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WO2019068920A1 - Électrolytes pour batterie redox - Google Patents

Électrolytes pour batterie redox Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019068920A1
WO2019068920A1 PCT/EP2018/077234 EP2018077234W WO2019068920A1 WO 2019068920 A1 WO2019068920 A1 WO 2019068920A1 EP 2018077234 W EP2018077234 W EP 2018077234W WO 2019068920 A1 WO2019068920 A1 WO 2019068920A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
redox active
none
redox
mono
general formula
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/EP2018/077234
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Jan HARTWIG
Peter Geigle
Evgeny LARIONOV
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
CMBlu Projekt AG
Original Assignee
CMBlu Projekt AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from PCT/EP2017/075987 external-priority patent/WO2019072386A1/fr
Priority claimed from PCT/EP2017/075985 external-priority patent/WO2019072385A1/fr
Application filed by CMBlu Projekt AG filed Critical CMBlu Projekt AG
Priority to US16/968,732 priority Critical patent/US11831017B2/en
Priority to PCT/EP2019/053602 priority patent/WO2019158613A1/fr
Priority to CA3088242A priority patent/CA3088242A1/fr
Priority to EP19706445.4A priority patent/EP3753062A1/fr
Priority to AU2019220363A priority patent/AU2019220363A1/en
Publication of WO2019068920A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019068920A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to AU2025200854A priority patent/AU2025200854A1/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/18—Regenerative fuel cells, e.g. redox flow batteries or secondary fuel cells
    • H01M8/184—Regeneration by electrochemical means
    • H01M8/188—Regeneration by electrochemical means by recharging of redox couples containing fluids; Redox flow type batteries
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C213/00—Preparation of compounds containing amino and hydroxy, amino and etherified hydroxy or amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
    • C07C213/02—Preparation of compounds containing amino and hydroxy, amino and etherified hydroxy or amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton by reactions involving the formation of amino groups from compounds containing hydroxy groups or etherified or esterified hydroxy groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C27/00—Processes involving the simultaneous production of more than one class of oxygen-containing compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C303/00—Preparation of esters or amides of sulfuric acids; Preparation of sulfonic acids or of their esters, halides, anhydrides or amides
    • C07C303/02—Preparation of esters or amides of sulfuric acids; Preparation of sulfonic acids or of their esters, halides, anhydrides or amides of sulfonic acids or halides thereof
    • C07C303/04—Preparation of esters or amides of sulfuric acids; Preparation of sulfonic acids or of their esters, halides, anhydrides or amides of sulfonic acids or halides thereof by substitution of hydrogen atoms by sulfo or halosulfonyl groups
    • C07C303/06—Preparation of esters or amides of sulfuric acids; Preparation of sulfonic acids or of their esters, halides, anhydrides or amides of sulfonic acids or halides thereof by substitution of hydrogen atoms by sulfo or halosulfonyl groups by reaction with sulfuric acid or sulfur trioxide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C37/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C07C37/50—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring by reactions decreasing the number of carbon atoms
    • C07C37/52—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring by reactions decreasing the number of carbon atoms by splitting polyaromatic compounds, e.g. polyphenolalkanes
    • C07C37/54—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring by reactions decreasing the number of carbon atoms by splitting polyaromatic compounds, e.g. polyphenolalkanes by hydrolysis of lignin or sulfite waste liquor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
    • C07C45/56—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds from heterocyclic compounds
    • C07C45/57—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds from heterocyclic compounds with oxygen as the only heteroatom
    • C07C45/59—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds from heterocyclic compounds with oxygen as the only heteroatom in five-membered rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C46/00—Preparation of quinones
    • C07C46/02—Preparation of quinones by oxidation giving rise to quinoid structures
    • C07C46/06—Preparation of quinones by oxidation giving rise to quinoid structures of at least one hydroxy group on a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
    • C08B11/00—Preparation of cellulose ethers
    • C08B11/02—Alkyl or cycloalkyl ethers
    • C08B11/04—Alkyl or cycloalkyl ethers with substituted hydrocarbon radicals
    • C08B11/08—Alkyl or cycloalkyl ethers with substituted hydrocarbon radicals with hydroxylated hydrocarbon radicals; Esters, ethers, or acetals thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
    • C08B11/00—Preparation of cellulose ethers
    • C08B11/02—Alkyl or cycloalkyl ethers
    • C08B11/04—Alkyl or cycloalkyl ethers with substituted hydrocarbon radicals
    • C08B11/10—Alkyl or cycloalkyl ethers with substituted hydrocarbon radicals substituted with acid radicals
    • C08B11/12—Alkyl or cycloalkyl ethers with substituted hydrocarbon radicals substituted with acid radicals substituted with carboxylic radicals, e.g. carboxymethylcellulose [CMC]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
    • C08B11/00—Preparation of cellulose ethers
    • C08B11/193—Mixed ethers, i.e. ethers with two or more different etherifying groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
    • C08B3/00—Preparation of cellulose esters of organic acids
    • C08B3/06—Cellulose acetate, e.g. mono-acetate, di-acetate or tri-acetate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
    • C08B5/00—Preparation of cellulose esters of inorganic acids, e.g. phosphates
    • C08B5/02—Cellulose nitrate, i.e. nitrocellulose
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08H—DERIVATIVES OF NATURAL MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08H6/00—Macromolecular compounds derived from lignin, e.g. tannins, humic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08H—DERIVATIVES OF NATURAL MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08H8/00—Macromolecular compounds derived from lignocellulosic materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L1/00—Compositions of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
    • C08L1/08—Cellulose derivatives
    • C08L1/10—Esters of organic acids, i.e. acylates
    • C08L1/12—Cellulose acetate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L1/00—Compositions of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
    • C08L1/08—Cellulose derivatives
    • C08L1/16—Esters of inorganic acids
    • C08L1/18—Cellulose nitrate, i.e. nitrocellulose
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L1/00—Compositions of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
    • C08L1/08—Cellulose derivatives
    • C08L1/26—Cellulose ethers
    • C08L1/28—Alkyl ethers
    • C08L1/284—Alkyl ethers with hydroxylated hydrocarbon radicals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L1/00—Compositions of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
    • C08L1/08—Cellulose derivatives
    • C08L1/26—Cellulose ethers
    • C08L1/28—Alkyl ethers
    • C08L1/286—Alkyl ethers substituted with acid radicals, e.g. carboxymethyl cellulose [CMC]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L97/00—Compositions of lignin-containing materials
    • C08L97/005—Lignin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L97/00—Compositions of lignin-containing materials
    • C08L97/02—Lignocellulosic material, e.g. wood, straw or bagasse
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
    • C10B53/02—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form of cellulose-containing material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
    • C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
    • C07C2601/12—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring
    • C07C2601/16—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring the ring being unsaturated
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • EES electrical energy storage
  • Redox reactions are employed to store energy in the form of a chemical potential in liquid electrolyte solutions which flow through a battery of electrochemical cells during charge and discharge.
  • the stored electrochemical energy can be converted to electrical energy upon discharge with concomitant reversal of the opposite redox reactions.
  • RFBs usually include a positive electrode and a negative electrode in separated cells and separated by an ion-exchange membrane, and two circulating electrolyte solutions, positive and negative electrolyte flow streams, generally referred to as the whilposolyteposolyte" and favornegolyte", respectively.
  • Energy conversion between electrical energy and chemical potential occurs instantly at the electrodes, once the electrolyte solutions begin to flow through the cell.
  • electrons are released via an oxidation reaction from a high chemical potential state on the anode of the battery and subsequently move through an external circuit. Finally, the electrons are accepted via a reduction reaction at a lower chemical potential state on the cathode of the battery.
  • Redox-flow batteries can be recharged by inversing the flow of the redox fluids and applying current to the electrochemical reactor.
  • the capacity and energy of redox flow batteries is determined by the total amount of redox active species for a set system available in the volume of electrolyte solution, whereas their current (power) depends on the number of atoms or molecules of the active chemical species that are reacted within the redox flow battery cell as a function of time.
  • Redox-flow batteries thus have the advantage that their capacity (energy) and their current (power) can be readily separated, and therefore readily up-scaled.
  • capacity (energy) can be increased by increasing the number or size of the electrolyte tanks whereas the current (power) is controlled by controlling the number and size of the current collectors.
  • RFBs Since energy and power of RFB systems are independent variables, RFBs are inherently well suitable for large applications, since they scale- up in a more cost-effective manner than other batteries. Moreover, RFBs provide a unique design flexibility as the required capacities for any application can be provided using tailor-made energy and power modules.
  • RFB vanadium redox flow battery
  • inorganic flow cell chemistries including the polysulfide- bromide battery (PSB).
  • PSB polysulfide- bromide battery
  • inorganic redox materials such as vanadium salts or bromine
  • Toxicity and associated health and environmental risks of inorganic redox materials further limits applicability of inorganic RFBs for energy storage. That holds in particular when applying distributed, modular energy generation technologies that use (intermittent) regulargreen power", such as wind, photovoltaic, or hydroelectric power.
  • the incorporated materials may constitute overheating, fire or explosion risks.
  • RFBs were envisaged with different organic compounds.
  • Novel organic redox active species for large-scale use in redox flow batteries should preferably be inexpensive, with high solubility and redox potential, and exhibit fast electrode kinetics.
  • Huskinson et al. developed a metal- free flow battery based on 9,10-anthraquinone-2,7-disulphonic acid (AQDS) (Huskinson et al. Nature 2014, 505, 195-1 98 and WO 2014/052682 A2). Yang et al.
  • AQDS 9,10-anthraquinone-2,7-disulphonic acid
  • the cognitive" redox flow battery for large-scale deployment should be aqueous and use highly soluble multi-electron (i.e. highly energy dense) redox active species that are readily available and inexpensive as electrolytes.
  • Derivatized anthra- and benzoqui nones suggested as electrolytes by Huskinson et al. and Yang et al. are commercially available; however, costly and elaborate manufacture of any of them severely limits their broad-range, large-scale employment.
  • alkyi refers to the radical of saturated hydrocarbon groups, or a group derived therefrom, including linear (i.e. straight-chain) alkyi groups, branched-chain alkyi groups, cyclo- alkyl (alicyclic) groups, alkyl-substituted cyclo-alkyl groups, and cyclo-alkyl-substituted alkyi groups.
  • an alkyi group contains less than 30 carbon atoms, more preferably from 1 to 10 carbon atoms ("G-i 0 alkyi”), from 1 to 9 carbon atoms (“G- D alkyi”), from 1 to 8 carbon atoms (“Ci- 8 alkyi”), from 1 to 7 carbon atoms ("G.? alkyi”), or from 1 to 6 carbon atoms ("G- & alkyi”).
  • an alkyi group has 1 to 5 carbon atoms ("Go alkyi").
  • an alkyi group may contain 1 to 4 carbon atoms ("G-4 alkyi"), from 1 to 3 carbon atoms ("G-3 alkyi”), or from 1 to 2 carbon atoms ("G-2 alkyi”).
  • G- 6 alkyi groups include methyl (G), ethyl (G), propyl (G) (e.g., n-propyl, isopropyl), butyl (G) (e.g., n-butyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl), pentyl (G) (e.g., n-pentyl, 3- pentanyl, amyl, neopentyl, 3-methyl-2-butanyl, tertiary amyl), and hexyl (G) (e.g., n-hexyl).
  • Additional examples of alkyi groups include n-heptyl (G), n-octyl (G),
  • each instance of an alkyi group is independently unsubstituted (an "unsubstituted alkyi") or substituted (a "substituted alkyi") with one or more substituents (e.g., halogen, such as F).
  • substituents e.g., halogen, such as F
  • substituted means that at least one hydrogen present on a group is replaced with a permissible substituent, e.g., a substituent which upon substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., a compound which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, or other reaction.
  • a "substituted" group has a substituent at one or more substitutable positions of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure is substituted, the substituent is either the same or different at each position.
  • substituted is contemplated to include substitution with all permissible substituents of organic compounds, and includes any of the substituents described herein that results in the formation of a stable compound.
  • Compounds described herein contemplates any and all such combinations in order to arrive at a stable compound.
  • Heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any suitable substituent as described herein which satisfy the valencies of the heteroatoms and results in the formation of a stable moiety.
  • Compounds described herein are not intended to be limited i n any manner by the exemplary substituents described herein.
  • the alkyl group is an unsubstituted C MO alkyl (such as unsubstituted G-& alkyl, e.g., -CH 3 (Me), unsubstituted ethyl (Et), unsubstituted propyl (Pr, e.g., unsubstituted n-propyl (n-Pr), unsubstituted isopropyl (i-Pr)), unsubstituted butyl (Bu, e.g., unsubstituted n-butyl (n-Bu), unsubstituted tent-butyl (tent-Bu or t-Bu), unsubstituted sec-butyl (sec-Bu), unsubstituted isobutyl (i-Bu)).
  • the alkyl group is a substituted C1 -10 alkyl (such as substituted G-6 alkyl, e.g.,
  • substituents may include, for example, a halogen, a hydroxy!, a carbonyl (such as a carboxyl, an alkoxycarbonyl, a formyl, or an acyl), a thiocarbonyl (such as a thioester, a thioacetate, or a thioformate), an alkoxyl, a phosphoryl, a phosphate, a phosphonate, a phosphinate, an amino, an amido, an amidine, an imine, a cyano, a nitro, an azido, a sulfhydryl, an alkylthio, a sulfate, a sulfonate, a sulfamoyl, a sulfonamido, a sulfonyl, a heterocyclyl, an aralkyl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety.
  • a carbonyl such
  • Substituents may themselves be substituted.
  • the substituents of a "substituted alkyl" may include both substituted and unsubstituted forms of amino, azido, imino, amido, phosphoryl (including phosphonate and phosphinate), sulfonyl (including sulfate, sulfonamido, sulfamoyl and sulfonate), and silyl groups, as well as ethers, alkylthios, carbonyls (including ketones, aldehydes, carboxylates, and esters), -CF 3 , -CN and the like.
  • Cycloalkyls may be further substituted with alkyls, alkenyls, alkoxys, alkylthios, aminoalkyls, carbonyl-substituted alkyls, -CF 3 , -CN, and the l ike.
  • haloalkyl refers a substituted alkyl group, wherein one or more of the hydrogen atoms are independently replaced by a halogen, e.g., fluoro, bromo, chloro, or iodo.
  • Perhaloalkyl is a subset of haloalkyl, and refers to an alkyl group wherei n all of the hydrogen atoms are independently replaced by a halogen, e.g., fluoro, bromo, chloro, or iodo.
  • haloalkyl groups include -CF 3 , -CF 2 CF 3 , -CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 , -CCI3, -CFCI2, -CF2CI, and the like.
  • heteroalkyl refers to an alkyl group as defined herein, which further includes at least one heteroatom (e.g., 1 , 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms) selected from oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur within (i.e., i nserted between adjacent carbon atoms of) and/or placed at one or more terminal position(s) of the parent hydrocarbon chain.
  • heteroatom e.g. 1 , 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms
  • each instance of a heteroalkyl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted heteroalkyl") or substituted (a "substituted heteroalkyl”) with one or more substituents as defined herein.
  • Carbocyclyl or “carbocycl ic” refers to a radical of a non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon group having from 3 to 1 4 ring carbon atoms ("C3-14 carbocyclyl”) and zero heteroatoms in the non-aromatic ring system, or a group derived therefrom.
