a ground state with emis- sion of light.
  • two classes of emitter are known, namely fluores- cent and phosphorescent emitters.
  • fluorescent emitter denotes materials or compounds in which a radiative transition from an excited singlet state into the ground state takes place.
  • fluorescent emitter also includes emitters that show delayed fluorescence such as organic compounds that exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence.
  • phosphorescent emitter preferably denotes luminescent materials or corn- pounds which contain transition metals.
  • Emitters are frequently also called dopants if the dopants cause the prop- erties described above in a system.
  • a dopant in a system comprising a matrix material and a dopant is taken to mean the component whose pro- portion in the mixture is the smaller.
  • a matrix material in a system comprising a matrix material and a dopant is taken to mean the component whose proportion in the mixture is the greater.
  • the term phosphorescent emitter can also be taken to mean, for example, phosphorescent dopant.
  • Compounds which are able to emit light include, inter alia, fluorescent emitters and phosphorescent emitters. These include, inter alia, com- pounds containing stilbene, stilbenamine, styrylamine, coumarine, rubrene, rhodamine, thiazole, thiadiazole, cyanine, thiophene, paraphenylene, perylene, phtalocyanine, porphyrin, ketone, quinoline, imine, anthracene and/or pyrene structures. Particular preference is given to compounds which are able to emit light from the triplet state with high efficiency, even at room temperature, i.e.
  • Suitable for this purpose are firstly compounds which contain heavy atoms having an atomic number of greater than 36. Preference is given to compounds which contain d- or f-transition metals which satisfy the above- mentioned condition. Particular preference is given here to corresponding compounds which contain elements from group 8 to 10 (Ru, Os, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt). Suitable functional compounds here are, for example, various complexes, as described, for example, in WO 02/068435 A1 ,
  • Preferred compounds which can serve as fluorescent emitters are described by way of example below.
  • Preferred fluorescent emitters are selected from the class of the monostyrylamines, the distyrylamines, the tristyrylamines, the tetrastyrylamines, the styryl phosphines, the styryl ethers and the arylamines.
  • a monostyrylamine is taken to mean a compound which contains one sub- stituted or unsubstituted styryl group and at least one, preferably aromatic, amine.
  • a distyrylamine is taken to mean a compound which contains two substituted or unsubstituted styryl groups and at least one, preferably aro- matic, amine.
  • a tristyrylamine is taken to mean a compound which contains three substituted or unsubstituted styryl groups and at least one, preferably aromatic, amine.
  • a tetrastyrylamine is taken to mean a compound which contains four substituted or unsubstituted styryl groups and at least one, preferably aromatic, amine.
  • the styryl groups are particularly preferably stil- benes, which may also be further substituted.
  • Corresponding phosphines and ethers are defined analogously to the amines.
  • An arylamine or an aromatic amine in the sense of the present invention is taken to mean a compound which contains three substituted or unsubstituted aromatic or heteroaromatic ring systems bonded directly to the nitrogen.
  • At least one of these aromatic or heteroaromatic ring systems is preferably a condensed ring system, preferably having at least 14 aromatic ring atoms.
  • Preferred examples thereof are aromatic anthracenamines, aromatic anthracene- diamines, aromatic pyrenamines, aromatic pyrenediamines, aromatic chrysenamines or aromatic chrysenediamines.
  • An aromatic anthracen- amine is taken to mean a compound in which one diarylamino group is bonded directly to an anthracene group, preferably in the 9-position.
  • An aromatic anthracenediamine is taken to mean a compound in which two diarylamino groups are bonded directly to an anthracene group, preferably in the 2,6- or 9,10-position.
  • Aromatic pyrenamines, pyrenediamines, chrysenamines and chrysenediamines are defined analogously thereto, where the diarylamino groups are preferably bonded to the pyrene in the 1 -position or in the 1 ,6-position.
  • fluorescent emitters are selected from indenofluoren- amines or indenofluorenediamines, which are described, inter alia, in WO 2006/122630; benzoindenofluorenamines or benzoindenofluorenedi- amines, which are described, inter alia, in WO 2008/006449; and dibenzo- indenofluorenamines or dibenzoindenofluorenediamines, which are described, inter alia, in WO 2007/140847.
  • Examples of compounds from the class of the styrylamines which can be employed as fluorescent emitters are substituted or unsubstituted tristilben- amines or the dopants described in WO 2006/000388, WO 2006/058737, WO 2006/000389, WO 2007/065549 and WO 2007/115610.
  • Distyryl- benzene and distyrylbiphenyl derivatives are described in US 5121029. Further styrylamines can be found in US 2007/0122656 A1.
  • Particularly preferred styrylamine compounds are the compounds of the formula EM-1 described in US 7250532 B2 and the compounds of the for- mula EM-2 described in DE 10 2005 058557 A1 :
  • triarylamine compounds are compounds of the forrnu- lae EM-3 to EM-15 disclosed in CN 1583691 A, JP 08/053397 A and US 6251531 B1 , EP 1957606 A1 , US 2008/0113101 A1 , US 2006/210830 A , WO 2008/006449 and DE 102008035413 and derivatives thereof:
  • Further preferred compounds which can be employed as fluorescent emit- ters are selected from derivatives of naphthalene, anthracene, tetracene, benzanthracene, benzophenanthrene (DE 10 2009 005746), fluorene, fluoranthene, periflanthene, indenoperylene, phenanthrene, perylene (US 2007/0252517 A1 ), pyrene, chrysene, decacyclene, coronene, tetra- phenylcyclopentadiene, pentaphenylcyclopentadiene, fluorene, spiro- fluorene, rubrene, coumarine (US 4769292, US 6020078, US 2007/ 0252517 A1 ), pyran, oxazole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, benzimidazole, pyrazine, cinnamic acid esters, diketopyrrol
  • 9,10- substituted anthracenes such as, for example, 9,10-diphenylanthracene and 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene.
  • 1,4-Bis(9’-ethynylanthracenyl)- benzene is also a preferred dopant.
