WO2019048983A1 - 半導体装置、および半導体装置の作製方法 - Google Patents
半導体装置、および半導体装置の作製方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2019048983A1 WO2019048983A1 PCT/IB2018/056534 IB2018056534W WO2019048983A1 WO 2019048983 A1 WO2019048983 A1 WO 2019048983A1 IB 2018056534 W IB2018056534 W IB 2018056534W WO 2019048983 A1 WO2019048983 A1 WO 2019048983A1
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- H10D30/00—Field-effect transistors [FET]
- H10D30/60—Insulated-gate field-effect transistors [IGFET]
- H10D30/67—Thin-film transistors [TFT]
- H10D30/6729—Thin-film transistors [TFT] characterised by the electrodes
- H10D30/673—Thin-film transistors [TFT] characterised by the electrodes characterised by the shapes, relative sizes or dispositions of the gate electrodes
- H10D30/6733—Multi-gate TFTs
- H10D30/6734—Multi-gate TFTs having gate electrodes arranged on both top and bottom sides of the channel, e.g. dual-gate TFTs
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- H10D84/03—Manufacture or treatment characterised by using material-based technologies using Group IV technology, e.g. silicon technology or silicon-carbide [SiC] technology
- H10D84/038—Manufacture or treatment characterised by using material-based technologies using Group IV technology, e.g. silicon technology or silicon-carbide [SiC] technology using silicon technology, e.g. SiGe
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- H10D30/67—Thin-film transistors [TFT]
- H10D30/6729—Thin-film transistors [TFT] characterised by the electrodes
- H10D30/6737—Thin-film transistors [TFT] characterised by the electrodes characterised by the electrode materials
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- H10D30/67—Thin-film transistors [TFT]
- H10D30/674—Thin-film transistors [TFT] characterised by the active materials
- H10D30/6755—Oxide semiconductors, e.g. zinc oxide, copper aluminium oxide or cadmium stannate
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- H10D84/01—Manufacture or treatment
- H10D84/0123—Integrating together multiple components covered by H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integrating multiple IGBTs
- H10D84/0126—Integrating together multiple components covered by H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integrating multiple IGBTs the components including insulated gates, e.g. IGFETs
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- H10D84/01—Manufacture or treatment
- H10D84/0123—Integrating together multiple components covered by H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integrating multiple IGBTs
- H10D84/0126—Integrating together multiple components covered by H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integrating multiple IGBTs the components including insulated gates, e.g. IGFETs
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- H10D84/01—Manufacture or treatment
- H10D84/0123—Integrating together multiple components covered by H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integrating multiple IGBTs
- H10D84/0126—Integrating together multiple components covered by H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integrating multiple IGBTs the components including insulated gates, e.g. IGFETs
- H10D84/0135—Manufacturing their gate conductors
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- H10D84/01—Manufacture or treatment
- H10D84/0123—Integrating together multiple components covered by H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integrating multiple IGBTs
- H10D84/0126—Integrating together multiple components covered by H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integrating multiple IGBTs the components including insulated gates, e.g. IGFETs
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- H10D84/80—Integrated devices formed in or on semiconductor substrates that comprise only semiconducting layers, e.g. on Si wafers or on GaAs-on-Si wafers characterised by the integration of at least one component covered by groups H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integration of IGFETs
- H10D84/82—Integrated devices formed in or on semiconductor substrates that comprise only semiconducting layers, e.g. on Si wafers or on GaAs-on-Si wafers characterised by the integration of at least one component covered by groups H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integration of IGFETs of only field-effect components
- H10D84/83—Integrated devices formed in or on semiconductor substrates that comprise only semiconducting layers, e.g. on Si wafers or on GaAs-on-Si wafers characterised by the integration of at least one component covered by groups H10D12/00 or H10D30/00, e.g. integration of IGFETs of only field-effect components of only insulated-gate FETs [IGFET]
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- H10B12/30—DRAM devices comprising one-transistor - one-capacitor [1T-1C] memory cells
- H10B12/31—DRAM devices comprising one-transistor - one-capacitor [1T-1C] memory cells having a storage electrode stacked over the transistor
- H10B12/315—DRAM devices comprising one-transistor - one-capacitor [1T-1C] memory cells having a storage electrode stacked over the transistor with the capacitor higher than a bit line
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- H10B41/00—Electrically erasable-and-programmable ROM [EEPROM] devices comprising floating gates
- H10B41/70—Electrically erasable-and-programmable ROM [EEPROM] devices comprising floating gates the floating gate being an electrode shared by two or more components
Definitions
- One embodiment of the present invention relates to a semiconductor device and a method for manufacturing the semiconductor device.
- one embodiment of the present invention relates to a semiconductor wafer, a module, and an electronic device.
- a semiconductor device refers to any device that can function by utilizing semiconductor characteristics.
- a semiconductor circuit such as a transistor, a semiconductor circuit, an arithmetic device, and a memory device are one embodiment of a semiconductor device.
- a display device (a liquid crystal display device, a light emitting display device, or the like), a projection device, a lighting device, an electro-optical device, a power storage device, a memory device, a semiconductor circuit, an imaging device, an electronic device, or the like may be considered to have a semiconductor device.
- one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to the above technical field.
- One aspect of the invention disclosed in the present specification and the like relates to a product, a method, or a manufacturing method.
- one aspect of the present invention relates to a process, a machine, a manufacture, or a composition (composition of matter).
- the CPU is a group of semiconductor elements including a semiconductor integrated circuit (at least a transistor and a memory) separated from a semiconductor wafer and in which an electrode serving as a connection terminal is formed.
- IC chips Semiconductor circuits (IC chips) such as LSIs, CPUs, and memories are mounted on a circuit board, for example, a printed wiring board, and used as one of components of various electronic devices.
- a technique of forming a transistor by using a semiconductor thin film formed on a substrate having an insulating surface has attracted attention.
- the transistor is widely applied to electronic devices such as integrated circuits (ICs) and image display devices (also simply referred to as display devices).
- ICs integrated circuits
- image display devices also simply referred to as display devices.
- silicon-based semiconductor materials are widely known as semiconductor thin films applicable to transistors, oxide semiconductors have attracted attention as other materials.
- a transistor including an oxide semiconductor is known to have extremely small leakage current in a non-conduction state.
- a low power consumption CPU or the like utilizing a characteristic that a leak current of a transistor including an oxide semiconductor is low is disclosed (see Patent Document 1).
- Patent Document 2 discloses a method of
- a metal film is formed over the source region and the drain region, heat treatment is performed, and then a dopant is introduced through the metal film; A method of reducing the resistance of the drain region is disclosed (see Patent Document 3).
- Oxide semiconductor materials are widely known as semiconductor thin films applicable to transistors, but oxide semiconductors are attracting attention as other materials.
- oxide semiconductor for example, not only single-component metal oxides such as indium oxide and zinc oxide but also multi-component metal oxides are known.
- oxides of multi-element metals in particular, research on In-Ga-Zn oxide (hereinafter also referred to as IGZO) has been actively conducted.
- Non-Patent Documents 1 to 3 a c-axis aligned crystalline (CAAC) structure and an nc (nanocrystalline) structure which are neither single crystal nor amorphous are found in an oxide semiconductor (see Non-Patent Documents 1 to 3) ).
- Non-Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 2 also disclose a technique for manufacturing a transistor using an oxide semiconductor having a CAAC structure.
- non-patent documents 4 and 5 disclose that even oxide semiconductors that are less crystalline than the CAAC structure and the nc structure have minute crystals.
- Non-Patent Document 6 a transistor using IGZO as an active layer has an extremely low off current (see Non-Patent Document 6), and LSIs and displays utilizing the characteristics have been reported (see Non-Patent Document 7 and Non-Patent Document 8) .
- Patent Document 2 when the resistance of the source region and the drain region is reduced, a metal film is formed on the source region and the drain region, and heat treatment is performed on the metal film in an oxygen atmosphere.
- heat treatment a constituent element of the metal film is introduced as a dopant into the source region and the drain region of the oxide semiconductor film to reduce the resistance of the source region and the drain region.
- heat treatment is performed in an oxygen atmosphere to oxidize the conductive film and to increase the resistance of the conductive film.
- heat treatment is performed in an oxygen atmosphere, oxygen is unlikely to be extracted from the oxide semiconductor film to the metal film.
- Patent Document 2 describes the oxygen concentration in the channel formation region, but does not mention the concentration of impurities such as water and hydrogen. That is, there is a problem that the transistor characteristics of normally on are likely to be obtained because the channel formation region is not highly purified (reduction of impurities such as water and hydrogen, typically dehydration or dehydrogenation) is performed. .
- “normally on” refers to a state in which a channel is present even when a voltage is not applied to the gate, and current flows in the transistor.
- normally-off means that no current flows in the transistor when no voltage is applied to the gate.
- one aspect of the present invention provides a semiconductor device having favorable electrical characteristics by stably reducing the resistance of the source region and the drain region of the transistor and by purifying the channel formation region. To be one of the issues.
- an object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device which can be miniaturized or highly integrated.
- an object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device having favorable electrical characteristics.
- an object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device with high productivity.
- an object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device capable of holding data for a long time. Alternatively, it is an object of one embodiment of the present invention to provide a semiconductor device with high information writing speed. Alternatively, an object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device with a high degree of freedom in design. Alternatively, an object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device with low power consumption. Alternatively, an object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a novel semiconductor device.
- One embodiment of the present invention is a first insulator, an oxide on the first insulator, a second insulator on the oxide, and a first conductor on the second insulator.
- a third insulator on and in contact with the top surface of the first insulator, the side of the oxide, the top of the oxide, the side of the second insulator and the side of the first conductor, and the third insulator
- a first insulator a first oxide having an opening over the first insulator, a second oxide over the first oxide, and a second oxide
- a second insulator on oxide a first conductor on the second insulator, an upper surface of the first insulator, a side of the first oxide, a side of the second oxide, the first A third insulator in contact with the top surface of the two oxides, the side surface of the second insulator, and the side surface of the first conductor, and a fourth insulator on the third insulator
- the third insulator has an opening for exposing the first insulator
- the fourth insulator is a semiconductor device in contact with the first insulator through the opening of the third insulator.
- the first insulator and the fourth insulator transmit oxygen more easily than the third insulator.
- the oxide preferably contains In, an element M (M is Al, Ga, Y, or Sn), and Zn.
- the first oxide contains In, the element M (M is Al, Ga, Y, or Sn), and Zn
- the second oxide contains In and the element M (M is It is preferable to have Al, Ga, Y, or Sn) and Zn.
- the second oxide preferably transmits oxygen more easily than the first oxide.
- the third insulator is preferably an oxide containing one or both of aluminum and hafnium.
- a first insulator is formed over a substrate, an oxide layer is formed over the first insulator, and a first insulating film and an oxide layer are formed over the oxide layer.
- a dummy gate film is sequentially formed, and the first insulating film and the dummy gate film are processed to form a second insulator and a dummy gate layer, and a first insulator, an oxide layer, and a dummy gate are formed.
- a first film containing a metal is formed in contact with the layer, a first heat treatment is performed in an atmosphere containing nitrogen, the first film is removed, and a first insulator, an oxide layer, and a dummy gate layer are formed.
- a second insulating film is formed to be covered, and a third insulating film having an opening is formed by processing the second insulating film, and the third insulating film is formed on the third insulating film.
- the dummy gate layer, the third insulator, and a part of the third insulating film are dummy gates.
- the second gate insulating film is removed by removing a portion of the conductive film until a portion of the conductive film is exposed, the second insulating material is exposed, a conductive film is formed, and the second CMP process is performed.
- a portion is removed until the third insulating film is exposed to form a first conductor layer and a fourth insulator, oxygen is injected into the fourth insulator, and the first conductor layer is formed.
- This is a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, in which the fifth insulator is formed over the upper and the fourth insulators, and the second heat treatment is performed in an atmosphere containing oxygen.
- the first film is preferably formed by sputtering using one or more gases selected from argon, nitrogen, and oxygen.
- oxygen is preferably injected into the oxide layer through the opening and the first insulator by performing the second heat treatment.
- oxygen may be implanted using one selected from an ion implantation method, an ion doping method, a plasma treatment method, and a plasma immersion ion implantation method.
- the implantation of oxygen may be performed using an ion implantation method.
- a semiconductor device having favorable electrical characteristics can be provided.
- a semiconductor device which can be miniaturized or highly integrated can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with high productivity can be provided.
- a semiconductor device capable of holding data for a long time can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with high data writing speed can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with a high degree of freedom in design can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with low power consumption can be provided.
- a novel semiconductor device can be provided.
- FIG. 7A and 7B are a top view and a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A and 7B are a top view and a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A to 7C are a top view and a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A to 7C are a top view and a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A to 7C are a top view and a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A to 7C are a top view and a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A to 7C are a top view and a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A to 7C are a top view and a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A to 7C are a top view and a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A to 7C are a top view and a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A to 7C are a top view and a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A to 7C are a top view and a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A to 7C are a top view and a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A to 7C are a top view and a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A to 7C are a top view and a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A to 7C are a top view and a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A to 7C are a top view and a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A to 7C are a top view and a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A to 7C are a top view and a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A to 7C are a top view and a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A to 7C are a top view and a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A to 7C are a top view and a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A to 7C are a top view and a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A to 7C are a top view and a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A to 7C are a top view and a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A to 7C are a top view and a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A to 7C are a top view and a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A to 7C are a top view and a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 7A to 7C are a top view and a cross-sectional view illustrating the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 13A to 13C illustrate energy band structures of oxide semiconductors.
- 7A and 7B are a top view and a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 16 is a circuit diagram of a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a plan view of a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a plan view of a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration example of a memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration example of a memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration example of a memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration example of a memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a circuit diagram illustrating a configuration example of a memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a circuit diagram illustrating a configuration example of a memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration example of a memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7A and 7B are a block diagram and a circuit diagram illustrating a configuration example of a memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The block diagram which shows the structural example of AI system which concerns on 1 aspect of this invention.
- FIG. 7 illustrates an electronic device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 illustrates an electronic device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 illustrates an electronic device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 illustrates an electronic device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the size, layer thicknesses, or areas may be exaggerated for clarity. Therefore, it is not necessarily limited to the scale.
- the drawings schematically show ideal examples, and are not limited to the shapes or values shown in the drawings.
- a layer, a resist mask, and the like may be unintentionally reduced by a process such as etching, but may not be reflected in the drawings for ease of understanding.
- the same portions or portions having similar functions are denoted by the same reference numerals in different drawings, and repeated description may be omitted.
- the hatch pattern may be the same and no reference numeral may be given.
- the description of some components may be omitted particularly in a top view (also referred to as a “plan view”) or a perspective view.
- the description of some hidden lines may be omitted.
- the ordinal numbers given as the first, second and the like are used for the sake of convenience, and do not indicate the process order or the stacking order. Therefore, for example, “first” can be appropriately replaced with “second” or “third” and the like.
- the ordinal numbers described in this specification and the like may not match the ordinal numbers used to specify one embodiment of the present invention.
- the present invention is not limited to a predetermined connection relationship, for example, the connection relationship shown in the figure or the sentence, and anything other than the connection relationship shown in the figure or the sentence is also described in the figure or the sentence.
- X and Y each denote an object (eg, a device, an element, a circuit, a wiring, an electrode, a terminal, a conductive film, a layer, or the like).
- an element for example, a switch, a transistor, a capacitor, an inductor, a resistor, a diode, a display, or the like
- An element e.g., a switch, a transistor, a capacitive element, an inductor
- a resistance element e.g., a diode, a display element, a light emitting element, a load, and the like.
- an element for example, a switch, a transistor, a capacitor, an inductor, a resistor, a diode, a display, or the like
- the switch has a function of controlling on and off. That is, the switch has a function of turning on (on) or non-conducting (off) and controlling whether current flows or not. Alternatively, the switch has a function of selecting and switching a path through which current flows.
- X and Y are electrically connected, the case where X and Y are directly connected shall be included.
- a circuit for example, a logic circuit (for example, an inverter, a NAND circuit, a NOR circuit, etc.) that enables functional connection of X and Y, signal conversion Circuits (DA converter circuit, AD converter circuit, gamma correction circuit, etc.), potential level converter circuits (power supply circuit (boost circuit, step-down circuit etc.), level shifter circuit for changing signal potential level, etc.) voltage source, current source, switching Circuits, amplifier circuits (circuits that can increase signal amplitude or current, etc., operational amplifiers, differential amplifiers, source follower circuits, buffer circuits, etc.), signal generation circuits, memory circuits, control circuits, etc.
- a logic circuit for example, an inverter, a NAND circuit, a NOR circuit, etc.
- signal conversion Circuits DA converter circuit, AD converter circuit, gamma correction circuit, etc.
- potential level converter circuits power supply circuit (boost circuit, step-down circuit etc.), level shifter circuit for changing signal potential level
- X and Y are functionally connected if the signal output from X is transmitted to Y. Do. Note that when X and Y are functionally connected, the case where X and Y are directly connected and the case where X and Y are electrically connected are included.
- a transistor is an element having at least three terminals of a gate, a drain, and a source.
- a region in which a channel is formed is provided between the drain (drain terminal, drain region or drain electrode) and a source (source terminal, source region or source electrode), and the region in which the channel is formed is provided.
- a current can flow between the source and the drain.
- a region where a channel is formed refers to a region through which current mainly flows.
- the functions of the source and the drain may be switched when adopting transistors of different polarities or when the direction of current changes in circuit operation. Therefore, in the present specification and the like, the terms “source” and “drain” may be used interchangeably.
- the channel length is, for example, a region where a semiconductor (or a portion through which current flows in the semiconductor when the transistor is on) and a gate electrode overlap with each other in a top view of the transistor, or a region where a channel is formed
- the distance between the source (source region or source electrode) and the drain (drain region or drain electrode) in one transistor does not necessarily have the same value in all regions. That is, the channel length of one transistor may not be determined to one value. Therefore, in the present specification, the channel length is any one value, maximum value, minimum value, or average value in the region where the channel is formed.
- the channel width is, for example, a region where a semiconductor (or a portion through which current flows in the semiconductor when the transistor is on) and a gate electrode overlap with each other in a top view of the transistor, or a region where a channel is formed It refers to the length of the region where the channel in the vertical direction is formed with reference to the channel length direction. Note that in one transistor, the channel width may not be the same in all regions. That is, the channel width of one transistor may not be determined to one value. Therefore, in the present specification, the channel width is set to any one value, maximum value, minimum value, or average value in the region where the channel is formed.
- the channel width in the region where the channel is actually formed (hereinafter, also referred to as “effective channel width”) and the channel width shown in the top view of the transistor (hereinafter, “apparent” Also referred to as “channel width” may be different.
- the effective channel width may be larger than the apparent channel width, and the effect may not be negligible.
- the ratio of the channel formation region formed on the side surface of the semiconductor may be large. In that case, the effective channel width is larger than the apparent channel width.
- the apparent channel width may be referred to as “surrounded channel width (SCW)”.
- the term “channel width only” may refer to an enclosed channel width or an apparent channel width.
- the term “channel width” may refer to an effective channel width. Note that the channel length, channel width, effective channel width, apparent channel width, enclosed channel width and the like can be determined by analyzing a cross-sectional TEM image or the like.
- the impurity of a semiconductor means, for example, elements other than the main components of the semiconductor.
- an element having a concentration of less than 0.1 atomic% can be said to be an impurity.
- the inclusion of impurities may cause, for example, an increase in the DOS (Density of States) of the semiconductor, or a decrease in crystallinity.
- the semiconductor is an oxide semiconductor
- examples of the impurity that changes the characteristics of the semiconductor include a group 1 element, a group 2 element, a group 13 element, a group 14 element, a group 15 element, and an oxide semiconductor.
- transition metals other than the main components thereof such as hydrogen, lithium, sodium, silicon, boron, phosphorus, carbon, nitrogen and the like.
- water may also function as an impurity.
- oxygen vacancies may be formed, for example, by the addition of impurities.
- the impurity that changes the characteristics of the semiconductor include oxygen, a group 1 element excluding hydrogen, a group 2 element, a group 13 element, and a group 15 element.
- the silicon oxynitride film is a film having a higher oxygen content than nitrogen as the composition.
- oxygen is 55 atomic% or more and 65 atomic% or less
- nitrogen is 1 atomic% or more and 20 atomic% or less
- silicon is 25 atomic% or more and 35 atomic% or less
- hydrogen is 0.1 atomic% or more and 10 atomic% or less It refers to what is included in the concentration range.