  • Exemplary C3-& carbocyclyl groups include, without limitation, cyclopropyl (C 3 ), cyclopropenyl (C 3 ), cyclobutyl (CO, cyclobutenyl (C 4 ), cyclopentyl (G), cyclopentenyl (C 3 ), cyclohexyl (C 6 ), cyclohexenyl (C&), cyclohexadienyl (G5), and the like.
  • the carbocyclyl group is either monocyclic (“monocyclic carbocyclyl”) or polycyclic (e.g., containing a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system (“bicyclic carbocyclyl”) or tricyclic system (“tricyclic carbocyclyl”)) and can be saturated or can contain one or more carbon-carbon double or triple bonds.
  • Carbocyclyl also includes ring systems wherein the carbocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the carbocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbons continue to designate the number of carbons in the carbocyclic ring system.
  • each instance of a carbocyclyl group is independently unsubstituted (an "unsubstituted carbocyclyl") or substituted (a "substituted carbocyclyl”) with one or more substituents as defi ned herein.
  • heterocyclyl refers to a radical of a 3- to 1 4-membered non- aromatic ring system having ring carbon atoms and 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur ("3-14 membered heterocyclyl”), or a group derived therefrom.
  • heterocyclyl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment may be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits.
  • a heterocyclyl group can either be monocyclic (“monocyclic heterocyclyl”) or polycyclic (e.g., a fused, bridged or spiro ring system such as a bicyclic system (“bicyclic heterocyclyl”) or tricyclic system (“tricyclic heterocyclyl”)), and may be saturated or may contain one or more carbon- carbon double or triple bonds.
  • Heterocyclyl polycyclic ring systems may include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings.
  • Heterocyclyl also includes ring systems wherein the heterocyclyl ri ng, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl ring, or ring systems wherein the heterocyclyl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl or heteroaryl groups, wherein the point of attachment is on the heterocyclyl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heterocyclyl ring system.
  • each instance of heterocyclyl is independently unsubstituted (an "unsubstituted heterocyclyl") or substituted (a "substituted heterocyclyl") with one or more substituents as defined herein.
  • Exemplary 3-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azirdinyl, oxiranyl, and thiiranyl.
  • Exemplary 4-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, and thietanyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing ⁇ heteroatom include, without limitation, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, dihydrothiophenyl, pyrrolidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, and pyrrolyl-2,5-dione.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include, without limitation, dioxolanyl, oxathiolanyl and dithiolanyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 3 heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazolinyl, oxadiazolinyl, and thiadiazolinyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyridinyl, and thianyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include, without limitation, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, dithianyl, and dioxanyi.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 2 heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazinanyl.
  • Exemplary 7-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azepanyl, oxepanyl and thiepanyl.
  • Exemplary 8-membered heterocyclyl groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azocanyl, oxecanyl and thiocanyl.
  • Exemplary bicyclic heterocyclyl groups include, without limitation, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzothienyl, tetrahydrobenzothienyl, tetrahydrobenzofuranyl, tetrahydroindolyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, clecahydroisoquinolinyl, octahydrochromenyl, octahydroisochromenyl, decahydronaphthyridinyl, decahydro-1 ,8-naphthyridinyl, octahydropyrrolo[3,2-b]
  • aryl refers to a radical of a monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 ⁇ electrons shared in a cyclic array) having 6-14 ring carbon atoms and zero heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system ("Ce-u aryl”), or a group derived therefrom.
  • an aryl group has 6 ring carbon atoms ("C & aryl”; e.g., phenyl).
  • an aryl group has 10 ring carbon atoms ("Go aryl”; e.g., naphthyl such as 1 -naphthyl and 2-naphthyl). In some embodiments, an aryl group has 14 ring carbon atoms ("C M aryl”; e.g., anthracyl).
  • Aryl also includes ring systems wherein the aryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the radical or point of attachment is on the aryl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbon atoms continue to designate the number of carbon atoms in the aryl ring system.
  • each instance of an aryl group is independently unsubstituted (an “unsubstituted aryl") or substituted (a “substituted aryl”) with one or more substituents as defined herein.
  • aryl as used herein thus includes 5-, 6-, and 7-membered single-ring aromatic groups that may include from zero to four heteroatoms, for example, benzene, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, triazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine and pyrimidine, and the like.
  • aryl groups having heteroatoms in the ring structure may also be referred to as "heteroaryls", “aryl heterocycles” or “heteroaromatics.”
  • the aromatic ring may be substituted at one or more ring positions with such substituents as described above, for example, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl, ether, alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester, heterocyclyl, aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties, -CF 3 , -CN, or the like.
  • aryl also includes polycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings (the rings are "fused rings") wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic, e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls and/or heterocyclyls.
  • heteroaryl refers to a radical of a 5-14 membered monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic, tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 ⁇ electrons shared in a cyclic array) having ring carbon atoms and 1 -4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur ("5-14 membered heteroaryl”), or a group derived therefrom.
  • the point of attachment may be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits.
  • Heteroaryl polycyclic ring systems may include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings.
  • Heteroaryl includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heteroaryl ring system.
  • Heteroaryl also includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the aryl or heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members designates the number of ring members in the fused polycyclic (aryl/heteroaryl) ring system.
  • Polycyclic heteroaryl groups wherein one ring does not contain a heteroatom e.g., indolyl, quinolinyl, carbazolyl, and the like
  • the point of attachment can be on either ring, i.e., either the ring bearing a heteroatom (e.g., 2-inclolyl) or the ring that does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., 5-indolyl).
  • each instance of a heteroaryl group is independently unsubstituted (an "unsubstituted heteroaryi") or substituted (a "substituted heteroaryi") with one or more substituents.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryi groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, pyrrolyl, furanyl, and thiophenyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryi groups containing 2 heteroatoms include, without limitation, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, and isothiazolyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryi groups containing 3 heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, and thiadiazolyl.
  • Exemplary 5-membered heteroaryi groups containing 4 heteroatoms include, without limitation, tetrazolyl.
  • Exemplary 6- membered heteroaryi groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, pyridinyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryi groups containing 2 heteroatoms include, without limitation, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, and pyrazinyl.
  • Exemplary 6-membered heteroaryi groups containing 3 or 4 heteroatoms include, without limitation, triazinyl and tetrazinyl, respectively.
  • Exemplary 7- membered heteroaryi groups containing 1 heteroatom include, without limitation, azepinyl, oxepinyl, and thiepinyl.
  • Exemplary 5,6-bicyclic heteroaryi groups include, without limitation, indolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, isobenzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, benzoisofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyi, benzisoxazoly!, benzoxadiazolyl, benzthiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzthiadiazolyl, indolizinyl, and purinyl.
  • Exemplary 6,6-bicyclic heteroaryi groups include, without limitation, naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, quinoiinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, and quinazolinyl.
  • Exemplary tricyclic heteroaryi groups include, without limitation, phenanthridinyl, dibenzofuranyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl and phenazinyl.
  • unsaturated or “partially unsaturated” refers to a moiety that includes at least one double or triple bond.
  • saturated refers to a moiety that does not contain a double or triple bond, i.e., the moiety only contains single bonds.
  • a group is optionally substituted unless expressly provided otherwise.
  • optionally substituted refers to a group which may be substituted or unsubstituted as defined herein.
  • aliphatic group refers to a straight-chain, branched-chain, or cyclic non- aromatic saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon group and includes as alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, and alkynyl groups.
  • alkenyl and alkynyl refer to unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous in length and possible substitution to the alkyls described above, but that contain at least one double or triple bond respectively.
  • alkoxyl refers to group of formula -OR, wherein R is an alkyl group, as defined herein.
  • exemplary alkoxyl groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, tert-butoxy and the like.
  • aralkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with an aryl group (e.g., an aromatic or heteroaromatic group).
  • carrier refers to an aromatic or non-aromatic ring in which each atom of the ring is carbon.
  • carbonyl refers to a group which contains a carbon atom connected with a double bond to an oxygen or a sulfur atom.
  • moieties which contain a carbonyl include aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters, anhydrides, etc.
  • esters refers to groups or molecules which contain a carbon or a heteroatom bound to an oxygen atom which is bonded to the carbon of a carbonyl group.
  • ester includes alkoxycarboxy groups such as methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl, pentoxycarbonyl, etc.
  • alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups are as defined above.
  • carbonyl includes groups such as “alkylcarbonyl” groups where an alkyl group is covalently bound to a carbonyl group, “alkenylcarbonyl” groups where an alkenyl group is covalently bound to a carbonyl group, “alkynylcarbonyl” groups where an alkynyl group is covalently bound to a carbonyl group, “arylcarbonyl” groups where an aryl group is covalently attached to the carbonyl group. Furthermore, the term also refers to groups where one or more heteroatoms are covalently bonded to the carbonyl moiety.
  • the term includes moieties such as, for example, aminocarbonyl moieties, (where a nitrogen atom is bound to the carbon of the carbonyl group, e.g., an amide), aminocarbonyloxy moieties, where an oxygen and a nitrogen atom are both bond to the carbon of the carbonyl group (e.g., also referred to as a "carbamate").
  • aminocarbonylamino groups are also included as well as other combinations of carbonyl groups bound to heteroatoms (e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, etc. as well as carbon atoms), such as thiocarbonyl, thiocarboxylic acid and thiolformate.
  • heteroatom can be further substituted with one or more alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, acyl, etc. moieties.
  • ether refers to groups or molecules which contain an oxygen bonded to two different carbon atoms or heteroatoms.
  • alkoxyalkyl which refers to an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group covalently bonded to an oxygen atom which is covalently bonded to another alkyl group.
  • thioether refers to groups or molecules which contain a sulfur atom bonded to two different carbon or hetero atoms.
  • thioethers include, but are not limited to alkthioalkyls, alkthioalkenyls, and alkthioalkynyls.
  • alkthioalkyls include compounds with an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group bonded to a sulfur atom which is bonded to an alkyl group.
  • alkthioalkenyls and alkthioalkynyls refer to compounds or moieties where an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group is bonded to a sulfur atom which is covalently bonded to an alkynyl group.
  • amine or "amino” includes compounds where a nitrogen atom is covalently bonded to at least one carbon atom or heteroatom.
  • alkyl amino includes groups and compounds where the nitrogen is bound to at least one additional alkyl group.
  • dialkyl amino includes groups where the nitrogen atom is bound to at least two additional alkyl groups.
  • arylamino and “diarylamino” include groups where the nitrogen is bound to at least one or two aryl groups, respectively.
  • alkylarylamino alkylaminoaryl or “arylaminoalkyi” refers to an amino group which is bound to at least one alkyl group and at least one aryl group.
  • alkaminoalkyl refers to an alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group bound to a nitrogen atom which is also bound to an alkyl group.
  • amine or “amino” in particular refers to a -NH 2 group, preferably including any of its protonation states, such as -NH 3 + .
  • amide or "aminocarboxy” includes compounds or moieties which contain a nitrogen atom which is bound to the carbon atom of a carbonyl or a thiocarbonyl group.
  • alkaminocarboxy groups which include alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups bound to an amino group bound to a carboxy group. It includes arylaminocarboxy groups which include aryl or heteroaryl moieties bound to an amino group which is bound to the carbon of a carbonyl or thiocarbonyl group.
  • alkylaminocarboxy include moieties where alkyl, alkenylaminocarboxy,” “alkynylaminocarboxy,” and “arylaminocarboxy” include moieties where alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and aryl moieties, respectively, are bound to a nitrogen atom which is in turn bound to the carbon of a carbonyl group.
  • nitro refers to a -NO? group.
  • halo or halogen refers to fluorine (fluoro, -F), chlorine (chloro, -CI), bromine (bromo, -Br), or iodine (iodo, -I) groups.
  • thiol or "sulfhydryl” refers to a -SH group.
  • hydroxy refers to a -OH group, preferably including all of its protonation states, such as -O*.
  • sulfonyl refers to a -SO 3 H group, preferably including all of its protonation states, such as -S0 3 " .
  • phosphoryl refers to a -P0 3 H? group, preferably including all of its protonation states, such as -PO 3 FT and -P0 3 ⁇ .
  • phosphonyl refers to a -PO3R2 group, wherein each R is H or alkyl, provided at least one R is alkyl, as defined herein, preferably including all of its protonation states, such as
  • Carboxyl refers to a -COOH group, preferably including all of its protonation states, such as -COO ' .
  • oxy refers to a -O group.
  • the term inter alia covers substituted and unsubstituted quinones derived from mono- , di- and trihydroaromatic systems comprising 1 to 3 fused carbon cyclic rings in their oxidized and reduced forms.
  • conjugated when referring to two functional groups (having a double bond) means that the two groups are part of a connected system of p-orbital delocalized electrons with alternating single and multiple bonds.
  • the two groups also include a degree of unsaturation.
  • conjugated groups may include multiple double bonds or aromatic groups (e.g., phenyl) between the groups.
  • aromatic groups e.g., phenyl
  • standard electrode potential means the electrical potential (i.e., the voltage developed) of a reversible electrode at standard state in which solutes are at an effective concentration of 1 mol/liter, the activity for each pure solid, pure liquid, or for water (solvent) is 1 , the pressure of each gaseous reagent is 1 atm., and the temperature is 25° C. Standard electrode potentials are reduction potentials.
  • OCV open circuit voltage
  • the OCV is a function of the state-of-charge (SOC).
  • current density refers to the current per unit geometric area passed by an electrochemical cell.
  • the current density may be determined by measuring the amount of current passed by an electrochemical cell and dividing by the geometric area of the electrode.
  • the term "current efficiency” refers to the ratio of total charge drawn during a period of discharge to the total charge passed during a corresponding period of charge.
  • the current efficiency can be determined by counting the amp-hours passed while charging the redox flow battery between two states (e.g., 0% to 100% state of charge), and counting the amp-hours passed while discharging the battery to back to the original state (e.g., 100% to 0% state of charge), and dividing the amp-hours for the discharge step by the amp-hours for the charge step.
  • the term "voltage efficiency" of a redox flow battery refers to the ratio of the cell voltage at discharge to the voltage at charge. Voltage efficiency is determined for a given current density, for example by measuring the voltage at a given current density while charging and dividing by the voltage at the same current density while discharging. The voltage efficiency may be affected by a number of additional factors, including state of charge.
  • the "state-of-charge" or "SOC" of an electrolyte is determined from the concentration of the charged form of the redox active compound (X C harge) an d tne concentration of the discharged from of the redox active compound (Xaischarge) according to Eq. (ii).
  • X charge
  • positive electrode and “negative electrode” are defined such that the positive electrode is intended to operate as a more positive potential than that of the negative electrode.
  • the positive electrode is associated with the positive electrolyte and the positive redox active compound.
  • the negative electrode is associated with the negative electrolyte and the negative redox active compound.
  • the present invention provides novel combinations of redox active quinones and hydroquinones, which are particularly useful in redox flow battery applications.
  • a redox flow battery may be thought of as a rechargeable battery with a continuous flow of one electrolyte past its negative electrode and a continuous flow of another electrolyte past its positive electrode.
  • the positive and negative electrolytes may be referred to as "posolyte” and “negolyte”, respectively.
  • the electrolytes are stored separately and cycle to and from a power-converting device, such as an electrochemical cell stack, when charging (i.e., absorbing excess electricity from the power source) or discharging (i.e., delivering electricity to the power source).
  • the posolyte "P” is oxidized (i.e., loses electrons) to a higher oxidation state and the negolyte “N” is reduced (i.e., accepts electrons) to a lower oxidation state.