  • DMQA N,N’-dimethylquinacri- done
  • thiopyran poly- methine, pyrylium and thiapyrylium salts, perif
  • Blue fluorescent emitters are preferably polyaromatic compounds, such as, for example, 9,10-di(2-naphthylanthracene) and other anthracene deriva- tives, derivatives of tetracene, xanthene, perylene, such as, for example, 2,5,8, 11-tetra-f-butylperylene, phenylene, for example 4,4’-bis(9-ethyl-3- carbazovinylene)-1 ,1’-biphenyl, fluorene, fluoranthene, arylpyrenes
  • polyaromatic compounds such as, for example, 9,10-di(2-naphthylanthracene) and other anthracene deriva- tives, derivatives of tetracene, xanthene, perylene, such as, for example, 2,5,8, 11-tetra-f-butylperylene, phenylene, for example 4,4’-
  • Preferred fluorescent emitter that exhibit delayed fluorescence are the ones that are well known in the art and disclosed, e.g., in C. Adachi et al., Nature, 492, 2012, 234-238, A. P. Monkman et al., Methods Appl. Fluoresc. 5 (2017) 012001 or E. Zysman-Colman et al., Adv. Mater 2017, 29,
  • Preferred compounds which can serve as phosphorescent emitters are described below by way of example. Examples of phosphorescent emitters are revealed by WO 00/70655,
  • Phosphorescent metal complexes preferably contain Ir, Ru, Pd, Pt, Os or Re, more preferably Ir.
  • Preferred ligands are 2-phenylpyridine derivatives, 7,8-benzoquinoline derivatives, 2-(2-thienyl)pyridine derivatives, 2-(1 -naphthyl)pyridine deriva- tives, 1 -phenylisoquinoline derivatives, 3-phenylisoquinoline derivatives or 2-phenylquinoline derivatives. All these compounds may be substituted, for example by fluoro, cyano and/or trifluoromethyl substituents for blue.
  • Aux- iliary ligands are preferably acetylacetonate or picolinic acid.
  • Particularly preferred compounds which are used as phosphorescent dopants are, inter alia, the compounds of the formula EM-17 described, inter alia, in US 2001/0053462 A1 and Inorg. Chem. 2001 , 40(7), 1704- 1711 , JACS 2001 , 123(18), 4304-4312, and derivatives thereof.
  • Quantum dots can likewise be employed as emitters, these materials being disclosed in detail in WO 2012/013272 A1.
  • Compounds which are employed as host materials, in particular together with emitting compounds, include materials from various classes of substances.
  • Host materials generally have larger band gaps between HOMO and LUMO than the emitter materials employed.
  • preferred host materials exhibit properties of either a hole- or electron-transport material. Further- more, host materials can have both electron- and hole-transport properties.
  • Host materials are in some cases also called matrix material, in particular if the host material is employed in combination with a phosphorescent emitter in an OLED.
  • Preferred host materials or co-host materials which are employed, in par- ticular, together with fluorescent dopants, are selected from the classes of the oligoarylenes (for example 2,2‘,7,7‘-tetraphenylspirobifluorene in accor- dance with EP 676461 or dinaphthylanthracene), in particular the oligo arylenes containing condensed aromatic groups, such as, for example, anthracene, benzanthracene, benzophenanthrene (DE 10 2009 005746,
  • phenanthrene tetracene, coronene, chrysene, fluorene, spirofluorene, perylene, phthaloperylene, naphthaloperylene, decacyclene, rubrene
  • the polypodal metal complexes for example in accordance with
  • AIQ3 aluminium(lll) tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)
  • bis(2-methyl-8- quinolinolato)-4-(phenylphenolinolato)aluminium also with imidazole che- late (US 2007/0092753 A1 )
  • Particularly preferred compounds which can serve as host materials or co- host materials are selected from the classes of the oligoarylenes, compris- ing anthracene, benzanthracene and/or pyrene, or atropisomers of these compounds.
  • An oligoarylene in the sense of the present invention is intended to be taken to mean a compound in which at least three aryl or arylene groups are bonded to one another.
  • Preferred host materials are selected, in particular, from compounds of the formula (H-1 ),
  • the group Ar 5 particularly preferably stands for anthracene, and the groups Ar 4 and Ar 6 are bonded in the 9- and 10-position, where these groups may optionally be substituted.
  • At least one of the groups Ar 4 and/or Ar 6 is a condensed aryl group selected from 1 - or 2-naphthyl, 2-, 3- or 9-phenanthrenyl or 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-benzanthracenyl.
  • Anthracene-based compounds are described in US 2007/0092753 A1 and US 2007/0252517 A1 , for example 2-(4-methylphenyl)-9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)anthracene, 9-(2-naphthyl)-10-(1 ,1’- biphenyl)anthracene and 9,10-bis[4-(2,2-diphenylethenyl)phenyl]anthra- cene, 9,10-diphenylanthracene, 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene and 1 ,4-bis(9’-ethynylanthracenyl)benzene.
  • Further preferred compounds are derivatives of arylamine, styrylamine, fluorescein, diphenylbutadiene, tetraphenylbutadiene, cyclopentadiene, tetraphenylcyclopentadiene, pentaphenylcyclopentadiene, coumarine, oxadiazole, bisbenzoxazoline, oxazole, pyridine, pyrazine, imine, benzo- thiazole, benzoxazole, benzimidazole (US 2007/0092753 A1 ), for example 2,2’,2”-(1 ,3,5-phenylene)tris[1 -phenyl-1 H-benzimidazole], aldazine, stil- bene, styrylarylene derivatives, for example 9,10-bis[4-(2,2-diphenyl- ethenyl)phenyl]anthracene, and distyrylarylene derivatives (US
  • TNB 4,4’-bis[N-(1 -naphthyl)-N-(2-naphthyl)amino]biphenyl.
  • Metal-oxinoid complexes such as LiQ or AIQ3, can be used as co-hosts.
  • Preferred compounds with oligoarylene as matrix are disclosed in US 2003/ 0027016 A1 , US 7326371 B2, US 2006/043858 A, WO 2007/114358,
  • compounds which can be employed as host or matrix include materials which are employed together with phosphorescent emitters.