- the silicon nitride oxide film is a film having a nitrogen content higher than that of oxygen as the composition thereof.
- nitrogen is 55 atomic percent or more and 65 atomic percent or less
- oxygen is 1 atomic percent or more and 20 atomic percent or less
- silicon is 25 atomic percent or more and 35 atomic percent or less
- hydrogen is 0.1 atomic percent or more and 10 atomic percent or less It refers to what is included in the concentration range.
- membrane and the term “layer” can be interchanged with each other.
- conductive layer to the term “conductive film”.
- insulating film to the term “insulating layer”.
- the term “insulator” can be reworded as an insulating film or an insulating layer. Further, the term “conductor” can be rephrased as a conductive film or a conductive layer. Further, the term “semiconductor” can be reworded as a semiconductor film or a semiconductor layer.
- transistors shown in the present specification and the like are field effect transistors except when explicitly stated.
- transistors shown in this specification and the like are n-channel transistors unless otherwise specified. Therefore, the threshold voltage (also referred to as "Vth”) is assumed to be larger than 0 V except when explicitly stated.
- the "parallel” means the state by which two straight lines are arrange
- substantially parallel means the state by which two straight lines are arrange
- vertical means that two straight lines are arranged at an angle of 80 ° or more and 100 ° or less. Therefore, the case of 85 degrees or more and 95 degrees or less is also included.
- “substantially perpendicular” refers to a state in which two straight lines are arranged at an angle of 60 ° or more and 120 ° or less.
- a barrier film is a film having a function of suppressing permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen and oxygen, and in the case where the barrier film has conductivity, it is called a conductive barrier film. There is.
- the metal oxide is a metal oxide in a broad sense.
- Metal oxides are classified into oxide insulators, oxide conductors (including transparent oxide conductors), oxide semiconductors (also referred to as oxide semiconductor or simply OS), and the like.
- oxide semiconductors also referred to as oxide semiconductor or simply OS
- the metal oxide may be referred to as an oxide semiconductor. That is, in the case of describing an OS FET, the transistor can be put in another way as a transistor having an oxide or an oxide semiconductor.
- normally-off means that the current per 1 ⁇ m of the channel width flowing in the transistor is 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 20 at room temperature when voltage is not applied to the gate or ground potential is applied to the gate. A or less, 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 18 A or less at 85 ° C., or 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 16 A or less at 125 ° C.
- Embodiment 1 Hereinafter, an example of a semiconductor device including the transistor 200 according to one embodiment of the present invention will be described.
- FIG. 1 is a top view and a cross-sectional view of a transistor 200 and a periphery of the transistor 200 according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1A is a top view of a semiconductor device including the transistor 200.
- FIG. 1B and 1C are cross-sectional views of the semiconductor device.
- FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by an alternate long and short dash line A1-A2 in FIG. 1A, and is also a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction of the transistor 200.
- 1C is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by an alternate long and short dash line A3-A4 in FIG. 1A, and is also a cross-sectional view in the channel width direction of the transistor 200. Note that in the top view of FIG. 1A, some elements are omitted for the sake of clarity.
- the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention includes the transistor 200, an insulator 210 functioning as an interlayer film, an insulator 212, an insulator 280, an insulator 282, and an insulator 283. Further, the transistor 200 includes the conductor 203 electrically connected to the transistor 200 and functioning as a wiring, and the conductor 240 functioning as a plug (conductors 240 a and 240 b).
- the conductor 203 is formed to be embedded in the insulator 212.
- the height of the top surface of the conductor 203 and the height of the top surface of the insulator 212 can be approximately the same.
- the conductor 203 is illustrated as a single layer, the present invention is not limited to this.
- the conductor 203 may have a stacked structure of two or more layers.
- an ordinal number may be provided and distinguished in order of formation.
- the conductor 240 is formed in contact with the insulator 273, the insulator 280, the insulator 282, and the inner wall of the opening of the insulator 283.
- the height of the top surface of the conductor 240 and the height of the top surface of the insulator 283 can be approximately the same.
- the conductor 240 may have a stacked structure of two or more layers.
- Transistor 200 As shown in FIG. 1B, the transistor 200 is disposed so as to be embedded in the insulator 214 and the insulator 216, and the insulator 214 and the insulator 216 which are disposed on a substrate (not shown).
- Conductor 205 (conductor 205a and conductor 205b), insulator 220 disposed on insulator 216 and conductor 205, insulator 222 disposed on insulator 220, and insulator 222
- the insulator 224 disposed on the top, the oxide 230 (the oxide 230 a, the oxide 230 b, and the oxide 230 c) disposed on the insulator 224, and the insulator 250 disposed on the oxide 230
- a conductor 260 (conductor 260a and conductor 260b) disposed on the insulator 250, an upper surface of the insulator 224, a side surface of the oxide 230a, a side surface of the oxide 230b, With the upper surface of the product 230b, the side surface of the oxide 230c, the side surface of the insulator 250, and an insulator 273 arranged in contact with the side surface of the conductor 260.
- the insulator 273 has an opening which exposes the insulator 224, and the insulator 280 is in contact with the insulator 224 through the opening.
- the conductor 260 has a conductor 260a and a conductor 260b, and the conductor 260a is disposed so as to wrap the bottom and the side of the conductor 260b.
- the top surface of the conductor 260 substantially coincides with the top surface of the insulator 280.
- the transistor 200 illustrates a structure in which three layers of the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, and the oxide 230c are stacked
- the present invention is not limited to this.
- a single layer of the oxide 230b, a two-layer structure of the oxide 230b and the oxide 230a, a two-layer structure of the oxide 230b and the oxide 230c, or a stacked structure of four or more layers may be provided.
- the conductor 260a and the conductor 260b are stacked; however, the present invention is not limited to this.
- the transistor 200 also functions as an oxide semiconductor in the oxide 230 (the oxide 230 a, the oxide 230 b, and the oxide 230 c) including a region where a channel is formed (hereinafter also referred to as a channel formation region). It is preferable to use an oxide semiconductor (hereinafter also referred to as an oxide semiconductor).
- the transistor 200 in which an oxide semiconductor is used for a channel formation region has extremely low leakage current in a non-conduction state; thus, a semiconductor device with low power consumption can be provided. Further, an oxide semiconductor can be formed by a sputtering method or the like, and thus can be used for the transistor 200 included in a highly integrated semiconductor device.
- In-M-Zn oxide as the oxide 230 (element M is aluminum, gallium, yttrium, tin, copper, vanadium, beryllium, boron, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium It is preferable to use a metal oxide such as one or more selected from neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, or magnesium.
- the element M is preferably aluminum, gallium, yttrium or tin.
- an In-Ga oxide or an In-Zn oxide may be used as the oxide 230.
- a metal compound is added to part of the oxide semiconductor by adding a metal element such as aluminum, ruthenium, titanium, tantalum, chromium, tungsten, or the like to the oxide semiconductor in addition to the elements included in the oxide semiconductor. It may be formed to reduce resistance. Note that aluminum, titanium, tantalum, tungsten or the like is preferably used.
- a metal film containing the metal element, a nitride film containing the metal element, or an oxide film containing the metal element may be provided over the oxide semiconductor.
- part of oxygen in the oxide semiconductor located in the interface between the film and the oxide semiconductor or in the vicinity of the interface is absorbed by the film or the like to form an oxygen vacancy, which causes oxidation.
- the resistance in the vicinity of the interface of the object semiconductor may be lowered.
- heat treatment may be performed in an atmosphere containing nitrogen.
- a metal element can be diffused from the metal film to the oxide semiconductor, and the metal element can be added to the oxide semiconductor.
- hydrogen existing in the oxide semiconductor diffuses into the low-resistance region of the oxide semiconductor and enters an oxygen vacancy existing in the low-resistance region, which results in a relatively stable state.
- hydrogen in an oxygen vacancy existing in the oxide semiconductor is released from the oxygen vacancy by heat treatment at 250 ° C. or higher, diffused to a low-resistance region of the oxide semiconductor, and present in the low-resistance region It is known to be in a relatively stable state. Therefore, the resistance-reduced region of the oxide semiconductor is further reduced in resistance by heat treatment, and the oxide semiconductor not reduced in resistance is highly purified (reduction of impurities such as water and hydrogen) and is further enhanced. There is a tendency to
- an impurity element such as hydrogen or nitrogen increases carrier density.
- Hydrogen in the oxide semiconductor reacts with oxygen bonded to a metal atom to be water, which may form an oxygen vacancy.
- Carrier density is increased by the entry of hydrogen into the oxygen vacancies.
- a part of hydrogen may be bonded to oxygen which is bonded to a metal atom to generate an electron which is a carrier. That is, an oxide semiconductor containing nitrogen or hydrogen is reduced in resistance.
- the oxide 230 processed into an island shape has a low resistance which functions as a semiconductor region having a low carrier density and functions as a source region or a drain region. An area can be provided.
- FIG. 2 shows an enlarged view of a region 239 including the oxide layer 230 which is selectively reduced in resistance, which is surrounded by an alternate long and short dash line in FIG. 1B.
- the oxide 230 includes a region 234 which functions as a channel formation region of the transistor 200 and a region 231 (a region 231 a and a region 231 b) which function as a source region or a drain region of the transistor 200. .
- the region 231 which functions as a source region or a drain region is a low-resistance region in which the oxygen concentration is low and the carrier concentration is high. Further, the region 234 functioning as a channel formation region is a high resistance region having a higher oxygen concentration and a lower carrier density than the region 231 functioning as a source region or a drain region.
- the region 231 preferably has a concentration of at least one of a metal element, hydrogen, and an impurity element such as nitrogen higher than that of the region 234.
- the region 231 includes one or more metal elements selected from metal elements such as aluminum, ruthenium, titanium, tantalum, tungsten, and chromium, in addition to the metal elements included in the oxide 230. preferable.
- a metal element that enhances conductivity such as aluminum, ruthenium, titanium, tantalum, tungsten, chromium, indium, and an impurity is added to a desired region do it.
- an impurity an element which forms an oxygen vacancy, an element which is captured by the oxygen vacancy, or the like may be used.
- the element hydrogen, boron, carbon, nitrogen, fluorine, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, titanium, a rare gas and the like can be mentioned.
- helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and the like are representative examples of the noble gas.
- a film containing a metal element may be provided in contact with the oxide 230.
- a metal film, an oxide film containing a metal element, or a nitride film containing a metal element can be used.
- a layer 242 which is a compound layer may be formed at the interface between the film containing a metal element and the oxide 230.
- the layer 242 is a layer including a metal compound including a component of a film including a metal element and a component of the oxide 230.
- the layer 242 may be a layer in which the metal element in the oxide 230 and the added metal element are alloyed.
- the metal element is added to the oxide 230, whereby the layer 242 is formed in the oxide 230, whereby the resistance of the region 231 can be reduced.
- the layer 242 may not necessarily be formed in the oxide 230.
- the layer 242 may be formed on the surface of the oxide 230 or at the interface between a film containing a metal element and the oxide 230.
- region 231 may include layer 242. That is, in this specification, a region functioning as a source region or a drain region is referred to as a region 231.
- the regions 234 and 231 are formed in the oxide 230 b in FIGS. 1 and 2, the invention is not limited to this.
- these regions may also be formed on the oxide 230a and the oxide 230c.
- the boundaries of the respective regions are displayed substantially perpendicularly to the top surface of the oxide 230, but the present embodiment is not limited to this.
- the boundary between the region 231a and the region 234 may be shaped so as to recede to the A1 side in FIG. 1B in the vicinity of the lower surface of the oxide 230b, and the boundary between the region 231b and the region 234 is the lower surface of the oxide 230b. In the vicinity, there is a case in which the shape recedes to the A2 side in FIG.
- the concentrations of metal elements and impurity elements such as hydrogen and nitrogen detected in each region are not limited to stepwise changes in each region, but are continuously changed (also referred to as gradation) in each region. It is also good. That is, the concentration of the metal element and the impurity element such as hydrogen and nitrogen may be reduced as the region is closer to the channel formation region.
- a low-resistance region of the oxide 230 is illustrated as a layer 242.
- the range of the layer 242 is not limited to the range of FIG.
- the low-resistance layer 242 may be formed in a region near the interface between the oxide 230 and the conductor 240 or in a region from the top surface of the oxide 230 to the bottom surface of the oxide 230 in the region 231. is there. The same applies to the other drawings.
- heat treatment may be performed in an atmosphere containing nitrogen in a state where the region 231 is in contact with the metal film, the nitride film containing a metal element, or the oxide film containing a metal element.
- the metal element can be diffused from the metal film to the region 231 of the oxide 230, and the metal element can be added to the region 231.
- the region 231 of the oxide 230 and the metal element may be alloyed.
- the metal element added to the oxide semiconductor is in a relatively stable state; thus, a highly reliable semiconductor device can be provided.
- hydrogen in the oxide 230 diffuses into the region 231 and enters the oxygen vacancy existing in the region 231, which results in a relatively stable state.
- hydrogen in the oxygen vacancy existing in the region 234 is released from the oxygen vacancy by heat treatment at 250 ° C. or higher, diffused into the region 231, and enters the oxygen vacancy existing in the region 231, and is relatively stable. Become. Therefore, the heat treatment makes the region 231 lower in resistance, and the region 234 is highly purified (reduction of impurities such as water and hydrogen) and is higher in resistance.
- the metal film, the oxide film containing a metal element, or the nitride film containing a metal element has a property of absorbing hydrogen
- hydrogen in the oxide 230 is absorbed into the film. Therefore, hydrogen which is an impurity in the oxide 230 can be reduced.
- the metal film, the oxide film containing a metal element, or the nitride film containing a metal element may be removed together with hydrogen absorbed from the oxide 230 in a later step.
- the metal film, the oxide film containing a metal element, or the nitride film containing a metal element may not necessarily be removed.
- the film is left. May be In that case, the film may function as an interlayer film.
- heat treatment is performed to oxidize the conductive region. Then, the film becomes an insulator to increase resistance.
- the heat treatment is preferably performed, for example, in an oxidizing atmosphere.
- heat treatment is performed to form a metal film, an oxide film containing a metal element, or a metal element
- the nitride film having the formula may react with oxygen contained in the structure to be oxidized.
- a metal film, an oxide film containing a metal element, or a nitride film containing a metal element can be made to function as an interlayer film by being left as an insulator.
- a metal film, an oxide film containing a metal element, or a nitride film containing a metal element is preferably provided with a thickness of 0.5 nm to 5 nm, preferably 1 nm to 2 nm.
- aluminum of 0.5 nm or more and 5 nm or less is oxidized by heat treatment, aluminum oxide of 0.7 nm or more and 8 nm or less may be obtained. Note that in the case where heat treatment is performed in the above-described oxidizing atmosphere, the atmosphere containing nitrogen is in a state where the oxide 230 and a metal film, an oxide film containing a metal element, or a nitride film containing a metal element are in contact with each other.
- the heat treatment is performed after the heat treatment.
- oxygen in the oxide 230 can be easily diffused into a metal film, an oxide film containing a metal element, or a nitride film containing a metal element.
- the transistor including an oxide semiconductor when impurities and oxygen vacancies are present in a region of the oxide semiconductor in which a channel is formed, the electrical characteristics are easily changed and the reliability might be deteriorated.
- oxygen vacancies when oxygen vacancies are included in the region in the oxide semiconductor in which a channel is formed, the transistor is likely to be normally on. Therefore, it is preferable that oxygen deficiency in the region 234 where the channel is formed be reduced as much as possible.
- an impurity such as water or hydrogen and an oxide having a function of suppressing permeation of oxygen may be used.
- aluminum oxide or hafnium oxide is preferably used.
- the insulator 273 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- an oxide may be deposited using an ALD method. By depositing the oxide using the ALD method, even when depositing on the step shape, it is possible to deposit a dense thin film with excellent coverage with few defects.
- the insulator 224 and the insulator 280 transmit oxygen more easily than the insulator 273.
- the insulator 273 is disposed on the insulator 224 so as to cover the side surface of the oxide 230, the upper surface of the oxide 230, the side surface of the insulator 250, and the side surface of the conductor 260. There is.
- the insulator 273 has an opening which exposes the insulator 224, and the insulator 280 is in contact with the insulator 224 through the opening.
- the top surface of the conductor 260 is covered with an insulator 282.
- an impurity such as water or hydrogen and an oxide having a function of suppressing permeation of oxygen may be used similarly to the insulator 273.
- the transistor 200 is covered with the insulator 273 and the insulator 282 which are oxides having a function of suppressing transmission of oxygen.
- the insulator 280 is included in the insulator 280 by disposing the insulator 280 containing more oxygen than the stoichiometric composition (also referred to as excess oxygen) over the transistor 200 with the insulator 273 interposed therebetween. Excess oxygen can diffuse into the insulator 224 through the opening of the insulator 273 and can be further injected into the region 234 which is a channel formation region through the insulator 224.
- the insulator 282 can suppress upward diffusion of excess oxygen.
- the diffusion of excess oxygen contained in the insulator 280 to the conductor 260 can be suppressed by the insulator 273, so oxidation of the conductor 260 can be suppressed. Permeation of excess oxygen is suppressed by the insulator 273 for other paths.
- excess oxygen of the insulator 280 can be efficiently injected into the region 234, so that oxygen vacancies in the region 234 of the oxide 230 can be reduced.
- the insulator 280 containing excess oxygen can be formed by performing treatment for injecting oxygen into the insulator 280 after the insulator 280 is formed.
- a process for injecting oxygen for example, an aluminum oxide, a hafnium oxide, a silicon oxide film, or the like may be formed by a sputtering method using a gas containing oxygen.
- a film containing aluminum oxide is formed by a sputtering method using a gas containing oxygen as the insulator 282. By depositing the aluminum oxide over the insulator 280, oxygen can be injected into the insulator 280.
- Other treatments include plasma treatment using a gas containing oxygen, treatment for injecting oxygen ions using an ion implantation apparatus, and the like.
- oxygen can be injected into the insulator 280 by irradiating the plasma with a gas containing oxygen using a device having a high density plasma source.
- oxygen ions can be implanted into the insulator 280 using an ion implantation apparatus.
- ion implantation using an ion implantation apparatus is preferable because the amount of ion implantation and the depth of ion implantation can be independently controlled. That is, since oxygen can be injected into the insulator 280 at an optimum injection amount and an optimum injection depth, it is possible to produce a semiconductor device having a high-performance transistor with small variation in performance.
- the implantation amount and the implantation depth can be optimized as appropriate depending on the thickness of the insulator 280, the size of the transistor, the arrangement density of the transistor, and the arrangement of the transistor.
- the oxide 230 can be selectively reduced in resistance by the above structure or a combination of the above steps.
- the resistance of the oxide 230 is lowered in a self-aligned manner by using the conductor 260 serving as a gate electrode as a mask. Therefore, when the plurality of transistors 200 are formed at the same time, variation in electrical characteristics among the transistors can be reduced. Further, the channel length of the transistor 200 is determined by the width of the conductor 260, and by making the width of the conductor 260 the minimum processing dimension, the transistor 200 can be miniaturized.
- an oxide semiconductor can be formed by a sputtering method or the like and thus can be used for a transistor included in a highly integrated semiconductor device.
- a transistor in which an oxide semiconductor is used for a channel formation region has extremely low leak current (off current) in a non-conduction state; thus, a semiconductor device with low power consumption can be provided.
- a semiconductor device having a transistor with a large on current can be provided.
- a semiconductor device having a transistor with low off current can be provided.
- the conductor 203 is extended in the channel width direction as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1C, and functions as a wiring for applying a potential to the conductor 205. Note that the conductor 203 is preferably provided so as to be embedded in the insulator 212.
- the conductor 205 is disposed so as to overlap with the oxide 230 and the conductor 260. Further, the conductor 205 may be provided in contact with the top surface of the conductor 203. The conductor 205 is preferably provided so as to be embedded in the insulator 214 and the insulator 216.
- the conductor 260 may function as a first gate (also referred to as a top gate) electrode.
- the conductor 205 may function as a second gate (also referred to as a bottom gate) electrode.
- the threshold voltage of the transistor 200 can be controlled by changing the potential applied to the conductor 205 independently, without interlocking with the potential applied to the conductor 260.