  • the current direction when electricity is utilized from the flow battery, the current direction and thus, the reduction and oxidation reactions are reversed. Accordingly, "P” is reduced to a lower oxidation state and "N” is oxidized to a higher oxidation state.
  • the electrolyte reactions are schematically illustrated in Reaction Scheme (i) and (ii) below. yields
  • P and N are separated into chambers where the positive and negative electrode are eiectronicaily connected in a circuit (for electron flow) and ionically connected with an ion-conducting separator (e.g. a polymer membrane) which allows positively charged ions (usually H ') to flow from one chamber to the other chamber to maintain electroneutrality. If the oxidation and reduction reaction are reversible, the battery can be recharged for reuse.
  • an ion-conducting separator e.g. a polymer membrane
  • the inventive combination is a combination of compounds, preferably quinone compounds, represented by General Formulas (1 ), (2) or (3) as defined herein.
  • the present invention provides a combination of a first redox active composition comprising a first redox active compound, the first redox active compound being characterized by any of general formulas (1 )-(3), more preferably general formulas (1 ) or (2) and most preferably general formula (1 ), or mixtures thereof; and (2) a second redox active composition comprising a second redox active compound, the second redox active compound being characterized by any of general formulas (1 )-(3), more preferably general formulas (2) or (3), and most preferably by general formula (3), or mixtures thereof:
  • (3) is independently selected from hydrogen; hydroxy!; carboxy; optionally substituted G- G alkyl optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S, including -CnH 2n OH, -C n H2iiNH 2 and -C n H2nS0 3 H, wherein n is an integer selected from 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; carboxylic acids; esters; halogen; optionally substituted G- 6 alkoxy, including methoxy and ethoxy; optionally substituted amino or optionally substituted amine, including primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary amines, in particular -NH 2 /NH 3 + , -NHR/NH 2 R + , -NR 2 /NHR 2 + and -NR 3 + , where R is H or optionally substituted G -6 alkyl optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S, including -CfugH 2n OH, -CnH 2 n
  • the inventive combination may be defined as fol lows:
  • a combination of a first redox active composition comprising a first redox active compound, the first redox active compound being characterized by any of general formulas (1 ')- (3'), more preferably general formulas (V) or (2') and most preferably general formula (V), or mixtures thereof; and (2') a second redox active composition comprising a second redox active compound, the second redox active compound being characterized by any of general formulas (1 ')-(3'), more preferably general formulas (2') or (3'), and most preferably by general formula (3'), or mixtures thereof:
  • R'-R 18 are each independently selected from hydrogen; hydroxy!; carboxy; optionally substituted Ci-6 aikyl or optionally substituted C1-6 alkoxy optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S, including -C n H 2n OH, -CnH 2n NH 2 and -CnH 2n S0 3 H, wherein n is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; carboxylic acids; esters; halogen; optionally substituted Ci- 6 alkoxy, including methoxy and ethoxy; optionally substituted amino, including primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary amines, in particular -NH2/NH 3 ', -NHR/NH 2 R + , -NR 2 /NHR 2 ⁇ and -NR 3 + , where R is H or optionally substituted G 6 alkyl optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S, including -C n H 2n OH
  • General Formula (2') and/or at least one of R l1 -R 18 in General Formula (3') is selected from - SO3H; optionally substituted G- 6 alkyl optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S, including -C threadH 2 possiblyOH, -C n H 2r ,NH2 and -Gh SChH, wherein n is an integer selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and optionally substituted amine, in particular -NH 2 /NH 3 + , -NHR/NH 2 R + , -NR 2 /NHR 2 + and -NR 3 + , where R is H or optionally substituted G- 6 alkyl optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S, including -C ThreadH 2n OH, TMCnH 2n NH 2 , -CriggH 2 hassleNR 2 , -C ThreadH 2n C0 2 H and -GH ⁇ SC H, wherein n is an integer selected from 1,
  • R 1 - R 4 of General Formula (1 ) correspond to R 1 - R 4 of General Formula (1 ').
  • R 1 - R 6 of General Formula (2) correspond to R 5 - R 10 of General Formula (2').
  • R 1 - R 8 of General Formula (3) correspond to R 1 1 - R 18 of General Formula (3') ⁇
  • the term graspredox active refers to the capability of a compound or a composition comprising said compound to participate in a redox reaction.
  • “Redox active” materials are thus preferably capable of undergoing a change in oxidation state when subjected to appropriate reduction or oxidation conditions, e.g. during operation of an electrochemical system, such as a redox flow battery.
  • a "redox active” compound may be -under appropriate redox conditions- "oxidized”, i.e. loses electrons, yielding an "oxidation product” (i.e., oxidized form) of the compound.
  • a “redox active compound” may be -under appropriate redox conditions- "reduced", i.e.
  • a “reduction product” i.e., reduced form" of the compound.
  • a “reduction product” i.e., reduced form" of the compound.
  • a “redox active” compound may thus be understood as a chemical compound, which may form a pair or couple of an oxidized and reduced form ("redox pair", “redox couple”).
  • Redox active compositions comprise at least one "redox active compound” typically dissolved in a suitable solvent, such as water. Some redox active compositions comprise a mixture of several redox active compounds as disclosed herein.
  • redox active compound encompasses compounds in at least one, typically two or even more than two oxidation states.
  • the "redox active compound" of the first and second redox active composition may thus be present both in its reduced and in its oxidized form, i.e. forming a redox couple.
  • redox active compounds according to General Formulas (1 ), (2) and (3) herein, reference is made to both redox active compounds both in their oxidized form (as represented by General Formula (1 )(b), (2)(b) and (3)(b) or General Formula (1 ')(b), (2')(b) and (3')(b), respectively) and their reduced form (as represented by General Formula (1 )(a), (2)(a) and (3)(a), or General Formula (T)(b), (2')(b) and (3')(b), respectively).
  • the "redox active compounds" of the inventive combination may be classified as “quinone compounds", which may be present in their oxidized (quinone) or reduced (hydroquinone) forms or both, forming a quinone/hydroquinone redox couple.
  • quinone compound is thus inclusive and refers to oxidized (quinone) and reduced (hydroquinone) forms of the same compound.
  • Each type of redox active compound present in the inventive composition typically exhibits a specific redox potential.
  • the redox potentials of the first and second redox active compound may be the same or different.
  • the redox active compound with the higher redox potential may be referred to as a "positive redox active compound", and in the context of redox flow batteries, the corresponding redox active composition/electrolyte may be referred to as the "positive electrolyte” (posolyte).
  • the redox active compound with the lower redox potential may be referred to as the "negative redox active compound”
  • the corresponding redox active composition/electrolyte may be referred to as the "negative electrolyte” (negolyte).
  • Redox active compositions may be employed as "posolytes” or “negolytes” in redox flow batteries based on their relative redox potentials.
  • redox active compounds and compositions defined herein may in principle be used as either “posolyte” or “negolyte”, depending on the reduction potential of the redox active compound present in the electrolyte of the respective counter electrode. 3.
  • Redox active quinone compounds
  • Redox active compounds of the inventive combination are preferably classified or classifiable as "quinone compounds".
  • Quinone compounds are advantageously capable of undergoing reversible and fast electrochemical transformations between their oxidized (quinone) and reduced (hydroquinone) forms.
  • Quinone/hydroquinone redox couples are particularly suitable for redox flow battery applications, as their rapid redox cycling characteristics enable high battery discharge and charge rates.
  • the facility of electrochemical transformation is characterized by the kinetic parameter termed exchange current density.
  • the standard rate constant for the quinone/hydroquinone couple is of the order of 1 0 ⁇ 3 cm s "1 . This value of rate constant corresponds to very fast reaction rates comparable to other electrochemical couples such as the vanadium redox couple.
  • quinone compounds In aqueous solution, quinone compounds typical ly undergo fast two-electron reduction with or without proton transfer depending on pH. Under acidic conditions, quinones are thus typically reduced to hydroquinones, whereby at least one oxo-group bound to the aromatic ring of the quinone is converted into a hydroxy!-group (cf. Structural Formulas (1 )(a), (2)(a) and (3)(a). 3.2 Quinones compounds: Reduction/Oxidation reactions
  • Redox active compounds according to General Formulas (1 ), (2) and (3), or General Formulas (V), (2') and (3') preferably quinone compounds may undergo oxidation or reduction according to reaction scheme (I), (II) or (III) depicted below. These oxidation or reduction reactions may involve one-electron transfers or multiple-electron transfers.
  • a redox active compound of the inventive combination preferably a quinone compound, may be oxidized or reduced, respectively, by one electron, more preferably by two electrons.
  • a one-electron redox reaction may result in the formation of semiquinones, i.e. intermediate free radicals generated in the conversion of quinones to/from hydroquinones.
  • a two-electron transfer in the conversion of quinones to/from hydroquinones preferably yields hydroquinones/quinones, respectively. Two- electron transfers may occur simultaneously or in a stepwise manner.
  • Reaction Scheme (111 The equilibrium arrows in Reaction Schemes (l)-(lll) are not intended to indicate a reaction mechanism of the electron and proton transfers between forms of the quinone compounds, but are used to indicate the net change in the number of electrons and protons present in each compound Quinones (i.e. quinone compounds in their oxidized form) as represented by General
  • the first redox active composition of the inventive combination may comprise a redox active compound exhibiti ng a higher standard reduction potential and may be used as the positive electrode electrolyte.
  • the second redox active composition of the inventive combination comprise a redox active compound exhibiting a lower reduction potential and may be used as the negative electrode electrolyte.
  • the first redox active composition may be used as the negative electrode electrolyte and the second redox active composition may be the positive electrode electrolyte.
  • a potential difference may typically be applied, causing the reduction of a quinone preferably represented by General Formula (1 )(b), yieldi ng a hydroquinone represented by General Formula (1 )(a) according to Reaction Scheme (I); and the oxidation of a hydroquinone preferably represented by General Formula (3)(b), yielding a quinone represented by General Formula (3)(a) according to Reaction Scheme (III).
  • a cation e.g., H +
  • H + a cation
  • comparably electron- poor 1 -ring benzoquinones may be particularly suitable as high reduction potential redox active compounds in posolytes.
  • a combination comprising a first redox active composition, which includes at least one first redox active compound characterized by any of General Formulas (1 ), (2) or (3), or General Formulas ( ⁇ ), (2') or (3') it may be preferable to provide compounds characterized by General Formulas (1 ) or (2), or General Formulas (V) or (2') and particularly preferable to provide compounds characterized by General Formula (1 ), or General Formula (1 ') as first redox active compound(s), or mixtures thereof.
  • the first redox active composition may thus preferably comprise at least one first redox active benzoquinone compound as characterized by General Formula (1 ), optionally including at least one reduction and/or oxidation product thereof as characterized by General Formula (1 )(a) or (b); or General Formula (1 ')(a) or (b) or mixtures of several different benzoquinone compounds as characterized by General Formula (1 ) or General Formula (V) and optionally at least one reduction and/or oxidation product thereof.
  • General Formula (1 ) optionally including at least one reduction and/or oxidation product thereof as characterized by General Formula (1 )(a) or (b); or General Formula (1 ')(a) or (b) or mixtures of several different benzoquinone compounds as characterized by General Formula (1 ) or General Formula (V) and optionally at least one reduction and/or oxidation product thereof.
  • comparably electron-rich anthraquinones may be particularly suitable as low reduction potential redox active compounds in negolytes.
  • a combination comprising a second redox active composition, which includes at least one second redox active compound characterized by any of General Formulas (1 ), (2) or (3), or General Formulas ( ⁇ ), (2') or (3') it may be preferable to provide compounds characterized by General Formulas (2) or (3), or General Formulas (2') or (3') and particularly preferable to provide compounds characterized by General Formula (3), or General Formula (3') as second redox active compound(s), or mixtures thereof.
  • the second redox active composition may thus preferably comprise at least one second redox active anthraquinone compound characterized by general formula (3), or general formula (3') optionally including at least one reduction and/or oxidation product thereof as characterized by general formula (3)(a) or (b) or general formula (3')(a) or (b); or at least one second redox active naphthoquinone compound characterized by general formula (2), or general formula (2') optionally including at least one reduction and/or oxidation product thereof as characterized by general formula (2)(a) or (b); or general formula (2')(a) or (b) or mixtures thereof.
  • Redox active quinone compounds contained in the first and second redox active composition (preferably used as posolyte and negolyte in the inventive redox flow batteries, respectively) of the inventive combination may preferably be substituted (i.e., at least one of the "R" groups may be selected from a group which is different from H). Substitution may preferably alter or confer important characteristics including solubi lity, stabi lity, redox kinetics, toxicity, and potential or current market price.
  • Solubility may be important because the mass transport limitation at high current density in a redox flow battery is directly proportional to the solubility.
  • An increased solubility may advantageously increase the working concentration of the redox active compounds, reduce solvent costs and increase the energy density per unit volume/weight.
  • the capacity of a redox flow battery depends on the effective concentration of redox active compounds, which is the solubility multiplied by the number of electrons transferred in the redox reactions. Highly soluble electrolytes therefore preferably increase the energy capacity of the redox flow battery and are therefore preferred.
  • the redox active compositions of the inventive combination may preferably comprise quinone compounds according to General Formula (1 ), (2) or (3) or General Formula (V), (2') or (3') in aqueous solution.
  • quinone compounds may exhibit a limited solubility in water.
  • Water solubi lity may be enhanced by attaching polar groups such as ether, polyether, ester, sulfonyl or hydroxyl groups.
  • Such functional groups include, but are not limited to, -S0 3 H/SGy, -PO3H2/-PO3H /-PO3 2 -COOH/-COG > ⁇ , -OH/-0 " , pyridinyl, tmidazoyl, -NH 2 /NH 3 + , -NHR/NH 2 R + , -NR 2 /NHR 2 + and -NR 3 + , where R is H or optionally substituted G- 6 alkyl optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S, including -CnH 2 contendOH, -C n H2nNH 2 , -C threadH 2n NR 2 , -C n H 2n C0 2 H and wherein n is an integer selected from 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, where R is H or optional ly substituted Ci- 6 alkyl optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S, including -CnH 2n OH,
  • Solubility-increasing groups may advantageously be introduced into redox active (quinone) compounds in order to increase their solubility.
  • the resulting redox active composition comprising such compounds (the first or second redox active composition of the inventive combination) may advantageously be used as the posolyte or negolyte in the inventive redox flow batteries.
  • Stability may be important not only to prevent chemical loss for long cycle life, but also because polymerization on the electrode can compromise the electrode's effectiveness.
  • Redox kinetics may be altered by adding electron-withdrawing groups (in order to preferably increase the standard reduction potential of the resulting substituted compound) or electron-donating groups (in order to preferably lower the standard reduction potential of the resulting substituted compound).
  • Electron-withdrawing groups may be selected from -SOaHA-SC -, -OH/-0 " , -COR, -COOR, -N0 2/ -NR 3 + , -CF 3 , -CCI 3 , -CN, -P0 3 H 2 /-P0 3 r+ /-P0 3 2 ⁇ , -COOH/-COO ' , -F, -CI, -Br, -CHO, where R is H or d-io alkyl. Electron-withdrawi ng groups may advantageously be introduced into redox active (quinone) compounds in order to increase their standard reduction potential .
  • the resulting redox active composition comprising such compounds (which may preferably be the first redox active composition of the inventive combination) may advantageously be used as the posolyte in the inventive redox flow batteries.
  • Electron-donating groups may be selected from Ci-e alkyl, including methyl (-CH 3 ), ethyl (-C 2 H 5 ), or phenyl, -NH 2/ -NHR, -NR 2/ -NHCOR, -OR, where R is H or Ch alky).