  • CBP N,N-biscarbazolylbiphenyl
  • carbazole derivatives for example in accordance with WO 2005/039246, US 2005/0069729
  • JP 2004/288381 EP 1205527 or WO 2008/086851
  • azacarbazoles for example in accordance with EP 1617710, EP 1617711 , EP 1731584 or JP 2005/347160
  • ketones for example in accordance with WO 2004/ 093207 or in accordance with DE 102008033943
  • phosphine oxides for example in accordance with WO 2005/003253
  • oligophenylenes for example in accordance with WO 2005/003253
  • aromatic amines for example in accordance with
  • bipolar matrix materials for example in accordance with WO 2007/137725
  • silanes for example in accordance with WO 2005/
  • Preferred tetraaryl-Si compounds are disclosed, for example, in US 2004/ 0209115, US 2004/0209116, US 2007/0087219 A1 and in H. Gilman, E.A. Zuech, Chemistry & Industry (London, United Kingdom), 1960, 120.
  • a plurality of different matrix materials as a mixture, in particular at least one electron-conducting matrix material and at least one hole-conducting matrix material.
  • n-Dopants herein are taken to mean reducing agents, i.e. electron donors.
  • EP 1837926 A1 , WO 2007/107306 A1 pyridines (for example EP 2452946 A1 , EP 2463927 A1 ), N-heterocyclic compounds (for example WO
  • Further preferred host materials are organic compounds having a small gap between Si and Ti energy level. Such compouds can be used as
  • fluorescent emitters showing delayed fluorescence as described above.
  • these compounds can also be used as host compounds for flurescent emitters, i.e. as pump in order to populate singlet energy levels of a fluorescent emitter.
  • theis process is calles hyperfluorescence.
  • Appropriate host compounds are the ones that have already been mentioned above as being suitable as delayed fluorescence emitter.
  • formulations may comprise a wide-band-gap material as functional material.
  • Wide-band-gap material is taken to mean a material in the sense of the disclosure content of US 7,294,849. These systems exhibit particularly advantageous performance data in electroluminescent devices.
  • the compound employed as wide-band-gap material can preferably have a band gap of 2.5 eV or more, preferably 3.0 eV or more, particularly prefer- ably 3.5 eV or more.
  • the band gap can be calculated, inter alia, by means of the energy levels of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO).
  • the formulations may comprise a hole-blocking material
  • a hole-blocking material denotes a material which prevents or minimises the transmission of holes (positive charges) in a multilayer system, in particular if this material is arranged in the form of a layer adjacent to an emission layer or a hole-conducting layer.
  • a hole-blocking material has a lower HOMO level than the hole-transport material in the adjacent layer.
  • Hole-blocking layers are frequently arranged between the light-emitting layer and the electron-transport layer in OLEDs.
  • advantageous hole-blocking materials are metal complexes (US 2003/0068528), such as, for example, bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolato)(4- phenylphenolato)aluminium(lll) (BAIQ). Fac-tris(1 -phenylpyrazolato-N,C2)- iridium(lll) (lr(ppz)3) is likewise employed for this purpose (US 2003/ 0175553 A1 ).
  • Phenanthroline derivatives such as, for example, BCP, or phthalimides, such as, for example, TMPP, can likewise be employed.
  • advantageous hole-blocking materials are described in WO 00/70655 A2, WO 01 /41512 and WO 01 /93642 A1.
  • the formulations may comprise an electron-blocking material (EBM) as functional material.
  • EBM electron-blocking material
  • An electron-blocking material denotes a material which prevents or minimises the transmission of electrons in a multilayer system, in particular if this material is arranged in the form of a layer adjacent to an emission layer or an electron-conducting layer. In gen- eral, an electron-blocking material has a higher LUMO level than the electron-transport material in the adjacent layer.
  • advantageous electron-blocking materials are transition-metal complexes, such as, for example, lr(ppz)3 (US 2003/ 0175553).
  • the electron-blocking material can preferably be selected from amines, tri- arylamines and derivatives thereof.
  • the functional compounds which can be employed as organic functional materials in the formulations preferably have, if they are low- molecular-weight compounds, a molecular weight of ⁇ 3,000 g/mol, more preferably ⁇ 2,000 g/mol and most preferably ⁇ 1 ,000 g/mol.
  • par- ticularly preferred functional compounds which can be employed as organic functional material in the formulations are those which have a glass- transition temperature of > 70°C, preferably > 100°C, more preferably > 125°C and most preferably > 150°C, determined in accordance with DIN
  • the formulations may also comprise polymers as organic functional materi- als.
  • the compounds described above as organic functional materials, which frequently have a relatively low molecular weight, can also be mixed with a polymer. It is likewise possible to incorporate these compounds covalently into a polymer.
  • Polymers which can be employed as organic functional materials frequently contain units or structural elements which have been described in the con- text of the compounds described above, inter alia those as disclosed and extensively listed in WO 02/077060 A1 , in WO 2005/014689 A2 and in
  • WO 2011/076314 A1 These are incorporated into the present application by way of reference.
  • the functional materials can originate, for example, from the following classes: Group 1 : structural elements which are able to generate hole-injection and/or hole-transport properties;
  • Group 2 structural elements which are able to generate electron- injection and/or electron-transport properties
  • Group 3 structural elements which combine the properties described in relation to groups 1 and 2;
  • Group 4 structural elements which have light-emitting properties, in particular phosphorescent groups;
  • Group 5 structural elements which improve the transition from the so- called singlet state to the triplet state;
  • Group 6 structural elements which influence the morphology or also the emission colour of the resultant polymers
  • Group 7 structural elements which are typically used as backbone.
  • the structural elements here may also have various functions, so that a clear assignment need not be advantageous.
  • a structural element of group 1 may likewise serve as backbone.
  • the polymer having hole-transport or hole-injection properties employed as organic functional material, containing structural elements from group 1 may preferably contain units which correspond to the hole-transport or hole- injection materials described above.
  • group 1 is, for example, triaryl- amine, benzidine, tetraaryl-para-phenylenediamine, carbazole, azulene, thiophene, pyrrole and furan derivatives and further 0-, S- or N-containing heterocycles having a high FIOMO.
  • arylamines and heterocycles preferably have an FIOMO of above -5.8 eV (against vacuum level), particu- larly preferably above -5.5 eV.