- the threshold voltage of the transistor 200 can be greater than 0 V and off current can be reduced. Therefore, when a negative potential is applied to the conductor 205, the drain current when the potential applied to the conductor 260 is 0 V can be smaller than when no potential is applied.
- the conductor 205 over the conductor 203, the distance between the conductor 260 having the function of the first gate electrode and the wiring and the conductor 203 can be appropriately designed. That is, by providing the insulator 214, the insulator 216, and the like between the conductor 203 and the conductor 260, the parasitic capacitance between the conductor 203 and the conductor 260 is reduced, and the conductor 203 and the conductor 260 are formed. The withstand voltage between them can be increased.
- the switching speed of the transistor 200 can be improved, and a transistor with high frequency characteristics can be provided.
- the reliability of the transistor 200 can be improved. Therefore, the thicknesses of the insulator 214 and the insulator 216 are preferably large. Note that the extension direction of the conductor 203 is not limited to this. For example, the conductor 203 may extend in the channel length direction of the transistor 200.
- the conductor 205 is disposed so as to overlap with the oxide 230 and the conductor 260 as illustrated in FIG.
- the conductor 205 may be larger than the region 234 in the oxide 230.
- the conductor 205 is preferably extended also in a region outside the end portion of the region 234 of the oxide 230 which intersects the channel width direction.
- the channel formation region of the region 234 can be electrically surrounded by the electric field of the conductor 260 having a function as the first gate electrode and the electric field of the conductor 205 having a function as the second gate electrode.
- a structure of a transistor which electrically surrounds a channel formation region by an electric field of the first gate electrode and the second gate electrode is referred to as a surrounded channel (S-channel) structure.
- a first conductor is formed in contact with the inner wall of the opening of the insulator 214 and the insulator 216, and a second conductor is formed further inside.
- the heights of the top surfaces of the first conductor and the second conductor and the height of the top surface of the insulator 216 can be approximately the same.
- the transistor 200 illustrates a structure in which the first conductor and the second conductor are stacked, the present invention is not limited to this.
- the conductor 205 may have a single layer or a stacked structure of three or more layers.
- the first conductor of the conductor 205 or the conductor 203 is a hydrogen atom, a hydrogen molecule, a water molecule, a water molecule, a nitrogen atom, a nitrogen molecule, a nitrogen oxide molecule (N 2 O, NO, NO 2 or the like), copper
- a conductive material having a function of suppressing the diffusion of impurities such as atoms the above-described impurities are difficult to transmit.
- a conductive material having a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen for example, at least one of oxygen atoms, oxygen molecules, and the like
- the function of suppressing the diffusion of impurities or oxygen is a function of suppressing the diffusion of any one or all of the impurities or the oxygen.
- the conductor 205 or the first conductor of the conductor 203 has a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen
- the conductor 205 or the second conductor of the conductor 203 is oxidized to lower the conductivity. Can be suppressed.
- a conductive material having a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen for example, tantalum, tantalum nitride, ruthenium, ruthenium oxide or the like is preferably used. Therefore, as the conductor 205 or the first conductor of the conductor 203, the above conductive material may be used in a single layer or stacked layers. Accordingly, diffusion of impurities such as hydrogen and water to the transistor 200 side through the conductor 203 and the conductor 205 can be suppressed.
- a conductive material mainly containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum is preferably used as a second conductor of the conductor 205.
- a conductive material mainly containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum is preferably used as a second conductor of the conductor 205.
- the second conductor of the conductor 205 is illustrated as a single layer, a stacked structure may be used, for example, titanium, titanium nitride, and the above conductive material may be stacked.
- the second conductor of the conductor 203 functions as a wiring, it is preferable to use a conductor having higher conductivity than the second conductor of the conductor 205.
- a conductor having higher conductivity for example, a conductive material containing copper or aluminum as a main component can be used.
- the second conductor of the conductor 203 may have a stacked structure, for example, a stack of titanium and titanium nitride and the above conductive material.
- copper is preferably used for the second conductor of the conductor 203.
- Copper is preferably used for wiring and the like because it has low resistance.
- copper is easily diffused; thus, diffusion to the oxide 230 may deteriorate the electrical characteristics of the transistor 200. Therefore, for example, by using a material such as aluminum oxide or hafnium oxide with low copper permeability for the insulator 214, copper diffusion can be suppressed.
- the conductor 205, the insulator 214, and the insulator 216 may not necessarily be provided. In that case, part of the conductor 203 can function as a second gate electrode.
- the insulator 210 and the insulator 214 preferably function as a barrier insulating film which suppresses impurities such as water or hydrogen from entering the transistor 200 from the substrate side. Therefore, the insulator 210 and the insulator 214 suppress the diffusion of impurities such as hydrogen atoms, hydrogen molecules, water molecules, nitrogen atoms, nitrogen molecules, nitrogen oxide molecules (N 2 O, NO, NO 2, etc.), copper atoms, etc. It is preferable to use an insulating material having the following function (it is difficult for the above-mentioned impurities to permeate). Alternatively, it is preferable to use an insulating material having a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen (for example, at least one of oxygen atoms, oxygen molecules, and the like) (the above-described oxygen is difficult to permeate).
- the insulator 210 aluminum oxide or the like is preferably used as the insulator 210, and silicon nitride or the like is preferably used as the insulator 214. Accordingly, diffusion of impurities such as hydrogen and water from the substrate side to the transistor 200 side through the insulator 210 and the insulator 214 can be suppressed. Alternatively, oxygen contained in the insulator 224 or the like can be suppressed from diffusing to the substrate side through the insulator 210 and the insulator 214.
- the insulator 214 can be provided between the conductor 203 and the conductor 205.
- the metal is diffused to a layer higher than the insulator 214 by providing silicon nitride or the like as the insulator 214. Can be suppressed.
- the insulator 212, the insulator 216, and the insulator 280 each functioning as an interlayer film preferably have a lower dielectric constant than the insulator 210 or the insulator 214.
- parasitic capacitance generated between wirings can be reduced.
- An insulator such as strontium (SrTiO 3 ) or (Ba, Sr) TiO 3 (BST) can be used in a single layer or a stack.
- strontium (SrTiO 3 ) or (Ba, Sr) TiO 3 (BST) can be used in a single layer or a stack.
- aluminum oxide, bismuth oxide, germanium oxide, germanium oxide, niobium oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, tungsten oxide, yttrium oxide, or zirconium oxide may be added to these insulators.
- these insulators may be nitrided.
- silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, or silicon nitride may be stacked over the above insulator.
- the insulator 220, the insulator 222, and the insulator 224 function as gate insulators.
- an oxide insulator which contains oxygen at a higher proportion than the stoichiometric composition is preferably used as the insulator 224 in contact with the oxide 230. That is, it is preferable that an excess oxygen region be formed in the insulator 224. By providing the insulator including such excess oxygen in contact with the oxide 230, oxygen vacancies in the oxide 230 can be reduced and the reliability of the transistor 200 can be improved.
- an oxide material from which part of oxygen is released by heating is preferably used as the insulator having an excess oxygen region.
- the oxide from which oxygen is released by heating means that the amount of released oxygen is 1.0 ⁇ 10 18 atoms in terms of oxygen atoms in Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy (TDS) analysis.
- An oxide having a density of at least 1 cm 3 preferably at least 1.0 10 19 atoms / cm 3 , more preferably at least 2.0 10 19 atoms / cm 3 , or at least 3.0 10 20 atoms / cm 3 It is a membrane.
- the surface temperature of the film at the time of TDS analysis is preferably in the range of 100 ° C. to 700 ° C., or 100 ° C. to 400 ° C.
- the insulator 222 has a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen (eg, at least one of oxygen atom, oxygen molecule, and the like) (the above oxygen is difficult to transmit). Is preferred.
- oxygen in the excess oxygen region of the insulator 224 can be efficiently supplied to the oxide 230 without being diffused to the insulator 220 side.
- the conductor 205 can be inhibited from reacting with oxygen in the excess oxygen region of the insulator 224.
- the insulator 222 is, for example, a so-called high material such as aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, lead zirconate titanate (PZT), strontium titanate (SrTiO 3 ), or (Ba, Sr) TiO 3 (BST). It is preferable to use an insulator containing a -k material in a single layer or a stack. As the miniaturization and higher integration of transistors progress, problems such as leakage current may occur due to thinning of the gate insulator. By using a high-k material for the insulator functioning as a gate insulator, it is possible to reduce the gate potential at the time of transistor operation while maintaining the physical thickness.
- a so-called high material such as aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, lead zirconate titanate (PZT), strontium titanate (SrTiO 3 ), or (Ba, Sr) TiO 3 (B
- an insulator including an oxide of one or both of an impurity and an insulating material having a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen or the like (the above-described oxygen is difficult to transmit).
- an insulator containing one or both oxides of aluminum and hafnium it is preferable to use aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, an oxide containing aluminum and hafnium (hafnium aluminate), or the like.
- the insulator 222 is formed using such a material, the insulator 222 suppresses the release of oxygen from the oxide 230 and the entry of impurities such as hydrogen from the peripheral portion of the transistor 200 to the oxide 230. Act as a layer.
- aluminum oxide, bismuth oxide, germanium oxide, niobium oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, tungsten oxide, yttrium oxide, or zirconium oxide may be added to these insulators.
- these insulators may be nitrided.
- silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, or silicon nitride may be stacked over the above insulator.
- the insulator 220 is preferably thermally stable.
- silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride are preferable because they are thermally stable.
- the insulator 220 with a stacked structure which is thermally stable and has a high relative dielectric constant can be obtained.
- the insulator 220, the insulator 222, and the insulator 224 may have a stacked structure of two or more layers.
- the invention is not limited to the laminated structure made of the same material, but may be a laminated structure made of different materials.
- the oxide 230 includes an oxide 230a, an oxide 230b over the oxide 230a, and an oxide 230c over the oxide 230b.
- the oxide 230a under the oxide 230b, diffusion of impurities from the structure formed below the oxide 230a to the oxide 230b can be suppressed.
- the oxide 230c over the oxide 230b, diffusion of impurities from the structure formed above the oxide 230c to the oxide 230b can be suppressed.
- the oxide 230 preferably has a stacked-layer structure of oxides having different atomic ratios of metal atoms.
- the atomic ratio of the element M in the constituent elements is larger than the atomic ratio of the element M in the constituent elements of the metal oxide used for the oxide 230b.
- the atomic ratio of the element M to In is preferably larger than the atomic ratio of the element M to In in the metal oxide used for the oxide 230b.
- the atomic ratio of In to the element M is preferably larger than the atomic ratio of In to the element M in the metal oxide used for the oxide 230a.
- the oxide 230c a metal oxide which can be used for the oxide 230a or the oxide 230b can be used.
- the energy at the lower end of the conduction band of the oxide 230a and the oxide 230c be higher than the energy at the lower end of the conduction band of the oxide 230b.
- the electron affinity of the oxide 230a and the oxide 230c is preferably smaller than the electron affinity of the oxide 230b.
- the energy level at the lower end of the conduction band changes gently.
- the energy level at the bottom of the conduction band at the junction of the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, and the oxide 230c can be said to be continuously changed or connected continuously.
- the density of defect states in the mixed layer formed at the interface between the oxide 230 a and the oxide 230 b and at the interface between the oxide 230 b and the oxide 230 c may be lowered.
- the oxide layer 230a and the oxide layer 230b or the oxide layer 230b and the oxide layer 230c have a common element other than oxygen (contains as a main component), whereby a mixed layer with a low density of defect states is formed.
- a mixed layer with a low density of defect states is formed.
- the oxide 230b is an In-Ga-Zn oxide
- an In-Ga-Zn oxide, a Ga-Zn oxide, gallium oxide, or the like may be used as the oxide 230a and the oxide 230c.
- the main route of the carrier is the oxide 230b.
- the oxide 230 a and the oxide 230 c described above the density of defect states in the interface between the oxide 230 a and the oxide 230 b and the interface between the oxide 230 b and the oxide 230 c can be reduced. Therefore, the influence of interface scattering on carrier conduction is reduced, and the transistor 200 can obtain high on-state current.
- the electron affinity or energy level Ec at the lower end of the conduction band can be determined from the ionization potential Ip, which is the difference between the vacuum level Evac and the energy Ev at the upper end of the valence band, and the band gap Eg, as shown in FIG. .
- the ionization potential Ip can be measured, for example, using an ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) device.
- the energy gap Eg can be measured, for example, using a spectroscopic ellipsometer.
- the oxide 230 includes a region 231 and a region 234. Note that when the transistor 200 is turned on, the region 231a or the region 231b functions as a source region or a drain region. On the other hand, at least a part of the region 234 functions as a region in which a channel is formed.
- a region higher in resistance than the region 231 is not formed between the region 231 functioning as a source region and a drain region and the region 234 in which a channel is formed; therefore, the on current and mobility of the transistor are large. can do. Since the source region and the drain region do not overlap with the first gate electrode (conductor 260), formation of unnecessary capacitance can be suppressed.
- a metal oxide which functions as an oxide semiconductor (hereinafter, also referred to as an oxide semiconductor) is preferably used.
- the metal oxide to be the region 234 one having a band gap of 2 eV or more, preferably 2.5 eV or more is preferably used.
- the off-state current of the transistor can be reduced.
- a transistor including an oxide semiconductor has extremely low leakage current in a non-conduction state; thus, a semiconductor device with low power consumption can be provided. Further, an oxide semiconductor can be formed by a sputtering method or the like and thus can be used for a transistor included in a highly integrated semiconductor device.
- the insulator 250 functions as a gate insulator.
- the insulator 250 is preferably placed in contact with the top surface of the oxide 230c.
- the insulator 250 is preferably formed using an insulator from which oxygen is released by heating.
- the insulator 250 has, for example, a desorption amount of oxygen of 1.0 ⁇ 10 18 molecules / cm 3 or more, preferably 1.0 ⁇ 10 19 molecules / cm 3 or more in terms of molecular oxygen in TDS analysis. More preferably, the oxide film is 2.0 ⁇ 10 19 molecules / cm 3 or more, or 3.0 ⁇ 10 20 molecules / cm 3 or more.
- the surface temperature of the film at the time of TDS analysis is preferably in the range of 100 ° C. to 700 ° C.
- silicon oxide having excess oxygen silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxide to which fluorine is added, silicon oxide to which carbon is added, silicon oxide to which carbon and nitrogen are added, and vacancies.
- Silicon oxide can be used.
- silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride are preferable because they are stable to heat.
- Oxygen can be effectively supplied from the insulator 250 to the region 234 of the oxide 230 b by providing an insulator from which oxygen is released by heating in contact with the top surface of the oxide 230 c as the insulator 250. . Further, similarly to the insulator 224, the concentration of impurities such as water or hydrogen in the insulator 250 is preferably reduced. The thickness of the insulator 250 is preferably 1 nm or more and 20 nm or less.
- a metal oxide may be provided over the insulator 250 in order to efficiently supply the oxide 230 with excess oxygen of the insulator 250.
- the metal oxide preferably suppresses oxygen diffusion from the insulator 250.
- the diffusion of excess oxygen from the insulator 250 to the conductor 260 is suppressed. That is, the decrease in the amount of excess oxygen supplied to the oxide 230 can be suppressed.
- the oxidation of the conductor 260 due to excess oxygen can be suppressed.
- the metal oxide may have a function as part of the gate insulator. Therefore, in the case of using silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, or the like for the insulator 250, it is preferable to use a metal oxide which is a high-k material having a high relative dielectric constant. With the laminated structure, a laminated structure stable to heat and having a high dielectric constant can be obtained. Therefore, while maintaining the physical film thickness, it is possible to reduce the gate potential applied at the time of transistor operation. In addition, it is possible to reduce the equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of the insulator that functions as a gate insulator.
- EOT equivalent oxide thickness
- the metal oxide may have a function as part of the first gate electrode.
- an oxide semiconductor that can be used as the oxide 230 can be used as the metal oxide.
- the electric resistance value of the metal oxide can be reduced to be a conductor. This can be called an OC (Oxide Conductor) electrode.
- the metal oxide With the metal oxide, the on-state current of the transistor 200 can be improved without weakening the influence of the electric field from the conductor 260.
- the leakage current between the conductor 260 and the oxide 230 can be reduced. It can be suppressed. Further, by providing the laminated structure of the insulator 250 and the metal oxide, the physical distance between the conductor 260 and the oxide 230 and the electric field strength applied from the conductor 260 to the oxide 230 can be easily obtained. Can be adjusted accordingly.
- metal oxides containing one or more selected from hafnium, aluminum, gallium, yttrium, zirconium, tungsten, titanium, tantalum, nickel, germanium, or magnesium as a metal oxide A thing can be used.
- the oxide semiconductor can be used as a metal oxide.
- hafnium oxide an oxide containing aluminum and hafnium (hafnium aluminate), or the like, which is an insulator containing one or both oxides of aluminum and hafnium, is preferably used.
- hafnium aluminate has higher heat resistance than the hafnium oxide film. Therefore, it is preferable because it is hard to crystallize in heat treatment in a later step.
- a conductor 260 functioning as a first gate electrode includes a conductor 260a and a conductor 260b over the conductor 260a.
- the conductor 260a is, similarly to the first conductor of the conductor 205, a hydrogen atom, a hydrogen molecule, a water molecule, a nitrogen atom, a nitrogen molecule, a nitrogen oxide molecule (N 2 O, NO, NO 2 etc.), a copper atom
- a conductive material having a function of suppressing the diffusion of impurities such as Alternatively, it is preferable to use a conductive material having a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen (eg, at least one of oxygen atom, oxygen molecule, and the like).
- the conductor 260a has a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen
- the conductor 260b can be prevented from being oxidized and the conductivity being lowered by excess oxygen contained in the insulator 250 and the metal oxide.
- a conductive material having a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen for example, tantalum, tantalum nitride, ruthenium, ruthenium oxide or the like is preferably used.
- the conductor 260 b is preferably formed using a conductive material containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum as a main component.
- a conductor with high conductivity For example, a conductive material containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum as a main component can be used.
- the conductor 260b may have a stacked structure, for example, a stack of titanium and titanium nitride and the above conductive material.
- the conductor 260 is In the region, it is preferable to overlap with the conductor 205 through the insulator 250. That is, in the outside of the side surface of the oxide 230, the conductor 205, the insulator 250, and the conductor 260 preferably form a stacked structure.
- the electric field generated from the conductor 260 and the electric field generated from the conductor 205 are connected to form a channel formed in the oxide 230
- the area can be electrically surrounded.
- the channel formation region of the region 234 can be electrically surrounded by the electric field of the conductor 260 having a function as the first gate electrode and the electric field of the conductor 205 having a function as the second gate electrode. .
- an insulator 280 which functions as an interlayer film is preferably provided to cover the oxide 230 and the insulator 273.
- the insulator 280 preferably has a reduced concentration of impurities such as water or hydrogen in the film, similarly to the insulator 224 and the like.
- the insulator 280 preferably has excess oxygen.
- an insulator 282 similar to the insulator 210 may be provided over the insulator 280. By forming the insulator 282 by sputtering, impurities in the insulator 280 can be reduced.
- an insulator 283 similar to the insulator 280 may be provided over the insulator 282.
- the conductor 240 a and the conductor 240 b are provided in openings formed in the insulator 283, the insulator 282, the insulator 280, and the insulator 273.
- the conductor 240 a and the conductor 240 b are provided opposite to each other with the conductor 260 interposed therebetween. Note that the heights of the top surfaces of the conductor 240 a and the conductor 240 b may be on the same plane as the top surface of the insulator 283.
- the conductor 240a is in contact with the region 231a which functions as one of the source region and the drain region of the transistor 200
- the conductor 240b is in contact with the region 231b which functions as the other of the source region and the drain region of the transistor 200.
- the conductor 240a can function as one of a source electrode and a drain electrode
- the conductor 240b can function as the other of the source electrode and the drain electrode.
- a conductor 240 a is formed in contact with the inner wall of the insulator 283, the insulator 282, the insulator 280, and the opening of the insulator 273.
- the region 231a of the oxide 230 is positioned at least at part of the bottom of the opening, and the conductor 240a is in contact with the region 231a.
- a conductor 240 b is formed in contact with the inner wall of the insulator 280 and the opening of the insulator 273.
- the region 231 b of the oxide 230 is positioned at least at part of the bottom of the opening, and the conductor 240 b is in contact with the region 231 b.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by an alternate long and short dash line A5-A6 in FIG. 1A, and is a cross-sectional view of a region where the conductor 240a in the channel width direction of the transistor 200 is in contact with the oxide 230. It is. Note that the same structure is applied to a region where the conductor 240 b and the oxide 230 are in contact with each other.
