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WO2019178784A1 - 轴承组件及轴承载荷检测系统 - Google Patents

轴承组件及轴承载荷检测系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019178784A1
WO2019178784A1 PCT/CN2018/079896 CN2018079896W WO2019178784A1 WO 2019178784 A1 WO2019178784 A1 WO 2019178784A1 CN 2018079896 W CN2018079896 W CN 2018079896W WO 2019178784 A1 WO2019178784 A1 WO 2019178784A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
bearing
pressure sensing
sensing elements
sensing element
load detecting
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Ceased
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PCT/CN2018/079896
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
黄运生
马子魁
万里
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Schaeffler Technologies AG and Co KG
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Schaeffler Technologies AG and Co KG
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Priority to PCT/CN2018/079896 priority Critical patent/WO2019178784A1/zh
Publication of WO2019178784A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019178784A1/zh
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L5/00—Apparatus for, or methods of, measuring force, work, mechanical power, or torque, specially adapted for specific purposes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M13/00—Testing of machine parts
    • G01M13/04—Bearings

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of bearings, and in particular to bearing assemblies and bearing load detection systems.
  • the external load experienced by the bearing generally fluctuates with time.
  • the bearing is only subjected to static loads generated by the weight of the vehicle when the train is stationary, the external load of the bearing will fluctuate around the static load during the running of the train. Therefore, the detection of bearing load includes static detection and dynamic detection.
  • the external dynamic load is generally obtained by analyzing and calculating the mechanical system of the mounted bearing, and the final result obtained is not accurate.
  • the detecting component such as the resistance strain gauge directly detects the external load of the bearing, there is the following problem: the detection accuracy is related to the distance from the detecting component to the raceway, so in order to improve the detection accuracy, it is necessary to structurally damage the outer ring of the bearing. It affects the rigidity and life of the bearing; when applied to the more complicated working conditions of vibration shock, the reliability of the detecting component in the prior art is difficult to ensure.
  • the present invention has been made based on the above-described deficiencies of the prior art, and an object of the present invention is to provide a bearing assembly including a bearing and a bearing load detecting device capable of realizing a load without breaking the bearing structure. The reliability of the load detection and the accuracy of the results can be checked and ensured.
  • the invention is based on the idea that the pressure sensor is first placed on the surface of the bearing carrying the load, and then the pressure sensor can be used to detect the dynamic load of the bearing at multiple points, and then the obtained dynamic load signal is obtained by the following signal processing method. The data is analyzed and processed, and finally the radial/axial load bearing the bearing and the torque around the center are obtained.
  • a bearing assembly includes a bearing and bearing load detecting device having a plurality of pressure sensors having a sheet-shaped pressure sensing element and a wire corresponding to the pressure sensing element
  • a plurality of the pressure sensing elements are disposed along a surface of the bearing for detecting a load of a plurality of points on a surface of the bearing, and at least one of the pressure sensing elements is disposed at any point on a surface of the bearing.
  • a plurality of pressure sensing elements are disposed along an inner circumferential surface of the inner ring of the bearing or an outer circumferential surface of the outer ring.
  • a plurality of said pressure sensing elements are evenly arranged along the circumference of said bearing.
  • a plurality of columns of the pressure sensing elements are disposed in the axial direction of the bearing.
  • the bearing load detecting device has an annular member for fixing the pressure sensing element, and the annular member is disposed on an inner circumferential surface and/or an outer circumferential surface of the pressure sensing element.
  • At least two of the pressure sensing elements are located in a line parallel to the axial direction of the bearing.
  • a plurality of pressure sensing elements are disposed along one or both axial end faces of the inner and/or outer ring of the bearing.
  • the bearing load detecting device has an annular member for fixing the pressure sensing element, and the annular member is disposed on one side or both sides of the pressure sensing element in an axial direction of the bearing .
  • At least two pressure sensing elements are located on the same diameter of the same end face of the inner and/or outer ring of the bearing.
  • the plurality of pressure sensors are one-way force sensors or two-way force sensors.
  • a bearing load detecting system includes:
  • a bearing load detecting device having a plurality of pressure sensors having a sheet-shaped pressure sensing element and a wire corresponding to the pressure sensing element, respectively, and a plurality of along the surface of the bearing
  • the pressure sensing element is configured to detect a load of a plurality of points on a surface of the bearing, and at least one of the pressure sensing elements is disposed at any point on a surface of the bearing;
  • a signal amplification and acquisition device configured to amplify a signal output by the bearing load detecting device and to acquire the amplified signal
  • a signal processing device is configured to process the signal output by the signal amplification and acquisition device.
  • the signal amplifying and collecting device is capable of performing independent signal amplification and acquisition on signals output by each of the plurality of pressure sensors, thereby obtaining a plurality of signals.