  • HTP-1 in which the symbols have the following meaning:
  • Ar 1 is, in each case identically or differently for different recurring units, a single bond or a monocyclic or polycyclic aryl group, which may optio- nally be substituted;
  • Ar 2 is, in each case identically or differently for different recurring units, a monocyclic or polycyclic aryl group, which may optionally be substi- tuted;
  • Ar 3 is, in each case identically or differently for different recurring units, a monocyclic or polycyclic aryl group, which may optionally be substi- tuted; m is 1 , 2 or 3.
  • HTP-1 which are selected from the group consisting of units of the formulae HTP-1 A to HTP-1 C:
  • R a is on each occurrence, identically or differently, H, a substituted or un- substituted aromatic or heteroaromatic group, an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, aralkyl, aryloxy, arylthio, alkoxycarbonyl, silyl or carboxyl group, a halogen atom, a cyano group, a nitro group or a hydroxyl group; r is 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, and
  • s is 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4 or 5.
  • T 1 and T 2 are selected independently from thiophene, selenophene, thieno- [2,3-b]thiophene, thieno[3,2-b]thiophene, dithienothiophene, pyrrole and aniline, where these groups may be substituted by one or more radicals R b ;
  • R b is selected independently on each occurrence from halogen, -CN,
  • R° and R 00 are each independently H or an optionally substituted carbyl or hydrocarbyl group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, which may optionally be substituted and may optionally contain one or more heteroatoms;
  • Ar 7 and Ar 8 represent, independently of one another, a monocyclic or poly- cyclic aryl or heteroaryl group, which may optionally be substituted and may optionally be bonded to the 2,3-position of one or both adjacent thiophene or selenophene groups; c and e are, independently of one another, 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, where
  • Preferred examples of polymers having hole-transport or hole-injection properties are described, inter alia, in WO 2007/131582 A1 and WO 2008/ 009343 A1.
  • the polymer having electron-injection and/or electron-transport properties employed as organic functional material, containing structural elements from group 2, may preferably contain units which correspond to the electron-injection and/or electron-transport materials described above.
  • group 2 which have electron- injection and/or electron-transport properties are derived, for example, from pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrazine, oxadiazole, quinoline, quinoxal- ine and phenazine groups, but also triarylborane groups or further 0-, S- or N-containing heterocycles having a low LUMO level.
  • These structural ele- ments of group 2 preferably have an LUMO of below -2.7 eV (against vac- uum level), particularly preferably below -2.8 eV.
  • the organic functional material can preferably be a polymer which contains structural elements from group 3, where structural elements which improve the hole and electron mobility (i.e. structural elements from groups 1 and 2) are connected directly to one another. Some of these structural elements can serve as emitters here, where the emission colours may be shifted, for example, into the green, red or yellow. Their use is therefore advantageous, for example, for the generation of other emission colours or a broad-band emission by polymers which originally emit in blue.
  • the polymer having light-emitting properties employed as organic functional material, containing structural elements from group 4, may preferably con- tain units which correspond to the emitter materials described above.
  • Pref- erence is given here to polymers containing phosphorescent groups, in particular the emitting metal complexes described above which contain cor- responding units containing elements from groups 8 to 10 (Ru, Os, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt).
  • the polymer employed as organic functional material containing units of group 5 which improve the transition from the so-called singlet state to the triplet state can preferably be employed in support of phosphorescent compounds, preferably the polymers containing structural elements of group 4 described above.
  • a polymeric triplet matrix can be used here.
  • Suitable for this purpose are, in particular, carbazole and connected carba- zole dimer units, as described, for example, in DE 10304819 A1 and DE 10328627 A1. Also suitable for this purpose are ketone, phosphine oxide, sulfoxide, sulfone and silane derivatives and similar compounds, as described, for example, in DE 10349033 A1. Furthermore, preferred struc- tural units can be derived from compounds which have been described above in connection with the matrix materials employed together with phosphorescent compounds.
  • the further organic functional material is preferably a polymer containing units of group 6 which influence the morphology and/or the emission colour of the polymers.
  • these are those which have at least one further aromatic or another conjugated structure which do not count amongst the above-mentioned groups. These groups accordingly have only little or no effect on the charge-carrier mobilities, the non-organometallic complexes or the singlet-triplet transition.
  • Structural units of this type are able to influence the morphology and/or the emission colour of the resultant polymers. Depending on the structural unit, these polymers can therefore also be used as emitters. In the case of fluorescent OLEDs, preference is therefore given to aromatic structural elements having 6 to 40 C atoms or also tolan, stilbene or bis- styrylarylene derivative units, each of which may be substituted by one or more radicals.
  • the polymer employed as organic functional material preferably contains units of group 7, which preferably contain aromatic structures having 6 to 40 C atoms which are frequently used as backbone.
  • WO 2003/020790 A1 9,10-phenanthrene derivatives, which are disclosed, for example, in WO 2005/104264 A1 , 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene deriva- tives, which are disclosed, for example, in WO 2005/014689 A2,
  • group 7 which are selected from fluorene derivatives, which are disclosed, for example, in US 5,962,631 , WO 2006/052457 A2 and WO 2006/118345 A1 , spiro- bifluorene derivatives, which are disclosed, for example, in WO 2003/ 020790 A1 , benzofluorene, dibenzofluorene, benzothiophene and dibenzo- fluorene groups and derivatives thereof, which are disclosed, for example, in WO 2005/056633 A1 , EP 1344788 A1 and WO 2007/043495 A1.
  • PB-1 Especially preferred structural elements of group 7 are represented by the general formula PB-1 :
  • X is halogen;
  • R° and R 00 are each, independently, H or an optionally substituted carbyl or hydrocarbyl group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, which may optionally be substituted and may optionally contain one or more heteroatoms;
  • g is in each case, independently, 0 or 1 and h is in each case, independ- ently, 0 or 1 , where the sum of g and h in a sub-unit is preferably 1 ;
  • m is an integer > 1 ;
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 represent, independently of one another, a monocyclic or poly- cyclic aryl or heteroaryl group, which may optionally be substituted and may optionally be bonded to the 7,8-position or the 8,9-position of an indeno- fluorene group; and
  • a and b are, independently of one another, 0 or 1 .