- the conductor 240 a is preferably in contact with at least the top surface of the oxide 230 and further in contact with the side surface of the oxide 230.
- the conductor 240a is preferably in contact with one or both of the side surface on the A5 side and the side surface on the A6 side on the side surface of the oxide 230 which intersects the channel width direction. That is, a region in which the conductor 240a and the oxide 230 are in contact has a cross-sectional shape like a weir (this can be called a wedge contact).
- the conductor 240 a may be in contact with the side surface on the A1 side on the side surface of the oxide 230 which intersects the channel length direction.
- the region where the conductor 240a and the oxide 230 are in contact with each other is not limited to the example illustrated in FIG. 3A.
- the conductor 240a is the top surface of the oxide 230 and It may have a region in contact with the side surface of the oxide 230 on the A5 side.
- the conductor 240 a may be in contact with the side surface on the A1 side on the side surface of the oxide 230 which intersects the channel length direction.
- the conductor 240a may have a region in contact with the side surface of the oxide 230 on the A6 side.
- the conductor 240 a is preferably made of a conductive material containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum as a main component.
- the conductor 240a may have a stacked structure.
- the layer 230 which is a low-resistance region in the region 231 is removed in the oxide 230.
- a conductor used for the conductor 240 a metal film, a nitride film containing a metal element, or an oxide film containing a metal element may be used. That is, when the oxide 230 and the conductor 240 are in contact with each other, a new low-resistance region is formed in the oxide 230. By forming the low-resistance region, the contact resistance between the oxide 230 and the conductor 240 can be reduced.
- the conductor 240 preferably contains a metal element such as aluminum, ruthenium, titanium, tantalum, tungsten, or the like.
- the conductor in contact with the insulator 283, the insulator 282, the insulator 280, and the insulator 273 may be water or water as in the first conductor of the conductor 205, or the like. It is preferable to use a conductive material having a function of suppressing permeation of impurities such as hydrogen.
- a conductive material having a function of suppressing permeation of impurities such as hydrogen.
- tantalum, tantalum nitride, titanium, titanium nitride, ruthenium or ruthenium oxide is preferably used.
- a conductive material having a function of suppressing permeation of impurities such as water or hydrogen may be used in a single layer or a stack. By using the conductive material, impurities such as hydrogen and water from above the insulator 283 can be prevented from being mixed into the oxide 230 through the conductor 240 a and the conductor 240 b.
- a conductor that functions as a wiring may be disposed in contact with the top surface of the conductor 240a and the top surface of the conductor 240b. It is preferable to use a conductive material whose main component is tungsten, copper, or aluminum as the conductor functioning as the wiring.
- the conductor may have a stacked structure, for example, a stack of titanium and titanium nitride and the above conductive material. Note that as in the case of the conductor 203 or the like, the conductor may be formed so as to be embedded in an opening provided in an insulator.
- FIG. 4 is a top view and a cross-sectional view of a transistor 200a according to one embodiment of the present invention, and the periphery of the transistor 200a.
- FIG. 4A is a top view of a semiconductor device including the transistor 200a.
- 4B and 4C are cross-sectional views of the semiconductor device.
- FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by an alternate long and short dash line A1-A2 in FIG. 4A, and is also a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction of the transistor 200a.
- 4C is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by an alternate long and short dash line A3-A4 in FIG. 4A, and is also a cross-sectional view in the channel width direction of the transistor 200a. Note that, in the top view of FIG. 4A, some elements are omitted for the sake of clarity.
- the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention includes the transistor 200 a, an insulator 210 functioning as an interlayer film, an insulator 212, an insulator 280, an insulator 282, and an insulator 283. Further, a conductor 203 electrically connected to the transistor 200 a and functioning as a wiring and a conductor 240 functioning as a plug are included.
- the conductor 203 is formed to be embedded in the insulator 212.
- the height of the top surface of the conductor 203 and the height of the top surface of the insulator 212 can be approximately the same.
- the conductor 203 is illustrated as a single layer, the present invention is not limited to this.
- the conductor 203 may have a stacked structure of two or more layers.
- an ordinal number may be provided and distinguished in order of formation.
- the conductor 240 is formed in contact with the insulator 273, the insulator 280, and the inner wall of the opening of the insulator 283.
- the height of the top surface of the conductor 240 and the height of the top surface of the insulator 283 can be approximately the same.
- the conductor 240 is a single layer, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- the conductor 240 may have a stacked structure of two or more layers.
- the height of the top surface of the conductor 260 and the height of the top surface of the insulator 280 substantially coincide with each other.
- the transistor 200 a includes an insulator 214 and an insulator 216 disposed on a substrate (not shown), and a conductor 205 disposed to be embedded in the insulator 214 and the insulator 216.
- An insulator 220 disposed on the insulator 216 and the conductor 205, an insulator 222 disposed on the insulator 220, an insulator 224 disposed on the insulator 222, and the insulator
- the oxide 230 (the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, and the oxide 230c) disposed on the 224, the insulator 250 disposed on the oxide 230, and the conductor disposed on the insulator 250 260 (conductors 260a and 260b), insulator 270 on conductor 260, top surface of insulator 224, side surface of oxide 230a, side surface of oxide 230b, oxide 230b
- An insulator 273 disposed in contact with the top surface, the side surface of the oxide 230 c, the side surface of the insulator 250, the side surface of the conductor 260, and the side surface of the insulator 270 And an insulator 275.
- the insulator 273 has an opening which exposes the insulator 224, and the insulator 280 is in contact with the insulator 224 through the opening.
- the conductor 260 has a conductor 260a and a conductor 260b, and the conductor 260a is disposed so as to wrap the bottom and the side of the conductor 260b.
- the top surface of the insulator 270 substantially coincides with the top surface of the insulator 273 and the top surface of the insulator 275.
- the transistor 200 a is different from the above-described transistor 200 in that the transistor 200 a includes the insulator 270 and the insulator 275.
- insulator 270 and the insulator 275 for example, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, or silicon nitride can be used.
- the openings of the insulator 283, the insulator 282, the insulator 280, and the insulator 273 are formed so that the side surfaces of the insulator 275 are exposed.
- the etching rate of the insulator 280 is preferably 5 or more, and more preferably 10 or more.
- the opening can be formed in a self-aligned manner, the margin for alignment between the opening and the gate electrode can be broadened, and the distance between the opening and the gate electrode can be designed to be small. It enables high integration of the device. Further, in the structure of the transistor 200a which is an embodiment of the present invention, for example, even when the opening is shifted to a position overlapping with the top surface of the insulator 270 at the time of opening formation, the conductor 260 and the conductor 240a or the conductor 240b However, it can prevent an electrical short circuit.
- the etching rate of the insulator 270 may be set to an opening condition which is significantly smaller than the etching rate of the insulator 280. Therefore, as the insulator 270, a material similar to that of the insulator 275 can be used.
- the conductor 240 a and the conductor 240 b are provided in the openings formed in the insulator 283, the insulator 282, the insulator 280, and the insulator 273.
- the conductor 240 a and the conductor 240 b are provided opposite to each other with the conductor 260 interposed therebetween. Note that the heights of the top surfaces of the conductor 240 a and the conductor 240 b may be on the same plane as the top surface of the insulator 283.
- the conductor 240a is in contact with the region 231a functioning as one of the source region and the drain region of the transistor 200a, and the conductor 240b is in contact with the region 231b functioning as the other of the source region and the drain region of the transistor 200a.
- the conductor 240a can function as one of a source electrode and a drain electrode, and the conductor 240b can function as the other of the source electrode and the drain electrode.
- a conductor 240 a is formed in contact with the inner wall of the insulator 283, the insulator 282, the insulator 280, and the opening of the insulator 273.
- the region 231a of the oxide 230 is positioned at least at part of the bottom of the opening, and the conductor 240a is in contact with the region 231a.
- a conductor 240 b is formed in contact with the insulator 283, the insulator 282, the insulator 280, and the inner wall of the opening of the insulator 273.
- the region 231 b of the oxide 230 is positioned at least at part of the bottom of the opening, and the conductor 240 b is in contact with the region 231 b.
- a parasitic capacitance is formed between the conductor 260 and the conductor 240a.
- parasitic capacitance is formed between the conductor 260 and the conductor 240b. The parasitic capacitance is reduced by increasing the film thickness in the channel length direction of the insulator disposed between the conductor 260 and the conductor 240a (conductor 240b).
- parasitic capacitance can be reduced by providing the insulator 275 in addition to the insulator 273 in the transistor 200 a.
- the total value of the film thickness in the channel length direction of the insulator 275 and the film thickness in the channel length direction of the insulator 273 is preferably 10 nm to 50 nm as an equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) converted to a silicon oxide film. Is set to 15 nm or more and 30 nm.
- EOT equivalent oxide thickness
- As the insulator 275 for example, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, or silicon nitride can be used.
- the transistor 200a can operate at high speed.
- the description of the transistor 200 can be referred to for other structures, effects, and the like.
- an insulator substrate for example, an insulator substrate, a semiconductor substrate, or a conductor substrate may be used.
- the insulator substrate include a glass substrate, a quartz substrate, a sapphire substrate, a stabilized zirconia substrate (such as a yttria stabilized zirconia substrate), and a resin substrate.
- the semiconductor substrate may be, for example, a semiconductor substrate of silicon, germanium or the like, or a compound semiconductor substrate of silicon carbide, silicon germanium, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, zinc oxide or gallium oxide.
- the conductive substrate there is a semiconductor substrate having an insulator region inside the aforementioned semiconductor substrate, for example, an SOI (Silicon On Insulator) substrate.
- the conductive substrate there are a graphite substrate, a metal substrate, an alloy substrate, a conductive resin substrate and the like.
- a substrate provided with a conductor or a semiconductor on an insulator substrate a substrate provided with a conductor or an insulator on a semiconductor substrate, a substrate provided with a semiconductor or an insulator on the conductor substrate, and the like.
- those provided with elements on these substrates may be used.
- the elements provided on the substrate include a capacitor, a resistor, a switch, a light-emitting element, a memory element, and the like.
- a flexible substrate may be used as the substrate.
- a method for providing a transistor on a flexible substrate there is a method in which the transistor is peeled off after being manufactured on a non-flexible substrate and transposed to a substrate which is a flexible substrate.
- a release layer may be provided between the non-flexible substrate and the transistor.
- the substrate may have stretchability.
- the substrate may have the property of returning to its original shape when bending or pulling is stopped. Alternatively, the substrate may have the property of not returning to its original shape.
- the substrate has, for example, a region having a thickness of 5 ⁇ m to 700 ⁇ m, preferably 10 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, and more preferably 15 ⁇ m to 300 ⁇ m.
- the substrate When the substrate is thinned, the weight of the semiconductor device including the transistor can be reduced.
- the substrate when the substrate is made thin, it may have elasticity even when using glass or the like, or may return to its original shape when bending or pulling is stopped. Therefore, an impact or the like applied to the semiconductor device on the substrate due to a drop or the like can be alleviated. That is, a robust semiconductor device can be provided.
- a substrate which is a flexible substrate for example, a metal, an alloy, a resin or glass, or a fiber thereof can be used.
- a sheet, a film, a foil or the like in which fibers are woven may be used.
- a substrate which is a flexible substrate has a low coefficient of linear expansion, deformation due to the environment is preferably suppressed.
- a substrate which is a flexible substrate for example, a material having a linear expansion coefficient of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 / K or less, 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 / K or less, or 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 / K or less may be used.
- the resin include polyester, polyolefin, polyamide (such as nylon and aramid), polyimide, polycarbonate, and acrylic.
- aramid is suitable as a flexible substrate because it has a low coefficient of linear expansion.
- the insulator includes, for example, an insulating oxide, a nitride, an oxynitride, a nitride oxide, a metal oxide, a metal oxynitride, a metal nitride oxide, and the like.
- the thinning of the gate insulator may cause problems such as leakage current.
- a high-k material for the insulator that functions as a gate insulator voltage reduction during transistor operation can be achieved while maintaining the physical thickness.
- a material having a low relative dielectric constant for an insulator functioning as an interlayer film parasitic capacitance generated between wirings can be reduced. Therefore, depending on the function of the insulator, the material may be selected.
- oxides of gallium oxide, hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum and hafnium, oxynitrides of aluminum and hafnium, oxides of silicon and hafnium, silicon and hafnium can be used.
- oxides of silicon and hafnium, silicon and hafnium can be used.
- silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride are thermally stable. Therefore, for example, by combining with a resin, it is possible to obtain a laminated structure having a low thermal conductivity and a low dielectric constant.
- the resin include polyester, polyolefin, polyamide (such as nylon and aramid), polyimide, polycarbonate or acrylic.
- silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride can be combined with an insulator with high relative permittivity to form a stacked structure with high thermal stability and high relative permittivity.
- the transistor including an oxide semiconductor electrical characteristics of the transistor can be stabilized by being surrounded by an insulator having a function of suppressing transmission of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen.
- an insulator having a function of suppressing permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen for example, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, chlorine, argon, gallium, germanium, yttrium, zirconium
- An insulator containing lanthanum, neodymium, hafnium or tantalum may be used in a single layer or a stack.
- a metal oxide such as tantalum oxide, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, or the like can be used.
- aluminum oxide has high barrier properties and can suppress the diffusion of hydrogen and nitrogen even if it is a thin film of 0.5 nm or more and 3.0 nm or less.
- hafnium oxide has lower barrier properties than aluminum oxide, the barrier properties can be enhanced by increasing the film thickness. Therefore, by adjusting the film thickness of hafnium oxide, it is possible to adjust the appropriate addition amount of hydrogen and nitrogen.
- insulator 224 and insulator 250 which function as part of a gate insulator, are preferably insulators having excess oxygen regions.
- insulator 224 and insulator 250 which function as part of a gate insulator, are preferably insulators having excess oxygen regions.
- oxygen vacancies in the oxide 230 can be compensated.
- an insulator containing one or more oxides of aluminum, hafnium, and gallium can be used as the insulator 222 which functions as part of a gate insulator.
- aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, an oxide containing aluminum and hafnium (hafnium aluminate), or the like is preferably used as the insulator containing one or both of the oxides of aluminum and hafnium.
- the insulator 220 silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride which is stable against heat is preferably used.
- the gate insulator has a laminated structure of a film stable to heat and a film having a high relative dielectric constant, so that the thin film of the equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of the gate insulator is maintained while maintaining the physical film thickness.
- EOT equivalent oxide thickness
- the on current can be improved without weakening the influence of the electric field from the gate electrode. Further, by keeping the distance between the gate electrode and the region where the channel is formed by the physical thickness of the gate insulator, the leakage current between the gate electrode and the channel formation region can be suppressed. .
- Each of the insulator 212, the insulator 216, the insulator 270, the insulator 275, the insulator 280, and the insulator 283 preferably includes an insulator with a low relative dielectric constant.
- the insulator 212, the insulator 216, the insulator 270, the insulator 275, the insulator 280, and the insulator 283 may be silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxide to which fluorine is added, or carbon. It is preferable to have added silicon oxide, silicon oxide to which carbon and nitrogen are added, silicon oxide having pores, or a resin.
- the insulator 212, the insulator 216, the insulator 270, the insulator 275, the insulator 280, and the insulator 283 may be silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxide to which fluorine is added, or carbon. It is preferable to have a laminated structure of added silicon oxide, silicon oxide to which carbon and nitrogen are added, or silicon oxide having holes and a resin. Silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride are thermally stable, and thus, when combined with a resin, a stacked structure with a thermally stable and low dielectric constant can be obtained. Examples of the resin include polyester, polyolefin, polyamide (such as nylon and aramid), polyimide, polycarbonate or acrylic.
- an insulator having a function of suppressing transmission of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen can be used.
- an insulator having a function of suppressing transmission of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen can be used.
- an insulator having a function of suppressing transmission of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen can be used.
- the insulator 210, the insulator 214, the insulator 222, the insulator 273, and the insulator 282 for example, aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, magnesium oxide, gallium oxide, germanium oxide, yttrium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, neodymium oxide
- a metal oxide such as tantalum oxide, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, or the like may be used.
- the conductor is a metal selected from aluminum, chromium, copper, silver, gold, platinum, tantalum, nickel, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, manganese, magnesium, zirconium, beryllium, indium, ruthenium and the like
- a material containing one or more elements can be used.
- a semiconductor with high electrical conductivity typically a polycrystalline silicon containing an impurity element such as phosphorus, or a silicide such as nickel silicide may be used.
- a plurality of conductive layers formed of the above materials may be stacked.
- a stacked structure in which a material containing a metal element described above and a conductive material containing oxygen are combined may be used.
- a stacked structure in which the material containing the metal element described above and the conductive material containing nitrogen are combined may be used.
- a stacked structure in which the above-described material containing a metal element, the conductive material containing oxygen, and the conductive material containing nitrogen are combined may be used.
- a stacked structure in which a material containing the above-described metal element and a conductive material containing oxygen are combined is used for a conductor functioning as a gate electrode.
- a conductive material containing oxygen may be provided on the channel formation region side.
- a conductor functioning as a gate electrode a conductive material containing oxygen and a metal element contained in a metal oxide in which a channel is formed is preferably used.
- a conductive material containing the above-described metal element and nitrogen may be used.
- a conductive material containing nitrogen such as titanium nitride or tantalum nitride may be used.
- indium tin oxide, indium oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium zinc oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium oxide containing titanium oxide, indium tin oxide containing titanium oxide, indium zinc oxide, silicon were added.
- Indium tin oxide may be used.
- indium gallium zinc oxide containing nitrogen may be used.
- the conductor 260, the conductor 203, the conductor 205, and the conductor 240 aluminum, chromium, copper, silver, gold, platinum, tantalum, nickel, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, manganese, magnesium
- a material containing one or more metal elements selected from zirconium, beryllium, indium, ruthenium and the like can be used.
- a semiconductor with high electrical conductivity typically a polycrystalline silicon containing an impurity element such as phosphorus, or a silicide such as nickel silicide may be used.
- a metal oxide which functions as an oxide semiconductor (hereinafter, also referred to as an oxide semiconductor) is preferably used.
- an oxide semiconductor metal oxide which functions as an oxide semiconductor
- metal oxides applicable to the oxide 230 according to the present invention will be described.
- the metal oxide preferably contains at least indium or zinc. In particular, it is preferable to contain indium and zinc. In addition to them, aluminum, gallium, yttrium or tin is preferably contained. In addition, one or more selected from boron, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, or magnesium may be included.
- the metal oxide is an In-M-Zn oxide having indium, an element M and zinc.
- the element M is, for example, aluminum, gallium, yttrium or tin.
- Other elements applicable to the element M include boron, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, magnesium and the like.
- the element M a plurality of the aforementioned elements may be combined in some cases.
- metal oxides having nitrogen may also be collectively referred to as metal oxides.
- a metal oxide having nitrogen may be referred to as metal oxynitride.
- CAC Cloud-Aligned Composite
- CAAC c-axis aligned crystal
- CAC Cloud-Aligned Composite
- the CAC-OS or CAC-metal oxide has a conductive function in part of the material and an insulating function in part of the material, and functions as a semiconductor throughout the material.
- the conductive function is a function of allowing electrons (or holes) to be carriers
- the insulating function is a carrier. It is a function that does not flow electrons.
- a function of switching can be imparted to the CAC-OS or the CAC-metal oxide by causing the conductive function and the insulating function to be complementary to each other.
- CAC-OS or CAC-metal oxide has a conductive region and an insulating region.
- the conductive region has the above-mentioned conductive function
- the insulating region has the above-mentioned insulating function.
- the conductive region and the insulating region may be separated at the nanoparticle level.
- the conductive region and the insulating region may be unevenly distributed in the material.
- the conductive region may be observed as connected in a cloud shape with a blurred periphery.
- the conductive region and the insulating region are each dispersed in the material with a size of 0.5 nm or more and 10 nm or less, preferably 0.5 nm or more and 3 nm or less There is.
- CAC-OS or CAC-metal oxide is composed of components having different band gaps.
- CAC-OS or CAC-metal oxide is composed of a component having a wide gap resulting from the insulating region and a component having a narrow gap resulting from the conductive region.
- the carrier when the carrier flows, the carrier mainly flows in the component having the narrow gap.
