WO2019031792A1 - 연료 전지용 촉매의 제조방법 - Google Patents
연료 전지용 촉매의 제조방법 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2019031792A1 WO2019031792A1 PCT/KR2018/008909 KR2018008909W WO2019031792A1 WO 2019031792 A1 WO2019031792 A1 WO 2019031792A1 KR 2018008909 W KR2018008909 W KR 2018008909W WO 2019031792 A1 WO2019031792 A1 WO 2019031792A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a catalyst for a two-component or three-component fuel cell, and more particularly, to a method for producing a catalyst for a two-component or three-component fuel cell capable of mass production in a simple process using an electron beam.
- Fuel cell is a power generation system that directly converts the chemical reaction energy of hydrogen and oxygen contained in a hydrocarbon-based material such as methanol, ethanol, and natural gas into electric energy. It is a clean energy that can replace fossil energy As a source, it has the advantage of outputting a wide range of output by stacking of unit cells by stacking. It has energy density 4 ⁇ 10 times higher than that of small lithium battery, Mobile portable power supply.
- the principle of generating electricity in such a fuel cell is that the fuel is supplied to the anode electrode as the fuel electrode and adsorbed to the catalyst of the anode electrode and the fuel is oxidized to generate hydrogen ions and electrons, Reaches the cathode electrode, and the hydrogen ions pass through the polymer electrolyte membrane and are transferred to the cathode electrode.
- a catalyst acting on the anode electrode in the oxidation process conventionally, a platinum-based nano-particle is supported on a carbon material, and such a platinum-based catalyst has not been developed as a completely replaceable commercial catalyst in terms of high reactivity and durability It is not.
- the platinum catalyst has a limited amount of the platinum catalyst, and is a major obstacle to commercialization of the fuel cell due to its high cost.
- the platinum catalyst which is a fuel cell electrode catalyst, Efforts are being made to lower it.
- Korean Patent No. 10-1163060 discloses a fuel cell including a platinum-yttrium alloy catalyst. More particularly, the present invention relates to a platinum and yttrium alloy catalyst in which the activity and stability of an oxygen reduction reaction are remarkably improved, a method for producing the same, and a fuel cell comprising the catalyst, wherein the catalyst has an atomic composition of yttrium in the platinum and yttrium alloy , More than 0% but not more than 41%, particularly 30%, and can be usefully used in fuel cells, especially polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells.
- the fuel cell is manufactured by a sputtering method or the like, the manufacturing process is difficult, Have.
- Korean Patent No. 10-1287104 discloses a method for preparing a metal nanoparticle using an electron beam, wherein a catalyst precursor and a solvent are mixed and the mixture has an energy of 1 MeV or less And a step of irradiating an electron beam to the catalyst layer.
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a catalyst for a fuel cell using an electron beam, and more particularly, to a method for producing a catalyst for a fuel cell using an electron beam, Is not known.
- the main object of the present invention is to solve the above-mentioned problems and to provide a catalyst for a fuel cell capable of stably mass-producing a two-component or three-component platinum-transition metal alloy catalyst whose composition is controlled with uniform particle size distribution within a short period of time Method.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a fuel cell capable of reducing platinum content in a platinum-based catalyst which can be used as a catalyst for a fuel cell without requiring a chemical reductant, And a method for producing the catalyst.
- a process for preparing a metal precursor mixture comprising: (a) mixing a platinum group precursor, a second metal precursor and a solvent to obtain a metal precursor mixture; And (b) irradiating the metal precursor mixture with an electron beam at a power of 0.2 kW to 7.5 kW to produce a two-component platinum-transition metal alloy catalyst.
- Another embodiment of the present invention is a process for preparing a metal precursor mixture comprising: (i) mixing a platinum based precursor, a second metal precursor, a third metal precursor and a solvent to obtain a metal precursor mixture; And (ii) irradiating the metal precursor mixture with an electron beam having an applied current of 0.5 mA to 15 mA to produce a three-component platinum-transition metal alloy catalyst.
- the platinum-based precursor is H 2 PtCl 6, H 6 Cl 2 N 2 Pt, PtCl 2, PtBr 2, acetylacetonate (platinum acetylacetonate), K 2 ( PtCl 4), H 2 Pt (OH) 6, Pt (NO 3) 2, [Pt (NH 3) 4] Cl 2, [Pt (NH 3) 4] (HCO 3) 2, [Pt (NH 3) 4] (OAc) 2 , (NH 4 ) 2 PtBr 6 , (NH 3 ) 2 PtCl 6 , hydrates thereof, and mixtures thereof.
- the solvent may be selected from the group consisting of water, alcohols having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and mixtures thereof.
- the solvent may be characterized by using a mixed solvent of water and a polyhydric alcohol.
- the second metal precursor is selected from the group consisting of Y, Ru, Os, Ga, Ti, V, Cr, (Mn), Fe (Fe), Co, Ni, Cu, Sn, Mo, W, Rh, Ir, Is a metal element-containing precursor selected from scandium (Sc), lanthanum (La), tantalum (Ta), Bi (bismuth) and palladium (Pd).
- the second metal precursor is a metal element-containing precursor selected from the group consisting of yttrium (Y), ruthenium (Ru), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni) and iridium . ≪ / RTI >
- the platinum group precursor and the second metal precursor in the step (a) are mixed in a weight ratio of 40: 1 to 1: 5 based on the metal content.
- the electron beam irradiation in the step (b) may be characterized by irradiating an electron beam having an applied current of 0.5 mA to 15 mA.
- the second metal precursor is selected from the group consisting of Ru, Os, Pd, Ga, Ti, V, Cr, (Mn), Fe (Fe), Co, Ni, Cu, Sn, Mo, W, Ta, Bi, , Ir (iridium), and rhodium (Rh).
- the second metal precursor is a metal element-containing precursor including nickel (Ni).
- the second metal precursor is a metal element-containing precursor containing cobalt (Co).
- the second metal precursor is a metal element-containing precursor containing ruthenium (Ru).
- the third metal precursor is a metal element-containing precursor including yttrium (Y) or iridium (IR).
- the metal component of the catalyst for a fuel cell obtained by the above production method comprises 15 to 85% by weight of platinum, 5 to 65% by weight of the second metal and 1 to 60% By weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
- the metal component of the catalyst for a fuel cell obtained by the above production method comprises 15 to 70% by weight of platinum, 15 to 65% by weight of the second metal and 10 to 60% By weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
- the three-component platinum-transition metal alloy catalyst comprises Pt-Co-Y, Pt-Ni-Y, Pt-Ir-Y, Pt-Pd- Transition metal alloy catalyst selected from the group consisting of platinum-transition metal alloy catalysts.
- the carbon-containing carrier may be further mixed with the step (a) or the step (i) to obtain a metal precursor-carbon-containing support mixture.
- the basicity of the metal precursor mixture obtained before irradiation with the electron beam is adjusted to a basic compound,
- the method comprising the steps of:
- the basic compound is at least one selected from the group consisting of NaOH, Na 2 CO 3 , KOH and K 2 CO 3 .
- the method for preparing a catalyst for a fuel cell comprises the steps of adjusting the acidity of a metal precursor mixture obtained before irradiation of an electron beam with a basic compound to provide a basic solution of pH 8 to pH 13 ; And then further adding formic acid to the basic solution.
- the method for producing a catalyst for a fuel cell according to the present invention not only simplifies the process and shortens the process time by using an electron beam instead of using a chemical reducing agent, but also can be used as a two-component or three- By controlling the electron beam at a specific amount of power, it is possible to control the composition of the two-component or three-component platinum-transition metal alloy catalyst to a desired level while maintaining uniform particle size distribution within a short period of time, There are advantages to be able to.
- FIG. 1A is an image of TEM (Transmission Electron Microcopy), EDX and XRD analysis results of a catalyst for a fuel cell in which PtY is supported on a carbon carrier in the present invention
- Fig. 1B Transmission Electron Microcopy
- EDX and XRD analysis results of a catalyst for a fuel cell catalyst for a fuel cell.
- FIG. 2A is an image of TEM (Transmission Electron Microcopy), EDX and XRD analysis of a catalyst for a fuel cell in which PtNi is supported on a carbon support in the present invention
- FIG. 2B is an image of PtCo in the present invention (Transmission Electron Microcopy), EDX, and XRD analysis results of a catalyst for a fuel cell catalyst for a fuel cell.
- FIG. 3 is an image of TEM (Transmission Electron Microcopy), EDX and XRD analysis results of a catalyst for a fuel cell of a catalyst for a fuel cell in which PtRu is supported on a carbon carrier according to the present invention.