  • this group preferably represents a spiro- bifluorene.
  • PB-1 recurring units of the formula PB-1 which are selected from the group consisting of units of the formulae PB-1 A to PB-1 E:
  • PB-1 which are selected from the group consisting of units of the formulae PB-1 F to PB-11:
  • L is H, halogen or an optionally fluorinated, linear or branched alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 12 C atoms and preferably stands for H, F, methyl i-propyl, t-butyl, n-pentoxy or trifluoromethyl; and L' is an optionally fluorinated, linear or branched alkyl or alkoxy group having 1 to 12 C atoms and preferably stands for n-octyl or n-octyloxy.
  • polymers which contain more than one of the structural elements of groups 1 to 7 described above. It may furthermore be provided that the polymers preferably contain more than one of the structural elements from one group described above, i.e. comprise mixtures of structural elements selected from one group.
  • polymers which, besides at least one structural element which has light-emitting properties (group 4), preferably at least one phosphorescent group, additionally contain at least one further structural element of groups 1 to 3, 5 or 6 described above, where these are preferably selected from groups 1 to 3.
  • the proportion of the various classes of groups, if present in the polymer can be in broad ranges, where these are known to the person skilled in the art. Surprising advantages can be achieved if the proportion of one class present in a polymer, which is in each case selected from the structural elements of groups 1 to 7 described above, is preferably in each case > 5 mol%, particularly preferably in each case > 10 mol%.
  • the polymers may contain corresponding groups. It may preferably be provided that the polymers contain substitu- ents, so that on average at least 2 non-aromatic carbon atoms, particularly preferably at least 4 and especially preferably at least 8 non-aromatic car- bon atoms are present per recurring unit, where the average relates to the number average. Individual carbon atoms here may be replaced, for exam- pie, by O or S. However, it is possible for a certain proportion, optionally all recurring units, to contain no substituents which contain non-aromatic car- bon atoms. Short-chain substituents are preferred here, since long-chain substituents can have adverse effects on layers which can be obtained using organic functional materials.
  • the substituents preferably contain at most 12 carbon atoms, preferably at most 8 carbon atoms and particularly preferably at most 6 carbon atoms in a linear chain.
  • the polymer employed in accordance with the invention as organic functional material can be a random, alternating or regioregular copolymer, a block copolymer or a combination of these copolymer forms.
  • the polymer employed as organic functional mate- rial can be a non-conjugated polymer having side chains, where this em- bodiment is particularly important for phosphorescent OLEDs based on polymers.
  • phosphorescent polymers can be obtained by free- radical copolymerisation of vinyl compounds, where these vinyl compounds contain at least one unit having a phosphorescent emitter and/or at least one charge-transport unit, as is disclosed, inter alia, in US 7250226 B2. Further phosphorescent polymers are described, inter alia, in JP 2007/ 211243 A2, JP 2007/197574 A2, US 7250226 B2 and JP 2007/059939 A.
  • the non-conjugated polymers contain backbone units, which are connected to one another by spacer units.
  • the non-conjugated polymer can be designed as fluorescent emitter.
  • Preferred fluorescent emitters which are based on non-conjugated polymers having side chains contain anthracene or benzanthracene groups or derivatives of these groups in the side chain, where these polymers are disclosed, for example, in JP 2005/108556,
  • the functional compounds employed as organic functional materials in the formulations preferably have, in the case of polymeric compounds, a molecular weight M w of > 10,000 g/mol, particularly prefera- bly > 20,000 g/mol and especially preferably > 50,000 g/mol.
  • the molecular weight M w of the polymers here is preferably in the range from 10,000 to 2,000,000 g/mol, particularly preferably in the range from
  • the formulations according to the invention may comprise all organic functional materials which are necessary for the production of the respec- tive functional layer of the electronic device. If, for example, a hole- transport, hole-injection, electron-transport or electron-injection layer is built up precisely from one functional compound, the formulation comprises pre- cisely this compound as organic functional material. If an emission layer comprises, for example, an emitter in combination with a matrix or host material, the formulation comprises, as organic functional material, precisely the mixture of emitter and matrix or host material, as described in greater detail elsewhere in the present application.
  • the formulation according to the invention may comprise further additives and processing assistants.
  • additives and processing assistants include, inter alia, surface-active substances (surfactants), lubricants and greases, additives which modify the viscosity, additives which increase the viscosity.
  • the formulation according to the present invention can also comprise at least one additive in the range from 0.001 to 5 vol.-%, which lowers the surface- tension in a non-linear proportion to its content in the formulation.
  • the present invention furthermore relates to a process for the preparation of a formulation according to the invention, wherein the at least first organic solvent, a 1 ,1 -diphenylethylene derivative, and the at least one organic functional material, which can be employed for the production of functional layers of electronic devices, are mixed.
  • a formulation in accordance with the present invention can be employed for the production of a layer or multilayered structure in which the organic functional materials are present in layers, as are required for the production of preferred electronic or opto-electronic components, such as OLEDs.
  • the formulation of the present invention can preferably be employed for the formation of functional layers on a substrate or one of the layers applied to the substrate.
  • the substrates can either have bank structures or not.
  • the present invention likewise relates to a process for the production of an electronic device in which a formulation according to the present invention is applied to a substrate and dried.
  • the functional layers can be produced, for example, by flood coating, dip coating, spray coating, spin coating, screen printing, relief printing, gravure printing, rotary printing, roller coating, flexographic printing, offset printing or nozzle printing, preferably ink-jet printing on a substrate or one of the layers applied to the substrate.
  • a drying step can be carried out in order to remove the solvent from the continuous phase described above.
  • the drying can preferably be carried out at relatively low temperature and over a relatively long period in order to avoid bubble formation and to obtain a uniform coating.
  • the drying can preferably be carried out at a
  • the drying here can preferably be carried out at a pressure in the range from 10 6 mbar to 2 bar, more preferably in the range from 10 2 mbar to 1 bar and most preferably in the range from 10 1 mbar to 100 mbar. During the drying process, the
  • temperature of the substrates can be vary from -15°C to 250°C.