  • the processing by the signal processing device on the plurality of signals output by the signal amplification and acquisition device comprises performing a summation averaging of data respectively included in the plurality of signals at the same time.
  • the present invention relates to a bearing assembly and a bearing load detecting system, for example, for use in a railway, wherein the dynamic load of the measuring point is measured, for example, by selecting a piezoelectric ceramic element or a silicon piezoresistive element. Then, the results of the multiple detection units are processed, and the radial load, axial load, bending moment, etc. of the bearing can be obtained in real time. Since the shape of the pressure sensor can be designed according to the bearing installation conditions, the detection can be realized without breaking the bearing structure. In other words, the surfaces of the inner and outer rings of the bearing according to the present invention maintain a flat curved surface without providing recesses for accommodating the sensor as in the prior art.
  • test results are more accurate due to the direct contact type of the load bearing the bearing.
  • the piezoelectric ceramic component and the silicon piezoresistive component have high hardness and shock vibration resistance, the bearing stiffness requirement of the bearing can be satisfied, and the reliability of the load detection is ensured.
  • the method of averaging multiple points of multiple planes of the bearing is used to ensure accurate and reliable results.
  • FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of a bearing assembly including a bearing and bearing load sensing device in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows a perspective view of a bearing assembly in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, which also includes bearing and bearing load sensing devices.
  • Figure 3 shows an axial cross-sectional view of the bearing assembly.
  • Fig. 4 shows a perspective view of a bearing load detecting device according to another embodiment of the present invention, in which an annular member is provided on both the inner side and the outer side of the pressure sensing element.
  • Figure 5 shows the piezoelectric effect of a piezoelectric ceramic component.
  • Figure 6 shows the distribution of forces in a cross-sectional view of a bearing assembly in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 7 illustrates the decomposition of force in a cross-sectional view of a bearing assembly in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 8 shows a schematic diagram of the calculation of the bending moment.
  • Figure 9 shows an axial cross-sectional view of a bearing assembly in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, also showing the axle box and shaft.
  • Figure 10 shows a perspective view of the bearing assembly according to Figure 9 without the axle box and shaft of Figure 9 being shown.
  • Fig. 11 shows an axial sectional view of Fig. 10.
  • Figure 12 shows an axial cross-sectional view of a bearing assembly in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 13 is a perspective view showing a bearing load detecting device according to another embodiment of the present invention, in which an annular member is provided on both axial sides of the pressure sensing element.
  • Figure 14 shows the various components of a bearing load detection system in accordance with the present invention.
  • 1 bearing load detecting device 1 outer ring; 3 rolling elements; 4 inner ring; 5 axis box; 6 axis;
  • the bearing load detecting device 1 has a plurality of pressure sensors having a sheet-shaped pressure sensing element 10 and wires (not shown) corresponding to the pressure sensing elements 10, respectively, for each pressure
  • the sensing elements 10 each have their own respective wires.
  • the pressure sensing element 10 is disposed on the outer circumferential surface of the outer ring 2 of the bearing for detecting the load received by the outer circumferential surface, and the plurality of pressure sensing elements 10 may be disposed on the inner circumference of the inner ring 4 of the bearing. In this way, the bearing load detecting device 1 can detect the load at a plurality of points on the inner circumferential surface of the inner ring 4 of the bearing.
  • the plurality of pressure sensing elements 10 are piezoelectric ceramic elements which are fixed to the outer circumferential surface of the bearing outer ring 2 by, for example, bonding.
  • a plurality of piezoelectric ceramic elements are circumferentially distributed on the outer circumferential surface of the outer ring 2 of the bearing, and each piezoelectric ceramic element can individually detect the dynamic load at the measuring point.
  • the outer ring 2 of the bearing is kept stationary, and the piezoelectric ceramic element is attached to the outer peripheral surface of the outer ring 2, and the outer peripheral surface is engaged with the bearing housing. Since each piezoelectric ceramic component can be independently tested and subjected to signal acquisition, each piezoelectric ceramic component requires structural design, parameter calculation, and test circuit design.
  • the general parameters mainly include: 1.
  • the geometrical dimensions of the piezoelectric ceramic components need to ensure that the sensor can meet the pressure requirements of the application conditions. 2.
  • the plurality of pressure sensing elements 10 can be a one-way force sensor or a two-way force sensor.
  • the bearing load detecting device 1 of the embodiment shown in Fig. 1 has only one row of pressure sensing elements 10 in the axial direction of the bearing, which is suitable for single row bearings.
  • the pressure sensing element 10 does not have to extend over the entire axial length of the bearing as shown.
  • Two or more columns of pressure sensing elements 10 are typically provided for double or multi-row bearings, as shown in Figures 2 and 3.