- FIG. 4A is a graph showing the results of an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance evaluation in the case where the catalyst for a fuel cell in which PtY is supported on a carbon carrier and only Pt are supported on a carbon carrier in the present invention
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the performance evaluation results of a unit cell in the case where PtY is carried on a carbon carrier and Pt alone is carried on a carbon carrier.
- FIG. 5A is a graph showing the results of an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance evaluation when PtNi is supported on a carbon carrier and Pt alone is supported on a carbon carrier in the present invention
- FIG. 5B FIG. 5 is a graph showing the performance evaluation results of a unit cell in the case where PtNi is supported on a carbon carrier and only Pt and Pt are carried on a carbon carrier.
- FIG. 6A is a graph showing the results of an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance evaluation in the case where the Pt catalyst for a fuel cell and Pt alone are supported on a carbon support in the present invention
- FIG. 6B (ORR) performance evaluation when PtCo is supported on a carbon carrier and Pt alone is supported on a carbon carrier.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the results of the performance evaluation of methanol catalyst (MOR) of a catalyst for a fuel cell in which PtRu is supported on a carbon carrier in the present invention.
- MOR methanol catalyst
- a) is a catalyst of Example 1-11
- b) is a catalyst of Example 1-12
- c) -13 is the catalyst of Example 1-14
- e) is the catalyst of Example 1-15.
- a) is a catalyst of Example 1-16
- b) is a catalyst of Example 1-17
- d) is the catalyst of Example 1-19.
- a) is a catalyst of Example 1-20
- b) is a catalyst of Example 1-21
- d) is the catalyst of Examples 1-23.
- FIG. 11 is an image diagram of TEM (Transmission Electron Microcopy) and EDX showing a catalyst for a fuel cell according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a graph showing XRD analysis results of a catalyst for a fuel cell according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is a graph for explaining a graph of results obtained by performing the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR: Oxygen Reduction Reaction) of the embodiments of the present invention and the catalyst for a fuel cell of Comparative Example 1.
- ORR Oxygen Reduction Reaction
- FIG. 14 is a graph showing a result of performance evaluation of a unit cell of a catalyst for a fuel cell according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- a) is a catalyst of Example 2-8
- b) is a catalyst of Example 2-9
- c) 2-10 is the catalyst of Examples 2-11.
- the present invention provides a process for preparing a metal precursor, comprising: (a) mixing a platinum-based precursor, a second metal precursor and a solvent to obtain a metal precursor mixture; And (b) irradiating the metal precursor mixture with an electron beam at an electric power of 0.2 kW to 7.5 kW to produce a two-component platinum-transition metal alloy catalyst.
- the present invention also relates, in another aspect, to a process for preparing a metal precursor mixture comprising: (i) mixing a platinum group precursor, a second metal precursor, a third metal precursor and a solvent to obtain a metal precursor mixture; And (ii) irradiating the metal precursor mixture with an electron beam having an applied current of 0.5 mA to 15 mA to produce a three-component platinum-transition metal alloy catalyst.
- a conventional method for producing a catalyst for a fuel cell includes a chemical method and an irradiation method.
- chemical methods include NaBH 4 , hydrazine, ethylene glycol, H 2 SO 3 , LiAlH 4 Is the most common method and is optimized by many variables such as the temperature, pH, and reaction rate (time) between the catalyst precursor and the reactant, and therefore, it is difficult to mass-produce the catalyst precursor .
- the irradiation method is a method using light instead of a reducing agent. In general, gamma rays, electron beams and UV rays are used, and among them, gamma rays and electron beams are most widely used.
- an electron beam is irradiated with a specific range of applied current or a specific range of power, and uniformity of particle size distribution is controlled without containing a metal composite component in which a single metal component is partially incorporated Component or three-component platinum-transition metal alloy catalyst having one type of alloy.
- a method for producing a catalyst for a fuel cell in which a two-component platinum-transition metal alloy catalyst according to the present invention is prepared comprises mixing a platinum-based precursor, a second metal precursor and a solvent to obtain a metal precursor mixture [step (a)].
- the first metal precursor is a platinum based precursor selected from the group consisting of H 2 PtCl 6 , H 6 Cl 2 N 2 Pt, PtCl 2 , PtBr 2 , platinum acetylacetonate, K 2 (PtCl 4 ), H 2 Pt ) 6, Pt (NO 3) 2, [Pt (NH 3) 4] Cl 2, [Pt (NH 3) 4] (HCO 3) 2, [Pt (NH 3) 4] (OAc) 2, (NH 4 ) 2 PtBr 6 , (NH 3 ) 2 PtCl 6 , hydrates thereof, and mixtures thereof, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
- Platinum has high reactivity and durability as a catalyst, and catalysts that can not be completely replaced at present are not developed.
- platinum is limited not only in its reserves but also as a major obstacle to the commercialization of a device using a platinum catalyst due to its high cost.
- Efforts have been made to improve the activity or physical properties of a specific application field such as a fuel cell catalyst field while remarkably lowering the amount of platinum used.
- the second metal precursor for alloying with the platinum group precursor may include yttrium (Y), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), gallium (Ga), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V) (Mn), Fe (Fe), Co, Ni, Cu, Sn, Mo, W, Rh, Ir, Is a metal element-containing precursor selected from the group consisting of scandium (Sc), lanthanum (La), tantalum (Ta), bismuth (Bi) and palladium (Pd).
- the precursor examples include nitrate, hydroxide, Compounds of any type such as halides such as cargo, iodide, organic acid salts such as sulfate and acetate, and alkoxide salts can be used, and it is preferable to use a precursor which is soluble in a solvent described later.
- the content ratio of the platinum group precursor and the second metal precursor can be mixed in a weight ratio of 40: 1 to 1: 5 based on the metal content, preferably 10: 1 to 1: 5. If the content of platinum is less than the above range, the activity of the catalyst may be lowered. If the content of platinum is higher than the above range, a binary alloy may not be produced, or the content of platinum may be too high, If the content of the other components is higher than the indicated range, the content of platinum is lowered, which may cause a problem in the activity of the catalyst. If the content is lower than the above range, the content of platinum is increased So that the economical efficiency may be deteriorated or a two-component system alloy may not be produced, and it is preferable that the above range is satisfied.
- the solvent for uniformly dissolving the platinum group precursor and the second metal precursor may be water, an alcohol having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and a mixture thereof.
- a mixture of water and alcohols and more preferably, a mixed solvent of water and a polyhydric alcohol can be used.
- alcohol acts as a scavenger for removing an oxidizing agent (OH radical), and electrons (hydration electrons) and radicals generated by decomposition of water when electrons or electron beams generated from electron beams collide with water
- OH radical which is a strong oxidizing agent
- the catalyst precursor can be more uniformly dispersed so that the overall reaction can be uniformly performed, thereby improving the uniformity of the product.
- the mixing ratio of water to alcohols is preferably 20: 1 to 1: 4, more preferably 10: 1 to 1: 2, May be in a weight ratio of 8: 1 to 1: 1.
- the alcohols may be selected from the group consisting of isopropyl alcohol, methanol, ethanol, n-propyl alcohol, butanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol and combinations thereof. Preferably, a mixture of ethylene glycol and water Or a mixture of glycerol and water, or a mixture of ethylene glycol, glycerol and water.
- the solvent in the present invention may be a mixture of monohydric alcohols in addition to a mixture of polyhydric alcohol and water.
- the total molar concentration of the two-component precursor is preferably 30 mM to 1 mM, more preferably 20 mM to 5 mM.
- the molarity of the catalyst precursor is more than 30 mM, the amount of the catalyst precursor becomes excessively large and coagulation occurs to increase the particle size.
- the concentration is less than 1 mM, the amount of the solvent is excessively large, .
- a dispersant may be further used.
- the dispersant polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, glycerol, sodium dodecylsulfonate and the like may be used.
- One type of dispersant may be used, or two or more types of dispersants may be used in combination.
- the mixing order of the metal precursor mixture is not defined, and the order of introduction of the respective components for the preparation of the metal precursor mixture including the platinum group precursor, the second metal precursor, And the like.
- a solvent, a dispersant, and the like can be mixed with the platinum group precursor and the second metal precursor, and the platinum group precursor and the second metal precursor are added to the solvent and the dispersant, Or a mixture of the platinum group precursor and the second metal precursor may be added to the solvent, followed by adding a dispersant.