  • duration of the drying depends on the degree of drying to be achieved, where small amounts of water can optionally be removed at relatively high temperature and in combination with sintering, which is preferably to be carried out.
  • the present invention also relates to an electronic device obtainable by a process for the production of an electronic device.
  • the present invention furthermore relates to an electronic device having at least one functional layer comprising at least one organic functional material which is obtainable by the above-mentioned process for the production of an electronic device.
  • An electronic device is taken to mean a device which comprises anode, cathode and at least one functional layer in between, where this functional layer comprises at least one organic or organometallic compound.
  • the organic electronic device is preferably an organic electroluminescent device (OLED), a polymeric electroluminescent device (PLED), an organic integrated circuit (O-IC), an organic field-effect transistor (O-FET), an organic thin-film transistor (O-TFT), an organic, light-emitting transistor (O-LET), an organic solar cell (O-SC), an organic photovoltaic (OPV) cell, an organic, optical detector, an organic photoreceptor, an organic field- quench device (O-FQD), an organic electrical sensor, a light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) or an organic laser diode (O-laser), more preferably an organic electroluminescent device (OLED) or a polymeric electroluminescent device (PLED).
  • OLED organic electroluminescent device
  • PLED polymeric electroluminescent device
  • O-IC organic integrated circuit
  • O-FET organic field-effect transistor
  • OF-TFT organic thin-film transistor
  • O-LET organic, light-emitting transistor
  • Active components are generally the organic or inorganic materials which are introduced between the anode and the cathode, where these active components effect, maintain and/or improve the properties of the electronic device, for example its performance and/or its lifetime, for example charge- injection, charge-transport or charge-blocking materials, but in particular emission materials and matrix materials.
  • the organic functional material which can be employed for the production of functional layers of electronic devices accordingly preferably comprises an active component of the elec- tronic device.
  • Organic electroluminescent devices are a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • the organic electroluminescent device comprises a cathode, an anode and at least one emitting layer.
  • triplet emitter having the shorter-wave emission spectrum serves as co-matrix here for the triplet emitter having the longer-wave emission spectrum.
  • the proportion of the matrix material in the emitting layer in this case is preferably between 50 and 99.9% by weight, more preferably between 70 and 99.5% by weight and most preferably between 85 and 99.5% by weight for fluorescent emitting layers and between 75 and 97% by weight for phosphorescent emitting layers.
  • the proportion of the dopant is preferably between 0.1 and 50% by weight, more preferably between 0.5 and 30% by weight and most preferably between 0.5 and 15% by weight for fluorescent emitting layers and between 3 and 25% by weight for phosphorescent emitting layers.
  • An emitting layer of an organic electroluminescent device may also encom- pass systems which comprise a plurality of matrix materials (mixed-matrix systems) and/or a plurality of dopants.
  • the dopants are generally the materials whose proportion in the system is the smaller and the matrix materials are the materials whose proportion in the system is the greater.
  • the proportion of an individual matrix material in the system may be smaller than the proportion of an individual dopant.
  • the mixed-matrix systems preferably comprise two or three different matrix materials, more preferably two different matrix materials.
  • One of the two materials here is preferably a material having hole-transporting properties and the other material is a material having electron-transporting properties.
  • the desired electron-transporting and hole-transporting properties of the mixed-matrix components may also be combined principally or completely in a single mixed-matrix component, where the further mixed- matrix component(s) fulfil(s) other functions.
  • the two different matrix materials may be present here in a ratio of 1 :50 to 1 :1 , preferably 1 :20 to 1 :1 , more preferably 1 : 10 to 1 :1 and most preferably 1 :4 to 1 :1.
  • Mixed- matrix systems are preferably employed in phosphorescent organic electroluminescent devices. Further details on mixed-matrix systems can be found, for example, in WO 2010/108579.
  • an organic electroluminescent device may also comprise further layers, for example in each case one or more hole- injection layers, hole-transport layers, hole-blocking layers, electron- transport layers, electron-injection layers, exciton-blocking layers, electron- blocking layers, charge-generation layers (IDMC 2003, Taiwan; Session 21 OLED (5), T. Matsumoto, T. Nakada, J. Endo, K. Mori, N. Kawamura, A. Yokoi, J. Kido, Multiphoton Organic EL Device Having Charge Generation Layer) and/or organic or inorganic p/n junctions.
  • IMC 2003 Taiwan
  • Session 21 OLED (5) T. Matsumoto, T. Nakada, J. Endo, K. Mori, N. Kawamura, A. Yokoi, J. Kido, Multiphoton Organic EL Device Having Charge Generation Layer
  • organic or inorganic p/n junctions for example in each case one or more hole- injection layers, hole-transport layers, hole-
  • one or more hole-transport layers can be p-doped, for example with metal oxides, such as M0O3 or WO3, or with (per)fluorinated electron-deficient aromatic compounds, and/or for one or more electron-transport layers to be n-doped.
  • interlayers which have, for example, an exciton- blocking function and/or control the charge balance in the electro- luminescent device, to be introduced between two emitting layers. How- ever, it should be pointed out that each of these layers does not necessarily have to be present. These layers may likewise be present on use of the formulations according to the invention, as defined above.
  • the device comprises a plurality of layers.
  • the formulation according to the present invention can preferably be employed here for the production of a hole-transport, hole- injection, electron-transport, electron-injection and/or emission layer.
  • the present invention accordingly also relates to an electronic device which comprises at least three layers, but in a preferred embodiment all said lay ers, from hole-injection, hole-transport, emission, electron-transport, electron-injection, charge-blocking and/or charge-generation layer and in which at least one layer has been obtained by means of a formulation to be employed in accordance with the present invention.
  • the thickness of the layers for example the hole-transport and/or hole-injection layer, can preferably be in the range from 1 to 500 nm, more preferably in the range from 2 to 200 nm.
  • the device may furthermore comprise layers built up from further low- molecular-weight compounds or polymers which have not been applied by the use of formulations according to the present invention. These can also be produced by evaporation of low-molecular-weight compounds in a high vacuum. It may additionally be preferred to use the compounds to be employed not as the pure substance, but instead as a mixture (blend) together with fur- ther polymeric, oligomeric, dendritic or low-molecular-weight substances of any desired type. These may, for example, improve the electronic proper- ties or themselves emit.