  • FIG. 2 shows a perspective view of a bearing assembly in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
  • a plurality of columns (here, exemplarily 5 columns) of pressure sensing elements 10 are provided in the axial direction of the bearing for detecting loads at a plurality of points in the axial direction.
  • This embodiment can be used for bearings having a single row of rolling bodies, as well as bearings having a plurality of rows of rolling bodies in the axial direction.
  • n (n ⁇ 2) column pressure sensing elements can be provided, each column having m (m ⁇ 1) pressure sensing elements. The larger the value of n and m, the more the load can be detected.
  • Figure 3 shows an axial section of the bearing assembly, the bearing shown here being a tapered roller bearing.
  • the various forces detected by the plurality of pressure sensing elements 10 are schematically shown, and the force analysis calculation is performed according to the method further explained below, thereby obtaining radial loads F rj and bending of a plurality of points on the outer circumferential surface of the bearing.
  • FIG 4 shows a perspective view of a bearing load detecting device 1 according to another embodiment of the present invention, in which a ring member 11 is provided on both the radially inner side and the radially outer side of the plurality of pressure sensing elements 10 for fixing Pressure sensing element 10. It is also possible to provide the annular part only on the radially inner side or only on the radially outer side. The radially inner annular part can also be formed by the outer ring of the bearing.
  • the pressure sensing element can be embedded in the ring member 11 for ease of use and installation. When using this structure, the bearing and housing can be used without any other changes while ensuring normal fit. The pressure sensing element can be well protected by the annular member 11 to increase the reliability of the sensor use.
  • the working principle of the bearing load detecting device will be described below by taking a piezoelectric ceramic component as an example.
  • Figure 5 shows the piezoelectric effect of piezoelectric ceramics.
  • the external force to be measured can be converted into an electrical signal based on the piezoelectric effect of the piezoelectric ceramic element.
  • the piezoelectric material is linearly related to the amount of charge Q generated by the pressure:
  • d is the piezoelectric coefficient of the piezoelectric ceramic component
  • F is the external load to which the piezoelectric ceramic component is subjected.
  • the dynamic load signal measured by the piezoelectric ceramic component requires a certain mechanical calculation to obtain the dynamic radial load and torque required for engineering calculation.
  • the obtained results can be used for bearing state evaluation and bearing life calculation.
  • the specific calculation method is as follows:
  • the piezoelectric ceramic components are loaded as:
  • F max is inversely pushed by a plurality of measured values F i and then averaged to obtain a final result. According to the load value of each piezoelectric ceramic component, it can be obtained:
  • k is the total number of piezoelectric ceramic elements in the circumferential direction, and the resultant force direction is the direction of F max .
  • the radial load is obtained according to the aforementioned method (formula (4)). As shown in Fig. 7, at a certain moment, the radial load of the piezoelectric ceramic piece is generally decomposed into vertical vertical force F y and longitudinal force F x , which can be obtained:
  • the direction of the vertical force is opposite to the direction of gravity.
  • the bearing surface can be simultaneously measured at the same angle as the vertical force.
  • the radial load of at least two points (O 1 , O 2 ) can be obtained by the same method (Equation (5), Eq. (6)) for the decomposition forces F y1 , F x1 , F y2 of the two radial loads.
  • F x2 where F y1 , F x1 represent the vertical force and the longitudinal force of the first radial load, and F y2 , F x2 represent the vertical force and the longitudinal force of the second radial load, as shown in FIG.
  • the bending moments around the center of symmetry are:
  • lO12 is a distance from O 1 to O 2 .
  • the combined torque around the center is:
  • l aj is the axial distance from the axial center of the bearing to the jth load F rj .
  • the design can measure the radial load of multiple axial planes of the bearing, and multiple bending moments can obtain the radial load and bending moment of the bearing more finely, and the result is more comprehensive and reliable.
  • the above piezoelectric ceramic elements are generally used to detect dynamic fluctuations in bearing loads and can be applied under conditions where static loads are known.
  • static loads are known.
  • the bearing static load is unknown, consider using a silicon piezoresistive unit to detect the static load of the bearing.
  • the two units can be combined to obtain a more accurate bearing external load. Therefore, the bearing load detecting device according to the present invention can detect dynamic radial load and dynamic bending moment during use of the bearing.
  • Figure 9 shows an axial cross-sectional view of a bearing assembly in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
  • a plurality of pressure sensing elements 10 are fixed at both axial ends of the outer ring 2 of the double row tapered roller bearing capable of withstanding biaxial axial loads, thereby detecting bidirectional axial loads.
  • the axle box 5 and the shaft 6 are also shown in this figure.