- the stirring time is required to be 5 minutes or more for sufficient agitation to be performed, and the stirring effect is saturated when the agitation time exceeds 1 hour, so that the agitation time is more preferably limited to 5 minutes to 1 hour.
- step (b) comprises irradiating the metal precursor mixture with an electron beam at a power of 0.2 kW to 7.5 kW, preferably 0.4 kW to 5 kW, to prepare a two-component platinum-transition metal alloy catalyst .
- the electron beam serves to supply electrons or energy necessary to reduce metal ions contained in the platinum-based precursor and the second metal precursor. That is, water is decomposed by the energy of the electron beam of 0.2 kW to 7.5 kW to generate hydrated electrons and various radicals, and electrons generated by dissociation of cations (Mn + ) of the ionized metal precursor mixture in the reaction solution are supplied metal (M 0) as there is to form a metal alloy as reduction, reduction of the alloy can be formed into nano-sized alloy fine because it occurs in aqueous solution, this one having a mean particle size of 1 nm ⁇ 5 nm uniformly through the catalyst Can be produced.
- the amount of power of the electron beam is less than 0.2 kW, the reaction does not occur, or the reaction speed is too slow to produce alloy nanoparticles, or the productivity decreases.
- the electric power exceeds 7,5 kW, There is a risk that the alloy nanoparticles are excessively coarse, the spacing between the formed particles is narrow and the particles are aggregated, and the facility of the electron beam generating device is not economical, and the energy is wasted in terms of energy .
- the amount of power may be expressed as a product of an applied current for driving an electron beam, more specifically, an applied current measured in an electron accelerator for driving an electron beam, and an energy value (keV or MeV) of the electron beam,
- an applied current 0.5 mA to 15 mA can be used, preferably 0.7 mA to 15 mA, more preferably 1 mA to 14 mA can be used.
- an electron beam having an energy of 0.1 MeV to 5 MeV more preferably an electron beam having an energy of 0.2 MeV to 2 MeV in terms of alloy nanoparticle formation
- an electron beam having an energy of 0.2 MeV to 1 MeV can be irradiated.
- the electron beam irradiation may be directly irradiated to the metal precursor mixture, or may be irradiated through a window made of a polymer material and Ti foil.
- a window made of a polymer material it is possible to conduct mass production without limit to the direction of irradiation using the presently developed irradiation apparatus.
- the polymer material polyimide (capton), porous polytetrafluoroethylene or polyurethane can be used, and it is appropriate that the thickness is 10 ⁇ ⁇ to 100 ⁇ ⁇ in the case of Ti foil and 4 ⁇ ⁇ to 50 ⁇ ⁇ in case of Ti foil.
- the two-component alloy catalyst for fuel cells formed as described above can be used while being dispersed in a solvent. After removing only the solvent by a filter, a centrifugal separation method, or the like, the alloy nanoparticles are separated or the alcohol or the like is washed, Can be used.
- the catalyst for a fuel cell according to the production method of the present invention can not only maintain a high activity but also can add a second metal capable of reducing the content of platinum to produce a catalyst for a fuel cell more economically,
- a second metal capable of reducing the content of platinum to produce a catalyst for a fuel cell more economically,
- the particle size and distribution are uniform, it can have uniform particle size distribution, high reactivity and electromagnetic characteristics.
- a metal precursor-carbon containing support mixture can be obtained by additionally mixing the carbon-containing support in the step (a).
- step (a) is performed by mixing a platinum group precursor, a second metal precursor, a carbon-containing carrier and a solvent to obtain a metal precursor-carrier mixture,
- a catalyst for a fuel cell which is economical, highly active, and highly durable can be produced.
- a carbon-based material such as graphite, denka black, ketjen black, acetylene black, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanowire, carbon nano-ball or activated carbon may be used.
- the amount of the carrier to be added is set to 100 wt% based on the total catalyst composition (the total amount of the carrier and the metal nanoparticles), and when the content of the two-component platinum-transition metal alloy nanoparticles in the catalyst for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell is 20 wt% To 80 wt%, and in the case of a catalyst for a direct oxidation type fuel cell, the content of the alloy nanoparticles is preferably 40 wt% to 80 wt%, and it is also possible to form a black catalyst which does not use a carbon carrier have.
- the method for preparing a catalyst for a fuel cell according to the present invention can further improve the reactivity and dispersibility of the metal precursor mixture by controlling the reduction rate of the metal precursor mixture similarly before irradiating the metal precursor mixture with the electron beam,
- the acidity of the metal precursor obtained may be adjusted to a basic compound to provide a basic solution of pH 8 to pH 13, preferably pH 10 to pH 13.
- the step (a) may be carried out after the step (a) by adding a basic compound to the metal precursor mixture obtained before irradiation of the electron beam.
- the basic compound may be, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of NaOH, Na 2 CO 3 , KOH and K 2 CO 3 , but is not limited thereto.
- the method for producing a catalyst for a fuel cell comprises the steps of: controlling the acidity of a metal precursor mixture obtained before irradiation of an electron beam with a basic compound as described above to provide a basic solution having a pH of 8 to 13; And then adding an additional formic acid to the basic solution.
- the formic acid serves as a scavenger for removing OH radicals of a metal precursor mixture having a controlled acidity with a basic compound, and can prevent the metal precursor mixture from being oxidized to metal cations, thereby forming metal alloy particles well.
- the formic acid content can be added within a range in which the acidity of the metal precursor mixture whose acidity is controlled is maintained within the range of pH 4 to pH 13.
- the method for preparing a catalyst for a fuel cell for producing a three-component platinum-transition metal alloy catalyst according to the present invention comprises first mixing a platinum group precursor, a second metal precursor, a third metal precursor and a solvent to obtain a metal precursor mixture i) step].
- the first metal precursor is a platinum based precursor selected from the group consisting of H 2 PtCl 6 , H 6 Cl 2 N 2 Pt, PtCl 2 , PtBr 2 , platinum acetylacetonate, K 2 (PtCl 4 ), H 2 Pt ) 6, Pt (NO 3) 2, [Pt (NH 3) 4] Cl 2, [Pt (NH 3) 4] (HCO 3) 2, [Pt (NH 3) 4] (OAc) 2, (NH 4 ) 2 PtBr 6 , (NH 3 ) 2 PtCl 6 , hydrates thereof, and mixtures thereof, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
- Platinum has high reactivity and durability as a catalyst, and catalysts that can not be completely replaced at present are not developed.
- platinum is limited not only in its reserves but also as a major obstacle to the commercialization of a device using a platinum catalyst due to its high cost.
- Efforts have been made to improve the activity or physical properties of a specific application field such as a fuel cell catalyst field while remarkably lowering the amount of platinum used.
- the following components are presented as components of a platinum-containing three-component platinum-transition metal alloy catalyst.
- the second metal precursor for use with the platinum group precursor may include ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), palladium (Pd), gallium (Ga), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V) (Mn), Fe (Fe), Co, Ni, Cu, Sn, Mo, W, Ta, , Iridium (IR), and rhodium (Rh) may be used.
- the transition metal-containing precursor may be selected from the group consisting of cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), iridium (IR), and ruthenium ≪ / RTI > may be used.
- the third metal precursor may be a transition metal-containing precursor including yttrium (Y) or iridium (Ir).
- Examples of the precursors that can be used for the second metal precursor and the third metal precursor include any compounds such as nitrates, hydroxides, halides such as chlorides, bromides and iodides, organic acid salts such as sulfates and acetates, and alkoxide salts And it is preferable to use a precursor which is soluble in a solvent described later.
- the metal component of the three-component platinum-transition metal alloy catalyst obtained by the above production method can be obtained at a content ratio of 15 to 85% by weight of platinum, 5 to 65% by weight of the second metal and 1 to 60% by weight of the third metal Preferably 15 to 70% by weight of platinum, 15 to 65% by weight of a second metal, and 10 to 60% by weight of a third metal. If the content of platinum is less than the above range, the activity of the catalyst may be lowered. If the content of platinum is higher than the above range, the ternary alloy may not be partially formed. If the content of the other components is higher than the above range, the content of platinum is lowered, which may cause a problem in the activity of the catalyst. If the content is lower than the above range, the content of platinum becomes higher, A three-component system alloy may not be produced, and it is preferable that the above range is satisfied.
- the platinum precursor, the second metal precursor and the third metal precursor in the step (i) may be mixed with the solvent described below suitably according to the molecular weight of the precursor so as to satisfy the range of the metal content of the alloy nanoparticles.