  • the formulations according to the invention comprise organic functional materials which are employed as host materials or matrix materials in an emitting layer.
  • the formulation here may comprise the emitters described above in addition to the host materials or matrix materials.
  • the organic electroluminescent device here may comprise one or more emitting layers. If a plurality of emission layers are present, these preferably have a plurality of emission maxima between 380 nm and 750 nm, resulting overall in white emission, i.e. various emitting compounds which are able to fluoresce or phospho- resce are used in the emitting layers. Very particular preference is given to three-layer systems, where the three layers exhibit blue, green and orange or red emission (for the basic structure see, for example, WO 2005/
  • White-emitting devices are suitable, for example, as backlighting of LCD displays or for general lighting applications.
  • the final organic layer on the light-exit side in OLEDs can, for example, also be in the form of a nano- foam, resulting in a reduction in the proportion of total reflection.
  • one or more layers of an electronic device according to the present invention are applied by means of the OVPD (organic vapour phase deposition) process or with the aid of carrier- gas sublimation, in which the materials are applied at a pressure between 10 5 mbar and 1 bar.
  • OVPD organic vapour phase deposition
  • one or more layers of an electronic device according to the present invention are produced from solution, such as, for example, by spin coating, or by means of any desired printing process, such as, for example, screen printing, flexographic printing or offset printing, but particularly preferably LITI (light induced thermal imaging, thermal transfer printing) or ink-jet printing.
  • LITI light induced thermal imaging, thermal transfer printing
  • the device usually comprises a cathode and an anode (electrodes).
  • the electrodes (cathode, anode) are selected for the purposes of the present invention in such a way that their band energies correspond as closely as possible to those of the adjacent, organic layers in order to ensure highly efficient electron or hole injection.
  • the cathode preferably comprises metal complexes, metals having a low work function, metal alloys or multilayered structures comprising various metals, such as, for example, alkaline-earth metals, alkali metals, main- group metals or lanthanoids (for example Ca, Ba, Mg, Al, In, Mg, Yb, Sm, etc.).
  • further metals which have a relatively high work function such as, for example, Ag and Ag nanowire (Ag NW) can also be used in addition to the said metals, in which case combinations of the metals, such as, for example, Ca/Ag or Ba/Ag, are generally used.
  • the layer thickness of this layer is preferably between 0.1 and 10 nm, more preferably between 0.2 and 8 nm, and most preferably between 0.5 and 5 nm.
  • the anode preferably comprises materials having a high work function.
  • the anode preferably has a potential greater than 4.5 eV vs. vacuum. Suitable for this purpose are on the one hand metals having a high redox potential, such as, for example, Ag, Pt or Au.
  • metal/metal oxide electrodes for example AI/Ni/NiO x , AI/PtO x
  • at least one of the electrodes must be transparent in order to facilitate either irradiation of the organic material (O-SCs) or the coupling-out of light (OLEDs/PLEDs, O-lasers).
  • a preferred structure uses a transparent anode.
  • Preferred anode materials here are conductive, mixed metal oxides. Particular preference is given to indium tin oxide (ITO) or indium zinc oxide (IZO). Preference is furthermore given to conductive, doped organic materials, in particular conductive, doped polymers, such as, for example, poly(ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and polyaniline (PANI) or derivatives of these polymers. It is furthermore preferred for a p-doped hole-transport material to be applied as hole-injection layer to the anode, where suitable p-dopants are metal oxides, for example M0O3 or WO3, or (per)fluorinated electron-deficient aromatic compounds.
  • ITO indium tin oxide
  • IZO indium zinc oxide
  • conductive, doped organic materials in particular conductive, doped polymers, such as, for example, poly(ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and polyaniline (PANI) or derivatives of these polymers. It is furthermore preferred
  • HAT-CN hexacyanohexaazatriphenylene
  • NDP9 the compound NDP9 from Novaled.
  • a layer of this type simplifies hole injection in materi- als having a low HOMO, i.e. an HOMO with a large value.
  • all materials as are used for the layers in accordance with the prior art can be used in the further layers, and the person skilled in the art will be able to combine each of these materials with the materials according to the invention in an electronic device without inventive step.
  • the device is correspondingly structured in a manner known per se, depending on the application, provided with contacts and finally hermeti- cally sealed, since the lifetime of such devices is drastically shortened in the presence of water and/or air.
  • the formulations according to the invention and the electronic devices, in particular organic electroluminescent devices, obtainable therefrom are distinguished over the prior art by one or more of the following surprising advantages: 1.
  • the electronic devices obtainable using the formulations according to the invention exhibit very high stability and a very long lifetime corn- pared with electronic devices obtained using conventional methods.
  • the formulations according to the invention can be processed using conventional methods, so that cost advantages can also be achieved thereby.
  • organic functional materials employed in the formulations accord- ing to the invention are not subject to any particular restrictions, ena- bling the process of the present invention to be employed compre- hensively.
  • the coatings obtainable using the formulations of the present inven- tion exhibit excellent quality, in particular with respect to the uniformity of the coating.
  • the solvents are derived from sugars so they are based on renewable resources. This makes these solvents a green and sustainable source for printed optoelectronic devices.
  • the formulations show an improved long-term stability with respect to precipitation of dissolved materials.
  • the determination of the solubility of a material in a solvent can be performed following ISO norm 7579:2009, which describes solubility determination by photometric or gravimetric methods.
  • ISO norm 7579:2009 describes solubility determination by photometric or gravimetric methods.
  • the photometric technique is used, since the boiling points of the solvents considered are higher than 120°C.
  • the solvents according to the invention show an improved solubility for active materials typically employed in printed OLED devices.
  • the material(s) to be analyzed (which are used to form the functional layer) are weighed into a transparent glass flask.
  • a solvent or a preformed solvent mixture
  • the mixture is stirred at 600 rpm at room temperature (25°C) using a magnetic stirrer until complete dissolution, which is judged by visual inspection of the mixture.