  • such a bearing load detecting device according to the present invention is applicable to other bearings that can withstand axial loads: for example, angular contact ball bearings, tapered roller bearings, thrust ball bearings, and thrust roller bearings.
  • two sets of pressure sensing elements are designed at both ends of the outer ring of the bearing.
  • Each group consists of Z piezoelectric ceramic components, typically an even number, to facilitate signal processing of the measured data. Under the conditions that the processing technology can meet, as many sensor units as possible can be arranged to improve the measurement accuracy.
  • the contact force at one end of the outer ring of the bearing is measured.
  • the contact load of a single pressure sensing element can be obtained in any axial plane AA as shown in Fig.
  • the total axial force experienced by the bearing center is:
  • d au is the diameter of the contact point of the ceramic piece in the axial plane of the bearing.
  • a plurality of pressure sensing elements 10 may be provided only on one axial end face of the bearing outer ring 2. At this time, the resultant force in the axial direction of the AA plane is:
  • Figure 13 is a perspective view showing a bearing load detecting device according to another embodiment of the present invention, in which an annular member is provided on both axial sides of the pressure sensing element for fixing the pressure sensing element.
  • the bearing and housing can be used without any other changes while ensuring normal fit.
  • the pressure sensing element can be well protected to increase the reliability of the sensor.
  • Figure 14 shows the various components of a bearing load detection system in accordance with the present invention, namely, a bearing load detecting device, a signal amplifying and collecting device, and a signal processing device.
  • the bearing load detection system may be a bearing radial load detection system or a bearing axial load detection system. Since the internal resistance of the piezoelectric sheet is high and the original electrical signal generated during the loading is weak, it is preferable that the external amplifying circuit amplifies the signal output from the pressure sensing element.