- the solvent for uniformly dissolving the platinum precursor, the second metal precursor and the third metal precursor may be water, an alcohol having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and a mixture thereof.
- a mixed solvent of water and a polyhydric alcohol may be used, and more preferably, a mixed solvent of water and a polyhydric alcohol may be used.
- alcohol acts as a scavenger for removing an oxidizing agent (OH radical), and electrons (hydration electrons) and radicals generated by decomposition of water when electrons or electron beams generated from electron beams collide with water
- OH radicals oxidizing agent
- the catalyst precursor can be more uniformly dispersed so that the overall reaction can be uniformly performed, thereby improving the uniformity of the product.
- the mixing ratio of water to alcohols is preferably from 19: 1 to 1: 4 by weight, more preferably from 10: 1 to 1: 2 by weight, May be in a weight ratio of 8: 1 to 1: 1.
- the alcohols may be selected from the group consisting of isopropyl alcohol, methanol, ethanol, n-propyl alcohol, butanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol and combinations thereof.
- a mixture of ethylene glycol and water a mixture of glycerol and water, or a mixture of ethylene glycol, glycerol and water.
- the solvent in the present invention may be a mixture of monohydric alcohols in addition to a mixture of polyhydric alcohol and water.
- the total molar concentration of the three-component precursor is preferably 30 mM to 1 mM, more preferably 20 mM to 5 mM.
- the molarity of the catalyst precursor is more than 30 mM, the amount of the catalyst precursor becomes excessively large, aggregation occurs, and particles become large.
- the concentration is less than 1 mM, the amount of the solvent is excessively large, Which is undesirable.
- the present invention may optionally use a dispersing agent, and examples of the dispersing agent include polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol , Glycerol, sodium dodecylsulfonate, and the like.
- a dispersing agent include polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol , Glycerol, sodium dodecylsulfonate, and the like.
- One kind of dispersant may be used, or two or more kinds of dispersants may be used in combination.
- the mixing order of the metal precursor mixture is not defined, and the order of introduction of the respective components for manufacturing the metal precursor mixture including the respective metal precursors and the solvent is suitably adjusted according to the operator's selection, .
- the platinum group precursor, the second metal precursor, the third metal precursor, and the solvent are added, it is more preferable to form a solution having a uniform composition by further stirring.
- the stirring time is required to be 5 minutes or more for sufficient agitation to be performed, and the stirring effect is saturated when the agitation time exceeds 1 hour, so that the agitation time is more preferably limited to 5 minutes to 1 hour.
- step (ii) according to the present invention is a step of producing a three-component alloy catalyst by irradiating the metal precursor mixture with an electron beam having an applied current of 0.5 mA to 15 mA.
- the electron beam serves to supply electrons necessary for reducing the metal ions contained in the platinum-based precursor, the second and third metal precursors.
- the applied current means an applied current measured in an electron acceleration tube for driving an electron beam, preferably 0.7 mA to 14 mA, more preferably 1 mA to 14 mA. have.
- the electron beams irradiated from the electron beam irradiating device can sufficiently ionize the metal precursor mixture, and the anion of the ionized metal precursor mixture can be combined with the metal ions to form a reduced alloy catalyst, A fine nano-sized catalyst can be produced.
- the electron beam applied current is less than 0.1 mA
- the reaction does not occur or the reaction speed is slow, so that the ternary alloy nanoparticles are not produced or the productivity is lowered.
- the current is more than 15 mA, the driving force for reducing the ternary alloy
- the alloy nanoparticles are excessively aggregated, the spacing between the formed particles is narrow and the particles are aggregated, and there is also a problem in that it is wasted in terms of energy.
- an electron beam having an energy of 0.1 MeV to 5 MeV more preferably an electron beam having an energy of 0.2 MeV to 2 MeV
- an electron beam having an energy of 0.2 MeV to 1 MeV can be irradiated.
- the electron beam irradiation may be directly irradiated to the metal precursor mixture, or may be irradiated through a window made of a polymer material and Ti foil.
- a window made of a polymer material it is possible to conduct mass production without limit to the direction of irradiation using the presently developed irradiation apparatus.
- the polymer material polyimide (capton), porous polytetrafluoroethylene or polyurethane can be used, and it is appropriate that the thickness is 10 ⁇ ⁇ to 100 ⁇ ⁇ in the case of Ti foil and 4 ⁇ ⁇ to 50 ⁇ ⁇ in case of Ti foil.
- the three-component platinum-transition metal alloy catalyst formed as described above can be used while being dispersed in a solvent. After removing only the solvent by a filter, a centrifugal separation method or the like, the three-component alloy nanoparticles are separated or the alcohol You can then use it to suit your needs.
- the three-component alloy catalyst thus prepared is preferably a platinum-transition metal selected from the group consisting of Pt-Co-Y, Pt-Ni-Y, Pt-Ir-Y, Pt- Alloy catalyst.
- a metal precursor-carbon containing support mixture can be obtained by additionally mixing the carbon-containing support in the step (a).
- step (a) the carbon-containing support is added to the step of obtaining the metal precursor-support mixture by mixing the platinum group precursor, the second metal precursor, the third metal precursor, the carbon-
- step (a) it is possible to manufacture a catalyst for a fuel cell that is more economical, highly active, and highly durable.
- a carbon-based material such as graphite, denka black, ketjen black, acetylene black, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, carbon nanowire, carbon nano-ball or activated carbon may be used.
- the amount of the carrier to be added is set to 100 wt% based on the total catalyst composition (the total amount of the carrier and the metal nano-particles), and when the catalyst for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell is used, the content of the three-component platinum-transition metal alloy nano- wt., and in the case of a catalyst for a direct oxidation type fuel cell, the content of the alloy nanoparticles is preferably 40 to 80 wt%, and a black catalyst which does not use a carbon carrier at times may be prepared.
- the method for preparing a catalyst for a fuel cell according to the present invention can further improve the reactivity and dispersibility of the metal precursor mixture by controlling the reduction rate of the metal precursor mixture similarly before irradiating the metal precursor mixture with the electron beam,
- the acidity of the metal precursor obtained may be adjusted to a basic compound to provide a basic solution of pH 8 to pH 13, preferably pH 10 to pH 13.
- This step can be carried out after (i) by adding a basic compound to the metal precursor mixture obtained before irradiation of the electron beam.
- the basic compound may be, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of NaOH, Na 2 CO 3 , KOH and K 2 CO 3 , but is not limited thereto.
- the method for producing a catalyst for a fuel cell comprises the steps of: controlling the acidity of a metal precursor mixture obtained before irradiation of an electron beam with a basic compound as described above to provide a basic solution having a pH of 8 to 13; And then adding an additional formic acid to the basic solution.
- the formic acid serves as a scavenger for removing OH radicals of a metal precursor mixture having a controlled acidity with a basic compound, and can prevent the metal precursor mixture from being oxidized to metal cations, thereby forming metal alloy particles well.
- the formic acid content can be added within a range in which the acidity of the metal precursor mixture whose acidity is controlled is maintained within the range of pH 4 to pH 13.
- the two-component or three-component platinum-transition metal alloy catalyst produced by the method of the present invention may be used for one or both of the anode electrode and the cathode electrode of the fuel cell. In general, this is not distinguished by the type of catalyst of the anode electrode and the cathode electrode in the case of a fuel cell, and thus can be easily understood by those skilled in the art.
- the electrode comprising the catalyst of the present invention comprises an electrode substrate and a catalyst layer.
- the catalyst layer comprises a catalyst prepared by the process of the present invention.
- the catalyst layer may further include a binder resin for improving adhesion of the catalyst layer and transferring hydrogen ions.
- the binder resin it is preferable to use a polymer resin having hydrogen ion conductivity. More preferably, a cation exchanger selected from the group consisting of a sulfonic acid group, a carboxylic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a phosphonic acid group, Any polymer resin may be used.
- Preferable examples include fluorine-based polymers, benzimidazole polymers, polyimide polymers, polyetherimide polymers, polyphenylene sulfide polymers, polysulfone polymers, polyether sulfone polymers, (Perfluorosulfonic acid), poly (perfluorocarboxylic acid), poly (perfluorocarboxylic acid), poly (perfluorocarboxylic acid), and poly (perfluorocarboxylic acid) Copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and fluorovinyl ethers containing sulfonic acid groups, dehydrofluorinated sulfated polyether ketones, aryl ketones, poly (2,2'-m-phenylene) -5,5'-bibenzimidazole and at least one proton conductive polymer selected from poly (2,2 '- (m-phenylene) -5,5'-bibenzimidazole) or poly (2,5-benzimidazole
- the hydrogen-ion conductive polymer may be substituted with Na, K, Li, Cs or tetrabutylammonium in the ion exchange group at the side chain terminal.