  • Electron-donati ng groups may advantageously be introduced into redox active (quinone) compounds in order to lower their standard reduction potential.
  • the resulting redox active composition comprising such compounds (which may preferably be the second redox active composition of the inventive combi nation) may advantageously be used as the negolyte in the inventive redox flow batteries.
  • the redox active (quinone) compounds disclosed herein can be used for preparing either the posolyte or the negolyte in the inventive redox flow battery. This depends on the relative standard electrode potentials of the redox active compounds present in the electrolytes. Moreover, each of the redox active (quinone) compounds may be used independently from the disclosed combi nations, e.g. in redox flow batteries deploying a redox active (quinone) compound as disclosed herein as a redox active compound on one electrode side of the redox flow battery cell, and a different redox active compound having a higher or Sower standard reduction potential on the other electrode side of the redox flow battery cell.
  • Preferred quinone compounds for preparing the redox active compositions of the inventive combination are preferably soluble in water, chemically stable and exhibit standard reduction potentials as defined elsewhere herein.
  • quinone compounds used in the redox active compositions of the i nventive combination are highly soluble in water, chemically stable in strongly acidic/basic solutions, and, when used in redox flow batteries, capable of providing high cell voltages of about 1 V, round-trip efficiencies >80%, and high discharge rates.
  • preferred quinone compounds for preparing the first and second redox active composition of the inventive combination may comprise electron-withdrawing or electron-donating groups for increasing or lowering the standard reduction potential (depending on whether the resulting composition is envisaged for use as a posolyte or negolyte, respectively) and optionally further substituents increasing their solubility in water.
  • the said redox active quinone compounds may comprise these substituents in any suitable combination.
  • R 1 may be selected from -H, -S0 H, optionally substituted Ci- 6 alkyl and optional ly substituted amine
  • R 2 may be selected from -H, -OH, -S0 3 H, optionally substituted amine and G-6 alkoxy, preferably methoxy
  • R 3 may be selected from -H, -OH and Ci-6 alkoxy, preferably methoxy
  • R 4 may be selected from -H, -SO 3 H, optionally substituted Ci-6 alkyl, optionally substituted amine and halogen.
  • alkyl and alkoxy groups in particular G-6 alkyl and alkoxy groups disclosed in connected with General Formulas (1 ), (2) and (3) or General Formulas (V), (2') and (3') herein, may be linear or branched, and optionally substituted or unsubstituted.
  • R 1 and/or R 4 may be independently selected from substituted G-6 alkyl selected from -R 5 -S0 3 H, -R 5 -C0 2 H and R 5 -OH, wherein R 3 is G- 6 alkyl optionally comprising at least one, optionally substituted, heteroatom selected from N, O or S; or R 1 , R 2 and/or R 3 according to General Formula (1 ) may be selected from -NH 2 /NH 3 + , -NHR/NH 2 R + , -NR 2 /NH R 2 + and -NR 3 + , where R is H or optionally substituted G-6 alkyl, optionally comprising at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S, including -C n H 2 contendOH, -C n H 2n NH2, -C threadH 2n NR 2; -C,,H 2 remedyC0 2 H and -CpenH 2
  • redox active compounds according to General Formula (1 ) or General Formula (1 ') may be characterized one of the following Structural Formulas (1 .1 )-(1 .1 0), or the correspondi ng quinone forms thereof:
  • R' and R 2 may be independently selected from -H, -OH and G-6 alkoxy, preferably methoxy; and R 3 -R 6 may be independently selected from -H and -SO 3 H.
  • R 5 and R 6 may be independently selected from -H, -OH and C1 -6 alkoxy, preferably methoxy; and R 7 -R 10 may be independently selected from -H and -SO 3 H.
  • R ⁇ R 2 and R 4 may be independently selected from -H, -OH and G-6 alkoxy, preferably methoxy; and R 3 and R s -R 8 may be independently selected from -H and -SO 3 H.
  • R 1 may be -SO3H;
  • R 2 may be -SO3H and R 1 , R 3 and R 4 may preferably be -OH or optionally substituted G-6 alkoxy;
  • R 6 may be -SO3H, R 1 and R 4 or R', R 2 and R 4 may preferably be -OH or optionally substituted G- 6 alkoxy;
  • R 2 and R 6 may be -SO 3 H, R 1 and R 4 or R 1 , R 3 and R 4 may preferably be - OH or optionally substituted G- 6 alkoxy;
  • R 3 and R 6 may be -SO 3 H;
  • R 1 , R 2 and R 4 may preferably be -OH or optionally substituted G- 6 alkoxy;
  • R 2 and R 7 may be -S0 3 H; or
  • R 1 and R 4 are -S0 3 H; wherein each of the others of R ⁇ R 8 may be G-6 alkoxy or -H, preferably -H.
  • R 11 , R 12 and R 14 may be independently selected from -H, -OH and optionally substituted G. 6 alkoxy, preferably methoxy; and R 13 and R 15 -R 18 may be independently selected from -H and -SO 3 H.
  • R n may be -SO 3 H
  • R 12 may be -SO 3 H and R"
  • R 13 and R 14 may preferably be -OH or optionally substituted C,. 6 alkoxy
  • R 16 may be -SO 3 H, R n and R 1 " or R n , R 12 and R 14 may preferably be -OH or optionally substituted G.
  • R' 2 and R i6 may be -SO 3 H, R" and R 14 or R 11 , R' 3 and R 14 may preferably be -OH or optionally substituted G-6 alkoxy;
  • R 13 and R 16 may be -SO3H;
  • R 1 1 , R 12 and R 14 may preferably be -OH or optionally substituted G.6 alkoxy;
  • R 12 and R 17 may be -SO 3 H; or
  • R 11 and R 14 are -SO 3 H; wherein each of the others of R 11 -R 18 may be G-6 alkoxy or -H, preferably -H.
  • R 11 may be
  • R 12 may be -SO 3 H and R 11 , R 13 and R 14 may preferably be -OH;
  • R 16 may be -SO 3 H, R" and R 14 or R 11 , R 12 and R 14 may preferably be -OH;
  • R 12 and R 16 may be -SO 3 H, R n and R 14 or R 11 , R 13 and R 14 may preferably be -OH;
  • R 13 and R 16 may be -SO 3 H;
  • R 11 , R 12 and R 14 may preferably be -OH;
  • R 12 and R 17 may be -S0 3 H; or
  • R 11 and R 14 are -SO 3 H; wherein each of the others of R -R 18 may be G-6 alkoxy or -H, preferably -H.
  • redox active compounds according to General Formula (3) or General Formula (3') may be characterized by Structural Formulas (6.1 ), (6.2), and (6.3), or the corresponding hydroquinone form thereof:
  • the inventive combination may thus comprise a first redox active compound selected from at least one benzohydroquinone characterized by formula (1 .1 )- (1 .6) or (1 .9), or mixtures thereof, and optionally oxidation products thereof; and a second redox active compound selected from preferably at least one anthraquinone characterized by formula (6.1 ) or mixtures thereof, and optionally reduction products thereof; or at least one benzohydroquinone characterized by formula (1 .7) or (1 .8) or (1 .10)
  • redox active compounds useful for preparing the first and/or second redox active composition of the present invention include 1 ,4-benzoquinone-2,5-disulfonic acid, 1 ,4-benzoquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid, 1 ,4-benzoquinone-2 -sulfonic acid, 1 ,4-naphthoquinone- 2,6-disulfonic acid, 1 ,4-naphthoquinone-2,7-disulfonic acid, 1 ,4-naphthoquinone-5,7- disulfonic acid, 1 ,4-naphthoquinone-5-sulfonic acid, 1 ,4-naphthoquinone-2-sulfonic acid, 9, 1 0- anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid
  • redox active compounds according to General Formula (1 ) which are useful for preparing the first and/or second redox active composition of the present invention (preferably used as posolyte or negolyte, respectively, in the inventive redox flow battery) are listed in Table 1 below.
  • R 1 and R 4 may be -SO 3 H.
  • Particularly preferred benzoquinone and benzohydroquinone derivatives are molecules with ID No. 1 -3 and 1 1 -1 6.
  • Further preferred redox active compounds according to General Formula (2), which are useful for preparing the first and/or second redox active composition of the present invention (preferably used as posolyte or negolyte, respectively, in the inventive redox flow battery) are listed in Table 2 below.
  • R 3 may be -SO 3 H.
  • R 4 may be -SO 3 H.
  • R 3 may be -SO 3 H.
  • R 6 may be -SO 3 H.
  • Particularly preferred naphthoquinone and naphthohydroquinone derivatives are molecules with ID No. 17-1 9, 22-23, 48-49, 52-53, 59-61 , 66-68, 70-71 , 74-75.
  • Further preferred redox active compounds according to General Formula (3) which are useful for preparing the first and/or second redox active composition of the present invention (preferably used as posolyte or negolyte, respectively, in the inventive redox flow battery) are listed in Table 3 below.
  • R 3 may be S0 3 H.
  • R 5 may be S0 3 H.
  • R 6 may be S0 3 H.
  • R 7 may be S0 3 H.
  • R 8 may be S0 3 H.
  • anthraquinone and anthrahydroquinone derivatives are molecules with ID No. 87-89, 92-93, 96, 98-103, 107-1 10, 1 12, 1 1 8, 21 1 -212, 21 5, 21 7-230, 232, 234, 236-238, 241 , 249, 263-264, 294-295, 298, 300-310, 312, 314, 31 6, 31 8-31 9, 328, and 337-338.
  • redox active compounds in the first and/or second composition of the inventive combination according to general formula (1 ) or general formula (V) are not selected from one or more of the following:
  • redox active compounds in the first and/or second composition of the inventive combination according to general formula (2) or general formula (2') are not selected from one or more compounds according to the following structural formulas:
  • redox active compounds in the first and/or second composition of the inventive combination according to general formula (3) or general formula (3') are not selected from one or more compounds according to the following structural formulas:
  • redox active compositions of the inventive combination may each comprise at least one redox active compound as disclosed herein (optionally in both reduced and oxidized forms), or a mixture of several of these redox active compounds. Particularly envisaged herein are mixtures of compounds which differ (only) in their substitution pattern, especially their sulfonation pattern.
  • redox active compositions of the inventive combination may comprise or essentially consist of redox active distinctly sulfonated redox active compounds, i.e. wherein different residues "R" in the Formulas (1 )-(3) represent -S0 3 H groups, and wherein the compounds may preferably otherwise be characterized by the same chemical structure.
  • the redox active compounds comprised by the inventive combination may be obtained from a variety of sources.
  • said compounds may advantageously be prepared from lignin, as inter alia described in WO201 7/1 74207 or WO201 7/1 74206, which are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein.
  • said compounds may be obtained from crude oil, coal or pure organic substances.
  • the starting material (be it lignin, crude oil, coal or pure organic substances) is typically subjected to appropriate reaction conditions to obtain aromatic precursor compounds, which may be processed to yield quinone compounds that are subjected to further substitution reactions to introduce the desired substituents, such as -S0 3 H, -OH or alkoxy groups, in particular methoxy.
  • sulfonation may be carried out in the presence of concentrated aqueous sulfuric acid.
  • sulfur trioxide may be mixed with inert gas, such as air, N 2 and/or CO 2 , or complexed with a complexing agent such as pyridine, dioxane, (Ch ⁇ or DMF.
  • a complexing agent such as pyridine, dioxane, (Ch ⁇ or DMF.
  • sulfonation is preferably performed at higher temperatures due to increased resulting yields.
  • an increased temperature is understood to be at least 50°C, preferably 100°C.
  • the temperature shall preferably not decompose the modified compound by pyrolysis. Accordingly, the temperature should preferably be lower than 200°C. Separation of the resulting sulfonated compound(s) may subsequently be carried out, for example, by filtration or salting out.
  • quinone compounds may be subjected to sulfonation by treatment with SO 3 , either from oleum or SO 3 gas.
  • SO 3 sulfuric acid
  • the reaction is preferably performed under atmospheric pressure or elevated pressure in concentrated sulfuric acid at a temperature of 40-300 °C, preferably 60-120 °C for benzohydroquinones and 1 60-180°C for anthraquinones.
  • the reaction is undergone within 1 -6 hours, preferably 3 hours for benzoquinones and 4 hours for anthraquinones.
  • the concentrated sulfuric acid may preferably be poured into water and partially neutralized.
  • the preferred neutralizing agent is calcium hydroxide, the terminative sulfuric acid concentration is 5-30%, preferably 10-20%.
  • the precipitated sulfate may be filtered off.
  • the resulting mixture may be directly concentrated, preferably under reduced pressure, to yield a solution of 0.4-1.5 mol/L active material and 10-40% sulfuric acid.
  • the solution may be completely neutralized either with the same or another neutralizing agent and the water may be evaporated under reduced pressure. Additional sulfates that eventually precipitate are filtered off such that the product precipitates.
  • the first and second redox active composition of the inventive combination preferably comprise different redox active compounds according to General Formulas (1 )-(3).
  • the first and second redox active compound of the first and second redox active composition are preferably characterized by different General Formulas (1 )-(3), respectively.
  • the first and second redox active composition may preferably be provided in the following combinations:
  • each redox active compound according to General Formula (1 ), (2) or (3) or General Formula (V), (2') or (3') may optionally be present in its oxidized form (a) and/or its reduced form (b).
  • each redox active composition comprises benzo-, naphtho- and anthraquinones according to General Formula (1 ), (2), or (3), respectively, as redox active compounds
  • said redox active compounds are preferably different from one another.
  • redox active compounds characterized by the same General Formula (1 ), (2) or (3) preferably exhibit a different substitution pattern.
  • the first and/or second redox active composition may comprise a mixture of redox active compounds, as described in greater detail below.
  • the first and second redox active composition may be provided in separate compartments.
  • Said compartments may be containers or tanks, which are preferably electrically connected. More preferably, said compartments may be redox flow battery half-cells. Accordingly, the first and second redox active composition may preferably each be provided in a half-cell of the same redox flow battery.
  • the first and second redox active compound contained in the first and second redox active composition may be provided in pure form, or may be dissolved or suspended in (a) suitable solvent(s), optionally in combination with further additives.
  • the first and second redox active composition are provided in liquid form, e.g. in pure liquid form or dissolved in a solvent.
  • the first and second redox active composition may comprise one or more different redox active compounds, preferably quinone compounds, as disclosed herein.
  • the first and/or the second redox active composition may comprise 1 or a mixture of 2, 3, 4, 5 or more different redox active compounds, preferably quinone compounds, as disclosed herein, and optionally solvents and/or further additives.
  • the term "redox active composition comprising at least one redox active compound, or a mixture thereof" thus refers to compositions comprising or (essentially) consisting of 1 or 2, 3, 4, 5 or more different redox active compound(s).
  • the term installingessentially consisting of means a composition comprising 1 or
  • redox active compound(s) 2, 3, 4, 5 or more different redox active compound(s) and a minor amount of by-products, impurities or contaminants which preferably constitute less than 10 wt%, more preferably less than 5 wt% of the overall composition by dry content mass.
  • the term "consisting” is understood as referring to a composition which is exclusively composed of 1 or 2, 3, 4, 5 or more different redox active compound(s), without any by-products, impurities, contaminants or further additives.
  • a redox active composition "consisting of" a redox active compound means a composition which is composed of a 100% pure compound.
  • quinone compounds When referring to a mixture of "different" quinone compounds, preferably mixtures of quinone compounds sharing a basic chemical structure according to either of General Formula (1 ), (2) or (3) or General Formula (V), (2') or (3') are meant. These quinone compounds may preferably differ in their substitution patterns.