  • the inspection system and wiring can be designed according to the specific bearing and its installation conditions.
  • the signals detected by the sensors are generally further used by signal acquisition and signal processing, and conventional signal acquisition and processing systems can be applied to the bearing load detection system according to the present invention.
  • the pressure sensing element may be provided at at least two of the outer circumferential surface of the outer ring, the inner circumferential inner circumferential surface, the outer circumferential end surface, and the inner circumferential end surface of the bearing at the same time.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Force Measurement Appropriate To Specific Purposes (AREA)

Abstract

一种轴承组件，其包括轴承和轴承载荷检测装置（1），轴承载荷检测装置（1）具有多个压力传感器，压力传感器具有片状的压力传感元件（10）和与压力传感元件（10）分别对应的导线，沿着轴承的表面设置多个压力传感元件（10）用于检测轴承的表面的多个点的载荷，在轴承的表面上任一点至多设置一个压力传感元件（10）。还涉及一种轴承载荷检测系统。根据本发明的轴承载荷检测装置无需对轴承结构进行破坏并且能够保证载荷检测的可靠性和结果的准确性。

Description

轴承组件及轴承载荷检测系统 技术领域
本发明涉及轴承领域，具体地涉及轴承组件及轴承载荷检测系统。
背景技术
为了更准确地对轴承的使用状态或寿命进行分析评估，需要获取轴承准确的外部载荷特性。滚动轴承应用在传动系统中时轴承承受的外部载荷一般随时间而发生波动性变化。例如铁路轴箱轴承，由于列车线路不平顺、加减速等多变工况，使得轴承径向、轴向载荷变化剧烈。由于列车在静止时，轴承仅仅承受由车重产生的静态载荷，列车运行时轴承外部载荷会在该静载荷附近上下波动。所以对轴承载荷的检测包括静态检测和动态检测。
由于轴承的工作环境使得其外部载荷的检测存在一定的困难，现有技术中一般通过分析计算安装轴承的机械系统来得到外部动态载荷，由此得到的最终结果并不精确。而采用例如电阻应变片的检测部件直接检测轴承外部载荷时，又存在以下问题：检测精度跟检测部件到滚道的距离有关系，因此为了提高检测精度需要对轴承外圈进行结构破坏，这样会影响到轴承的刚度和寿命；当应用到振动冲击较复杂的工况时现有技术中的检测部件的可靠性难以保证。
发明内容
基于上述现有技术的缺陷做出了本发明，本发明的发明目的在于提供一种轴承组件，其包括轴承和轴承载荷检测装置，该轴承载荷检测装置无需对轴承结构进行破坏就能够实现载荷的检测并且能够保证载荷检测的可靠性和结果的准确性。
本发明基于这样的构思：首先将压力传感器设置于轴承的承载载荷的表面，然后利用该压力传感器可以检测轴承多点的动态载荷，再利用下述信号处理方法对得到的多个动态载荷信号进行数据分析处理，最终得到轴承承受的径向/轴向载荷和绕中心的转矩等。
根据本发明的轴承组件包括轴承和轴承载荷检测装置，所述轴承载荷检测装置具有多个压力传感器，所述压力传感器具有片状的压力传感元件和与所述压力传感元件分别对应的导线，沿着所述轴承的表面设置多个所述压力传感元件用于检测所述轴承的表面的多个点的载荷，在所述轴承的表面上任一点至多设置一个所述压力传感元件。
优选地，沿所述轴承的内圈的内周面或外圈的外周面设置多个压力传感元件。
优选地，多个所述压力传感元件沿所述轴承的周向均匀布置。
优选地，在所述轴承的轴向上设置多列所述压力传感元件。
优选地，所述轴承载荷检测装置具有用于固定所述压力传感元件的环形部件，所述环形部件设置在所述压力传感元件的内周面和/或外周面。
优选地，至少两个压力传感元件位于与所述轴承的轴向平行的一条直线上。
优选地，沿所述轴承的内圈和/或外圈的一个或两个轴向端面设置多个压力传感元件。
优选地，所述轴承载荷检测装置具有用于固定所述压力传感元件的环形部件，在所述轴承的轴向上，所述环形部件设置在所述压力传感元件的一侧或两侧。
优选地，至少两个压力传感元件位于所述轴承的内圈和/或外圈的同一个端面的同一条直径上。
优选地，所述多个压力传感器是单向力传感器或双向力传感器。
根据本发明的轴承载荷检测系统包括：
轴承载荷检测装置，所述轴承载荷检测装置具有多个压力传感器，所述 压力传感器具有片状的压力传感元件和与所述压力传感元件分别对应的导线，沿着轴承的表面设置多个所述压力传感元件用于检测所述轴承的表面的多个点的载荷，在所述轴承的表面上任一点至多设置一个所述压力传感元件；
信号放大及采集装置，其被构造成用于将所述轴承载荷检测装置输出的信号放大并采集经放大的所述信号；和