- the component having the narrow gap acts complementarily to the component having the wide gap, and the carrier also flows to the component having the wide gap in conjunction with the component having the narrow gap. Therefore, when the above-described CAC-OS or CAC-metal oxide is used for a channel formation region of a transistor, high current driving force, that is, high on current, and high field effect mobility can be obtained in the on state of the transistor.
- CAC-OS or CAC-metal oxide can also be called a matrix composite (matrix composite) or a metal matrix composite (metal matrix composite).
- Oxide semiconductors can be divided into single crystal oxide semiconductors and other non-single crystal oxide semiconductors.
- non-single crystal oxide semiconductor for example, c-axis aligned crystalline oxide semiconductor (CAAC-OS), polycrystalline oxide semiconductor, nanocrystalline oxide semiconductor (nc-OS), pseudo amorphous oxide semiconductor (a-like) OS: amorphous-like oxide semiconductor) and amorphous oxide semiconductor.
- the CAAC-OS has c-axis orientation, and a plurality of nanocrystals are connected in the a-b plane direction to form a strained crystal structure.
- distortion refers to a portion where the orientation of the lattice arrangement changes between the region in which the lattice arrangement is aligned and the region in which another lattice arrangement is aligned in the region where the plurality of nanocrystals are connected.
- the nanocrystals are based on hexagons, but may not be regular hexagons and may be non-hexagonal. Moreover, distortion may have a lattice arrangement such as pentagon and heptagon.
- the CAAC-OS it is difficult to confirm clear crystal grain boundaries (also referred to as grain boundaries) even in the vicinity of strain. That is, it is understood that the formation of crystal grain boundaries is suppressed by the distortion of the lattice arrangement. This is because the CAAC-OS can tolerate distortion due to the fact that the arrangement of oxygen atoms is not dense in the a-b plane direction, or that the bonding distance between atoms is changed due to metal element substitution. It is for.
- a CAAC-OS is a layered crystal in which a layer containing indium and oxygen (hereinafter referred to as In layer) and a layer containing element M, zinc and oxygen (hereinafter referred to as (M, Zn) layer) are stacked. It tends to have a structure (also referred to as a layered structure).
- In layer a layer containing indium and oxygen
- M, Zn zinc and oxygen
- indium and the element M can be substituted with each other, and when the element M in the (M, Zn) layer is replaced with indium, it can also be expressed as a (In, M, Zn) layer.
- indium in the In layer is substituted with the element M, it can also be represented as an (In, M) layer.
- CAAC-OS is a highly crystalline metal oxide. On the other hand, it is difficult to confirm clear crystal grain boundaries in CAAC-OS, so it can be said that the decrease in electron mobility due to crystal grain boundaries does not easily occur. In addition, since the crystallinity of a metal oxide may decrease due to the mixing of impurities or generation of defects, the CAAC-OS is a metal oxide with few impurities or defects (also referred to as oxygen vacancies (Vo)). It can be said that. Therefore, the metal oxide having a CAAC-OS has stable physical properties. Therefore, a metal oxide having a CAAC-OS is resistant to heat and has high reliability.
- the nc-OS has periodicity in atomic arrangement in a minute region (eg, a region of 1 nm to 10 nm, particularly a region of 1 nm to 3 nm).
- nc-OS has no regularity in crystal orientation among different nanocrystals. Therefore, no orientation can be seen in the entire film. Therefore, the nc-OS may not be distinguished from the a-like OS or the amorphous oxide semiconductor depending on the analysis method.
- indium-gallium-zinc oxide which is a kind of metal oxide having indium, gallium and zinc
- IGZO indium-gallium-zinc oxide
- crystals eg, the above-mentioned nanocrystals
- large crystals here, several mm or several cm. May become stable.
- the a-like OS is a metal oxide having a structure between nc-OS and an amorphous oxide semiconductor.
- the a-like OS has a wrinkle or low density region. That is, a-like OS has lower crystallinity than nc-OS and CAAC-OS.
- Oxide semiconductors have various structures, and each has different characteristics.
- the oxide semiconductor of one embodiment of the present invention may have two or more of an amorphous oxide semiconductor, a polycrystalline oxide semiconductor, an a-like OS, an nc-OS, and a CAAC-OS.
- a metal oxide with low carrier density is preferably used for the transistor.
- the impurity concentration in the metal oxide film may be lowered to lower the density of defect states.
- a low impurity concentration and a low density of defect levels are referred to as high purity intrinsic or substantially high purity intrinsic.
- the metal oxide has a carrier density of less than 8 ⁇ 10 11 / cm 3 , preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 11 / cm 3 , more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 10 / cm 3 , and 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 9 / cm 3. It should be cm 3 or more.
- the trap state density may also be low.
- the charge trapped in the trap level of the metal oxide may take a long time to disappear and behave as if it were fixed charge. Therefore, a transistor including a metal oxide with a high trap state density in a channel formation region may have unstable electrical characteristics.
- the impurities include hydrogen, nitrogen, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, iron, nickel, silicon and the like.
- a thin film with high crystallinity is preferably used as the metal oxide used for the semiconductor of the transistor.
- the stability or the reliability of the transistor can be improved.
- the thin film include thin films of single crystal metal oxides or thin films of polycrystalline metal oxides.
- a high temperature or laser heating step is required to form a thin film of monocrystalline metal oxide or a thin film of polycrystalline metal oxide on a substrate. Therefore, the cost of the manufacturing process increases, and the throughput also decreases.
- Non-Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 2 In-Ga-Zn oxide having a CAAC structure (referred to as CAAC-IGZO) was discovered in 2009.
- CAAC-IGZO has c-axis orientation, can not be clearly identified in grain boundaries, and can be formed on a substrate at a low temperature.
- a transistor using CAAC-IGZO is reported to have excellent electrical characteristics and reliability.
- nc-IGZO In-Ga-Zn oxide having an nc structure was discovered (see Non-Patent Document 3).
- nc-IGZO has periodicity in atomic arrangement in a minute area (for example, an area of 1 nm or more and 3 nm or less) and regularity in crystal orientation is not observed between different areas. There is.
- Non-Patent Document 4 and Non-Patent Document 5 show the transition of the average crystal size by the irradiation of an electron beam to the thin films of the above-described CAAC-IGZO, nc-IGZO, and IGZO with low crystallinity.
- a low crystalline IGZO thin film crystalline IGZO of about 1 nm has been observed even before electron beam irradiation. Therefore, it is reported here that in IGZO, the presence of a completely amorphous structure could not be confirmed.
- the thin film of CAAC-IGZO and the thin film of nc-IGZO have high stability to electron beam irradiation as compared with the thin film of IGZO having low crystallinity. Therefore, it is preferable to use a thin film of CAAC-IGZO or a thin film of nc-IGZO as a semiconductor of the transistor.
- a transistor using a metal oxide has extremely low leakage current in the non-conductive state, specifically, the off-state current per ⁇ m channel width of the transistor is on the order of yA / ⁇ m (10 -24 A / ⁇ m).
- Non-Patent Document 6 For example, a low power consumption CPU using a characteristic that a leak current of a transistor using a metal oxide is low is disclosed (see Non-Patent Document 7).
- Non-Patent Document 8 application to a display device of a transistor using a characteristic that the leakage current of a transistor using a metal oxide is low has been reported (see Non-Patent Document 8).
- the displayed image is switched several tens of times per second.
- the number of times of switching images per second is called a refresh rate.
- the refresh rate may be referred to as a drive frequency.
- Such fast screen switching which is difficult for human eyes to perceive, is considered as the cause of eye fatigue. Therefore, it has been proposed to reduce the number of image rewrites by reducing the refresh rate of the display device.
- power consumption of the display device can be reduced by driving with a lower refresh rate.
- Such a driving method is called idling stop (IDS) driving.
- IDS idling stop
- the discovery of the CAAC structure and the nc structure contributes to the improvement of the electrical characteristics and reliability of a transistor using a metal oxide having a CAAC structure or an nc structure, as well as to the cost reduction and the throughput improvement of the manufacturing process.
- researches on application of the transistor to a display device and an LSI using the characteristic that the leakage current of the transistor is low have been advanced.
- the concentration of silicon or carbon in the metal oxide and the concentration of silicon or carbon in the vicinity of the interface with the metal oxide are 2 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less, preferably 2 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- the metal oxide contains an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal
- a defect level may be formed to generate a carrier. Therefore, a transistor in which a metal oxide containing an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal is used for a channel formation region is likely to be normally on. For this reason, it is preferable to reduce the concentration of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal in the metal oxide.
- the concentration of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal in the metal oxide obtained by SIMS is 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less, preferably 2 ⁇ 10 16 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- the nitrogen in the channel formation region is preferably reduced as much as possible.
- the nitrogen concentration in the metal oxide is less than 5 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 , preferably 5 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less, in SIMS. Preferably, it is 5 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- hydrogen contained in the metal oxide reacts with oxygen bonded to a metal atom to form water, which may form an oxygen vacancy.
- oxygen vacancies When hydrogen enters the oxygen vacancies, electrons which are carriers may be generated.
- a part of hydrogen may be bonded to oxygen which is bonded to a metal atom to generate an electron which is a carrier. Therefore, a transistor using a metal oxide containing hydrogen is likely to be normally on.
- hydrogen contained in the metal oxide may form a shallow defect level (sDOS) in the metal oxide.
- the shallow defect level refers to an interface level located near the lower end of the conduction band.
- Shallow defect states are presumed to exist near the boundary between the high density region and the low density region in the metal oxide.
- the high density region and the low density region in the metal oxide are distinguished by the amount of hydrogen contained in the region. That is, the high density region is a region containing more hydrogen as compared to the low density region. In the vicinity of the boundary between the high density region and the low density region in the metal oxide, stress and strain between the two regions tend to cause micro cracks, and oxygen vacancy and indium dangling bonds are generated in the vicinity of the cracks. It is presumed that shallow defect levels are formed due to the localization of impurities such as hydrogen or water.
- the high density region in the metal oxide may be higher in crystallinity than the low density region.
- the high density region in the metal oxide may have a higher film density than the low density region.
- the metal oxide contains indium, gallium and zinc
- the high density region contains indium, gallium and zinc
- the low density region contains indium, zinc and , May have.
- the low density region may have a lower percentage of gallium than the high density region.
- the shallow defect level is presumed to be due to oxygen deficiency. It is estimated that as the oxygen deficiency in the metal oxide increases, the deep defect state density (dDOS) also increases with the shallow defect state density. This is because deep defect levels are also considered to be oxygen deficiency.
- the deep defect level refers to a defect level located near the center of the band gap.
- the shallow defect levels may be controlled to some extent by adjusting the temperature at the time of film formation of the metal oxide. Specifically, the shallow defect state density can be reduced by setting the temperature at the time of film formation of the metal oxide to 170 ° C. or near, preferably 130 ° C. or near, more preferably room temperature. .
- shallow defect states of metal oxide affect the electrical characteristics of a transistor using the metal oxide as a semiconductor. That is, due to the shallow defect states, in the drain current-gate voltage (Id-Vg) characteristics of the transistor, the change of the drain current Id relative to the gate voltage Vg becomes gentle, and the rise characteristic from off to on of the transistor is improved.
- the S value (Subthreshold Swing, also referred to as SS), which is one of the criteria for This is considered to be because electrons were trapped in shallow defect levels.
- the hydrogen concentration obtained by SIMS is less than 1 ⁇ 10 20 atoms / cm 3 , preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 19 atoms / cm 3 , more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm. It is less than 3 and more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 .
- oxygen vacancies are an example of defects leading to defects in the electrical characteristics of the transistor.
- the threshold voltage is likely to change in the negative direction, and the on-state characteristic is likely to be obtained. This is because a donor is generated due to oxygen deficiency contained in the metal oxide, and the carrier concentration is increased.
- various problems occur such as an operation failure is likely to occur during operation, or power consumption during non-operation is increased.
- a weak Zn-O bond is a bond between a zinc atom and an oxygen atom bonded with such a strength that it is broken by high temperature treatment performed in the process of production or electrical stress given in a stress test. It is the resulting bond.
- thermal history or current stress breaks the bond and forms an oxygen vacancy. The formation of oxygen vacancies reduces the stability of the transistor, such as resistance to thermal history and resistance to electrical stress.
- the bond generated between the zinc atom and the oxygen atom which is bonded to a large number of zinc atoms may be a weak Zn-O bond.
- Zinc atoms have a weaker bond to oxygen atoms than gallium atoms. Therefore, oxygen atoms, which are bound to a large number of zinc atoms, are easily lost. That is, the bond generated between the zinc atom and the oxygen atom is presumed to be weaker than the bonds with other metals.
- impurities in the metal oxide when impurities are present in the metal oxide, it is presumed that a weak Zn-O bond is likely to be formed.
- impurities in the metal oxide include water molecules and hydrogen. The presence of water molecules or hydrogen in the metal oxide may cause a hydrogen atom to bond to an oxygen atom constituting the metal oxide (also referred to as an OH bond).
- an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom When the In—Ga—Zn oxide is a single crystal, oxygen atoms constituting the metal oxide are bonded to four metal atoms constituting the metal oxide.
- an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom may be bonded to two or three metal atoms. The reduction in the number of metal atoms bonded to the oxygen atom makes the oxygen atom more likely to be deficient.
- a zinc atom is bonded to an oxygen atom forming an OH bond, the bond between the oxygen atom and the zinc atom is presumed to be weak.
- weak Zn-O bonds may be formed in a strain existing in a region where a plurality of nanocrystals are connected.
- the nanocrystals are based on hexagons, but at the strain they have lattice arrangements such as pentagons and heptagones. In this strain, it is presumed that weak Zn—O bonds are formed because the bonding distance between atoms is not uniform.
- the formation of oxygen vacancies due to thermal history or electrical stress can be suppressed, and the stability of the transistor can be improved.
- the oxygen atom that constitutes the weak Zn-O bond is reduced and the zinc atom that constitutes the weak Zn-O bond does not decrease, when the oxygen atom is supplied near the zinc atom, the weak Zn-O bond re-grows May be formed. Therefore, it is preferable to reduce zinc atoms and oxygen atoms that constitute weak Zn-O bonds.
- Vacuum baking is heat treatment performed in a vacuum atmosphere.
- the vacuum atmosphere is maintained by exhausting with a turbo molecular pump or the like.
- the pressure in the treatment chamber may be 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 Pa or less, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa or less.
- the temperature of the substrate at the time of heat treatment may be 300 ° C. or higher, preferably 400 ° C. or higher.
- oxygen atoms and zinc atoms that constitute weak Zn—O bonds can be reduced.
- heat is applied to the metal oxide by vacuum baking, the number of oxygen atoms and zinc atoms constituting the weak Zn-O bond is reduced, and then the atoms constituting the metal oxide are rearranged to obtain four metals. More oxygen atoms are attached to atoms. Therefore, while reducing the oxygen atom and zinc atom which comprise a weak Zn-O bond, it can suppress that a weak Zn-O bond is reformed.
- the stability of the transistor can be improved by the process.
- the degree of freedom in selection of materials and formation methods is increased.
- FIG. 6 to FIG. 20 shows a top view.
- (B) in each drawing is a cross-sectional view corresponding to a portion indicated by an alternate long and short dash line A1-A2 illustrated in (A), and is also a cross-sectional view in the channel length direction of the transistor 200.
- (C) in each drawing is a cross-sectional view corresponding to a portion indicated by dashed dotted line A3-A4 in (A), and is also a cross-sectional view in the channel width direction of the transistor 200.
- one part element is abbreviate
- a substrate (not shown) is prepared, and an insulator 210 is formed on the substrate.
- the film formation of the insulator 210 may be performed by sputtering, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), pulsed laser deposition (PLD), or ALD. This can be performed using an atomic layer deposition (Atomic Layer Deposition) method or the like.
- the CVD method can be classified into a plasma enhanced CVD (PECVD) method using plasma, a thermal CVD (TCVD: thermal CVD) method using heat, a photo CVD method using light, etc. . Furthermore, it can be divided into metal CVD (MCVD: Metal CVD) and metal organic CVD (MOCVD: Metal Organic CVD) depending on the source gas used.
- PECVD plasma enhanced CVD
- TCVD thermal CVD
- MCVD Metal CVD
- MOCVD Metal Organic CVD
- the plasma CVD method provides high quality films at relatively low temperatures.
- the thermal CVD method is a film formation method capable of reducing plasma damage to an object to be processed because plasma is not used.
- a wiring, an electrode, an element (such as a transistor or a capacitor), or the like included in a semiconductor device may be charged up by receiving charge from plasma. At this time, wirings, electrodes, elements, and the like included in the semiconductor device may be broken by the stored charge.
- a thermal CVD method which does not use plasma, such plasma damage does not occur, so that the yield of the semiconductor device can be increased.
- the thermal CVD method since plasma damage does not occur during film formation, a film with few defects can be obtained.
- the ALD method is also a film formation method capable of reducing plasma damage to an object to be processed. Further, in the ALD method, since plasma damage does not occur during film formation, a film with few defects can be obtained. Some precursors used in the ALD method include impurities such as carbon. For this reason, the film provided by the ALD method may contain a large amount of impurities such as carbon, as compared with a film provided by another film formation method. In addition, quantification of impurities can be performed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- the CVD method and the ALD method are film forming methods in which a film is formed by a reaction on the surface of an object to be processed unlike a film forming method in which particles released from a target or the like are deposited. Therefore, the film forming method is less susceptible to the shape of the object to be processed, and has good step coverage.
- the ALD method since the ALD method has excellent step coverage and uniformity of thickness, it is suitable for coating the surface of an opening with a high aspect ratio.
- the ALD method may be preferably used in combination with another deposition method such as a CVD method having a high deposition rate.
- the CVD method and the ALD method can control the composition of the obtained film by the flow rate ratio of the source gas.
- a film having any composition can be formed depending on the flow rate ratio of the source gas.
- a film whose composition is continuously changed can be formed by changing the flow ratio of the source gas while forming the film.
- aluminum oxide is deposited as the insulator 210 by a sputtering method.
- the insulator 210 may have a multilayer structure.
- an aluminum oxide film may be formed by a sputtering method, and an aluminum oxide film may be formed by an ALD method over the aluminum oxide.
- an aluminum oxide film may be formed by an ALD method, and an aluminum oxide film may be formed by a sputtering method over the aluminum oxide.
- a conductive film to be the conductor 203 is formed over the insulator 210.
- the conductive film to be the conductor 203 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- the conductive film to be the conductor 203 can be a multilayer film. In this embodiment mode, tungsten is formed as a conductive film to be the conductor 203.
- a conductive film to be the conductor 203 is processed using a lithography method to form the conductor 203.
- the resist is exposed through a mask.
- the exposed area is removed or left using a developer to form a resist mask.
- the conductor, the semiconductor, the insulator, or the like can be processed into a desired shape by etching through the resist mask.
- the resist mask may be formed by exposing the resist using KrF excimer laser light, ArF excimer laser light, EUV (Extreme Ultraviolet) light, or the like.
- a liquid immersion technique may be used in which a liquid (for example, water) is filled and exposed between the substrate and the projection lens.
- an electron beam or an ion beam may be used instead of the light described above.
- the mask is unnecessary. Note that for the removal of the resist mask, dry etching such as ashing can be performed, wet etching can be performed, wet etching can be performed after the dry etching, or dry etching can be performed after the wet etching.
- a hard mask made of an insulator or a conductor may be used instead of the resist mask.
- an insulating film or a conductive film serving as a hard mask material is formed over the conductive film to be the conductor 203, a resist mask is formed over the conductive film, and the hard mask material is etched.
- a hard mask can be formed. The etching of the conductive film to be the conductor 203 may be performed after removing the resist mask, or may be performed with the resist mask left. In the latter case, the resist mask may disappear during etching. The hard mask may be removed by etching after the conductive film to be the conductor 203 is etched. On the other hand, when the material of the hard mask does not affect the post-process or can be used in the post-process, it is not necessary to remove the hard mask.
- a capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) etching apparatus having a parallel plate electrode can be used as a dry etching apparatus.
- the capacitive coupling type plasma etching apparatus having a parallel plate type electrode may be configured to apply a high frequency power to one of the parallel plate type electrodes.
- a plurality of different high frequency power supplies may be applied to one of the parallel plate electrodes.
- a high frequency power supply of the same frequency may be applied to each of the parallel plate electrodes.
- high-frequency power supplies having different frequencies may be applied to the parallel plate electrodes.