  • the first redox active composition of the present invention may preferably comprise or essentially consist of 1 or 2, 3, 4, 5 or more differently substituted benzoquinone compounds according to General Formula (1 ) or General Formula (V).
  • the second redox active composition of the present invention may preferably comprise or essentially consist of 1 or 2, 3, 4, 5 or more differently substituted anthraquinone compounds according to General Formula (3) or General Formula (3').
  • redox active compounds of a "mixture” may be characterized by the same or different Genera! Formulas (1 ), (2) or (3) or General Formulas (1 '), (2') or (3') ⁇ Said redox active compounds are typically different from one another.
  • said redox active compounds present as a mixture in the first and/or second redox active composition preferably exhibit a different substitution pattern.
  • the first and/or second redox active composition may comprise a mixture of differently substituted benzoquinones. Combinations of redox active compositions #1 and #3 according to table 4 may be particularly preferred.
  • preferred combinations according to the invention may comprise: a first redox active composition comprising a benzoquinone according to General Formula (1 ) or General Formula ( ⁇ ), or a mixture of differently substituted benzoquinones according to General Formula (1 ) or General Formula ( ⁇ '), as a first redox active compound; and a second redox active composition comprising a benzoquinone according to General Formula (2) or General Formula (2'), or a mixture of differently substituted benzoquinones according to General Formula (2) or General Formula (2'), as a second redox active compound; or a first redox active composition comprising a benzoquinone according to General Formula (1 ) or General Formula (V), or a mixture of differently substituted benzoquinones according to General Formula (1 ) or General Formula (1 '), as a first redox active compound; and an anthraquinone according to General Formula (3) or General Formula (3'), or a mixture of differently anthraquinones according to General Formula (3) or General Formula (3'), as a first re
  • Mixtures of redox active compounds preferably have the advantage that compounds, which are more expensive and/or difficult to produce, can be mixed with compounds, which are less expensive and/or difficult to produce , but retain or even excel the desired redox properties of the single redox active compound (cf. Example 1 ).
  • the inventive combination includes redox active compositions comprising redox active quinone compounds only. However, it may also be conceivable to provide redox active compositions comprising additional, non-quinone redox active compounds.
  • the redox flow battery of the invention includes a first or second redox active composition as described herein as a posolyte or negolyte, and the respective electrolyte of the counter electrode, which preferably does not contain a quinone compound according to General Formulas (1 ), (2) or (3) or General Formulas (1 '), (2') or (3') as disclosed herein.
  • additional redox active compounds may be selected from a metal or metal oxide such as vanadium, iron, chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, lead, manganese, titanium, zinc or oxides thereof; a metal salt; a metal-ligand coordination compound such as hexacyanoiron complexes, e.g.
  • ferrocyanide bromine; chlorine; iodine; oxygen; an organic dye such as indigo carmine, viologen, methyl viologen or benzylviologen; an organic compound such as tetrazole, diaryl ketone, dipyridyl ketone, dialkoxy benzene, phenothiazine, catechol, catechol ether, catechol phenylborate ester, and in particular tetrafluorocatechol, 5-mercapto-l - methyltetrazoledi-(2-pyridyl)-ketone, 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1 ,4-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)benzene (DBBB), 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1 ,4-dimethoxybenzene, 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1 ,4-bis(2,2,2- trifluoroethoxy)benzene, or 5,6,7,8-tetraflu
  • first and/or second redox active composition does not comprise any additional non-quinone redox active compound compound.
  • the first and second redox active composition may preferably further comprise at least one solvent.
  • Each composition may comprise a single solvent or a combination of two or more solvents.
  • the solvent or solvents of the first and second redox active composition may be the same or may be different from each other.
  • the redox active compound of one or both of the first or second redox active composition is a liquid material, it may also be conceivable that the solvent is omitted.
  • Solvents known in the battery art include, for example, organic carbonates (e.g., ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and the like, or mixtures thereof), ethers (e.g., diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, dimethoxyethane, and 1 ,3 dioxolane), esters (e.g., methyl formate, gamma-butyrolactone, and methyl acetate), and nitri les (e.g., acetonitrile).
  • organic carbonates e.g., ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and the like, or mixtures thereof
  • ethers e
  • Particularly suitable solvents for dissolving or suspending the redox active compounds of the first and second redox active composition include, without limitation, water, ionic liquids, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, acetonitrile, acetone, dimethylsulfoxide, glycol, carbonates such as propylenecarbonate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate,propylene carbonate; polyethers such as dimethoxyethane; gamma-butyrolactone tetrahydrofuran; dioxolane; sulfolane; dimethylformamide; diethylformamide; C0 2 and supercritical C0 2 ; or a mixture thereof.
  • the first and second redox active composition may be provided as an aqueous solution.
  • the redox active compound(s) may be dissolved or suspended in an aqueous solvent system.
  • the term “makingaqueous solvent system” refers to a solvent system comprising preferably at least about 20% by weight of water, relative to total weight of the solvent (which may optionally comprise further solvents, or additives as described in greater detail below).
  • the term “webaqueous solvent system” thus includes solvents comprising at least about 40%, at least about 50 wt%, at least about 60 wt %, at least about 70 wt %, at least about 75 wt %, at least about 80%, at least about 85 wt %, at least about 90 wt %, at least about 95 wt %, or at least about 98 wt % water, relative to the total solvent.
  • any co-solvents are included in the weight of the solvent but any type of redox active compound, buffer, or other supporting electrolyte is not considered a solvent, even if such species is a liquid.
  • the co-solvent When a co-solvent is present, the co-solvent may be soluble, miscible, or partially miscible with water.
  • the aqueous solvent may consist essentially of water, and be substantially free or entirely free of any additives.
  • the solvent system may be at least about 90 wt %, at least about 95 wt %, or at least about 98 wt % water, or may be free of any additives.
  • the quasi-semiconductor solvent system may include solvents comprising at least 40%, at least 50 wt%, at least 60 wt %, at least 70 wt %, at least 75 wt %, at least 80%, at least 85 wt %, at least 90 wt %, at least 95 wt %, or at least 98 wt % water, relative to the total solvent.
  • the first and second redox active composition may be provided an a solution of 5-37 wt% sulphuric acid in water, more preferably 10-30 w ⁇ %, even more preferably 15-25 wt % or and most preferably of 20 wt% sulphuric acid in water.
  • the first and second redox active composition may be provided in a solution of 1 -30 % sodium hydroxide or potassiumhydroxicle or a mixture thereof in water, more preferably 2-20 wt%, even more preferably 4-12 wt % or and most preferably of 8-10 wt% sulphuric acid in water.
  • the first and second redox active composition of the inventive combination are thus preferably provided as aqueous solutions.
  • H + ions shuttle between the aqueous first and second redox active composition used as posolyte and the negolyte, respectively, through a separator to balance charges that develop during the oxidation and reduction of the redox active compounds. It is, however, in principle also conceivable to provide the first and second redox active composition in non-aqueous solvent systems. In such cases, additional electrolyte salt components may be added to the compositions, and the cation component of said electrolyte salt may travel between the compositions of the inventive combination to balance out charges.
  • the electrolyte salt components of the first and second redox reactive composition may be any electrochemically stable salt.
  • compositions may include a single salt or a combination of two or more salts.
  • the cation component of the electrolyte salt can be any monovalent (e.g., Li + , Na + , Ag 1 , Cu + , NH 4 ' , and the like) or multivalent cation (e.g., Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , and the like).
  • the cation may comprise an alkali metal ion, such as lithium or sodium; an alkaline earth metal ion, such as magnesium or calcium; and/or an organic cation, such as tetraalkyl ammonium ions.
  • the anionic component of the electrolyte salts can be any anion suitable for use in nonaqueous electrolytes for lithium or sodium ion-type batteries.
  • suitable anionic components of the alkali metal salts include tetrafluoroborate ion (BF 4 ⁇ ); hexafluorophosphate ion (PF 6 ⁇ ); perchlorate ion (CICV); hexafluoroarsenate ion (AsF 6 ); trifluoromethanesulfonate ("triflate” or CF 3 S0 3 ⁇ ) ion; bis(perfluoroethanesulfonyl)imide (BETI) ion (N(S0 2 CF 2 CF : ;) ⁇ ); bis(oxalato)borate (BOB) ion (B(C 2 0 4 ) 2 ⁇ ); halogen-substituted borane (B i 2 XnH
  • the electrolyte salts of the first and second redox active composition can be different materials or can be composed of the same material or materials.
  • Non-limiting examples of some electrolyte salts include, e.g., LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , lithium triflate, NaBF 4 , NaPF 6 , and sodium triflate.
  • the first and second redox active compound may be present in the first and second redox active composition (preferably used as posolyte and negolyte in the inventive redox flow batteries, respectively) in any suitable amount.
  • the concentration of the redox active compound in the respective composition is typically given as the total of the concentration of all redox active compounds present in the redox active composition.
  • the redox active composition may comprise a single redox active compound (e.g., quinone compound characterized by General Formula (1 ) or General Formula (1 ')) ⁇ Alternatively, the redox active composition may comprise multiple redox active compounds (e.g., quinone compounds characterized by General Formula (1 ) and (2) or General Formula (V) and (2'), or differently substituted quinone compounds characterized by Formula (1 .1 ) and (1 .2)).
  • the number of types of redox active compounds is not limited, and not all compounds need be a quinone compound. However, it is typically preferred that all redox active compounds contained within the redox active composition of the inventive combination are redox active quinone compounds characterized by General Formulas (1 ), (2) or (3) or General Formulas (V), (2') or (3').
  • the concentration of the first redox active compound in the first redox active composition may be between about 0.3 M and about 12 M.
  • the concentration of the first redox active compound in the first redox active composition may be at least about 0.3 M, at least about 0.5 M, at least about 1 M, at least about 2 M, at least about 4 M, or at least about 6 M.
  • the concentration of the first redox active compound in the first redox active composition may be between about 0.5 M and about 2 M, between about 2 M and about 4 M, between about 4 M and about 6 M, or between about 6 M and about 1 0 M.
  • the concentration of the first redox active compound in the first redox active composition may be between 0.3 M and 1 2 M.
  • the concentration of the first redox active compound in the first redox active composition may be at least 0.3 M, at least 0.5 M, at least 1 M, at least 2 M, at least 4 M, or at least 6 M.
  • the concentration of the first redox active compound in the first redox active composition may be between 0.5 M and 2 M, between 2 M and 4 M, between 4 M and 6 M, or between 6 M and 10 M.
  • the concentration of the second redox active compound in the second redox active composition may be between about 0.3 M and about 1 2 M.
  • the concentration of the second redox active compound in the second redox active composition may be at least about 0.3 M, at least about 0.5 M, at least about 1 M, at least about 2 M, at least about 4 M, or at least about 6 M.
  • the concentration of the second redox active compound in the second redox active composition may be between about 0.5 M and about 2 M, between about 2 M and about 4 M, between about 4 M and about 6 M, or between about 6 M and about 10 M.
  • the concentration of the second redox active compound in the second redox active composition may be between 0.3 M and 12 M.
  • the concentration of the redox active compound in the redox active composition may be at least 0.3 M, at least 0.5 M, at least 1 M, at least 2 M, at least 4 M, or at least 6 M.
  • the concentration of the second redox active compound in the second redox active composition may be between 0.5 M and 2 M, between 2 M and 4 M, between 4 M and 6 M, or between 6 M and 10 M.
  • the introduction of sulfonyl groups may advantageously increase the solubility of the resulting sulfonated redox active (quinone) compound in water.
  • the redox active compounds of the first and second redox active composition are water-soluble.
  • the redox active (quinone) compounds of said compositions are water- soluble in concentrations of at least 0.3 M, preferably at least 0.6 M, more preferably at least 1 .0 M at 25°C . 4.5 Additives
  • the first and/or second redox active composition (preferably used as posolyte and negolyte in the inventive redox flow batteries, respectively) of the inventive combination may optionally comprise further additives.
  • the first and/or second redox active composition of the inventive combination may comprise co-solvents; buffering agents; emulsifying agents; further redox active compounds; supporting electrolytes; ionic liquids; acids; bases; viscosity modifiers; wetting agents; stabilizers; salts; or combinations thereof.
  • Buffers may be selected from citrates, phosphates, borates, carbonates, silicates, carboxylates, sulfonates, alkoxides, trisaminomethane (Tris), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1 - piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), piperazine-N,N'-bis(ethanesulfonic acid) (PIPES), ammonium salts, pyridinium salts, and combinations thereof.
  • Acids may be selected from HCI, H2SO4, HCIO4, H3PO4, or HNO3, or a mixture thereof.
  • Bases may be selected from LiOH, NaOH, OH, LiCS, NaCl, KCI, or a mixture thereof.
  • Salts may be selected from those comprising monovalent cations (e.g., H Li Na', K + , NH 4 + , Cu*) or multivalent cations (e.g., Mg 2+ , Ca 2 ', Cu + , Zn 2+ ) or both, or those derived from alkali metals, alkaline metals or transition metals, and any suitable anion (e.g., hydroxide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, carbonate, perchlorate, or borate) or any combination or mixture thereof. Any combination of the aforementioned additives is also envisaged herein for preparing the first and second redox active composition of the inventive combination.
  • monovalent cations e.g., H Li Na', K + , NH 4 + , Cu*
  • multivalent cations e.g., Mg 2+ , Ca 2 ', Cu + , Zn 2+
  • any suitable anion e.g., hydroxide,
  • the first and/or second redox active composition (preferably used as posolyte and negolyte in the inventive redox flow batteries, respectively) may be characterized as having a pH of between >0 and about 14 or between about 0 and about 14.
  • the pH of the first and second redox active composition of the inventive combination may be equal or substantially similar; or the pH of the two composition may differ by a value in the range of about 0.1 to about 2 pH units, about 1 to about 10 pH units, about 5 to about 12 pH units, about 1 to about 5 pH units, about 0.1 to about 1 .5 pH units, about 0.1 to about 1 pH units, or about 0.1 to about 0.5 pH units.
  • the term substantially similar without further qualification, is intended to connote that the difference in pH between the two compositions is about 1 pH unit or less, such as about 0.4 or less, about 0.3 or less, about 0.2 or less, or about 0.1 pH units or less.
  • the redox active composition will have a pH above 7 (basic) or below 7 (acidic). If the compounds have a higher solubility under acidic conditions, the first and/or the second redox active composition may have a pH between about 0 and about 7 more preferably between about 0 to about 5, most preferably between about 0 and about 2, or between about 2 and about 4. Also, the pH may be below 0 whenever strong acidic conditions are desired.
  • the first and/or the second redox active composition may have a pH between about 7 and about 14, more preferably between about 9 to about 14, most preferably between about 10 and about 12, or between about 12 and about 14. Also, the pH may be well beyond 14 whenever strong basic conditions are desired. In particular, the pH of the two composition may differ by a value in the range of 0.1 to
  • the first and/or the second redox active composition may have a pH between 7 and 14, more preferably between 9 to 14, most preferably between 10 and 12, or between 12 and 14.
  • the pH of the first and/or second redox active composition may be maintained by a buffer, preferably a buffer as described in the section "additives" herein.
  • the redox active compounds of the inventive combination may preferably be chosen to achieve a difference in standard reduction potential (or "standard cell potential", E 0 ce ii) between the redox reactions of the first and second redox active compound which enables their use as posolyte or negolyte, respectively, in a redox flow battery as described herein.