信号处理装置，其被构造成用于对所述信号放大及采集装置输出的信号进行处理。
优选地，所述信号放大及采集装置能够对多个压力传感器中的每一个压力传感器输出的信号进行独立的信号放大及采集，从而得到多个信号。
优选地，所述信号处理装置对所述信号放大及采集装置输出的所述多个信号进行的处理包括对同一时刻的多个信号分别包含的数据进行求和平均。
本发明涉及例如用于铁道的轴承组件和轴承载荷检测系统，其中例如通过选取压电陶瓷元件或者硅压阻元件测得测量点的动态载荷。然后对多个检测单元的结果进行处理，可以实时得到轴承承受的径向载荷、轴向载荷、弯矩等。由于可根据轴承安装条件设计压力传感器的形状，所以无需对轴承结构进行破坏就可实现检测。换言之，根据本发明的轴承的内圈和外圈的表面保持平整的曲面，而不会像现有技术中设置凹陷用于容纳传感器。由于采用了直接接触式测得轴承承受的载荷，因此检测结果更加准确。此外，由于压电陶瓷元件和硅压阻元件具有高硬度、抗冲击振动的特性，能满足轴承较高的支撑刚度要求的同时保证了载荷检测的可靠性。最后，通过检测轴承多个平面的多个点求平均值的方法确保结果准确可靠。
附图说明
图1示出了根据本发明的一个实施方式的轴承组件的立体视图，其包括轴承和轴承载荷检测装置。
图2示出了根据本发明的另一个实施方式的轴承组件的立体视图，其同 样包括轴承和轴承载荷检测装置。
图3示出了轴承组件的轴向剖面图。
图4示出了根据本发明的另一个实施方式的轴承载荷检测装置的立体视图，其中，在压力传感元件的内侧和外侧都设置了环形部件。
图5示出了压电陶瓷元件的压电效应。
图6在根据本发明的一个实施方式的轴承组件的横截面图中示出了力的分布关系。
图7在根据本发明的一个实施方式的轴承组件的横截面图中示出了力的分解。
图8示出了弯矩的计算示意图。
图9示出了根据本发明的另一个实施方式的轴承组件的轴向截面示意图，此处还示出了轴箱和轴。
图10示出了根据图9的轴承组件的立体视图，在此没有示出图9中的轴箱和轴。
图11示出了图10的轴向截面图。
图12示出了根据本发明的另一个实施方式的轴承组件的轴向截面示意图。
图13示出了根据本发明的另一个实施方式的轴承载荷检测装置的立体视图，其中，在压力传感元件的轴向两侧设置了环形部件。
图14示出了根据本发明的轴承载荷检测系统的各个组成部分。
附图标记说明
1轴承载荷检测装置；2外圈；3滚动体；4内圈；5轴箱；6轴；
10压力传感元件；11环形部件。
具体实施方式
以下参照说明书附图来说明本发明的具体实施方式。在此需要说明，附图中的各个部件仅用于示例性地说明，并不代表该部件的实际尺寸和形状，特别是根据本发明的压力传感元件，其为薄片状，而在一些附图中将其表示为方块状。
图1示出了根据本发明的一个实施方式的轴承组件的立体视图，其包括轴承和轴承载荷检测装置1，其中轴承具有外圈2、滚动体3和内圈4，该实施方式中的轴承例如为圆柱滚子轴承，滚动体为圆柱滚子。在该实施方式中，轴承载荷检测装置1具有多个压力传感器，所述压力传感器具有片状的压力传感元件10和与压力传感元件10分别对应的导线(未示出)，每个压力传感元件10都具有各自对应的导线。在该实施方式中，压力传感元件10设置于轴承的外圈2的外周面用来检测外周面承受的载荷，也可以将多个压力传感元件10设置于轴承的内圈4的内周面，从而轴承载荷检测装置1能够检测所述轴承的内圈4的内周面的多个点的载荷。在该实施方式中，多个压力传感元件10为压电陶瓷元件，压电陶瓷元件例如通过粘贴固定在轴承外圈2的外周面。在该实施方式中，在轴承的外圈2的外周面沿周向分布多个压电陶瓷元件，每个压电陶瓷元件可以单独检测测点处的动态载荷。在此，轴承的外圈2保持静止，该压电陶瓷元件粘贴在外圈2的外周面，外周面与轴承座配合。由于每一个压电陶瓷元件都可以独立测试并进行信号采集，所以每个压电陶瓷元件都需要进行结构设计、参数计算、测试电路设计。一般参数主要包括：1、压电陶瓷元件的几何尺寸，需要保证传感器能满足应用工况的压强要求。2、压电陶瓷元件的刚度参数计算，考虑压电陶瓷元件内部各部分的综合刚度。3、压电陶瓷元件的灵敏度及电容值选择。4、压电陶瓷元件的谐振频率计算及选择。在该实施方式中，多个压力传感元件10可以是单向力传感器或双向力传感器。
图1所示的实施方式的轴承载荷检测装置1在轴承的轴向上仅具有一列 压力传感元件10，这适用于单列轴承。当然，压力传感元件10不必须像图中所示在整个轴承轴向长度上延伸。对于双列或者多列轴承通常设置两列或者多列压力传感元件10，如图2和图3所示。
图2示出了根据本发明的另一个实施方式的轴承组件的立体视图。由图2可以看出，在轴承的轴向上设置了多列(在此，示例性地为5列)压力传感元件10，用来检测轴向上多个点的载荷。该实施方式可用于具有单列滚动体的轴承，也可以用于沿轴向具有多列滚动体的轴承。在这种设置方式中，可以设置n(n≥2)列压力传感元件，每一列具有m(m≥1)个压力传感元件。其中n、m的取值越大，能够检测更多点的载荷。
图3示出了轴承组件的轴向剖面图，在此示出的轴承为圆锥滚子轴承。在此示意性地示出了多个压力传感元件10检测到的各个力，按下面进一步阐述的方法进行受力分析计算，从而得到轴承外周面的多个点的径向载荷F rj以及弯矩。