- a dry etching apparatus having a high density plasma source can be used.
- an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching apparatus can be used as a dry etching apparatus having a high density plasma source.
- an insulating film to be the insulator 212 is formed over the insulator 210 and the conductor 203.
- the insulator to be the insulator 212 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- silicon oxide is deposited by a CVD method as an insulating film to be the insulator 212.
- the thickness of the insulating film to be the insulator 212 is preferably equal to or larger than the thickness of the conductor 203.
- the thickness of the conductor 203 is 1, the thickness of the insulating film to be the insulator 212 is 1 or more and 3 or less.
- the film thickness of the conductor 203 is 150 nm, and the film thickness of the insulating film to be the insulator 212 is 350 nm.
- a CMP (chemical mechanical polishing) process is performed on the insulating film to be the insulator 212, so that part of the insulating film to be the insulator 212 is removed and the surface of the conductor 203 is exposed.
- the conductor 203 and the insulator 212 whose top surface is flat can be formed (see FIG. 6).
- the insulator 212 is formed over the insulator 210.
- the insulator 212 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- an opening reaching the insulator 210 is formed in the insulator 212.
- the openings include, for example, grooves and slits.
- the region in which the opening is formed may be referred to as an opening.
- the formation of the opening may use wet etching, it is preferable to use dry etching for fine processing.
- the insulator 210 it is preferable to select an insulator that functions as an etching stopper film at the time of forming the groove by etching the insulator 212.
- a silicon oxide film is used as the insulator 212 which forms a groove
- a silicon nitride film, an aluminum oxide film, or a hafnium oxide film may be used as the insulator 210.
- the conductive film preferably includes a conductor having a function of suppressing permeation of oxygen.
- a conductor having a function of suppressing permeation of oxygen For example, tantalum nitride, tungsten nitride, titanium nitride or the like can be used. Alternatively, a stacked film of tantalum, tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, aluminum, copper, and a molybdenum-tungsten alloy can be used.
- the conductive film to be the conductor 203 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- a conductive film to be the conductor 203 has a multilayer structure.
- tantalum nitride is deposited by sputtering.
- a film in which titanium nitride is stacked over the tantalum nitride is formed.
- a conductive film over the conductive film to be the conductor 203 is formed.
- the conductive film can be formed by a plating method, a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- a low-resistance conductive material such as copper is formed as a conductive film over the conductive film to be the conductor 203.
- CMP treatment is performed to remove part of the upper layer of the conductive film to be the conductor 203 and the lower layer of the conductive film to be the conductor 203, thereby exposing the insulator 212.
- the conductive film to be the conductor 203 remains only in the opening.
- the conductor 203 whose top surface is flat can be formed.
- part of the insulator 212 may be removed by the CMP treatment. The above is the different method of forming the conductor 203.
- the insulator 214 is formed over the insulator 212 and the conductor 203.
- the insulator 214 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- silicon nitride is formed as the insulator 214 by a CVD method. In this manner, by using an insulator that is less likely to transmit copper such as silicon nitride as the insulator 214, even if a metal that easily diffuses copper such as copper is used for the second conductor of the conductor 203, the metal is insulated. Diffusion to layers above the body 214 can be suppressed.
- the insulator 216 is formed over the insulator 214.
- the insulator 216 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- silicon oxide is deposited as the insulator 216 by a CVD method.
- an opening which reaches the conductor 203 is formed in the insulator 214 and the insulator 216.
- wet etching may be used to form the openings, dry etching is preferred for fine processing.
- a conductive film to be the conductor 205a is formed.
- the conductive film to be the conductor 205a preferably contains a conductive material having a function of suppressing permeation of oxygen.
- a conductive material having a function of suppressing permeation of oxygen for example, tantalum nitride, tungsten nitride, titanium nitride, or the like can be used.
- a stacked film of tantalum, tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, aluminum, copper, and a molybdenum-tungsten alloy can be used.
- the conductive film to be the conductor 205a can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- tantalum nitride is formed by a sputtering method as a conductive film to be the conductor 205a.
- a conductive film to be the conductor 205b is formed over the conductive film to be the conductor 205a.
- the conductive film can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- titanium nitride is formed by a CVD method as a conductive film to be the conductor 205b, and tungsten is formed over the titanium nitride film by a CVD method.
- CMP treatment is performed to remove part of the conductive film to be the conductor 205 a and the conductive film to be the conductor 205 b, thereby exposing the insulator 216.
- the conductive film to be the conductor 205a and the conductive film to be the conductor 205b remain only in the opening.
- the conductor 205 including the conductor 205a and the conductor 205b with a flat top surface can be formed (see FIG. 6). Note that part of the insulator 216 may be removed by the CMP treatment.
- the insulator 220 is formed over the insulator 216 and the conductor 205.
- the insulator 220 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- silicon oxide is deposited as the insulator 220 by a CVD method.
- the insulator 222 is formed over the insulator 220.
- an insulator containing an oxide of one or both of aluminum and hafnium may be deposited.
- aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, an oxide containing aluminum and hafnium (hafnium aluminate), or the like is preferably used as the insulator containing one or both of the oxides of aluminum and hafnium.
- An insulator containing one or both oxides of aluminum and hafnium has barrier properties against oxygen, hydrogen, and water.
- the insulator 222 has a barrier property to hydrogen and water, diffusion of hydrogen and water contained in a structure provided in the periphery of the transistor 200 to the inside of the transistor 200 through the insulator 222 is suppressed. , And the formation of oxygen vacancies in the oxide 230 can be suppressed.
- the insulator 222 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- the insulating film 224A is formed over the insulator 222.
- the insulating film 224A can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like (see FIG. 6).
- silicon oxide is formed as the insulating film 224A by a CVD method.
- heat treatment is preferably performed.
- the heat treatment may be performed at 250 ° C. to 650 ° C., preferably 300 ° C. to 500 ° C., more preferably 320 ° C. to 450 ° C.
- the heat treatment is performed in a nitrogen or inert gas atmosphere or an atmosphere containing 10 ppm or more, 1% or more, or 10% or more of an oxidizing gas. Further, the heat treatment may be performed under reduced pressure.
- the heat treatment may be performed in an atmosphere containing 10 ppm or more, 1% or more, or 10% or more of an oxidizing gas in order to compensate for desorbed oxygen. Good.
- heat treatment is performed in a nitrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 400 ° C. for one hour after the formation of the insulating film 224A.
- impurities such as hydrogen and water contained in the insulating film 224A can be removed and the like.
- the heat treatment can also be performed at each timing after the insulator 220 is formed and after the insulator 222 is formed.
- the heat treatment conditions described above can be used for the heat treatment, it is preferable that the heat treatment after the deposition of the insulator 220 be performed in an atmosphere containing nitrogen.
- plasma treatment including oxygen may be performed under reduced pressure.
- a device having a power supply for generating high density plasma using microwaves is preferably used.
- the substrate side may have a power supply for applying an RF (Radio Frequency).
- RF Radio Frequency
- high-density plasma high-density oxygen radicals can be generated, and by applying RF to the substrate side, oxygen radicals generated by high-density plasma can be efficiently introduced into the insulating film 224A. it can.
- plasma treatment including oxygen may be performed to compensate for the released oxygen. Note that impurities such as hydrogen and water contained in the insulating film 224A can be removed by appropriately selecting the conditions of the plasma treatment. In that case, the heat treatment may not be performed.
- an oxide film 230A and an oxide film 230B are sequentially formed on the insulating film 224A (see FIG. 6).
- the oxide film is preferably formed continuously without being exposed to the air environment. By forming the film without opening to the atmosphere, impurities or moisture from the air environment can be prevented from adhering to the oxide film 230A and the oxide film 230B, and the vicinity of the interface between the oxide film 230A and the oxide film 230B can be It can be kept clean.
- the oxide film 230A and the oxide film 230B can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- the oxide film 230A and the oxide film 230B are formed by sputtering
- oxygen or a mixed gas of oxygen and a rare gas is used as a sputtering gas.
- excess oxygen in the oxide film to be formed can be increased.
- the above In-M-Zn oxide target can be used.
- the proportion of oxygen contained in the sputtering gas of the oxide film 230A may be 70% or more, preferably 80% or more, and more preferably 100%.
- an oxygen-deficient oxide semiconductor can be formed by deposition with the proportion of oxygen contained in the sputtering gas being 1% to 30%, preferably 5% to 20%. It is formed.
- a transistor in which an oxygen-deficient oxide semiconductor is used for a channel formation region can achieve relatively high field-effect mobility.
- heat treatment may be performed.
- the above-described heat treatment conditions can be used.
- impurities such as hydrogen and water in the oxide film 230A and the oxide film 230B can be removed.
- treatment for 1 hour at a temperature of 400 ° C. in an oxygen atmosphere is continuously performed.
- the oxide film 230A and the oxide film 230B are processed into an island shape to form an oxide 230a and an oxide 230b.
- the insulator 224 may be formed so that the film thickness of a region of the insulating film 224A which does not overlap with the oxide 230a is thinner than the region of the insulating film 224A which overlaps with the oxide 230a (FIG. 7). reference).
- the oxide 230 a and the oxide 230 b are formed so that at least part thereof overlaps with the conductor 205.
- the side surfaces of the oxide 230 a and the oxide 230 b are preferably substantially perpendicular to the top surface of the insulator 222.
- reduction in area and density can be achieved when the plurality of transistors 200 is provided.
- an angle between the side surface of the oxide 230 a and the side surface of the oxide 230 b and the top surface of the insulator 222 may be acute.
- the angle between the side surface of the oxide 230a and the side surface of the oxide 230b and the top surface of the insulator 222 is preferably greater than or equal to 60 ° and less than 70 °.
- a curved surface is provided between the side surfaces of the oxide 230 a and the oxide 230 b and the top surface of the oxide 230 b. That is, the end of the side surface and the end of the upper surface are preferably curved (hereinafter, also referred to as a round shape).
- the radius of curvature of the curved surface is, for example, 3 nm to 10 nm, preferably 5 nm to 6 nm, at an end portion of the oxide 230 b.
- the processing of the oxide film may be performed using a lithography method.
- dry etching or wet etching can be used for the processing. Machining by dry etching is suitable for micromachining.
- an impurity due to an etching gas or the like may be attached or diffused to the surface or the inside of the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, or the like.
- the impurities include, for example, fluorine or chlorine.
- the cleaning method may be wet cleaning using a cleaning solution or the like, plasma treatment using plasma, cleaning by heat treatment, or the like, and the above cleaning may be performed in combination as appropriate.
- cleaning treatment may be performed using an aqueous solution prepared by diluting oxalic acid, phosphoric acid, hydrofluoric acid, or the like with carbonated water or pure water.
- ultrasonic cleaning may be performed using pure water or carbonated water. In this embodiment, ultrasonic cleaning using pure water or carbonated water is performed.
- heat treatment may be performed.
- the heat treatment conditions described above can be used for the heat treatment.
- an oxide film to be the oxide film 230C is formed over the insulator 224, the oxide 230a, and the oxide 230b.
- the oxide film to be the oxide film 230C can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- An oxide film to be the oxide film 230C may be formed using a film formation method similar to the oxide film 230A or the oxide film 230B in accordance with the characteristics required for the oxide 230c.
- the oxide film to be the oxide film 230C is processed by the lithography method to form the oxide film 230C (see FIG. 8).
- the insulating film 250A and the dummy gate film 262A are sequentially formed on the oxide film 230C (see FIG. 8).
- the insulating film 250A is formed.
- the insulating film 250A can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- a silicon oxynitride film is preferably formed by a CVD method.
- the film formation temperature at the time of forming the insulating film 250A is preferably 350 ° C. or more and less than 450 ° C., particularly about 400 ° C. By forming the insulating film 250A at 400 ° C., an insulating film with few impurities can be formed.
- oxygen can be introduced into the insulating film 250A by exciting oxygen with microwaves, generating high-density oxygen plasma, and exposing the insulating film 250A to the oxygen plasma.
- heat treatment may be performed.
- the heat treatment conditions described above can be used for the heat treatment.
- the heat treatment the water concentration and the hydrogen concentration of the insulating film 250A can be reduced.
- the dummy gate film 262A is processed and used as a dummy gate.
- the dummy gate is a temporary gate electrode. That is, by processing the dummy gate film 262A, a temporary gate electrode is formed, the dummy gate is removed in a later step, and a gate electrode made of a conductive film or the like is formed instead. Therefore, it is preferable that the dummy gate film 262A be a film which is easily microfabricated and easy to remove.
- the dummy gate film 262A can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- an insulator, a semiconductor, or a conductor can be used.
- polysilicon, silicon such as microcrystalline silicon or amorphous silicon, or a metal film such as aluminum, titanium, or tungsten may be used.
- the resin film may be formed using a coating method. Examples of the resin include photoresist, polyester, polyolefin, polyamide (such as nylon and aramid), polyimide, polycarbonate or acrylic.
- the surface of the dummy gate film 262A can be planarized. As described above, by flattening the surface of the dummy gate film 262A, fine processing becomes easy, and furthermore, removal becomes easy.
- the dummy gate film 262A can be a multilayer film using different film types.
- the dummy gate film 262A can have a two-layer structure in which a conductive film and a resin film are formed over the conductive film.
- the conductive film may function as a stopper film for CMP treatment in a later CMP step.
- the end point detection of the CMP process may be possible, and the process variation may be reduced.
- the oxide film 230C, the insulating film 250A and the dummy gate film 262A are etched by lithography to form an oxide 230c, an insulator 250 and a dummy gate layer 262B (see FIG. 9).
- the oxide 230 c, the insulator 250, and the dummy gate layer 262 B are formed so as to at least partially overlap with the conductor 205 and the oxide 230.
- the side surfaces of the oxide 230c, the side surfaces of the insulator 250, and the side surfaces of the dummy gate layer 262B are preferably in the same plane.
- the same surface shared by the side surface of the oxide 230c, the side surface of the insulator 250, and the side surface of the dummy gate layer 262B is preferably substantially perpendicular to the top surface of the substrate. That is, in the cross-sectional shape, the oxide 230c, the insulator 250, and the dummy gate layer 262B preferably have an angle of about 90 ° with respect to the upper surface of the substrate.
- a film 242A is formed to cover the insulator 224, the oxide 230, the insulator 250, and the dummy gate layer 262B (see FIG. 10).
- the film 242A may have a thickness of 0.5 nm to 5 nm, preferably, 1 nm to 3 nm.
- a metal film, a nitride film containing a metal element, or an oxide film containing a metal element is used.
- the film 242A is, for example, a film containing a metal element such as aluminum, ruthenium, titanium, tantalum, tungsten, or chromium.
- the film 242A can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- the heat treatment may be performed at 250 ° C. to 650 ° C., preferably 300 ° C. to 500 ° C., more preferably 320 ° C. to 450 ° C.
- the heat treatment is performed in a nitrogen or inert gas atmosphere. Further, the heat treatment may be performed under reduced pressure. For example, after the film 242A is formed, heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 400 ° C. for one hour in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the above-described metal element can be diffused from the film 242A to the oxide 230, and the metal element can be added to the oxide 230.
- oxygen in the vicinity of the interface between the oxide 230 and the film 242A may be absorbed by the film 242A.
- the vicinity of the interface between the oxide 230 and the film 242A becomes a metal compound, which reduces the resistance.
- a part of the oxide 230 and the above-described metal element may be alloyed.
- the metal element added to the oxide 230 is in a relatively stable state, so that a highly reliable semiconductor device can be provided.
- hydrogen in the oxide 230 diffuses into the region 231 and enters the oxygen vacancy existing in the region 231, which results in a relatively stable state.
- hydrogen in the oxygen vacancy existing in the region 234 is released from the oxygen vacancy by heat treatment at 250 ° C. or higher, diffused into the region 231, and enters the oxygen vacancy existing in the region 231, and is relatively stable. Become. Therefore, the heat treatment makes the region 231 lower in resistance, and the region 234 is highly purified (reduction of impurities such as water and hydrogen) and is higher in resistance.
- heat treatment may be performed in an atmosphere containing 10 ppm or more, 1% or more, or 10% or more of an oxidizing gas.
- the heat treatment may be performed at 250 ° C. to 650 ° C., preferably 300 ° C. to 500 ° C., more preferably 320 ° C. to 450 ° C.
- the film 242A becomes an insulator by oxidizing the region having conductivity by performing heat treatment in an oxidizing atmosphere, and the resistance is increased.
- the film 242A can be made to function as an interlayer film by remaining as an insulator.
- oxygen in the oxide 230 may be absorbed in the film 242A, whereby oxygen vacancies may be generated in the region 231.
- the hydrogen in the oxide 230 enters the oxygen vacancies, whereby the carrier density in the region 231 is increased. Therefore, the region 231 of the oxide 230 is n-type and has a low resistance.
- the film 242A is removed.
- the metal film, the oxide film containing a metal element, or the nitride film containing a metal element may not necessarily be removed.
- the film may function as an interlayer film.
- a dry etching method or a wet etching method can be used.
- the insulating film 273A is formed (see FIG. 12).
- the insulating film 273A can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- the insulating film 273A is preferably formed by an ALD method excellent in coverage.
- the insulating film 273A having a uniform thickness is formed on the side surfaces of the oxide 230c, the insulator 250, and the dummy gate layer 262B even in the stepped portion formed by the dummy gate layer 262B and the like. can do.
- a dense thin film can be formed by using the ALD method.
- aluminum oxide or the like having a barrier property may be provided as the insulating film 273A.
- the conductor 260 is a metal film which is easily oxidized, oxidation of the conductor 260 with oxygen from the outside of the insulator 273 can be suppressed by using an insulator having a barrier property. This can suppress an increase in the resistance value of the conductor 260.
- the thickness of the insulating film 273A is 0.5 nm to 20 nm, preferably 1 nm to 10 nm.
- the insulating film 273A is processed by a lithography method to form an insulator 273B having an opening. (See Figure 13).
- an insulating film to be the insulator 280 is formed over the insulator 273B.
- the insulating film to be the insulator 280 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- the insulating film to be the insulator 280, the dummy gate layer 262B, and a portion of the insulator 273B are removed until a portion of the dummy gate layer 262B is exposed, and the insulator 280, the dummy gate 262, and the insulator 273 are removed.
- CMP is preferably used to form the insulator 280, the dummy gate 262, and the insulator 273.
- the dummy gate film 262A is, for example, a conductive film and a two-layered film in which a resin film is formed on the conductive film, whereby the conductive film serves as a stopper film for CMP processing in the CMP step.
- the conductive film may make it possible to detect the end point of the CMP process, and may make it possible to reduce the variation in height of the dummy gate 262.
- the upper surface of the dummy gate 262 and the upper surfaces of the insulator 273 and the insulator 280 substantially coincide with each other.
- the dummy gate 262 is removed.
- the removal of the dummy gate 262 can be performed using wet etching, dry etching, ashing, or the like. Alternatively, a plurality of the above processes may be combined as appropriate. For example, a wet etching process may be performed after the ashing process.
- a wet etching process may be performed after the ashing process.
- the conductive film 260Aa and the conductive film 260Ab are formed.
- the conductive film 260Aa and the conductive film 260Ab can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- a CVD method it is preferable to use a CVD method.
- the conductive film 260Aa is formed using an ALD method
- the conductive film 260Ab is formed using a CVD method (see FIG. 16).
- the conductive film 260Aa and the conductive film 260Ab are polished by CMP treatment until the insulator 280 is exposed, whereby the conductor 260 including the conductor 260a and the conductor 260b is formed (see FIG. 17).
- oxygen may be injected into the insulator 280.
- a process for injecting oxygen there is a plasma process using a gas containing oxygen, a process for injecting oxygen ions using an ion implantation apparatus, and the like.
- Oxygen can be injected into the insulator 280 by irradiating the plasma with a gas containing oxygen, for example, using a device having a high density plasma source.
- oxygen ions are implanted using an ion implantation apparatus (see FIG. 17).
- Ion implantation using an ion implantation apparatus is preferable because the amount of ion implantation and the depth of ion implantation can be independently controlled. That is, since oxygen can be injected into the insulator 280 at an optimum injection amount and an optimum injection depth, it is possible to produce a semiconductor device having a high-performance transistor with small variation in performance.
- the implantation amount and the implantation depth may be optimized as appropriate depending on the thickness of the insulator 280, the size of the transistor, the arrangement density of the transistor, and the arrangement of the transistor.