  • the redox active compounds may be chosen to achieve a standard cell potential of at least 0.0 V, preferably at least +0.5 V, more preferably at least +0.8 V, even more preferably at least +1 .0 V, and most preferably of at least + ⁇ .5 V against SHE, typically between +0.5 and +1 .5 V, preferably between +0.8 and +1 .2 V against SHE.
  • the standard cell potential (EVn) is the difference in the standard reduction potentials (against the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)) of the two half-cell reactions at the cathode and anode: eq.1
  • the Nernst Equation (eq. 2) enables the determination of the cel l potential under nonstandard conditions. It relates the measured cell potential to the reaction quotient and allows the accurate determination of equil ibrium constants (including solubility constants).
  • the standard reduction potential ⁇ E° a t > E an) °f eacn redox active compound is characteristic for each compound and its substitution pattern and is inter alia related to the electronic energy of the molecular orbitals.
  • the addition of -SO 3 H groups may increase the standard reduction potential of the resulting compound, which is consistent with the lowering of molecular orbital energies by electron-withdrawing groups.
  • the first redox active compound of the inventive combination may preferably exhibit a standard reduction potential (E°) of at least about 0.0 V, more preferably of at least about + 0.5 V, even more preferably of at least about +0.6 V, most preferably of at least about +0.7 V or more against SHE.
  • the second redox active compound of the inventive combination may preferably exhibit a standard reduction potential (E°) of about +0.3 V or less, more preferably of about +0.1 V or less, even more preferably of about 0.0 V or less, about -0.5 V or less, about - 0.6V or less, about -1 .0V or less or about -1 .2 V or less.
  • the first redox active compound of the inventive combination may preferably exhibit a standard reduction potential (E°) of at least 0.0 V, more preferably of at least + 0.5 V, even more preferably of at least +0.6 V, most preferably of at least +0.7 V or more against SHE.
  • the second redox active compound of the inventive combination may preferably exhibit a standard reduction potential (E°) of +0.3 V or less, more preferably of +0.1 V or less, even more preferably of 0.0 V or less, -0.5 V or less, -0.6V or less, -1 .0V or less or -1 .2 V or less.
  • the first redox active compound may have a standard reduction potential that is at least 0.3 V higher than the standard reduction potential of the second redox active compound.
  • Redox active (quinone) compounds featuring more positive (less negative) standard reduction potentials (E°) and redox active compositions comprising the same are particularly suitable as posolytes in redox flow batteries of the invention.
  • Redox active (quinone) compounds featuring more negative (less positive) standard reduction potentials (E°) and redox active compositions comprising the same are particularly suitable as negolytes in redox flow batteries of the invention.
  • the present invention provides a redox flow battery comprising the inventive combination of first and second redox active composition.
  • a redox flow battery comprising the inventive combination of first and second redox active composition.
  • the present invention provides a redox flow battery comprising a positive electrode contacting a first electrolyte (also referred to herein as a "positive electrolyte”, “posolyte”), a negative electrode contacting a second electrolyte (also referred to herein as a “negative electrolyte”, “negolyte”), and a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
  • the electrolytes are provided in liquid form, either in pure liquid form or dissolved in a solvent.
  • the electrodes are preferably in fluid communication with the posolyte or negolyte, respectively.
  • redox flow batteries according to the invention further comprise a positive electrode reservoir (“posolyte chamber”) comprising the positive electrode immersed within the positive electrode electrolyte, said positive electrode chamber forming the first redox flow battery half-cell; and a negative electrode chamber (“negolyte chamber”) comprising the negative electrode immersed within the negative electrode electrolyte, said negative electrode chamber forming the second redox flow battery half-cell.
  • Each chamber and its associated electrode and electrolyte thus defines its corresponding redox flow battery half-cell.
  • Each electrolyte preferably flows through its corresponding half-cell flow so as to contact the respective electrode disposed within the electrolyte, and the separator.
  • the electrochemical redox reactions of the electrolytes occur within said half-cells.
  • the separator is preferably disposed between both electrodes and, thus, both half-cells, and thereby partitions both half-cells from each other.
  • the first redox active composition of the inventive combination may be used as the posolyte.
  • Said posolyte is typically provided in liquid form, and the positive electrode is preferably immersed in the liquid posolyte within the posolyte chamber.
  • the posolyte chamber is defined by a second housing or enclosure.
  • the posolyte chamber is preferably adapted to communicate with a first positive electrolyte reservoir ("posolyte reservoir") and optionally a second posolyte reservoir (e.g., via openings, valves, tubing, and the like to connect the interior of the housing/enclosure with the interior of the reservoirs).
  • the first posolyte reservoir, the posolyte chamber, and optionally the second posolyte reservoir together define a posolyte circulation pathway.
  • a pump is preferably operably positioned within the posolyte circulation pathway to facilitate circulation of the posolyte within the posolyte circulation pathway over the positive electrode.
  • the pump may be positioned in any convenient location in the posolyte flow pathway (e.g., between the first posolyte reservoir and the posolyte chamber, between the second posolyte reservoir and the posolyte chamber, or integral with a portion of the posolyte chamber or posolyte reservoirs).
  • the second redox active composition of the inventive combination may be used as the negolyte.
  • Said negolyte is typically provided in liquid form, and the negative electrode is preferably immersed in the liquid negolyte within the negolyte chamber.
  • the negolyte chamber is defined by a first housing or enclosure.
  • the negolyte chamber is preferably adapted to communicate with a first negative electrolyte reservoir ("negolyte reservoir") and optionally a second negolyte reservoir (e.g., via openings, valves, tubing, and the like to connect the interior of the housing/enclosure with the interior of the reservoirs).
  • the first negolyte reservoir, the negolyte chamber, and optionally the second negolyte reservoir together define a negolyte circulation pathway.
  • a pump is preferably operably positioned within the negolyte circulation pathway to facilitate circulation of the negolyte within the negative electrolyte circulation pathway and over the negative electrode.
  • the pump may be positioned in any convenient location in the negolyte flow pathway (e.g., between the first negolyte reservoir and the negolyte chamber, between the second negolyte reservoir and the negolyte chamber, or integral with a portion of the negolyte chamber or negolyte reservoirs).
  • the posolyte and negolyte chambers are electrically connected to an electrical power supply or load. They may be composed of any material that is preferably (electro-)chemically inert and suitable to retain the respective electrolytes.
  • the redox flow battery may further comprise at least one posolyte reservoir and at least one negolyte reservoir, which function as storage tanks for the posolyte and negolyte, respectively.
  • the tank volume preferably determines the quantity of energy stored in the system, which may be measured in kWh.
  • the circulation loops of the redox flow battery may comprise any valves, rigid or flexible tubes, pipes, bypass loops, manifolds, joints, openings, apertures, filters, pumps, gas inlets and outlets, pressurizing devices, pressure release features, pressure equalizing features, flow features, or any other features suitable for systems for liquid and gas handling.
  • Pumps suitable for use in the redox flow batteries described herein include internal gear pumps, screw pumps, shuttle block pumps, flexible vane pumps, sliding vane pumps, circumferential piston pumps, helical twisted root pumps, piston pumps, diaphragm pumps, peristaltic pumps, centrifugal pumps, and the like, which are well known in the liquid pumping art.
  • the utility of a given pump will be dependent on the chemical resistance of the pump to the electrolyte components in contact therewith (i.e., materials compatibility).
  • the electrolytes may be recirculated by any other method, e.g., stirring, convection, sonication, etc., which may obviate the need for pumps.
  • the redox flow battery may further comprise any controllers, sensors, meters, alarms, wires, circuits, switches, signal filters, computers, microprocessors, control software, power supplies, load banks, data recording equipment, power conversion equipment, and other devices suitable for operating a battery and optionally ensuring safe, autonomous, and efficient operation of the redox flow battery.
  • controllers sensors, meters, alarms, wires, circuits, switches, signal filters, computers, microprocessors, control software, power supplies, load banks, data recording equipment, power conversion equipment, and other devices suitable for operating a battery and optionally ensuring safe, autonomous, and efficient operation of the redox flow battery.
  • FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a redox flow battery that includes a combination of redox active compositions according to the invention.
  • Redox flow battery 100 includes at least one redox flow battery cell 1 10 composed of positive electrolyte chamber 120 and negative electrolyte chamber 130.
  • Positive electrolyte (posolyte) chamber 120 contains positive electrode 122 immersed in a posolyte 124
  • negative electrolyte (negolyte) chamber 130 contains negative electrode 132 immersed in negolyte 134.
  • Several redox flow battery cells may be combined to form an electrochemical cell stack (not shown).
  • Separator 1 12 is interposed between posolyte chamber 124 and negolyte chamber 134 and, and allows passage of cations (C) back and forth between the posolyte and negolyte to balance out charges that form during oxidation and reduction of materials within the electrolytes. Reduction occurs during discharge at the positive electrode and oxidation occurs during discharge at the negative electrode. Conversely, oxidation occurs during charging at the positive electrode and reduction occurs during charging at the negative electrode.
  • Redox flow battery 100 further includes a positive electrode reservoir 126 in fluid communication with the positive electrode 122. The positive electrode electrolyte 124 is stored in the positive electrode reservoir 126 to charge and discharge the redox flow battery.
  • the positive electrode electrolyte cycles through battery cell 1 10 from positive electrode reservoir 126 via the pumping action of pump 128.
  • a negative electrode reservoir 136 is in fluid communication with the negative electrode 132.
  • the negative electrode electrolyte 134 is stored in the negative electrode reservoir 136 to charge and discharge the flow battery.
  • the negative electrode electrolyte cycles through battery cell 1 10 from negative electrode reservoir 136 via the pumping action of pump 138.
  • a redox flow battery according to the invention may be both charged and discharged.
  • redox active compounds contained in the posolyte preferably: the first redox active composition disclosed herein
  • redox active compounds contai ned in the negolyte preferably: the second redox active composition disclosed herein
  • undergo reduction whereas during discharge, redox active compounds contained in the posolyte (preferably: the first redox active composition disclosed herein) undergo reduction, and redox active compounds contained in the negolyte (preferably: the second redox active composition disclosed herein) undergo oxidation.
  • the reduction product H 2 Q' of the at least one first redox active compound in the first redox active composition may be oxidized to a first oxidation product Q 1 .
  • the oxidation product Q 2 of the at least one second redox active compound in the second redox active composition may be reduced to the a first reduction product H 2 Q 2 .
  • the oxidation product Q 1 of the at least one first redox active compound in the first redox active composition may be reduced to regenerate the first reduction product H 2 Q 1 .
  • the reduction product H 2 Q 2 of the at least one second redox active compound of the second redox active composition may oxidized to regenerate the second organic compound Q 2 .
  • Charging of the inventive redox flow battery is typically accomplished by applying an electric potential to the negative and positive electrodes, while simultaneously pumping the negolyte over the negative electrode, typically from the first negolyte reservoir to a second negolyte reservoir, and pumpi ng the positive electrolyte over the positive electrode, typically from the first posolyte reservoir to a second posolyte reservoir. Cations flow across the separator to balance the charges.
  • Electrons move from the power supply to the negative electrode, where they are transferred to the redox active compounds contained in the negolyte, converting those compounds to their reduced form(s). Electrons are also transferred from redox active compounds of the posolyte to the positive electrode, and to the power supply, converting those compounds to oxidized form(s). Ions (preferably H + ) shuttle between the posolyte and negolyte to balance the charges that develop as a result of oxidation and reduction of redox active compounds in each electrolyte. The positive (higher) potential redox active compound present in the posolyte is thereby oxidized, while the negative (lower) potential redox active compound present in the negolyte is reduced.
  • the inventive redox flow battery is preferably charged by applying a potential difference across the first and second electrode, such that the first redox active compound is oxidized, and the second redox active compound is reduced.
  • the oxidized and reduced redox active composition may be transported to and stored in posolyte and negolyte reservoirs, respectively. Thereby, energy can be stored by charging the battery from an energy source.
  • Discharging of the inventive redox flow battery is achieved by placing the electrodes in a circuit (e.g., with a power grid) and reversing the direction of electrolyte flow, with the stored reduced redox active compound present in the negolyte (preferably: the second redox active composition) being pumped over the negative electrode typically back into the first negolyte reservoir, and the stored oxidized positive redox reactive compound present in the posolyte (preferably: the first redox active composition) being pumped over the positive electrode back into the first posolyte reservoir. Cations again flow across the ion-permeable separator (in the opposite direction) to balance the charges.
  • a circuit e.g., with a power grid
  • Electrons also move from the power supply to the positive electrode and are transferred to the oxidized form(s) of the redox active compound(s) contained in the posolyte, converting them to reduced form(s).
  • Ions preferably H + shuttle between the posolyte and negolyte to balance the charges that develop as a result of oxidation and reduction of redox active compounds in each electrolyte.
  • the inventive redox flow battery is preferably discharged by applying a potential difference across the first and second electrode such that the first redox active compound is reduced, and the second redox active compound is oxidized.
  • posolyte 124 preferably comprises water and at least one first redox active compound which is preferably a first quinone compound (QVH 2 Q 1 ).
  • the posolyte 124 flows over and contacts positive electrode 122.
  • the at least one quinone compound of the posolyte 124 may be characterized by General Formula (1 ).
  • the negolyte 134 preferably comprises water and at least one second redox active compound which is preferably a second quinone compound (Q 2 /H 2 Q 2 ).
  • the negolyte 134 flows over and contacts negative electrode 132.
  • the at least one quinone compound of the negolyte may be characterized by General Formula (3) or General Formula (3').
  • the redox reactions of the inventive redox flow battery generally proceed at temperatures of 100 °C or less; typically 25 °C or less. Generally, the redox reactions of the battery of the present invention proceed at temperatures of between 10 and 100 °C.
  • Oxygen may or may not be excluded from the battery of the present invention.
  • the redox reactions may proceed within a closed system, e.g. under an inert atmosphere such as N 2 , if necessary.
  • redox flow battery electrolytes and electrode materials are generally based on their electrochemical properties (e.g., stability window), physical properties (e.g., viscosity, vapor properties), safety (e.g., corrosiveness, toxicity), and cost.
  • electrochemical properties e.g., stability window
  • physical properties e.g., viscosity, vapor properties
  • safety e.g., corrosiveness, toxicity
  • the posolyte and negolyte are preferably selected based on their standard reduction potentials vs. SHE in order to provide a redox flow battery with a high cell potential.
  • the redox active compound(s) contained in the posolyte is preferably selected to have a redox potential which is higher than that of the redox potential of the redox active compound(s) contained the negative electrolyte.
  • the first redox active composition of the inventive combination may comprise a redox active compound exhibiting a higher (more positive) standard reduction potential, and may be employed as the posolyte in the inventive redox flow battery.
  • the second redox active composition of the inventive combination may comprise a redox active compound exhibiting a lower (more negative) standard reduction potential, and may be employed as the negolyte in the inventive redox flow battery.
  • the inventive redox flow battery thus preferably comprises the first and second redox active composition of the inventive combination as electrolytes, and is therefore an "all-organic" redox flow battery.
  • the posolyte and negolyte preferably each contain a redox active compound (or a mixture of several redox active compounds) as disclosed herein.
  • the redox reactive compound (or mixture of compounds) contained within the posolyte usually exhibits a higher redox potential than the redox reactive compound (or mixture of compounds) contained within the negolyte.
  • the first redox active composition of the inventive combination is used as the posolyte
  • the second redox reactive composition of the inventive combination is used as the negolyte.