- NaOH is used in the preparation of the catalyst composition and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide is used in the case of replacing tetrabutylammonium, and K, Li or Cs is also appropriately substituted .
- ≪ / RTI > Since this substitution method is well known in the art, a detailed description thereof will be omitted in this specification.
- the binder resin may be used singly or in the form of a mixture, and may also optionally be used together with a nonconductive polymer for the purpose of further improving adhesion to a polymer electrolyte membrane. It is preferable to adjust the amount thereof to suit the purpose of use.
- nonconductive polymer examples include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP), tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer (PFA), ethylene / tetrafluoroethylene (PVdF-HFP), dodecyltrimethoxysilane (DMSO), ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer At least one member selected from the group consisting of silbenzenesulfonic acid and sorbitol is more preferable.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- FEP tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer
- PFA tetrafluoro
- the electrode substrate plays a role of supporting the electrode and diffusing the fuel and the oxidant into the catalyst layer so that the fuel and the oxidant can easily access the catalyst layer.
- a conductive substrate is used as the electrode substrate.
- the electrode substrate include a carbon paper, a carbon cloth, a carbon felt, or a metal cloth (a porous film or polymer fiber composed of a metal cloth in a fiber state) A metal film is formed on the surface of the cloth formed with the metal film), but the present invention is not limited thereto.
- a water repellent treatment of the electrode substrate with a fluorine-based resin, because it is possible to prevent the reactant diffusion efficiency from being lowered due to water generated when the fuel cell is driven.
- the fluorine-based resin include polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyhexafluoropropylene, polyperfluoroalkyl vinyl ether, polyperfluorosulfonyl fluoride alkoxyvinyl ether, fluorinated ethylene propylene ( Fluorinated ethylene propylene), polychlorotrifluoroethylene, and copolymers thereof.
- the microporous layer may further include a microporous layer for promoting diffusion of reactant in the electrode substrate.
- the microporous layer is generally composed of a conductive powder having a small particle diameter such as carbon powder, carbon black, acetylene black, activated carbon, carbon fiber, fullerene, carbon nanotube, carbon nanowire, carbon nano -horn) or a carbon nano ring.
- the microporous layer is prepared by coating a composition comprising conductive powder, a binder resin and a solvent on the electrode substrate.
- the binder resin include polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyhexafluoropropylene, polyperfluoroalkyl vinyl ether, polyperfluorosulfonyl fluoride, alkoxyvinyl ether, polyvinyl alcohol, cellulose acetate Or a copolymer thereof, and the like can be preferably used.
- the solvent examples include alcohols such as ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol and butyl alcohol, water, dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, N-methylpyrrolidone and tetrahydrofuran.
- the coating process may be performed by a screen printing method, a spray coating method or a coating method using a doctor blade, depending on the viscosity of the composition, but is not limited thereto.
- the cathode electrode and the anode electrode are located opposite to each other, and the polymer electrolyte membrane is positioned between the cathode electrode and the anode electrode.
- the polymer electrolyte membrane is generally used as a polymer electrolyte membrane in a fuel cell, and any polymer electrolyte membrane having hydrogen ion conductivity may be used.
- Representative examples thereof include a polymer resin having a cation-exchange group selected from the group consisting of a sulfonic acid group, a carboxylic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a phosphonic acid group and derivatives thereof in the side chain.
- the polymer resin include fluorine-based polymers, benzimidazole-based polymers, polyimide-based polymers, polyetherimide-based polymers, polyphenylene sulfide-based polymers, polysulfone-based polymers, polyether sulfone- (Perfluorosulfonic acid) (generally commercially available as Nafion), poly (methyl methacrylate), poly (methyl methacrylate), poly (Perfluorocarboxylic acid), a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and fluorovinyl ether containing a sulfonic acid group, a dehydrofluorinated sulfated polyether ketone, an aryl ketone, a poly (2,2'-m-phenylene) - At least one selected from the group consisting of poly (2,2 '- (m-phenylene) -5,5'-bibenzimidazole) and poly (2,5-benzimidazole
- H may be replaced with Na, K, Li, Cs or tetrabutylammonium in the proton conductive group of the proton conductive polymer.
- NaOH is substituted for H with Na and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide is substituted for tetrabutylammonium
- K, Li or Cs is substituted with a suitable compound . ≪ / RTI > Since the above-described replacement method is well known in the art, detailed description thereof will be omitted herein.
- a mixture of a metal precursor, a solvent and a carrier was prepared under the conditions shown in Table 1 below, and then irradiated with an electron beam to obtain a two-component platinum-transition metal alloy catalyst.
- the second metal precursor used in Examples 1-1 to 1-2 was Ni (NO 3 ) 2
- the second metal precursor used in Examples 1-3 to 1-5 was Co (NO 3 ) 2
- Y (NO 3 ) 3 was used as the second metal precursor used in Examples 1-6 to 1-8
- RuCl 3 was used as the second metal precursor used in Examples 1-9
- IrCl 3 was used as the second metal precursor used in Example 1-10.
- H 2 PtCl 6 as a platinum precursor, Ni (NO 3 ) 2 as a second metal precursor, and graphitized carbon black carrier were mixed with a mixture of water and isopropyl alcohol (9: 1, v / v) and 540 g of glycerol and dispersed by stirring for 20 minutes to obtain a metal precursor mixture, and then an electron beam having an energy of 0.2 MeV was irradiated thereto to prepare a catalyst for a fuel cell. At this time, the irradiation time was 20 minutes, and the applied current was 5 mA.
- a 5-liter batch metal reactor having a height of 7 cm ⁇ width ⁇ 23 cm ⁇ thickness of 10 ⁇ m and having a Ti foil window was used as a transmission window in the reactor so that the electron beam could be transmitted.
- the recovered catalyst was recovered by centrifugal separator Were used.
- Comparative Examples 1-1 and 1-2 catalysts for fuel cells were prepared under the same conditions as those in Example 1, except that the applied current and voltage were different.
- a catalyst for a fuel cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1-1, and an electron beam was irradiated under the conditions shown in Table 1 below to prepare a catalyst for a fuel cell. At this time, NaOH (0.1 M) was added to the metal precursor mixture before the electron beam irradiation to adjust the pH to the value shown in Table 1.
- a catalyst for a fuel cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1-11, and an electron beam was irradiated under the conditions shown in Table 1 below to prepare a catalyst for a fuel cell. At this time, formic acid was added by adjusting so that the pH of the NaOH-added metal precursor mixture finally reached the pH shown in Table 1.
- FIGS. 1 to 3 and Table 2 show TEM (Transmission Electron Microcopy), EDX and XRD analysis results of the two-component platinum-transition metal alloy catalyst according to the present invention.
- FIG. 3 shows TEM (Transmission Electron Microcopy), EDX and XRD analysis results of a catalyst for a fuel cell obtained according to PtRu (Example 1-9), wherein the TEM image and EDX were obtained from Korea Basic Science Institute Respectively.
- the two-component catalysts obtained in Examples 1-1 to 1-10 according to the present invention had an average particle size in the range of 1 nm to 5 nm, and platinum- The catalysts were uniformly produced. However, in the case of Examples 1-5, it was found that the catalyst particle size distribution was not uniform and the dispersibility of the catalyst in the carrier was poorer than the other embodiments of the present invention .
- Comparative Example 1-1 a two-component platinum-transition metal catalyst was hardly produced due to a low electric power.
- Comparative Example 1-2 An alloy catalyst in which the composition of the two-component system was not uniform was prepared.
- FIG. 4A shows a catalyst for fuel cell (dotted line) in which PtY is supported on a carbon carrier according to Example 1-8 of the present invention and oxygen (solid line) in the case where only Pt is supported on a carbon carrier (ORR) performance evaluation results are shown in FIG. 4B.
- FIG. 4B a catalyst for fuel cell (dotted line) in which PtY is supported on a carbon carrier and Pt alone are supported on a carbon carrier according to Example 1-8 of the present invention (Solid line).
- FIG. 5A the catalyst for fuel cell (dotted line) in which PtNi is supported on a carbon support according to Example 1-1 of the present invention and Pt alone are carbon (ORR) performance evaluation when the catalyst was supported on a carrier (solid line).
- FIG. 5B shows the result of evaluation of the ORR performance of the catalyst for fuel cell in which PtNi was supported on a carbon carrier Dotted line) and Pt alone are supported on the carbon carrier When it shows the performance evaluation results of the unit cell of a).