- oxygen may be injected into the insulator 280 by forming an insulating film to be the insulator 282 over the insulator 280.
- the insulating film to be the insulator 282 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- an insulating film to be the insulator 282 for example, an aluminum oxide film is preferably formed by sputtering.
- Oxygen can be injected into the insulator 280 by depositing an aluminum oxide film using a gas containing oxygen by a sputtering method. That is, the insulator 280 has excess oxygen. Further, diffusion of hydrogen contained in the insulator 280 into the oxide 230 can be suppressed in some cases (see FIG. 18).
- Heat treatment may be performed in the subsequent steps.
- excess oxygen contained in the insulator 280 can be injected into the oxide 230 through the opening of the insulator 273 and the insulator 224.
- the heat treatment may be performed at 250 ° C. to 650 ° C., preferably 300 ° C. to 500 ° C., more preferably 320 ° C. to 450 ° C.
- the heat treatment is preferably performed in an atmosphere containing oxygen gas.
- the heat treatment may be performed under reduced pressure. For example, heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 400 ° C. for 1 hour in an atmosphere containing oxygen.
- an insulator to be the insulator 283 may be formed over the insulator 282.
- the insulating film to be the insulator 283 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like (see FIG. 19).
- an opening reaching the region 231 of the oxide 230 is formed in the insulator 273, the insulator 280, the insulator 282, and the insulator 283 (see FIG. 20).
- the formation of the opening may be performed using a lithography method.
- the conductive film to be the conductor 240 a and the conductor 240 b preferably has a stacked structure including a conductor having a function of suppressing permeation of impurities such as water or hydrogen.
- a stack of tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, or the like, tungsten, molybdenum, copper, or the like can be used.
- the conductive film to be the conductor 240 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- the low-resistance region of the region 231 in the oxide 230 may be removed.
- a conductive film to be the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b is formed in the opening, the oxide 230 and a conductive film to be the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b are in contact with each other.
- An oxygen vacancy is formed, and the contact region between the oxide 230 and the conductive film to be the conductor 240 a and the conductor 240 b can be reduced in resistance.
- the conductive film to be the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b preferably contains a metal element such as aluminum, ruthenium, titanium, tantalum, tungsten, or chromium.
- CMP treatment is performed to remove part of the conductive film to be the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b, and the insulator 283 is exposed.
- the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b having a flat top surface can be formed (see FIG. 1).
- the conductor 240 a and the conductor 240 b may be formed after aluminum oxide is formed on the sidewall portion of the opening.
- aluminum oxide By forming aluminum oxide on the side wall portion of the opening, transmission of oxygen from the outside can be suppressed, and oxidation of the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b can be prevented. Further, impurities such as water and hydrogen can be prevented from diffusing to the outside from the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b.
- the aluminum oxide can be formed by depositing aluminum oxide in an opening using an ALD method or the like and performing anisotropic etching.
- FIG. 21 to FIG. 31 shows a top view.
- (B) of each drawing is a cross-sectional view corresponding to a portion indicated by an alternate long and short dash line of A1-A2 shown in (A).
- (C) of each drawing is a cross-sectional view corresponding to a portion indicated by an alternate long and short dash line of A3-A4 in (A).
- one part element is abbreviate
- the insulating film 275A is formed over the insulating film 273A.
- the insulating film 275A can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like (see FIG. 21).
- the insulating film 275A is anisotropically etched to form an insulator 275B (see FIG. 22).
- the insulator 275B can be formed in a self-aligned manner by removing the insulating film formed on a surface substantially parallel to the substrate surface.
- the insulating film 273A is processed by a lithography method to form an insulator 273B having an opening. (See Figure 23).
- an insulating film to be the insulator 280 is formed to cover the insulator 273B, the oxide 230, the insulator 275B, and the dummy gate layer 262B.
- the insulating film to be the insulator 280 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- the insulating film to be the insulator 280, the dummy gate layer 262B, the insulator 273B, and a portion of the insulator 275B are removed until a portion of the dummy gate layer 262B is exposed, and the insulator 280, the dummy gate 262, the insulator Form body 273 and insulator 275 (see FIG. 24).
- CMP treatment is preferably used to form the insulator 280, the dummy gate 262, the insulator 273, and the insulator 275.
- the dummy gate film 262A is, for example, a conductive film and a two-layered film in which a resin film is formed on the conductive film, whereby the conductive film serves as a stopper film for CMP processing in the CMP step.
- the conductive film may make it possible to detect the end point of the CMP process, and may make it possible to reduce the variation in height of the dummy gate 262.
- the upper surface of the dummy gate 262 and the upper surfaces of the insulator 273 and the insulator 280 substantially coincide with each other.
- the dummy gate 262 is removed.
- the removal of the dummy gate 262 can be performed using wet etching, dry etching, ashing, or the like. Alternatively, a plurality of the above processes may be combined as appropriate. For example, a wet etching process may be performed after the ashing process.
- a wet etching process may be performed after the ashing process.
- the conductive film 260Aa and the conductive film 260Ab are formed.
- the conductive film 260Aa and the conductive film 260Ab can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- a CVD method it is preferable to use a CVD method.
- the conductive film 260Aa is formed by using the ALD method
- the conductive film 260Ab is formed by using the CVD method (see FIG. 26).
- the conductive film 260Aa and the conductive film 260Ab are polished by CMP treatment until the insulator 280 is exposed, whereby a conductor 260B having a conductor 260Ba and a conductor 260Bb is formed (see FIG. 27).
- the conductor 260Ba and a part of the conductor 260Bb are removed, and the conductor 260B is thinned to form the conductor 260a and the conductor 260b.
- wet etching or dry etching can be used.
- the thickness to be thinned be about 1/4 of the thickness of the conductor 260B (see FIG. 28).
- an insulating film to be the insulator 270 is formed.
- the insulating film to be the insulator 270 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- a material similar to that of the insulator 275 is preferably used as the insulating film to be the insulator 270.
- the insulator 270 can be formed by polishing the insulating film to be the insulator 270 by CMP treatment until the insulator 280 is exposed (see FIG. 28).
- oxygen may be injected into the insulator 280.
- a process for injecting oxygen there is a plasma process using a gas containing oxygen, a process for injecting oxygen ions using an ion implantation apparatus, and the like.
- Oxygen can be injected into the insulator 280 by irradiating the plasma with a gas containing oxygen, for example, using a device having a high density plasma source.
- oxygen ions are implanted using an ion implantation apparatus (see FIG. 28).
- Ion implantation using an ion implantation apparatus is preferable because the amount of ion implantation and the depth of ion implantation can be independently controlled. That is, since oxygen can be injected into the insulator 280 at an optimum injection amount and an optimum injection depth, it is possible to produce a semiconductor device having a high-performance transistor with small variation in performance.
- the implantation amount and the implantation depth may be optimized as appropriate depending on the thickness of the insulator 280, the size of the transistor, the arrangement density of the transistor, and the arrangement of the transistor.
- oxygen may be injected into the insulator 280 by forming an insulating film to be the insulator 282 over the insulator 280.
- the insulating film to be the insulator 282 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- an insulating film to be the insulator 282 for example, an aluminum oxide film is preferably formed by sputtering.
- Oxygen can be injected into the insulator 280 by depositing an aluminum oxide film using a gas containing oxygen by a sputtering method. That is, the insulator 280 has excess oxygen.
- diffusion of hydrogen contained in the insulator 280 into the oxide 230 can be suppressed in some cases (see FIG. 29).
- Heat treatment may be performed in the subsequent steps.
- excess oxygen contained in the insulator 280 can be injected into the oxide 230 through the opening of the insulator 273 and the insulator 224.
- the heat treatment may be performed at 250 ° C. to 650 ° C., preferably 300 ° C. to 500 ° C., more preferably 320 ° C. to 450 ° C.
- the heat treatment is preferably performed in an atmosphere containing oxygen gas.
- the heat treatment may be performed under reduced pressure. For example, heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 400 ° C. for 1 hour in an atmosphere containing oxygen.
- an insulator to be the insulator 283 may be formed over the insulator 282.
- the insulating film to be the insulator 283 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like (see FIG. 30).
- an opening reaching the region 231 of the oxide 230 is formed in the insulator 273, the insulator 280, the insulator 282, and the insulator 283 (see FIG. 31).
- the formation of the opening may be performed using a lithography method.
- the opening is formed so that the conductor 240 is provided in contact with the side surface of the insulator 275.
- the opening is preferably formed under the condition that the insulator 275 is hardly etched, that is, the etching rate of the insulator 280 is preferably higher than the etching rate of the insulator 275.
- the etching rate of the insulator 280 is preferably 5 or more, and more preferably 10 or more. With such an opening condition, the opening can be arranged in a self-aligned manner in the region 231, so that a minute transistor can be manufactured. In addition, for example, even when the opening is shifted to a position where the opening overlaps with the upper surface of the insulator 270, the etching rate of the insulator 270 is set to an opening condition significantly smaller than the etching rate of the insulator 280 as in the insulator 275. For example, the opening does not reach the conductor 260.
- the conductive film to be the conductor 240 a and the conductor 240 b preferably has a stacked structure including a conductor having a function of suppressing permeation of impurities such as water or hydrogen.
- a stack of tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, or the like, tungsten, molybdenum, copper, or the like can be used.
- the conductive film to be the conductor 240 can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- the low-resistance region of the region 231 in the oxide 230 may be removed.
- a conductive film to be the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b is formed in the opening, the oxide 230 and a conductive film to be the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b are in contact with each other.
- An oxygen vacancy is formed, and the contact region between the oxide 230 and the conductive film to be the conductor 240 a and the conductor 240 b can be reduced in resistance.
- the conductive film to be the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b preferably contains a metal element such as aluminum, ruthenium, titanium, tantalum, tungsten, or chromium.
- CMP treatment is performed to remove part of the conductive film to be the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b, and the insulator 283 is exposed.
- the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b having a flat top surface can be formed (see FIG. 4).
- the conductor 240 a and the conductor 240 b may be formed after aluminum oxide is formed on the sidewall portion of the opening.
- aluminum oxide By forming aluminum oxide on the side wall portion of the opening, transmission of oxygen from the outside can be suppressed, and oxidation of the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b can be prevented. Further, impurities such as water and hydrogen can be prevented from diffusing to the outside from the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b.
- the aluminum oxide can be formed by depositing aluminum oxide in an opening using an ALD method or the like and performing anisotropic etching.
- a semiconductor device having favorable electrical characteristics can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with low off current can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with large on-state current can be provided.
- a highly reliable semiconductor device can be provided.
- a semiconductor device which can be miniaturized or highly integrated can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with low power consumption can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with high productivity can be provided.
- ⁇ Modification Example of Semiconductor Device> a semiconductor device including the transistor 200 according to one embodiment of the present invention, which is different from those shown in ⁇ Configuration Example 1 of Semiconductor Device> and ⁇ Configuration Example 2 of Semiconductor Device> described above with reference to FIG. An example will be described.
- FIG. 5A is a top view of a semiconductor device including the transistor 200.
- FIG. 5B and 5C are cross-sectional views of the semiconductor device.
- FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by an alternate long and short dash line A1-A2 in FIG. 5A, and is also a cross-sectional view of the transistor 200 in the channel length direction.
- 5C is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by an alternate long and short dash line A3-A4 in FIG. 5A, which is also a cross-sectional view in the channel width direction of the transistor 200. Note that, in the top view of FIG. 5A, some elements are omitted for the sake of clarity.
- the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 5 has the same function as the constituent elements of the semiconductor device (see FIGS. 1 and 4) shown in ⁇ Configuration Example 1 of Semiconductor Device> and ⁇ Configuration Example 2 of Semiconductor Device>. The same sign is added to the component.
- the configuration of the transistor 200 is described with reference to FIG. Also in this item, as the constituent material of the transistor 200, the materials described in detail in ⁇ Configuration Example 1 of Semiconductor Device> and ⁇ Configuration Example 2 of Semiconductor Device> can be used.
- the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 5 includes the insulator 224, the oxide 230a, and the semiconductor device (see FIGS. 1 and 4) shown in ⁇ Configuration Example 1 of Semiconductor Device> and ⁇ Configuration Example 2 of Semiconductor Device>. , And an oxide 230d having an opening is provided. The oxide 230a is in contact with the insulator 224 through an opening provided in the oxide 230d.
- the material used for the oxide 230 d is preferably a material with a high ratio of Ga and Zn as compared to the oxide 230 a and the oxide 230 b.
- the atomic ratio of the element M in the constituent elements is smaller than the atomic ratio of the element M in the constituent elements of the metal oxide used for the oxide 230a, It is preferable that the atomic ratio of the element M in the constituent elements in the metal oxide used for the oxide 230 b be larger.
- the atomic ratio of the element M to In is the atomic ratio of the element M to In in the metal oxide used for the oxide 230 a, and the metal oxide used for the oxide 230 b It is preferable that the atomic ratio of the element M to the In in the atomic ratio of.
- the oxide 230 d has an opening at a position overlapping with the region 234. Therefore, oxygen contained in the insulator 224 diffuses into the oxide 230 a and the oxide 230 b through the opening. Arrows shown in FIG. 5B visualize how oxygen contained in the insulator 280 and the insulator 224 diffuses. Oxygen contained in the insulator 280 diffuses into the insulator 224 through an opening provided in the insulator 273. In addition, oxygen in the insulator 224 is diffused into the oxide 230 a and the region 234 of the oxide 230 b through the opening provided in the oxide 230 d. Note that oxygen supplied to the oxide 230 a and the oxide 230 b may diffuse to the region 231. By providing the oxide 230 d in the transistor 200, oxygen can be efficiently supplied to the region 234.
- an oxide film to be the oxide 230 d (hereinafter referred to as an oxide film 230 D) is formed over the insulator 224.
- an opening is formed in the oxide film 230D.
- the opening is formed to overlap with the conductor 205 and the conductor 203.
- the opening is preferably formed to overlap with the region 234 of the oxide 230 which is formed in a later step.
- an oxide film 230A and an oxide film 230B are formed over the oxide film 230D in the same manner as in ⁇ Production Method 1 of Semiconductor Device>. Before and after formation of the film, heat treatment may be appropriately performed.
- the oxide film 230B, the oxide film 230A, and the oxide film 230D are processed into an island shape by a lithography method to form an oxide 230b, an oxide 230a, and an oxide 230d.
- the processing can be performed using a dry etching method or a wet etching method. Machining by dry etching is suitable for micromachining.
- the transistor 200 including the oxide 230 d can be manufactured by performing steps similar to the above ⁇ Production method of semiconductor device 1>.
- FIG. 33A and 33B show a cell 600 which constitutes a memory device.
- the cell 600 includes a transistor 200a, a transistor 200b, a capacitor 100a, and a capacitor 100b.
- FIG. 33A is a top view of the cell 600.
- FIG. 33B is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by an alternate long and short dash line A1-A2 in FIG. Note that in the top view of FIG. 33A, some elements are omitted for the sake of clarity.
- the cell 600 includes a transistor 200a and a transistor 200b, has a capacitor 100a superimposed on the transistor 200a, and has a capacitor 100b superimposed on the transistor 200b.
- the transistor 200a and the transistor 200b, and the capacitor 100a and the capacitor 100b may be arranged symmetrically.
- the transistor 200a and the transistor 200b preferably have similar structures
- the capacitor 100a and the capacitor 100b preferably have similar structures.
- the cell 600 includes the insulator 130 on the insulator 283 over the transistors 200 a and 200 b and the insulator 150 on the insulator 130.
- the insulator 150 an insulator that can be used for the insulator 283 may be used.
- the conductor 160 is provided over the insulator 150.
- a conductor 240 is provided so as to be embedded in an opening formed in the insulator 273, the insulator 280, the insulator 282, the insulator 283, the insulator 130, and the insulator 150.
- the lower surface of the conductor 240 is in contact with the region 231, and the upper surface of the conductor 240 is in contact with the conductor 160.
- the transistor 200 described in the above embodiment can be used for the transistor 200 a and the transistor 200 b.
- the description of the transistor 200 can be referred to.
- FIGS. 33A and 33B reference numerals of elements of the transistors 200a and 200b are omitted.
- the transistor 200 a and the transistor 200 b illustrated in FIGS. 33A and 33B are examples, and the present invention is not limited to the structures, and appropriate transistors may be used depending on the circuit configuration and the driving method.
- the transistor 200a and the transistor 200b both share the oxide 230, and one of the source and the drain of the transistor 200a and one of the source and the drain of the transistor 200b are shared. Thus, one of the source and the drain of the transistor 200 a and one of the source and the drain of the transistor 200 b are electrically connected to the conductor 240. Thus, the contact portions of the transistor 200a and the transistor 200b are shared, and the number of plugs and contact holes can be reduced. As described above, by sharing the wiring electrically connected to one of the source and the drain, the occupied area of the memory cell array can be reduced.
- Capacitance Element 100a and Capacitance Element 100b As illustrated in FIGS. 33A and 33B, the capacitor 100a is provided in a region overlapping with the transistor 200a. Similarly, the capacitor 100 b is provided in a region overlapping with the transistor 200 b. Note that the capacitor 100 b has a structure corresponding to that of the capacitor 100 a. Although the detailed structure of the capacitive element 100a will be described below, the description of the capacitive element 100a can be referred to for the capacitive element 100b unless otherwise noted.
- the capacitive element 100 a includes the conductor 110, the insulator 130, and the conductor 120 over the insulator 130.
- the conductor 110 and the conductor 120 a conductor that can be used for the conductor 203, the conductor 205, the conductor 260, or the like may be used.
- the capacitor 100 a is formed in an opening of the insulator 273, the insulator 280, the insulator 282, and the insulator 283.
- the conductor 110 functioning as the lower electrode and the conductor 120 functioning as the upper electrode face each other on the bottom surface and the side surface of the opening with the insulator 130 functioning as the dielectric interposed therebetween.
- the conductor 110 of the capacitor 100a is formed in contact with the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 200a.
- the capacitive element 100 a be cylindrical (the side area is larger than the base area).
- the capacitance per unit area of the capacitor 100a can be increased, and miniaturization or high integration of the semiconductor device can be promoted.
- the value of the capacitance of the capacitor 100a can be set as appropriate depending on the thicknesses of the insulator 280 and the insulator 283. Therefore, a semiconductor device with a high degree of freedom in design can be provided.
- an insulator having a large relative dielectric constant it is preferable to use an insulator having a large relative dielectric constant.
- an insulator containing an oxide of one or both of aluminum and hafnium can be used.
- an insulator containing one or both oxides of aluminum and hafnium it is preferable to use aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, an oxide containing aluminum and hafnium (hafnium aluminate), or the like.
- the insulator 130 may have a stacked structure, for example, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, an oxide containing hafnium and aluminum (hafnium aluminate), etc. Therefore, two or more layers may be selected to form a laminated structure. For example, it is preferable to deposit hafnium oxide, aluminum oxide, and hafnium oxide in order by an ALD method to form a stacked structure. The film thicknesses of hafnium oxide and aluminum oxide are respectively 0.5 nm or more and 5 nm or less. With such a stacked structure, the capacitor 100a can have a large capacitance value and a small leak current.
- the conductor 110 or the conductor 120 may have a stacked structure.
- the conductor 110 or the conductor 120 is a stack of a conductive material whose main component is titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum, or tantalum nitride, and a conductive material whose main component is tungsten, copper, or aluminum. It may be a structure.
- the conductor 110 or the conductor 120 may have a single-layer structure or a stacked structure of three or more layers.
- FIG. 34 An example of a cell array in which the above cells are arranged in a matrix or matrix will be described using FIGS. 34 to 37.
- FIG. 34 An example of a cell array in which the above cells are arranged in a matrix or matrix will be described using FIGS. 34 to 37.
- FIG. 34 is a circuit diagram showing one form in which the cells 600 shown in FIG. 33 are arranged in a matrix.
- FIG. 35 is a schematic view showing a cross-sectional structure in the vicinity of the cell 600 in the circuit diagram shown in FIG. 34 and the cell 601 adjacent to the cell 600.
- FIG. 36 is a schematic view showing a layout of the wiring WL, the wiring BL, and the oxide 230 in the circuit diagram shown in FIG. 34 to 37, the extending direction of the wiring BL is the x direction, the extending direction of the wiring WL is the y direction, and the direction perpendicular to the xy plane is the z direction.