  • first and second redox active compositions it is, however, generally also conceivable to reverse the roles of the first and second redox active compositions, or to combine the first or second redox active composition as posolyte/negolyte with another electrolyte as negolyte/posolyte.
  • the invention thus relates to the use of the combination of redox active compositions as redox flow battery electrolytes, wherein the first redox active composition is preferably used as a positive electrode electrolyte, and the second redox active composition is preferably used as a negative electrode electrolyte.
  • first or second redox active composition disclosed herein independently from each other in redox flow batteries, optionally in combination with other (non-quinone) electrolytes.
  • Said other electrolytes may be selected from other organic redox active compounds.
  • said other electrolytes may be selected from inorganic redox active compounds, thereby providing a "half-organic" redox flow battery.
  • such redox flow batteries may employ redox active composition comprising or consisting of a quinone compound as an electrolyte in one half-cell of the battery, and another, optionally inorganic, redox active compound, as an electrolyte in the other half-cell of the battery.
  • Said "other" redox active compound may be selected from halogen, transition metal ions, or metal ligand coordination compounds, including bromine, chlorine, iodine, oxygen, vanadium, chromium, cobalt, iron, manganese, chromium, titanium, zinc, cobalt, nickel, copper, lead, or a salt or oxide thereof.
  • said "other" redox active compound may be selected from organic compounds (e.g.
  • the redox flow battery thus comprises a positive electrode; a first redox active composition as disclosed herein as a positive electrode electrolyte ("posolyte”), the positive electrode electrolyte contacting the positive electrode; a negative electrode; a second redox active composition as disclosed herein as a negative electrode electrolyte ("negolyte”), the negative electrode electrolyte contacting the negative electrode; and a separator, preferably a membrane, interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
  • the first and second redox active compounds are each preferably quinone compounds according to General Formulas (1 ), (2) or (3), or General Formulas (V), (2') or (3') or mixtures thereof.
  • the posolyte may preferably correspond to the first redox active composition
  • the negolyte may preferably correspond to the second redox active composition of the inventive combination. It may, however, also be conceivable to use compounds disclosed in connection with the second redox active composition as posolytes, and compounds disclosed in connection with the first redox active composition as negolytes.
  • the first redox active composition of the inventive combination may be used as the positive electrolyte.
  • the second redox active composition of the inventive combination may be used as the negolyte.
  • the posolyte may comprise at least one redox active compound, preferably a quinone compound, as characterized by any of General Formulas (1 )- (3) or General Formulas (1 ')-(3'), preferably General Formulas (1 ) or (2) or General Formulas (V) or (2'), and more preferably General Formula (1 ) or General Formula (V) as further defined elsewhere herein.
  • the negolyte may comprise at least one redox active compound, preferably a quinone compound, as characterized by any of General Formulas (1 )-(3) or General Formulas ( ⁇ )-(3'), preferably General Formulas (2) or (3) or General Formulas (2') or (3'), and more preferably General Formula (3) or General Formula (3') as further defined elsewhere herein.
  • the first and second redox active composition of the inventive redox flow battery used as posolyte and negolyte, respectively, may comprise the same or different redox active compounds as described herein.
  • the posolyte and negolyte comprise different redox active compounds.
  • the first and second redox active composition may preferably comprise quinone compounds as disclosed herein, which are dissolved or suspended in aqueous solution.
  • concentration of the quinone compound may range, for example, from 0,5 or 3 M to liquid quinone, e.g., 0,5-1 5 or 3-1 5 M.
  • the compositions may include co- solvents such as alcohols to increase the solubility of a particular quinone, and optional ly further additives.
  • the compositions may comprise at least 1 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, or 80% water, by mass.
  • Alcohol or other co- solvents may be present in an amount required to result in a particular concentration of the quinone compound(s).
  • the pH of the aqueous solution may also be adjusted by addition of acid or base, e.g., to aid in solubilizing the quinone compound(s).
  • Preferred redox active compounds contained within the posolyte and/or negolyte are disclosed in sections 3 and 4 herein.
  • Preferred solvents contained within the posolyte and/or negolyte are disclosed in section 4.3 herein.
  • Preferred concentrations of the redox active compounds within the posolyte and/or negolyte are disclosed in section 4.4 herein.
  • Preferred additives contained within the posolyte and/or negolyte are disclosed in section
  • Preferred pH values of the posolyte and/or negolyte are disclosed in section 4.6 herei n.
  • the inventive redox flow battery comprises a first (positive) and second (negative) electrode (cathode and anode, respectively).
  • the negative and positive electrodes of the inventive redox flow battery provide a surface for electrochemical reactions during charge and discharge.
  • the terms sunegative electrode” and corppositive electrode are electrodes defined with respect to one another, such that the negative electrode operates or is designed or intended to operate at a potential more negative than the positive electrode (and vice versa), independent of the actual potentials at which they operate, in both charging and discharging cycles.
  • the negative electrode may or may not actually operate or be designed or intended to operate at a negative potential relative to the reversible hydrogen electrode.
  • the positive electrode is associated with the posolyte and the negative electrode is associated with the negolyte, as described herein.
  • the inventive redox flow battery further includes a separator.
  • Said separator typically separates the first from the second electrode, each preferably immersed in its corresponding electrolyte within one redox flow battery half-cell.
  • Said separator preferably (1 ) physically separates the posolyte and negolyte, thereby preferably preventing or impeding the mixing of posolyte and negolyte; (2) reduces or prevents short circuits between the positive and negative electrodes, i.e. serve as an insulator between both electrodes; and (3) enables ion (typically, H + ) transport between the positive and negative electrolyte chambers, thereby balancing electron transport during charge and discharge cycles.
  • the electrons are primarily transported to and from an electrolyte through the electrode contacting that electrolyte.
  • Suitable separator materials may be chosen by the skilled artisan from separator materials known in the art as long as they are (electro-)chemically inert and do not, for example, dissolve in the solvent or electrolyte. Separators are preferably cation-permeable, .e. allow the passage of cations such as H + (or alkali ions, such as sodium or potassium), but is at least partially impermeable to the redox active compounds.
  • ion-conductive separators examples include ion exchange membranes, in particular cation exchanges membranes, e.g. NAFION® type ion exchange membranes (sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer-copolymers), other preferably porous polymeric materials such as, for example, sulfonated poiy(ether ether ketones), polysulfones, poly-styrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene copolymers, polyimides, polyphenylene, bi- phenyl sulfone (BPSH), polyvinyldifluorides, or thermoplastics such as polyetherketones or polyethersulfones, and the like; each of which can be in the form of membranes, matrix- supported gels, sheets, films, or panels.
  • ion exchange membranes in particular cation exchanges membranes, e.g. NAFION® type ion exchange membranes (s
  • the separator may be selected from size exclusion membranes, e.g., porous ultrafiltration or dialysis membranes with a molecular weight cut off of 100, 250, 500, or 1 ,000 Da.
  • the separator may be an interface between immiscible liquids.
  • a porous film, panel, or mesh might be included to aid in maintaining separation between the liquids (e.g., as a physical support or guide to aid in maintaining laminar flow at the interface.
  • the required molecular weight cut off is determined based on the molecular weight of the redox active species compound employed.
  • Porous physical separators may also be included, in cases where the passage of redox active species is tolerable.
  • Such porous separators may comprise or consist of high density polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), optionally in combination with suitable inorganic fillers including silicon carbide matrix material, titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, zinc phosphide, and ceria.
  • PVDF polyvinylidene difluoride
  • PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
  • Separator comprises multiple components and/or materials are also envisaged. For instance, separators may comprise two or more layered membranes or a coated membrane.
  • Separators of the present invention may feature a thickness of about 500 microns or less, about 300 microns or less, about 250 microns or less, about 200 microns or less, about 1 00 microns or less, about 75 microns or less, about 50 microns or less, about 30 microns or less, about 25 microns or less, about 20 microns or less, about 15 microns or less, or about 10 microns or less, for example to about 5 microns.
  • the inventive redox flow battery may comprise an ion-permeable separator comprising or essentially consisting of a cation exchange membrane, optionally selected from a polymer membrane, more preferably from a sulfonate containing fluoropolymer.
  • the first and second housings or enclosures for the posolyte and negolyte chambers, respectively, are integral with one another, and the separator is mounted as an internal partition separating the both electrolyte chambers from each other.
  • the first and second housings can be separate components that include perforations or openings that contact the separator, such that cations can flow between the electrolyte chambers, optionally along with some of the solvent and or redox active compound, and the separate housings are sealed, e.g. by gaskets, around the partition.
  • Redox flow batteries deploying combinations of redox active compounds, preferably quinone compounds as defined herein, exhibit a number of advantages.
  • a particular advantage of redox flow batteries is the decoupling of power and energy.
  • the energy capacity of such a system can be changed without changing the system power. For example, increasing the volume of electrolyte can add energy capacity without requiring any change to the electrochemical stack.
  • the size of the electrochemical stack must be increased. Current density
  • the inventive redox flow batteries may be characterized in terms of their current density.
  • the "current density” is the measurement of electric current (charge flow in amperes) per unit area of cross-section (cm 2 ).
  • any redox flow battery depends on the number of electrons involved in the redox reactions of its half-cells.
  • the redox active compounds contained in the redox active compositions of the inventive combination are preferably quinone compounds characterized by General Formula (1 ), (2) or (3). Such compounds preferably undergo two-electron redox reactions. Accordingly, the current of the redox flow battery of the present invention is preferably higher than most known redox flow batteries, which often rely on one electron transfer redox reactions.
  • the current density of the inventive redox flow battery may be at least 0.5 Amp/cm 2 of electrode area or more.
  • the redox flow battery of the present invention can preferably support heavy current devices, and can preferably maintain a high current for relatively long periods of time.
  • the voltage generated by the redox flow battery of the present invention is higher than the voltage generated by most known redox flow batteries.
  • the inventive redox flow batteries may be characterized in terms of their energy density.
  • the "energy density” is the amount of energy stored in a given system per unit volume.
  • the energy density of redox flow batteries may be limited by both the solubility of the redox-active compounds employed, and the number of electrons transferred.
  • the employed first and second redox active compound, preferably quinone compounds, of the invention are preferably highly soluble in water, and are capable of undergoing two-electron transfers, the inventive redox flow battery preferably exhibits a high energy density.
  • Redox flow batteries of the present invention may operate with an energy density of, at least between about 10 Wh/L per side and about 20 Wh/L per side, preferably between about 20 Wh/L per side and about 50 Wh/L per side, most preferably between about 50 Wh/L per side and about 100 Wh/L per side, In certain embodiments, the electrolyte-only energy density is between about 5 and about 10 Wh/L, between about 10 and about 20 Wh/L, between about 20 and about 40 Wh/L, or between 40 and 60 Wh/L. Shelf-life
  • Redox flow batteries deploying quinone compounds as redox active compounds in their positive and/or negative electrolytes can therefore preferably be recharged repeatedly, and still achieve up to at least 90% of its initial reduction potential, preferably at least 95% of its initial reduction potential, more preferably up to approximately 1 00% of its initial reduction potential.
  • the redox flow battery of the present invention preferably exhibits a long and predictable shelf-life relative to known rechargeable redox flow-through batteries. Energy efficiency
  • the inventive redox flow batteries may be characterized in terms of their energy efficiency.
  • energy efficiency or “round trip efficiency” refers to the ratio of total energy obtained from discharge to the energy provided during charge in a cycle.
  • the energy efficiency may be calculated as the product of the voltage efficiency and current efficiency, which are defined herein.
  • the redox flow battery's round trip efficiency may be at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, or at least about 90%.
  • the round trip current efficiency is at least about 95%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, at least about 99.5%, at least about 99.9% or at least about 99.99%.
  • the redox flow battery's round trip efficiency may be at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90%.
  • the round trip current efficiency is at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 99.5%, at least 99.9% or at least 99.99%.
  • the inventive redox flow battery is therefore preferably charge-balanced.
  • the inventive redox flow battery may be set up as a closed system, and is therefore mass-balanced as well.
  • the redox flow battery's energy capacity is a function of the electrolyte volume. By increasing the volume of the posolyte and negolyte, the energy capacity of the inventive redox flow battery can be enhanced.
  • the energy capacity of the redox flow battery of the present invention may be at least 0.01 Amp hour per cm 3 of electrolyte, more preferably at least 0.1 Amp hour per cm 3 of electrolyte, and most preferably 1 Amp hour per cm 3 of electrolyte.
  • the redox flow battery of the present invention is preferably charge- and mass-balanced and operates as a closed system, it poses a very low fire, explosion or toxicity risk compared to known batteries, in particular compared to known batteries having a simi lar energy capacity.
  • the redox flow battery of the present invention preferably does not include any metals or corrosive electrolytes and is therefore eco-friendly and non-toxic.
  • Redox flow battery stacks In some cases, a user may desire to provide higher charge or discharge voltages than available from a single redox flow battery. In such cases, several redox flow batteries of the invention may be connected in series, thereby forming a redox flow battery cel l stack. In such cel l stacks, the voltage of each redox flow battery cell is additive.
  • An electrically conductive, but non-porous material e.g., a bipolar plate
  • a bipolar plate may be employed to connect adjacent redox flow battery cells in a bipolar stack, which allows for electron transport but prevents fluid or gas transport between adjacent cel ls.
  • the positive electrode chambers and negative electrode chambers of individual redox flow battery cells are suitably in fluid communication via common positive and negative fluid manifolds in the stack. In this way, individual electrochemical cells can be stacked in series to yield a desired operational voltage.
  • redox flow batteries may be connected in series via electrically conductive, preferably non-porous material which allows for electron transport but prevents fluid or gas transport between adjacent cells (e.g., a bipolar plate) in a bipolar redox flow battery stack.
  • Positive and negative electrode compartments of each cell are preferably connected via common positive and negative fluid manifolds in the stack.
  • individual electrochemical cells can be stacked in series to yield a desired operational voltage.
  • the term “apparentbipolar plate” refers to an electrically conductive, substantially nonporous material that may serve to separate cells in a cell stack such that the cells are connected in series and the cell voltage is additive across the cell stack.
  • the bipolar plate typically has two surfaces such that one surface of the bipolar plate serves as a substrate for the positive electrode in one cell and the negative electrode in an adjacent cell.
  • the bipolar plate typically comprises carbon and carbon containing composite materials.
  • Redox flow batteries and redox flow battery cell stacks of the invention may find use in a variety of different applications, including energy storage systems for (renewable) energy, e.g. solar, wave, hydroelectric or wind energy. Further, redox flow batteries may be used as part of power supply (or energy generation) systems for portable devices, transport, and any other application which requires uninterruptable power supply.
  • energy storage systems for (renewable) energy e.g. solar, wave, hydroelectric or wind energy.
  • redox flow batteries may be used as part of power supply (or energy generation) systems for portable devices, transport, and any other application which requires uninterruptable power supply.
  • the present invention thus relates to the use of the inventive redox flow batteries and redox flow battery cell stacks for storing or providing electrical energy.
  • Redox flow batteries and redox flow battery cell stacks of the invention may advantageously be incorporated in larger energy storage systems.
  • the inventive redox flow battery is provided in the form of a large volume energy storage cell, where the battery of the present invention preferably has an energy storage capacity proportional to stored liquid volume.
  • the battery of the present invention is in the form of an energy storage cell having an energy storage capacity up to GW depending on stored volume of liquids. Large volume energy storage systems are particularly useful for the storage of wind, wave, hydroelectric or solar energy.
  • the energy storage systems according to the present invention may suitably include piping and controls useful for operation of these large units.