图4示出了根据本发明的另一个实施方式的轴承载荷检测装置1的立体视图，其中，在多个压力传感元件10的径向内侧和径向外侧都设置了环形部件11用于固定压力传感元件10。也可以仅在径向内侧或者仅在径向外侧设置环形部件。径向内侧的环形部件也可以通过轴承的外圈形成。为了便于使用和安装，可以将压力传感元件镶嵌在环形部件11内。使用该结构时，轴承及轴承座在保证正常配合的情况下不需要做其他改变即可使用。通过环形部件11可以很好地将压力传感元件保护起来，增加传感器使用的可靠性。
下面以压电陶瓷元件为例，描述该轴承载荷检测装置的工作原理。
图5示出了压电陶瓷的压电效应。
基于压电陶瓷元件的压电效应可以将被测外力转换成电信号。压电陶瓷元件受到压力作用产生的电荷量Q与作用力F之间呈线性关系：
Q＝d*F         (1)
式中，d为压电陶瓷元件的压电系数；
F为压电陶瓷元件受到的外部载荷。
压电陶瓷元件测得的动态载荷信号，需要经过一定的力学计算分析才可以得到工程计算所需的动态径向载荷及转矩，得到的结果可以用于轴承状态评估、轴承寿命计算等。具体计算方法如下：
如图6所示，假设圆周方向上总计k个压电陶瓷元件，每个采样时刻可以测得k个载荷数据值F i(i＝1～k)，假设其中径向力最大值为F max，根据方位角关系，与F max方向夹角为
Figure PCTCN2018079896-appb-000001
的压电陶瓷元件受载为：
Figure PCTCN2018079896-appb-000002
为了减小测量误差带来的影响，通过多个测量值F i反推F max然后求平均得到最终结果。根据每个压电陶瓷元件的载荷值可以求得：
Figure PCTCN2018079896-appb-000003
Figure PCTCN2018079896-appb-000004
为通过F i根据式(3)反推的F max。
对k个
Figure PCTCN2018079896-appb-000005
进行求和平均，则求得计算平均值
Figure PCTCN2018079896-appb-000006
为：
Figure PCTCN2018079896-appb-000007
式中，k为圆周方向上的压电陶瓷元件的总个数，合力方向即为F max的方向。
以列车轴箱轴承为例，根据前面提到的方法(式(4))，得到径向载荷
Figure PCTCN2018079896-appb-000008
如图7所示，在某一瞬间，压电陶瓷片承受的径向载荷一般分解成相互垂直的垂向力F y、纵向力F x，可得：
Figure PCTCN2018079896-appb-000009
Figure PCTCN2018079896-appb-000010
在此，垂向力的方向为与重力方向相反。
对于在轴承的轴向上设置多列压力传感元件的情况，例如用于双列轴承时，可同时测得轴承表面上与垂向力呈同一角度
Figure PCTCN2018079896-appb-000011
的至少两点(O 1、O 2)的径向载荷，用同样的方法(式(5)、式(6))可以得到这两个径向载荷的分解力F y1、F x1、F y2、F x2，其中F y1、F x1表示第一径向载荷的 垂向力和纵向力，F y2、F x2表示第二径向载荷的垂向力和纵向力，如图8可以求得轴承受到绕对称中心的弯矩为：
M y＝(F x1-F x2)*l O12/2         (7)
M x＝(F y1-F y2)*l O12/2       (8)
式中，l O12为O 1到O 2的距离。
根据本发明的有利的实施例，可以在轴向方向上布置尽可能多列压电陶瓷片(假设共有Z片)，通过式(4)求得的某一轴向平面内径向载荷F rj(j＝1～Z)，将该径向载荷等效到轴承中心合力为：
Figure PCTCN2018079896-appb-000012
绕中心的合转矩为：
Figure PCTCN2018079896-appb-000013
如图3所示，l aj为轴承的轴向中心到第j个载荷F rj的轴向距离。
该种设计可以测得轴承的多个轴向平面的径向载荷，多个弯矩，可以更加精细化地得到轴承的径向载荷及弯矩，结果更加全面可靠。
上述压电陶瓷元件一般用来检测轴承载荷的动态波动，可以应用在静态载荷已知的条件下。对于轴承静态载荷未知的情况，考虑采用硅压阻单元用来检测轴承的静态载荷。两种单元可以结合使用，可以得到较为准确的轴承外部载荷。因此，根据本发明的轴承载荷检测装置可检测轴承使用过程中的动态径向载荷、动态弯矩。
图9示出了根据本发明的另一个实施方式的轴承组件的轴向截面示意图。在此多个压力传感元件10固定在能承受双向轴向载荷的双列圆锥滚子轴承的外圈2的轴向两端，从而用来检测双向的轴向载荷。在该图中还示出了轴箱5和轴6。此外根据本发明的这种轴承载荷检测装置适用于其他可承受轴向载荷的轴承：例如角接触球轴承、圆锥滚子轴承、推力球轴承和推力滚子轴承。
参见图10和图11，对于能够承受双向的轴向载荷的轴承，在轴承的外圈两端设计两组压力传感元件。每组由Z个压电陶瓷元件组成，一般为偶数个 数，以方便对测得的数据进行信号处理。在加工工艺能满足的条件下，可以布置尽可能多的传感器单元，从而提高测量精度。测得轴承外圈两端一周的接触力，如图11在任一轴向平面A-A内可以得到单个压力传感元件的接触载荷为F z1i、F z1(i+z/2)、F z2i、F z2(i+z/2)，其中F z1i、F z1(i+z/2)表示轴承的一个轴向端面的位于该径向平面内的两个点的接触载荷，F z2i、F z2(i+z/2)表示轴承的另一个轴向端面的位于该轴向平面内的两个点的接触载荷。由此可以求得该A-A平面内轴向方向的合力为：