  • the mixture is additionally examined under illumination perpendicular to the line of sight to help identify undissolved particles.
  • “Time of dissolution”, also sometimes referred to as“dissolution time” tDiss is measured using a chronometer, and quantifies the time between addition of the solvent and beginning of stirring until the disappearance of the last pieces of material into solution.
  • the dissolution rate is determined by dividing 7 g/L by the time until full dissolution was obtained (the“dissolution time”).
  • HTL hole-transport material
  • polymer P1 polymer P1
  • the solvents are classified according to their dissolution time tDiss at 25°C and the dissolution type.
  • the different dissolution types are summarized in Table 1.
  • Table 1 Assessment of the dissolution time and dissolution rate.
  • the“to-be- tested” material is spin-coated from solution.
  • a hole-transport material (HTL) polymer polymer P1 ) as described in WO 2016/107668is used.
  • the solution contains between five and fifty grams of material per liter of solvent.
  • the formulation is prepared by weighing the solid material into the solvent. The formulation is dissolved which can be facilitated by stirring the mixture for one to six hours at room temperature by using a magnetic stirrer at room temperature. After full dissolution, the formulation is transferred into the glovebox and filtered under inert conditions using a 0.2 micron PTFE filter. The formulation is used to spin-coat a 50 nm thick layer on top of the glass slide.
  • the thickness is measured using an Alpha-step D-500 stylus- type profilometer.
  • the surface of a layer prepared using this preparation procedure is very flat and smooth. Average surface roughness (RMS) is below 1 nm.
  • RMS Average surface roughness
  • the layer is annealed by placing the substrate on a hot-plate at a temperature of 220°C for 30 minutes. 2. Layer damage test conditions
  • the solvent is filled into a solvent stable 10 pi single-use-cartridge of the printer (Dimatix DMP-2831 ).
  • the cartridge size determines the droplet volume. In this case a ten picoliter cartridge is used.
  • the printer is operated in a vibration-free environment and is levelled.
  • the printing conditions (detailed procedure please see Dimatix user manual) are adjusted to a droplet speed of 4 meters per second.
  • the printing is done using a single nozzle.
  • the substrate from step 1 ) is placed onto the substrate holder of the printer.
  • the print-pattern ( Figure 1 ) is programmed to a have a specific drop volume.
  • the drop on the surface consists of nine small single droplets which are positioned very close together in a 3 x 3 matrix. After printing the resulting drop looks like in Figure 2 - all the single droplets merge to form a single drop of ninety picoliter drop volume (other drop volumes can be used, but need to be kept constant over one set of experiments).
  • the image in Figure 2 can be observed using the fiducial camera of the printer. It is looking down from the top onto the substrate (schematic view, see Figure 3) parallel to the jetting direction.
  • Table 2 Layer damage timing table. To determine the layer damage rate, a measure for the rate of the dissolution of a layer exposed to the second solvent, the KPI is divided by the soaking time, which is chosen to be 300 seconds. The unit for the destruction factor is that of a rate of layer abrasion per time, here nanometer per second [nm/sec]. In general, the soaking time should be in the range of a typical solution processing step. In accordance with the Dl, for a given combination of a material in the layer and a solvent, a
  • Glass substrates covered with pre-structured ITO and bank material, whereby the bank is pre-fabricated on the substrate to form pixelated device, are cleaned using ultrasonication in isopropanol followed by de- ionized water, then dried using an air-gun and a subsequent annealing on a hot-plate at 230°C for 2 hours.
  • HIL hole-injection layer
  • HTL hole-transport layer
  • HTM-1 material for the hole-transport layer polymer HTM-1 is used.
  • the structure of the polymer HTM-1 is the following:
  • the green emissive layer (G-EML) is also inkjet-printed, vacuum dried and annealed at 160°C for 10 minutes in nitrogen atmosphere.
  • the ink for the green emissive layer containes two host materials (i.e. HM-1 and HM-2) as well as one triplett emitter (EM-1 ).
  • the structures of these materials are the following:
  • the devices are then transferred into the vacuum deposition chamber where the deposition of a hole blocking layer (HBL), an electron-transport layer (ETL), and a cathode (Al) is done using thermal evaporation.
  • HBL hole blocking layer
  • ETL electron-transport layer
  • Al cathode
  • the material has the following structure:
  • ETL electron transport layer
  • LiQ lithium 8-hydroxyquinolinate
  • the device is driven by sweeping voltage from -5V to 25 V provided by a Keithley 2400 source measure unit.
  • the voltage over the OLED device as well as the current through the OLED devices are recorded by the Keithley 2400 SMU.
  • the brightness of the device is detected with a calibrated photodiode.
  • the photo current is measured with a Keithley 6485/E picoammeter.
  • the brightness sensor is replaced by a glass fiber which is connected to an Ocean Optics
  • USB2000+ spectrometer
  • An inkjet printed OLED device is prepared with the printed layer using an isosorbide-containing formulation for the emissive layer.
  • the structure of the pixelated OLED device is glass / ITO / HIL / HTM / EML / HBL / ETL / Al.
  • the green emissive materials is dissolved at 14 mg/ml concentration.
  • An inkjet printed OLED device is prepared with the printed layer using 3- phenoxy-toluene as solvent for the emissive layer.
  • the structure of the pixelated OLED device is glass / ITO / HIL / HTM / EML / HBL / ETL / Al whereby the bank was pre-fabricated on the substrate to form pixelated device.
  • the green emissive materials is dissolved at 14 mg/ml
  • the luminance efficiency, the lifetime and the voltage at a given luminance are significantly improved to the comparative example.
  • the resulting film of formulations according to this invention shows improved film forming properties than the comparative examples as judged from the homogeneity of the EL emission from the printed subpixels.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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  • Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des formulations contenant au moins un matériau fonctionnel organique et au moins un premier solvant organique, ledit premier solvant organique étant un isosorbide, un dérivé ou un stéréo-isomère de celui-ci, ainsi que des dispositifs électroniques préparés à l'aide de ces formulations.
PCT/EP2018/084448 2017-12-15 2018-12-12 Formulation d'un matériau fonctionnel organique Ceased WO2019115573A1 (fr)

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