- FIG. 6A shows a catalyst for fuel cell (shown by a dotted line) in which PtIr is supported on a carbon carrier and an oxygen reduction reaction (solid line) in the case where only Pt is supported on a carbon carrier (ORR) performance evaluation results.
- FIG. 6B shows the results of the performance evaluation of the catalyst for fuel cell (dotted line) in which PtCo is supported on a carbon carrier and Pt only on a carbon carrier according to Example 1-3 of the present invention 7 shows the results of the performance evaluation of the unit cell of Example 1.
- a catalyst for fuel cells (dotted line) in which PtRu was supported on a carbon carrier and Pt alone were supported on a carbon carrier shows the results of the performance evaluation for the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR).
- the two-component platinum-transition metal alloy catalyst according to the present invention shows that the existing platinum alone is at least equivalent to or superior to the catalyst supported on the carrier, Catalyst for a two-component fuel cell shows a high possibility of being used as a catalyst for a fuel cell by securing a performance and stability higher than that of a conventional catalyst while reducing the amount of platinum used by 30% or more.
- Figs. 8A to 8E are the catalysts for each fuel cell prepared in Examples 1-11 to 1-15
- Figs. 9A to 9D are graphs showing the relationship between the amount of each fuel produced in Examples 1-16 to 1-19 10a) to 10d are the catalysts for each fuel cell prepared in Examples 1-20 to 1-23.
- Example 1-16 in which formic acid was added before the electron beam irradiation (Fig. 9A)) exhibited higher particle dispersibility than Example 8c in which formic acid was not added under the same conditions And the particle size is also uniform.
- the second metal precursor is Sc, La, W, Ir, Co, Ni and Y in addition to Ru, the particle dispersibility is improved and the particle size becomes uniform I could confirm.
- a mixture of a metal precursor, a solvent and a carrier was prepared under the conditions shown in Table 3 below and then irradiated with an electron beam to obtain a three-component platinum-transition metal alloy catalyst.
- the electron beam energy is a second metal precursor used in Examples 2-1 to 2-3 were irradiated with an electron beam having an energy of 0.2 MeV is Ni (NO 3) 2
- the third metal precursor is Y (NO 3 ) 3
- the second metal precursor used in Examples 2-4 to 2-7 was Co (NO 3 ) 2
- the third metal precursor was Y (NO 3 ) 3 .
- Example 2-1 platinum precursor H 2 PtCl 6 , a second metal precursor Ni (NO 3 ) 2 , a third metal precursor Y (NO 3 ) 3, and a carbon support were mixed with water and isopropyl alcohol 2500 g of a mixed solution (9: 1, v / v) and 540 g of glycerol, and dispersed by stirring for 30 minutes to obtain a metal precursor mixture. Then, an electron beam having an energy of 0.2 MeV was irradiated thereto, . At this time, the irradiation time was 40 minutes, and the applied current was 5 mA.
- a 5-liter batch metal reactor having a height of 7 cm ⁇ width ⁇ 23 cm ⁇ thickness of 10 ⁇ m and having a Ti foil window was used as a transmission window in the reactor so that the electron beam could be transmitted.
- the recovered catalyst was recovered by centrifugal separator Were used.
- Comparative Examples 2-1 and 2-2 catalysts for fuel cells were produced under the same conditions as in Example 2-1, except that the applied current was different.
- a catalyst for a fuel cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2-1, and an electron beam was irradiated under the conditions shown in Table 3 below to prepare a catalyst for a fuel cell. At this time, NaOH was added to the metal precursor mixture before the electron beam irradiation to adjust the pH to the value shown in Table 3.
- a catalyst for a fuel cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2-8, and an electron beam was irradiated under the conditions shown in Table 3 below to prepare a catalyst for a fuel cell. At this time, formic acid was added by adjusting so that the pH of the NaOH-added metal precursor mixture finally reached the pH shown in Table 3.
- FIGS. 11 and 14 show TEM (Transmission Electron Microcopy) and EDX images of the catalysts for fuel cells prepared according to Example 2-1 (PtNiY / C) and Example 2-4 (PtCoY / C) The TEM image and EDX were analyzed at Jeonju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute.
- the three-component system particles according to the present invention have an average particle size in the range of 1 nm to 5 nm and that a three-component platinum-transition metal catalyst is uniformly produced, This shows that uniform catalyst particles were similarly prepared in the other examples.
- the catalyst particle size distribution was not uniform than that of Examples 2-1 to 2-6, The dispersibility in the carrier was not good.
- Comparative Example 2-1 particles were aggregated due to a high current amount, or an alloy catalyst in which the composition of the three-component system was not uniform was partially produced.
- Comparative Example 2-2 - transition metal catalysts were found to be hardly produced.
- Comparative Example 3 the performance of a conventional Pt / C (carbon bearing platinum) catalyst and a catalyst for a fuel cell according to an embodiment of the present invention was evaluated using a commercially available Pt / C catalyst as a fuel cell catalyst. 13 and Fig.
- Fig. 13 shows the results of measurement of the catalyst activity of the fuel cell catalyst prepared according to Example 2-1 (PtNiY / C) and Example 2-4 (PtCoY / C) of the present invention and commercially available Pt black (ORR: Oxygen Reduction Reaction) of a catalyst for a fuel cell of a Pt / C (carbon-bearing platinum) catalyst obtained by the above-described method of the present invention and a commercially available Pt black And the results of MEA performance evaluation in the case where the catalyst was used as a fuel cell catalyst.
- Pt black ORR: Oxygen Reduction Reaction
- the ternary platinum-transition metal alloy catalyst according to the present invention shows improved performance as compared with the conventional platinum catalyst, and the ternary platinum- The catalyst shows a high possibility of being used as a catalyst for a fuel cell by reducing the use amount of platinum by 30% or more and securing higher performance and stability than existing catalysts.
- the method for producing a catalyst for a fuel cell of the present invention it is possible to produce a catalyst for a fuel cell having excellent performance and stability while remarkably reducing the amount of Pt used.
- the use amount of the chemical reducing agent is reduced and the production of by-products is reduced, and the production at a room temperature can be performed in a short time without heat treatment and an additional post-treatment process, thereby remarkably improving productivity at the time of production and is suitable for mass production.