F ai＝(F z1i-F z2i)+(F z1(i+Z/2)-F z2(i+Z/2))         (11)
则轴承中心承受的总的轴向力为：
Figure PCTCN2018079896-appb-000014
在该A-A平面内，绕轴承中心的转矩为：
Figure PCTCN2018079896-appb-000015
式中，d au为陶瓷片在轴承轴向平面内接触点直径。
对于仅承受单向轴向载荷的轴承(例如单列角接触球轴承、单列圆锥滚子轴承)，如图12所示可以仅在轴承外圈2的一个轴向端面设置多个压力传感元件10，此时该A-A平面内轴向方向的合力为：
F ai＝F zi+F z(i+Z/2)          (14)
在该A-A平面内，绕轴承中心的转矩为：
Figure PCTCN2018079896-appb-000016
图13示出了根据本发明的另一个实施方式的轴承载荷检测装置的立体视图，其中，在压力传感元件的轴向两侧设置了环形部件用于固定压力传感元件。使用该结构时，轴承及轴承座在保证正常配合的情况下不需要做其他改变即可使用。可以很好的将压力传感元件保护起来，增加传感器使用的可靠性。
图14示出了根据本发明的轴承载荷检测系统的各个组成部分，即，轴承载荷检测装置、信号放大及采集装置和信号处理装置。该轴承载荷检测系统可以是轴承径向载荷检测系统或轴承轴向载荷检测系统。由于压电片内阻较高，受载时产生的原始电信号很微弱，所以优选外接放大电路对压力传感元件输出的信号进行放大。检测系统及线路可以根据具体轴承及其安装条件进行设计。传感器检测的信号一般都会经过信号采集和信号处理才能进一步使用，常规的信号采集和处理系统即可以应用于根据本发明的轴承载荷检测系统。
本发明的保护范围不限于上述具体实施方式中说明的具体实施例，而是只要满足本发明的权利要求的技术特征的组合就落入了本发明的保护范围之内。
例如，可以同时在轴承的外圈外周面、内圈内周面、外圈端面、内圈端面这几个表面中的至少两个表面处设置压力传感元件。

Claims (13)

  1. 一种轴承组件，其特征在于，所述轴承组件包括轴承和轴承载荷检测装置，所述轴承载荷检测装置具有多个压力传感器，所述压力传感器具有片状的压力传感元件和与所述压力传感元件分别对应的导线，沿着所述轴承的表面设置多个所述压力传感元件用于检测所述轴承的表面的多个点的载荷，在所述轴承的表面上任一点至多设置一个所述压力传感元件。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的轴承组件，其特征在于，沿所述轴承的内圈的内周面或外圈的外周面设置多个压力传感元件。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的轴承组件，其特征在于，多个所述压力传感元件沿所述轴承的周向均匀布置。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的轴承组件，其特征在于，在所述轴承的轴向上设置多列所述压力传感元件。
  5. 根据权利要求2至4中任一项所述的轴承组件，其特征在于，所述轴承载荷检测装置具有用于固定所述压力传感元件的环形部件，所述环形部件设置在所述压力传感元件的内周面和/或外周面。
  6. 根据权利要求2至4中任一项所述的轴承组件，其特征在于，至少两个压力传感元件位于与所述轴承的轴向平行的一条直线上。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的轴承组件，其特征在于，沿所述轴承的内圈和/或外圈的一个或两个轴向端面设置多个压力传感元件。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的轴承组件，其特征在于，所述轴承载荷检测装置具有用于固定所述压力传感元件的环形部件，在所述轴承的轴向上，所述环形部件设置在所述压力传感元件的一侧或两侧。
  9. 根据权利要求7或8所述的轴承组件，其特征在于，至少两个压力传感元件位于所述轴承的内圈和/或外圈的同一个端面的同一条直径上。
  10. 根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的轴承组件，其特征在于，所述多个压力传感器是单向力传感器或双向力传感器。
  11. 一种轴承载荷检测系统，其特征在于，所述轴承载荷检测系统包括：
    轴承载荷检测装置，所述轴承载荷检测装置具有多个压力传感器，所述压力传感器具有片状的压力传感元件和与所述压力传感元件分别对应的导线，沿着轴承的表面设置多个所述压力传感元件用于检测所述轴承的表面的多个点的载荷，在所述轴承的表面上任一点至多设置一个所述压力传感元件；
    信号放大及采集装置，其被构造成用于将所述轴承载荷检测装置输出的信号放大并采集经放大的所述信号；和
    信号处理装置，其被构造成用于对所述信号放大及采集装置输出的信号进行处理。
  12. 根据权利要求11所述的轴承载荷检测系统，其特征在于，所述信号放大及采集装置能够对多个压力传感器中的每一个压力传感器输出的信号进行独立的信号放大及采集，从而得到多个信号。
  13. 根据权利要求12所述的轴承载荷检测系统，其特征在于，所述信号处理装置对所述信号放大及采集装置输出的所述多个信号进行的处理包括对同一时刻的多个信号分别包含的数据进行求和平均。
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