  • Piping, control, and other equipment suitable for such systems are known in the art, and include, for example, piping and pumps in fluid communication with the respective electrolyte chambers for moving electrolytes into and out of the respective chambers and storage tanks for holding charged and discharged electrolytes.
  • the storage tanks contain the electrolytes; the tank volume determines the quantity of energy stored in the system, which may be measured in kWh.
  • the control software, hardware, and optional safety systems suitably include sensors, mitigation equipment and other electronic/hardware controls and safeguards to ensure safe, autonomous, and efficient operation of the flow battery energy storage system. Such systems are known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • a power conditioning unit may be used at the front end of the energy storage system to convert incoming and outgoing power to a voltage and current that is optimal for the energy storage system or the application. For the example of an energy storage system connected to an electrical grid, in a charging cycle the power conditioning unit would convert incoming AC electricity into DC electricity at an appropriate voltage and current for the electrochemical stack. In a discharging cycle, the stack produces DC electrical power and the power conditioning unit converts to AC electrical power at the appropriate voltage and frequency for grid applications.
  • the energy storage and generation systems described herei n may also include electrolyte circulation loops, which may comprise one or more valves, one or more pumps, and optionally a pressure equalizing line.
  • the energy storage and generation systems of this invention may also include an operation management system.
  • the operation management system may be any suitable controller device, such as a computer or microprocessor, and may contain logic circuitry that sets operation of any of the various valves, pumps, circulation loops, and the like.
  • the energy storage and generation systems of the present invention are preferably suited to sustained charge or discharge cycles of several hour durations. As such, these systems of the may be used to smooth energy supply/demand profiles and provide a mechanism for stabilizing intermittent power generation assets (e.g., from renewable energy sources).
  • intermittent power generation assets e.g., from renewable energy sources.
  • Non-limiting examples of such applications include those where systems of the present invention are connected to an electrical grid include, so as to allow renewables integration, peak load shifting, grid firming, baseload power generation consumption, energy arbitrage, transmission and distribution asset deferral, weak grid support, and/or frequency regulation.
  • Redox flow battery cel ls, stacks, or systems according to the present invention may also be used to provide stable power for applications that are not connected to a grid, or a micro-grid.
  • kit comprising the inventive combination.
  • said kit may comprise a first redox active composition comprising at least one first redox active compound, and a second redox active composition comprising at least one second redox active compound, as described herein.
  • compositions may be provided in suitable containers.
  • the first and second redox active composition may be provided in separated containers.
  • the kit may optional ly include further components, such as further devices, software or hardware as described in the context of the inventive redox flow battery, manuals or instructions for its use. 7. Method of storing electrical energy
  • the invention provides a method of storing electrical energy, comprising applying a potential difference across the first and second electrode of a redox flow battery as described herein, wherein the first redox active compound comprised by the first redox active composition (preferably: the posolyte), is oxidized.
  • the second redox active compound comprised by the second redox active composition preferably: the negolyte
  • the method may involve the oxidation of said compounds, thereby generating quinones as represented by General Formula (1 )(b) or (2)(b), preferably General Formula (1 )(b).
  • the respective oxidation reaction is illustrated by Reaction Schemes (I) and (II) above.
  • the method may involve the reduction of said compounds, thereby generating hydroquinones as represented by General Formulas (2)(a) and (3)(a), preferably General Formula (3)(a).
  • the respective reduction reaction is illustrated by Reaction Schemes (II) and (III) above.
  • the present invention relates to a method of providing electrical energy, comprising applying a potential difference across the first and second electrode of a redox flow battery as described herein, wherein the first redox active compound comprised by the first redox active composition (preferably: the posolyte), is reduced.
  • the second redox active compound comprised by the second redox active composition preferably: the negolyte
  • the method may involve the reduction of said compounds, thereby regenerating hydroquinones as represented by General Formula (1 )(a) or (2)(a), preferably General Formula (1 )(a).
  • the respective reduction reaction is illustrated by Reaction Schemes (I) and (II) above.
  • the method may involve the oxidation of said compounds, thereby regenerating the quinones as represented by General Formulas (2)(b) or (3)(b), preferably General Formula (3)(b), is preferably formed.
  • the respective oxidation reaction is illustrated by Reaction Schemes (II) and (III) above.
  • Figure 1 schematically illustrates a redox flow battery comprising the inventive combination of redox active compositions and its function.
  • Figure 2 A-K shows charge/discharge curves of selected redox active quinone compounds on graphite electrodes.
  • Figure 3 shows further preferred compounds according to General Formulas (1 ), (2) and
  • the catalysts are typically prepared by an incipient-wetness impregnation method and further treated by a carbothermal reduction method known in the art.
  • nickel nitrate(ll) hexahyclrate [Ni(NCh) 2 6H ; »0] is used and optionally added into water in a beaker known in the art.
  • the solution is then stirred, e.g. for at least 30 min, to prepare an impregnation stock solution.
  • Activated carbon having a water absorption capacity of typically above 1 .8 mL g 1 is added into the solution and the beaker may then covered by a culture dish to keep the sample wet for a prescribed time, preferably more than 12 h, more preferably 24 h.
  • the sample is then dried at a temperature above 80°C, e.g. 120 °C overnight.
  • the actual reduction is carried out in a container such as a preferably horizontal furnace in a flow of inert gas such as N 2 .
  • the flow is, e.g., 10 mL min -1 or more, preferably 30 mL mirr 1 or more.
  • the reduction temperature preferably reaches at least 400°C, preferably 450°C, e.g. over set time period such as at least 30 min, preferably at least 60 min.
  • the temperature for conducting the reduction is maintained at 450°C for at least 1 h, more preferably for at least 2 h.
  • the Ni/ SBA-15 catalysts are reduced at 550°C for 2 h.
  • the Nt/AbOs catalyst is reduced at 700°C for 2 h.
  • the metal loading for each nickel- and copper-based catalyst is 10 % (w/w) relative to the support.
  • birch sawdust serves as lignocellulosic material and is treated with the ethanol-benzene mixture (v/v ratio 1 : 2) for 12 h.
  • the treated birch sawdust, solvent (m/v 1 :20), and catalyst (w/w 20:1 ) are placed in an autoclave reactor.
  • the reactor is sealed and purged with Ar 4 to 6 times to expel air.
  • the reducing reaction is conducted at 200 °C at a stirring speed of at least 300 rpm, preferably 500 rpm.
  • the desired reaction time usually 2 to 10 h
  • the reactor is cooled to ambient temperature before sampling.
  • the reaction generates 4-propylguaiacol and 4-propylsyringol as major products, together with minor alkene-substituted 4-propylguaiacol and 4-propylsyringol, as determined by standard gas chromatography.
  • the compounds are isolated according to step (F), preferably by extraction.
  • Lignosulfonate solution (220 g/L Lignin, 125 mL), which was obtained by the sulphite process (as e.g. applied by step 2) of the inventive method), was mixed with methanol (125 mL) and the pH-value was set to 2 by addition of sulfuric acid (2M).
  • the conditions applied emulate oxidative cracking as an exemplary decomposition step ((step 5) of the invetive method).
  • the Iron(lll) phosphate dihydrate (0.25 g, 1 .34 mmol) was added as catalyst and the suspension was filled into a stirred pressure reactor. The mixture was flushed with Oxygen for 1 minute, then the reactor was sealed and an oxygen pressure of 10 bar was adjusted.
  • the reactor was heated to 1 70 °C within 65 minutes and kept at this temperature for 20 minutes. The pressure raised to 26 bar. Afterwards the reaction mixture was cooled down to 40-50 °C within 90 minutes and the remaining pressure (2-3 bar) was released. The insoluble components in the obtained mixture were filtered off. The reaction mixture was analyzed via HPLC.
  • the resulting components of the reaction mixture were characterized and have a molecular weight of between 75 and 500 Da, whereby the average molecular weight is in the range of 120 to 180 Da.
  • lignin fragmentation reactions in particular based on oxidative cracking are preferably carried out by the use metal catalysts, in particular catalysts selected from Co(ll), Cu(ll), Mo(ll)/(lll)/(IV)/(VI), specifically Mo(ll), Fe(ll) and Fe(lll), more preferably Fe(lll), or metalloid elements, or combinations thereof.
  • metal catalysts in particular catalysts selected from Co(ll), Cu(ll), Mo(ll)/(lll)/(IV)/(VI), specifically Mo(ll), Fe(ll) and Fe(lll), more preferably Fe(lll), or metalloid elements, or combinations thereof.
  • They are typically provided as salts (e.g. phosphates, cyanates, carbonates, or halogenides), e.g. as Fe phosphate such as Fe(lll) phosphate.
  • Example 3 Preparation of monomeric aromatic lignin-derivecl molecules from lignosulfonate of a sulfite process by electrooxidation
  • a 1 M aqueous NaOH solution of lignosulfonate is prepared, comprising 1% (W/W) lignosulfonate. Said solution is subjected to an electrooxidation. Therein, the solution is employed as anolyte.
  • a 1 M aqueous solution is employed as catalyte.
  • a flow cell with a flow rate of 250 ml /min is used.
  • Electrolysis is allowed to take place galvanostatically for 8 h applying current of 1 mAcm 2 .
  • a typical resulting voltage is 1 ,4 V.
  • the voltage curve typically is asymptotic and the solution changes preferably color from brown to dark brown.
  • Vanillin as a low molecular weight aromatic lignin-derived compound is provided and further annulated and oxidized in five steps as follows:
  • Vanillin (1) 1.0 eq.
  • benzyl chloride 1.2 eq.
  • potassium iodine 0.5 mol%
  • the reaction is stirred above 60°C, preferably between 60 to 120 °C for at least 1 h, preferably 1 to 8 h.
  • the solution is diluted with distilled water and extracted with an appropriate solvent. The organic phase is washed with brine and the product is then isolated from the organic phase.
  • Isolated product 3 (1 .0 eq.) is dissolved i n thionyl chloride (5-20 eq.) and the mixture is stirred at 60 to 1 20 °C for 1 to 8 h. After completion of the reaction excess thionyl chloride is evaporated to yield desi red acyl ch loride 4.
  • Alumi niumtrichloride (0.1 eq.) is added to the crude acyl chloride 4 and the mixture is stirred for 30 to 300 mi n at -20 to 60 °C. After completion of the reaction the mixture is careful ly quenched with bicarb solution. The product is extracted with an appropriate solvent and the organic layer is washed with bri ne. The product is then isolated from the organic phase.
  • Anthraquinone 5 or 6 are dissolved in ethyl acetate, methanol or ethanol and palladium on charcoal (1 to 30 weight%) is added. The mixture is stirred at room temperature under hydrogen atmosphere (1 -10 bar). The catalyst is filtered off and the product (9) is isolated from the mixture.
  • Example 5.3 Acetylation of methoxy benzohydroquinone: 8.24 g (0.059 mol, 1 .0 eq.) of 2-methoxybenzene-1 ,4-diol was weighed into a 250 mL reaction flask equipped with a reflux condenser. 60 mL of dichloroethane and 1 5 mL (0.1 59 mol, 2.7 eq.) of acetic anhydride were added. 1 2 mL (0.096 mol, 1 .63 eq.) of boron trifluoride ether solution was then slowly added at room temperature with stirring. The reaction mixture was heated to 90 °C for 20 hours.
  • a solution of hydroquinone was heated (80°C) in a solution of 20%-40% SO3 in concentrated sulfuric acid (oleum), resulting in a mixture of sulfonated hydroquinones.
  • the crude mixture was poured onto ice and partially neutralized with calcium hydroxide. Subsequently, the mixture was filtrated and concentrated to yield the final product.
  • Vani ll in of e.g. any of process streams A, B or C may be further chemically derivatized, e.g. oxidized, to yield a benzoquinone compound.
  • the oxidation reaction may e.g. be implemented as step 7) following step 6) of the inventive method.
  • syringaldehyd which may represent a lignin-derived compound A, was oxidized, e.g. exemplifying step 7) of the inventive method to yield 2,6-climethoxybenzoquinone.
  • the Dakin-Reaction was carried out.
  • 150 g syringaldehyde (0.82 mol) were suspended in a 4 L round-bottom flask in 750 mL deionized water.
  • the mixture was stirred in an ice bath and 41 1 mL NaOH (2 M, 0.82 mol, 1 .0 eq.) followed by 203 mL hydrogen peroxide solution (30% in water, 1 .97 mol, 2.4 eq.) were slowly added over 2 h.
  • the reaction mixture was stirred for additional 5 h.
  • the progress of the reaction was monitored by HPLC.
  • an oxidation reaction to yield a quinone compound was carried out under the following reaction conditions. While cooling in an ice bath, a solution of 6.0 g potassium iodide (36 mmol, 4 mol%) in 225 mL water was added followed by dropwise addition of 101 mL hydrogen peroxide solution (30% in water, 0.98 mol, 1 .2 eq.). After stirring for 1 6 h at room temperature, the precipitate was filtered off, washed with water and dried at 60°C.
  • the anthraquinone compound may be further derivatized, e.g. by a substitution reaction or sulfonation.
  • a substitution reaction or sulfonation reaction was carried as follows:
  • a small laboratory cell employing selected quinones/hydroquinones in different combinations as positive and negative redox active compounds were evaluated with constant- current charge-discharge experiments and open-circuit voltage measurement with a BaSyTec battery test system (BaSyTec GmbH, 891 76 Asselfingen, Germany) or a Bio-Logic battery test System (Bio-Logic Science Instruments, 381 70 Seyssinet-Pariset, France).
  • This cell consists of four main parts: a graphite felt (with an area of 6 cm 2 , 6 mm in thickness) was employed as the positive and negative electrode, and a cation exchange membrane was used to separate the positive and negative electrolytes.
  • Positive and negative electrolytes evaluated in each cycling test are specified in table 5 below.
  • the electrolytes were provided in either an aqueous solution of 20 % sulfuric acid in water or a solution of 8 % sodium hydroxide.
  • the pH of the electrolyte solutions was ⁇ 0 or >14 respectively. No additives were used.
  • the electrolytes were pumped by peristaltic pumps to the corresponding electrodes, respectively.
  • the cell was charged at a current density of 10 mA cm 2 up to 1 .2 V or typically 25 mA cm 2 up to 1 .0 V and discharged at the same current density down to -0.4 V or typically 0.0 V cut-off for acidic cells and at a current density of 25 mA cm 2 up to 1 .5 V and discharged at the same current density down to 0.7 V cut-off for alkaline cells.
  • Fig. 2A-K show the charge/discharge curves of selected redox active quinone compounds hite electrodes.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne de nouvelles combinaisons de composés actifs redox destinés à être utilisés en tant qu'électrolytes de batterie redox. L'invention concerne en outre des kits comprenant ces combinaisons, des batteries redox, et un procédé utilisant les combinaisons, les kits et les batteries redox de l'invention.
PCT/EP2018/077234 2017-10-05 2018-10-05 Électrolytes pour batterie redox Ceased WO2019068920A1 (fr)

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US16/968,732 US11831017B2 (en) 2018-02-13 2019-02-13 Redox flow battery electrolytes
PCT/EP2019/053602 WO2019158613A1 (fr) 2018-02-13 2019-02-13 Électrolytes de batterie à flux redox
CA3088242A CA3088242A1 (fr) 2018-02-13 2019-02-13 Electrolytes de batterie a flux redox
EP19706445.4A EP3753062A1 (fr) 2018-02-13 2019-02-13 Électrolytes de batterie à flux redox
AU2019220363A AU2019220363A1 (en) 2018-02-13 2019-02-13 Redox flow battery electrolytes
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