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Abstract
Description
| 구분 | 백금 전구체 : 제2금속전구체 함량비 (g, 전구체내 포함된 금속함량 기준) | 용매 | 담체(g) | NaOH 첨가유무 | 포름산첨가유무 | 금속 전구체혼합물의 pH | 전자빔 | |||
| 물(g) | 글리세롤(g) | 인가전류(mA) | 인가전압(MeV) | 전력량(kW) | ||||||
| 실시예 1-1 | Pt 0.80 : Ni 0.38 | 2500 (IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 2.5 | - | - | 1 | 5 | 0.2 | 1 |
| 실시예 1-2 | Pt 0.80 : Ni 0.38 | 2500 | 400 | 2.5 | - | - | 1 | 5 | 0.2 | 1 |
| 실시예 1-3 | Pt 0.72 : Co 0.59 | 2500 (IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 2.5 | - | - | 1 | 5 | 0.2 | 1 |
| 실시예 1-4 | Pt 0.72 : Co 0.59 | 2500 | 400 | 2.5 | - | - | 1 | 10 | 0.5 | 5 |
| 실시예 1-5 | Pt 0.72 : Co 0.59 | 2500 (IPA 10% v/v) | - | 2.5 | - | - | 1 | 10 | 0.5 | 5 |
| 실시예 1-6 | Pt 0.79 : Y 0.47 | 2500 (IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 2.5 | - | - | 1 | 5 | 0.4 | 2 |
| 실시예 1-7 | Pt 0.79 : Y 0.47 | 2500 | 400 | 2.5 | - | - | 1 | 5 | 0.2 | 1 |
| 실시예 1-8 | Pt 0.79 : Y 0.47 | 2500 (IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 2.5 | - | - | 1 | 2 | 0.2 | 0.4 |
| 실시예 1-9 | Pt 0.58 : Ru 0.46 | 2500 | 400 | 2.5 | - | - | 1 | 5 | 0.4 | 2 |
| 실시예 1-10 | Pt 0.64 : Ir 0.39 | 2500 (IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 2.5 | - | - | 1 | 5 | 0.4 | 2 |
| 실시예 1-11 | Pt 66.22 : Ru 33.78 | 2500 (IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 2.5 | 유 | - | 4 | 13.5 | 0.2 | 2.7 |
| 실시예 1-12 | Pt 66.22 : Ru 33.78 | 2500 (IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 2.5 | 유 | - | 8 | 13.5 | 0.2 | 2.7 |
| 실시예 1-13 | Pt 66.22 : Ru 33.78 | 2500 (IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 2.5 | 유 | - | 10 | 13.5 | 0.2 | 2.7 |
| 실시예 1-14 | Pt 66.22 : Ru 33.78 | 2500 (IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 2.5 | 유 | - | 12 | 13.5 | 0.2 | 2.7 |
| 실시예 1-15 | Pt 66.22 : Ru 33.78 | 2500 (IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 2.5 | 유 | - | 14 | 13.5 | 0.2 | 2.7 |
| 실시예 1-16 | Pt 66.22 : Ru 33.78 | 2500 (IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 2.5 | 유 | 유 | 12 | 13.5 | 0.2 | 2.7 |
| 실시예 1-17 | Pt 97.29 : Sc 2.71 | 2500 (IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 2.5 | 유 | 유 | 12 | 13.5 | 0.2 | 2.7 |
| 실시예 1-18 | Pt 94.70 : La 5.30 | 2500 (IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 2.5 | 유 | 유 | 12 | 13.5 | 0.2 | 2.7 |
| 실시예 1-19 | Pt 95.76 : W 4.24 | 2500 (IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 2.5 | 유 | 유 | 12 | 13.5 | 0.2 | 2.7 |
| 실시예 1-20 | Pt 73.32 : Ir 26.68 | 2500 (IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 2.5 | 유 | 유 | 12 | 13.5 | 0.2 | 2.7 |
| 실시예 1-21 | Pt 83.78 : Co 16.22 | 2500 (IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 2.5 | 유 | 유 | 12 | 13.5 | 0.2 | 2.7 |
| 실시예 1-22 | Pt 94.84 : Ni 5.16 | 2500 (IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 2.5 | 유 | 유 | 12 | 13.5 | 0.2 | 2.7 |
| 실시예 1-23 | Pt 87.11 : Y 12.89 | 2500 (IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 2.5 | 유 | 유 | 12 | 13.5 | 0.2 | 2.7 |
| 비교예 1-1 | Pt 0.80 : Ni 0.38 | 2500 (IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 2.5 | - | - | 1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.05 |
| 비교예 1-2 | Pt 0.80 : Ni 0.38 | 2500 (IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 2.5 | - | - | 1 | 10 | 1 | 10 |
| 구분 | 분석결과 |
| 실시예 1-1 | 양호, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 Ni 소량 함유 |
| 실시예 1-2 | 양호, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 Ni 소량 함유 |
| 실시예 1-3 | 양호, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 Co 소량함유 |
| 실시예 1-4 | 양호, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 Co 소량 함유 |
| 실시예 1-5 | 크기분포 및 분산성 보통, 균일 합금 제조, 미반응 Co 소량함유 |
| 실시예 1-6 | 양호, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 Y 소량함유 |
| 실시예 1-7 | 양호, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 Y 소량함유 |
| 실시예 1-8 | 양호, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 Y 소량함유 |
| 실시예 1-9 | 양호, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 Ru 소량함유 |
| 실시예 1-10 | 양호, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 Ir 소량함유 |
| 실시예 1-11 | 양호, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 Ru 소량 함유 |
| 실시예 1-12 | 양호, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 Ru 없음 |
| 실시예 1-13 | 양호, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 Ru 없음 |
| 실시예 1-14 | 양호, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 Ru 없음 |
| 실시예 1-15 | 크기분포 및 분산성 보통, 균일 합금 제조, 미반응 Ru 없음 |
| 실시예 1-16 | 우수, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 Ru 없음 |
| 실시예 1-17 | 우수, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 Sc 없음 |
| 실시예 1-18 | 우수, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 La 없음 |
| 실시예 1-19 | 우수, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 W 없음 |
| 실시예 1-20 | 우수, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 Ir 없음 |
| 실시예 1-21 | 우수, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 Co 없음 |
| 실시예 1-22 | 우수, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 Ni 없음 |
| 실시예 1-23 | 우수, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 Y 없음 |
| 비교예 1-1 | 촉매 미량 제조 |
| 비교예 1-2 | 입자 응집, 부분적 불균일 합금제조, 미반응 Ni 다량 함유 |
| 구분 | 백금 전구체 : 제2 금속전구체 : 제3 금속전구체 함량비 (g, 전구체내 포함된 금속함량 기준) | 용매 | 카본나노튜브 담체(g) | NaOH 첨가유무 | 포름산첨가유무 | 금속 전구체혼합물의 pH | 전자빔 | |
| 물(g) | 글리세롤(g) | 인가전류(mA) | ||||||
| 실시예 2-1 | Pt 0.68 : Ni 0.41 : Y 0.34 | 2500(IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 2.5 | - | - | 1 | 5 |
| 실시예 2-2 | Pt 0.83 : Ni 0.50 : Y 0.40 | 2500 | 540 | 2 | - | - | 1 | 5 |
| 실시예 2-3 | Pt 0.41 : Ni 0.25 : Y 0.20 | 2500(IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 3.5 | - | - | 1 | 2 |
| 실시예 2-4 | Pt 0.59 : Co 0.36 : Y 0.59 | 2500 | 400 | 2.5 | - | - | 1 | 8 |
| 실시예 2-5 | Pt 0.71 : Co 0.43 : Y 0.71 | 2500(IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 2 | - | - | 1 | 5 |
| 실시예 2-6 | Pt 0.35 : Co 0.22 : Y 0.35 | 2500 | 540 | 3.5 | - | - | 1 | 5 |
| 실시예 2-7 | Pt 0.59 : Co 0.36 : Y 0.59 | 2500(IPA 10% v/v) | - | 2.5 | - | - | 1 | 5 |
| 실시예 2-8 | Pt 78.85 : Co 9.35 : Y 11.80 | 2500(IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 2.5 | 유 | - | 12 | 13.5 |
| 실시예 2-9 | Pt 79.97 : Co 11.95 : Y 8.08 | 2500(IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 2.5 | 유 | 유 | 12 | 13.5 |
| 실시예 2-10 | Pt 78.32 : Ir 20.61 : Y 1.07 | 2500(IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 2.5 | 유 | 유 | 12 | 13.5 |
| 실시예 2-11 | Pt 83.28 : Ni 7.31 : Y 9.41 | 2500(IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 2.5 | 유 | 유 | 12 | 13.5 |
| 비교예 2-1 | Pt 0.68 : Ni 0.41 : Y 0.34 | 2500(IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 2.5 | - | - | 1 | 20 |
| 비교예 2-2 | Pt 0.68 : Ni 0.41 : Y 0.34 | 2500(IPA 10% v/v) | 540 | 2.5 | - | - | 1 | 0.3 |
| 구분 | 분석결과 |
| 실시예 2-1 | 양호, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 금속 소량 함유 |
| 실시예 2-2 | 양호, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 금속 소량 함유 |
| 실시예 2-3 | 양호, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 금속 소량 함유 |
| 실시예 2-4 | 양호, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 금속 소량 함유 |
| 실시예 2-5 | 양호, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 금속 소량 함유 |
| 실시예 2-6 | 양호, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 금속 소량 함유 |
| 실시예 2-7 | 크기 분포 및 분산성 보통, 균일 합금 제조, 미반응 금속 소량 함유 |
| 실시예 2-8 | 양호, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 금속 없음 |
| 실시예 2-9 | 우수, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 금속 없음 |
| 실시예 2-10 | 우수, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 금속 없음 |
| 실시예 2-11 | 우수, 균일한 합금 제조, 미반응 금속 없음 |
| 비교예 2-1 | 입자 응집, 부분적 불균일 합금 제조, 미반응 금속 다량 함유 |
| 비교예 2-2 | 촉매 미량 제조 |
Claims (22)
- (a) 백금계 전구체, 제2 금속 전구체 및 용매를 혼합하여 금속 전구체 혼합물을 수득하는 단계; 및(b) 상기 금속 전구체 혼합물에 0.2 kW 내지 7.5 kW의 전력량으로 전자빔을 조사하여 2성분계 백금-전이금속 합금 촉매를 제조하는 단계;를 포함하는 연료 전지용 촉매의 제조방법.
- (i) 백금계 전구체, 제2 금속 전구체, 제3 금속 전구체 및 용매를 혼합하여 금속 전구체 혼합물을 수득하는 단계; 및(ii) 상기 금속 전구체 혼합물에 0.5 mA 내지 15 mA의 인가 전류를 갖는 전자빔을 조사하여, 3성분계 백금-전이금속 합금 촉매를 생산하는 단계;를 포함하는 연료 전지용 촉매의 제조방법.
- 제1항 또는 제2항에 있어서,상기 백금계 전구체는 H2PtCl6, H6Cl2N2Pt, PtCl2, PtBr2, 아세틸아세토네이트(platinum acetylacetonate), K2(PtCl4), H2Pt(OH)6, Pt(NO3)2, [Pt(NH3)4]Cl2, [Pt(NH3)4](HCO3)2, [Pt(NH3)4](OAc)2, (NH4)2PtBr6, (NH3)2PtCl6, 이들의 수화물 및 이들의 혼합물로 구성된 군에서 선택되는 것을 특징으로 하는 연료 전지용 촉매의 제조방법.
- 제1항 또는 제2항에 있어서,상기 용매는 물, 탄소수 1 내지 8의 알코올 및 이들의 혼합물로 구성된 군에서 선택되는 것을 특징으로 하는 연료 전지용 촉매의 제조방법.
- 제4항에 있어서,상기 용매는 물과 다가 알코올의 혼합용매를 사용하는 것을 특징으로 하는 연료 전지용 촉매의 제조방법.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 제2 금속 전구체는 이트륨(Y), 루테늄(Ru), 오스뮴(Os), 갈륨(Ga), 티타늄(Ti), 바나듐(V), 크롬(Cr), 망간(Mn), 철(Fe), 코발트(Co), 니켈(Ni), 구리(Cu), 주석(Sn), 몰리브덴(Mo), 텅스텐(W), 로듐(Rh), 이리듐(Ir), 스칸듐(Sc), 란타넘(La), 탄탈럼(Ta), 비스무트(Bi) 및 팔라듐(Pd)으로부터 선택되는 금속원소 함유 전구체인 것을 특징으로 하는 연료 전지용 촉매의 제조방법.
- 제6항에 있어서,상기 제2 금속 전구체는 이트륨(Y), 루테늄(Ru), 코발트(Co), 니켈(Ni) 및 이리듐(Ir)으로 구성된 군에서 선택되는 금속원소 함유 전구체인 것을 특징으로 하는 연료 전지용 촉매의 제조방법.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 (a) 단계의 백금계 전구체 및 제2 금속 전구체는 금속함량을 기준으로, 40 : 1 내지 1 : 5 중량비로 혼합하는 것을 특징으로 하는 연료 전지용 촉매의 제조방법.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 (b) 단계의 전자빔 조사는 0.5 mA 내지 15 mA의 인가 전류를 갖는 전자빔을 조사하는 것을 특징으로 하는 연료 전지용 촉매의 제조방법.
- 제2항에 있어서,상기 제2 금속 전구체는 루테늄(Ru), 오스뮴(Os), 팔라듐(Pd), 갈륨(Ga), 티타늄(Ti), 바나듐(V), 크롬(Cr), 망간(Mn), 철(Fe), 코발트(Co), 니켈(Ni), 구리(Cu), 주석(Sn), 몰리브덴(Mo), 텅스텐(W), 탄탈럼(Ta), 비스무트(Bi), 이리듐(Ir) 및 로듐(Rh)으로 구성된 군에서 선택되는 금속원소 함유 전구체인 것을 특징으로 하는 연료 전지용 촉매의 제조방법.
- 제10항에 있어서,상기 제2 금속 전구체는 니켈(Ni)을 포함하는 금속원소 함유 전구체인 것을 특징으로 하는 연료 전지용 촉매의 제조방법.
- 제10항에 있어서,상기 제2 금속 전구체는 코발트(Co)를 포함하는 금속원소 함유 전구체인 것을 특징으로 하는 연료 전지용 촉매의 제조방법.
- 제10항에 있어서,상기 제2 금속 전구체는 루테늄(Ru)을 포함하는 금속원소 함유 전구체인 것을 특징으로 하는 연료 전지용 촉매의 제조방법.
- 제10항에 있어서,상기 제2 금속 전구체는 이리듐(Ir)을 포함하는 금속원소 함유 전구체인 것을 특징으로 하는 연료 전지용 촉매의 제조방법.
- 제2항에 있어서,상기 제3 금속 전구체는 이트륨(Y) 또는 이리듐(Ir)을 포함하는 금속원소 함유 전구체인 것을 특징으로 하는 연료 전지용 촉매의 제조방법.
- 제2항에 있어서,상기 제조방법에 의해 얻어지는 연료전지용 촉매의 금속성분은 백금 15 중량% ~ 85 중량%, 제2 금속 5 중량% ~ 65 중량% 및 제3 금속 1 중량% ~ 60 중량%의 함량비로 얻어지는 것을 특징으로 하는 연료 전지용 촉매의 제조방법.
- 제16항에 있어서,상기 제조방법에 의해 얻어지는 연료전지용 촉매의 금속성분은 백금 15 중량% ~ 70 중량%, 제2 금속 15 중량% ~ 65 중량% 및 제3 금속 10 중량% ~ 60 중량%의 함량비로 얻어지는 것을 특징으로 하는 연료 전지용 촉매의 제조방법.
- 제2항에 있어서,상기 3성분계 백금-전이금속 합금 촉매는 Pt-Co-Y, Pt-Ni-Y, Pt-Ir-Y, Pt-Pd-Y 및 Pt-Ru-Ir으로 구성된 군에서 선택되는 백금-전이금속 합금 촉매인 것을 특징으로 하는 연료 전지용 촉매의 제조방법.
- 제1항 또는 제2항에 있어서,상기 (a) 단계 또는 (i) 단계에 탄소함유 담체를 추가적으로 혼합하여 금속 전구체-탄소함유 담체 혼합물을 수득하는 것을 특징으로 하는 연료 전지용 촉매의 제조방법.
- 제1항 또는 제2항에 있어서,상기 (a) 단계 또는 (i) 단계 후, 전자빔의 조사전에 수득된 금속 전구체 혼합물의 산도를 염기성 화합물로 조절하여, pH 8 내지 pH 13의 염기성 용액을 제공하는 단계;를 추가로 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 연료 전지용 촉매의 제조방법.
- 제20항에 있어서,상기 염기성 화합물은 NaOH, Na2CO3, KOH 및 K2CO3로 구성된 군에서 선택되는 1종 이상인 것을 특징으로 하는 연료 전지용 촉매의 제조방법.
- 제20항에 있어서,상기 연료 전지용 촉매의 제조방법은, 전자빔의 조사전에 수득된 금속 전구체 혼합물의 산도를 염기성 화합물로 조절하여, pH 8 내지 pH 13의 염기성 용액을 제공하는 단계; 이후에 상기 염기성 용액에 추가적으로 포름산을 첨가하는 단계;를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 연료 전지용 촉매의 제조방법.
Applications Claiming Priority (8)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR20170099504 | 2017-08-07 | ||
| KR10-2017-0099504 | 2017-08-07 | ||
| KR1020170172301A KR20190071334A (ko) | 2017-12-14 | 2017-12-14 | 연료전지용 촉매의 제조 방법 |
| KR10-2017-0172301 | 2017-12-14 | ||
| KR1020170181014A KR102081608B1 (ko) | 2017-12-27 | 2017-12-27 | 2성분계 연료전지용 촉매의 제조방법 |
| KR10-2017-0181014 | 2017-12-27 | ||
| KR1020180009245A KR102081624B1 (ko) | 2018-01-25 | 2018-01-25 | 3성분계 연료전지용 촉매의 제조방법 |
| KR10-2018-0009245 | 2018-01-25 |
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| WO2019031792A1 true WO2019031792A1 (ko) | 2019-02-14 |
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| PCT/KR2018/008909 Ceased WO2019031792A1 (ko) | 2017-08-07 | 2018-08-06 | 연료 전지용 촉매의 제조방법 |
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| EP4379870A1 (en) * | 2022-11-30 | 2024-06-05 | Korens RTX Co., Ltd. | Oxidation-resistant catalyst for fuel cell, method of manufacturing the same, and fuel cell including the same |
| US12442099B2 (en) * | 2020-12-18 | 2025-10-14 | Johnson Matthey Public Limited Company | Electroplating solutions |
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| EP4379870A1 (en) * | 2022-11-30 | 2024-06-05 | Korens RTX Co., Ltd. | Oxidation-resistant catalyst for fuel cell, method of manufacturing the same, and fuel cell including the same |
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