- FIGS. 36 and 37 show an example in which 3 ⁇ 3 cells are arranged, the present embodiment is not limited to this, and memory cells or wirings included in a cell array are not limited to this. The number and arrangement may be set as appropriate. Also, in the top views of FIGS. 36 and 37, some elements shown in FIG. 34 are omitted for the sake of clarity.
- one of the source and the drain of the transistor 200a and the transistor 200b which form a cell is electrically connected to a common wiring BL (BL01, BL02, BL03).
- the wiring BL is also electrically connected to one of the source and the drain of the transistor 200 a and the transistor 200 b included in a cell arranged in the x direction.
- the first gate of the transistor 200a and the first gate of the transistor 200b which form a cell are electrically connected to different wirings WL (WL01 to WL06). Further, the wirings WL electrically connect the first gate of the transistor 200 a and the first gate of the transistor 200 b included in the cells arranged in the y direction.
- one electrode of the capacitor 100 a and one electrode of the capacitor 100 b included in the cell are electrically connected to the wiring PL.
- the wiring PL may be formed to extend in the y direction.
- the second gate BG may be provided in each of the transistor 200 a and the transistor 200 b included in each cell.
- the threshold voltage of the transistor can be controlled by the potential applied to the second gate BG.
- the second gate BG is connected to the transistor 400, and the potential applied to the second gate BG can be controlled by the transistor 400.
- the conductor 160 is extended in the x direction to function as the wiring BL, and the conductor 260 is extended in the y direction to function as the wiring WL, and the conductor 120 is extended in the y direction.
- the conductor 203 can be extended in the y direction to function as a wiring connected to the second gate BG.
- the conductor 120 functioning as one electrode of the capacitor 100b of the cell 600 also serves as one electrode of the capacitor 100a of the cell 601.
- the conductor 120 functioning as one electrode of the capacitor 100 a of the cell 600 doubles as one electrode of the capacitor of the cell adjacent to the left side of the cell 600.
- the same configuration is applied to the cell on the right side of the cell 601. Therefore, a cell array can be configured. With the configuration of the cell array, the distance between adjacent cells can be reduced, so that the projection area of the cell array can be reduced and high integration can be achieved.
- the oxide 230 and the wirings WL are arranged in a matrix, whereby the semiconductor device of the circuit diagram shown in FIG. 34 can be formed.
- the wiring BL is preferably provided in a layer different from the wiring WL and the oxide 230.
- the capacitor 100a and the capacitor 100b in a lower layer than the wiring BL, a layout in which the long side direction of the oxide 230 and the wiring BL are substantially parallel can be realized. Therefore, the layout of cells can be simplified, the degree of freedom in design can be improved, and the process cost can be reduced.
- the oxide 230 and the wiring WL are provided such that the long side of the oxide 230 is substantially orthogonal to the extending direction of the wiring WL, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- the long side of the oxide 230 may not be orthogonal to the extending direction of the wiring WL, and the long side of the oxide 230 may be inclined with respect to the extending direction of the wiring WL. .
- the capacitor 100a and the capacitor 100b and the wiring BL can be arranged without crossing each other, so the capacitor 100a and the capacitor 100b extend in the z direction.
- the capacitance of the capacitive element 100a and the capacitive element 100b can be increased.
- the oxide 230 and the wiring WL may be provided such that the angle between the long side of the oxide 230 and the wiring WL is 20 ° to 70 °, preferably 30 ° to 60 °.
- the cell array may be stacked not only on a plane surface. By stacking a plurality of cell arrays, cells can be integrated and arranged without increasing the occupied area of the cell array. That is, a 3D cell array can be configured.
- a semiconductor device which can be miniaturized or highly integrated can be provided.
- a semiconductor device having favorable electrical characteristics can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with low off current can be provided.
- a transistor with large on-state current can be provided.
- a highly reliable semiconductor device can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with low power consumption can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with high productivity can be provided.
- the memory device illustrated in FIGS. 38 and 40 includes the transistor 300, the transistor 200, and the capacitor 100.
- 38 and 40 are cross-sectional views in the channel length direction of the transistor 200 and the transistor 300.
- FIG. FIG. 39 shows a cross section in the channel width direction of the transistor 300 and the vicinity thereof.
- the transistor 200 is a transistor in which a channel is formed in a semiconductor layer including an oxide semiconductor. Since the transistor 200 has low off-state current, stored data can be held for a long time by using the transistor for the memory device. That is, since the refresh operation is not required or the frequency of the refresh operation is extremely low, power consumption of the memory device can be sufficiently reduced.
- the wiring 1001 is electrically connected to the source of the transistor 300, and the wiring 1002 is electrically connected to the drain of the transistor 300.
- the wiring 1003 is electrically connected to one of the source and the drain of the transistor 200, the wiring 1004 is electrically connected to the top gate of the transistor 200, and the wiring 1006 is electrically connected to the bottom gate of the transistor 200.
- the gate of the transistor 300 and the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 200 are electrically connected to one of the electrodes of the capacitor 100, and the wiring 1005 is electrically connected to the other of the electrodes of the capacitor 100. .
- the memory devices illustrated in FIGS. 38 and 40 have characteristics in which the potential of the gate of the transistor 300 can be held, whereby information can be written, held, and read as described below.
- the potential of the wiring 1004 is set to a potential at which the transistor 200 is turned on, whereby the transistor 200 is turned on.
- the potential of the wiring 1003 is applied to the node SN electrically connected to the gate of the transistor 300 and one of the electrodes of the capacitor 100. That is, predetermined charge is given to the gate of the transistor 300 (writing).
- the potential of the wiring 1004 is set to a potential at which the transistor 200 is turned off, whereby the transistor 200 is turned off, whereby charge is held at the node SN (holding).
- the wiring 1002 takes a potential corresponding to the amount of charge held at the node SN.
- the threshold voltage V th_L is lower than the apparent threshold voltage V th_L .
- the apparent threshold voltage refers to the potential of the wiring 1005 which is required to turn on the transistor 300.
- the charge given to the node SN can be determined. For example, in the case where a high level charge is given to the node SN in writing, the transistor 300 is turned “on” when the potential of the wiring 1005 is V 0 (> V th — H ). On the other hand, in the case where low level charge is applied to the node SN, the transistor 300 remains in the “non-conductive state” even if the potential of the wiring 1005 becomes V 0 ( ⁇ V th — L ). Therefore, the information held in the node SN can be read by determining the potential of the wiring 1002.
- the memory device of one embodiment of the present invention includes a transistor 300, a transistor 200, and a capacitor 100 as illustrated in FIG.
- the transistor 200 is provided above the transistor 300
- the capacitor 100 is provided above the transistor 300 and the transistor 200.
- the transistor 300 is provided over a substrate 311 and includes a conductor 316, an insulator 315, a semiconductor region 313 formed of part of the substrate 311, a low resistance region 314a functioning as a source region or a drain region, and a low resistance region 314b.
- a conductor 316 includes a conductor 316, an insulator 315, a semiconductor region 313 formed of part of the substrate 311, a low resistance region 314a functioning as a source region or a drain region, and a low resistance region 314b.
- the transistor 300 As shown in FIG. 39, in the transistor 300, the top surface of the semiconductor region 313 and the side surface in the channel width direction are covered with the conductor 316 with the insulator 315 in between.
- the on-characteristic of the transistor 300 can be improved by increasing the effective channel width.
- the contribution of the electric field of the gate electrode can be increased, the off characteristics of the transistor 300 can be improved.
- the transistor 300 may be either p-channel or n-channel.
- a semiconductor such as a silicon-based semiconductor is preferably included in a region where the channel of the semiconductor region 313 is to be formed, a region in the vicinity thereof, a low resistance region 314a to be a source or drain region, a low resistance region 314b, and the like.
- crystalline silicon is included.
- it may be formed using a material having Ge (germanium), SiGe (silicon germanium), GaAs (gallium arsenide), GaAlAs (gallium aluminum arsenide) or the like. It is also possible to use silicon whose effective mass is controlled by applying stress to the crystal lattice and changing the lattice spacing.
- the transistor 300 may be a HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor) by using GaAs and GaAlAs or the like.
- the low-resistance region 314a and the low-resistance region 314b impart p-type conductivity such as an element imparting n-type conductivity such as arsenic or phosphorus or p-type conductivity such as boron in addition to the semiconductor material applied to the semiconductor region 313 Containing elements.
- the conductor 316 functioning as a gate electrode is a semiconductor material such as silicon containing an element imparting n-type conductivity such as arsenic or phosphorus or an element imparting p-type conductivity such as boron, a metal material, an alloy Materials or conductive materials such as metal oxide materials can be used.
- the threshold voltage can be adjusted by changing the material of the conductor. Specifically, it is preferable to use a material such as titanium nitride or tantalum nitride for the conductor. Furthermore, in order to achieve both conductivity and embeddability, it is preferable to use a metal material such as tungsten or aluminum as a laminate for the conductor, and it is particularly preferable to use tungsten from the viewpoint of heat resistance.
- transistor 300 illustrated in FIG. 38 is an example, and is not limited to the structure. An appropriate transistor may be used depending on the circuit configuration and the driving method.
- An insulator 320, an insulator 322, an insulator 324, and an insulator 326 are sequentially stacked over the transistor 300.
- silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, aluminum oxynitride, aluminum nitride oxide, aluminum nitride, or the like is used as the insulator 320, the insulator 322, the insulator 324, and the insulator 326. Just do it.
- the insulator 322 may have a function as a planarization film which planarizes a difference in level caused by the transistor 300 or the like provided therebelow.
- the top surface of the insulator 322 may be planarized by a planarization process using a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) method or the like to enhance the planarity.
- CMP chemical mechanical polishing
- a film having a barrier property to prevent diffusion of hydrogen or an impurity from the substrate 311, the transistor 300, or the like to the region where the transistor 200 is provided is preferably used.
- a film having a barrier property to hydrogen for example, silicon nitride formed by a CVD method can be used.
- silicon nitride formed by a CVD method when hydrogen diffuses into a semiconductor element including an oxide semiconductor such as the transistor 200, the characteristics of the semiconductor element may be reduced. Therefore, it is preferable to use a film which suppresses the diffusion of hydrogen between the transistor 200 and the transistor 300.
- the film that suppresses the diffusion of hydrogen is a film with a small amount of desorption of hydrogen.
- the desorption amount of hydrogen can be analyzed using, for example, TDS.
- TDS the amount of desorption of hydrogen in the insulator 324 is converted to the amount of desorption of hydrogen atoms per area of the insulator 324 in the range where the surface temperature of the film is 50 ° C. to 500 ° C. In this case, it is 10 ⁇ 10 15 atoms / cm 2 or less, preferably 5 ⁇ 10 15 atoms / cm 2 or less.
- the insulator 326 preferably has a relative dielectric constant lower than that of the insulator 324.
- the dielectric constant of the insulator 326 is preferably less than 4, and more preferably less than 3.
- the relative permittivity of the insulator 326 is preferably 0.7 times or less of the relative permittivity of the insulator 324, and more preferably 0.6 times or less.
- the conductor 328 electrically connected to the capacitor 100 or the transistor 200, the conductor 330, and the like are embedded.
- the conductor 328 and the conductor 330 function as a plug or a wiring.
- the conductor which functions as a plug or wiring may put the same code
- the wiring and the plug electrically connected to the wiring may be an integral body. That is, a part of the conductor may function as a wiring, and a part of the conductor may function as a plug.
- each plug and wiring As a material of each plug and wiring (conductor 328, conductor 330, and the like), a conductive material such as a metal material, an alloy material, a metal nitride material, or a metal oxide material is used in a single layer or a lamination be able to. It is preferable to use a high melting point material such as tungsten or molybdenum which achieves both heat resistance and conductivity, and it is particularly preferable to use tungsten. Alternatively, it is preferably formed of a low resistance conductive material such as aluminum or copper. Wiring resistance can be lowered by using a low resistance conductive material.
- a conductive material such as a metal material, an alloy material, a metal nitride material, or a metal oxide material is used in a single layer or a lamination be able to. It is preferable to use a high melting point material such as tungsten or molybdenum which achieves both heat resistance and conductivity, and it is particularly preferable to use
- a wiring layer may be provided over the insulator 326 and the conductor 330.
- an insulator 350, an insulator 352, and an insulator 354 are sequentially stacked and provided.
- a conductor 356 is formed on the insulator 350, the insulator 352, and the insulator 354.
- the conductor 356 functions as a plug or a wire. Note that the conductor 356 can be formed using the same material as the conductor 328 and the conductor 330.
- an insulator having a barrier property to hydrogen is preferably used.
- the conductor 356 preferably includes a conductor having a barrier property to hydrogen.
- a conductor having a barrier property to hydrogen is preferably formed in an opening portion of the insulator 350 having a barrier property to hydrogen.
- a conductor having a barrier property to hydrogen for example, tantalum nitride or the like may be used. Further, by stacking tantalum nitride and tungsten with high conductivity, diffusion of hydrogen from the transistor 300 can be suppressed while maintaining conductivity as a wiring. In this case, it is preferable that the tantalum nitride layer having a barrier property to hydrogen be in contact with the insulator 350 having a barrier property to hydrogen.
- a wiring layer may be provided over the insulator 350 and the conductor 356.
- an insulator 360, an insulator 362, and an insulator 364 are sequentially stacked and provided.
- a conductor 366 is formed in the insulator 360, the insulator 362, and the insulator 364, a conductor 366 is formed.
- the conductor 366 functions as a plug or a wire. Note that the conductor 366 can be formed using the same material as the conductor 328 and the conductor 330.
- an insulator having a barrier property to hydrogen is preferably used.
- the conductor 366 preferably includes a conductor having a barrier property to hydrogen.
- a conductor having a barrier to hydrogen is preferably formed in an opening of the insulator 360 having a barrier to hydrogen.
- a wiring layer may be provided over the insulator 364 and the conductor 366.
- an insulator 370, an insulator 372, and an insulator 374 are sequentially stacked.
- a conductor 376 is formed in the insulator 370, the insulator 372, and the insulator 374.
- the conductor 376 functions as a plug or a wire. Note that the conductor 376 can be formed using the same material as the conductor 328 and the conductor 330.
- an insulator having a barrier property to hydrogen is preferably used.
- the conductor 376 preferably includes a conductor having a barrier property to hydrogen.
- a conductor having a barrier to hydrogen is preferably formed in an opening portion of the insulator 370 having a barrier to hydrogen.
- a wiring layer may be provided over the insulator 374 and the conductor 376.
- an insulator 380, an insulator 382, and an insulator 384 are sequentially stacked.
- a conductor 386 is formed in the insulator 380, the insulator 382, and the insulator 384.
- the conductor 386 functions as a plug or a wiring. Note that the conductor 386 can be formed using the same material as the conductor 328 and the conductor 330.
- the conductor 386 preferably includes a conductor having a barrier property to hydrogen.
- a conductor having a barrier to hydrogen is formed in an opening of the insulator 380 having a barrier to hydrogen.
- the memory device according to this embodiment It is not limited to this.
- the number of wiring layers similar to the wiring layer including the conductor 356 may be three or less, or five or more.
- An insulator 210, an insulator 212, an insulator 214, and an insulator 216 are sequentially stacked over the insulator 384.
- a material having a barrier property to oxygen or hydrogen is preferably used.
- the insulator 210 and the insulator 214 for example, a film having a barrier property to prevent diffusion of hydrogen and impurities from the region where the substrate 311 or the transistor 300 is provided to the region where the transistor 200 is provided Is preferred. Therefore, the same material as the insulator 324 can be used.
- silicon nitride formed by a CVD method can be used as an example of a film having a barrier property to hydrogen.
- silicon nitride formed by a CVD method when hydrogen diffuses into a semiconductor element including an oxide semiconductor such as the transistor 200, the characteristics of the semiconductor element may be reduced. Therefore, it is preferable to use a film which suppresses the diffusion of hydrogen between the transistor 200 and the transistor 300.
- the film that suppresses the diffusion of hydrogen is a film with a small amount of desorption of hydrogen.
- a metal oxide such as aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, or tantalum oxide is preferably used for the insulator 210 and the insulator 214.
- aluminum oxide has a high blocking effect of preventing permeation of the film against both oxygen and impurities such as hydrogen and moisture which cause fluctuation of the electrical characteristics of the transistor.
- aluminum oxide can prevent impurities such as hydrogen and moisture from being mixed in the transistor 200 during and after the manufacturing process of the transistor. Further, release of oxygen from the oxide of the transistor 200 can be suppressed. Therefore, it is suitable to be used as a protective film for the transistor 200.
- the same material as the insulator 320 can be used.
- a material having a relatively low relative dielectric constant as an interlayer film, parasitic capacitance generated between wirings can be reduced.
- a silicon oxide film, a silicon oxynitride film, or the like can be used as the insulator 212 and the insulator 216.
- the conductor 218, the conductor included in the transistor 200, and the like are embedded.
- the conductor 218 has a function as a plug electrically connected to the capacitor 100 or the transistor 300, or a wiring.
- the conductor 218 can be formed using a material similar to the conductor 328 and the conductor 330.
- the conductor 218 in a region in contact with the insulator 210 and the insulator 214 is preferably a conductor having a barrier property to oxygen, hydrogen, and water.
- the transistor 300 and the transistor 200 can be separated by a layer having a barrier property to oxygen, hydrogen, and water, and diffusion of hydrogen from the transistor 300 to the transistor 200 can be suppressed.
- the transistor 200 is provided above the insulator 216. Note that as a structure of the transistor 200, a structure of a transistor included in the semiconductor device described in the above embodiment may be used.
- the transistor 200 illustrated in FIG. 38 is an example, and is not limited to the structure. An appropriate transistor may be used in accordance with the circuit configuration and the driving method.
- An insulator 280 is provided above the transistor 200.
- An insulator 282 is provided on the insulator 280.
- a substance having a barrier property to oxygen or hydrogen is preferably used. Therefore, for the insulator 282, the same material as the insulator 214 can be used.
- metal oxide such as aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, or tantalum oxide is preferably used.
- aluminum oxide has a high blocking effect of preventing permeation of the film against both oxygen and impurities such as hydrogen and moisture which cause fluctuation of the electrical characteristics of the transistor.
- aluminum oxide can prevent impurities such as hydrogen and moisture from being mixed in the transistor 200 during and after the manufacturing process of the transistor. Further, release of oxygen from the oxide of the transistor 200 can be suppressed. Therefore, it is suitable to be used as a protective film for the transistor 200.
- an insulator 283 is provided over the insulator 282.
- the insulator 283 can use the same material as the insulator 320.
- a material having a relatively low relative dielectric constant as an interlayer film, parasitic capacitance generated between wirings can be reduced.
- a silicon oxide film, a silicon oxynitride film, or the like can be used as the insulator 283.
- the conductor 246, the conductor 248, and the like are embedded.
- the conductor 246 and the conductor 248 function as a plug or a wiring electrically connected to the capacitor 100, the transistor 200, or the transistor 300.
- the conductor 246 and the conductor 248 can be formed using the same material as the conductor 328 and the conductor 330.
- the capacitive element 100 includes a conductor 110, a conductor 120, and an insulator 130.
- the conductor 112 may be provided over the conductor 246 and the conductor 248.
- the conductor 112 functions as a plug or a wiring electrically connected to the capacitor 100, the transistor 200, or the transistor 300.
- the conductor 110 functions as an electrode of the capacitor 100. Note that the conductor 112 and the conductor 110 can be formed at the same time.
- a tantalum nitride film, a titanium nitride film, a molybdenum nitride film, a tungsten nitride film, or the like can be used.
- indium tin oxide indium oxide including tungsten oxide, indium zinc oxide including tungsten oxide, indium oxide including titanium oxide, indium tin oxide including titanium oxide, indium zinc oxide, silicon oxide
- Conductive materials such as indium tin oxide can also be used.
- the conductor 112 and the conductor 110 are illustrated in a single-layer structure in FIG. 38, the structure is not limited to this structure, and a stacked structure of two or more layers may be used. For example, between a conductor having a barrier property and a conductor having high conductivity, a conductor having high adhesion to a conductor having a barrier property and a conductor having high conductivity may be formed.
- an insulator 130 is provided over the conductor 112 and the conductor 110 as a dielectric of the capacitor 100.
- the insulator 130 may be, for example, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, aluminum oxide nitride, aluminum oxynitride, aluminum nitride oxide, aluminum nitride, hafnium oxide, hafnium oxynitride, hafnium oxynitride, hafnium oxide, etc. It may be used, and it can be provided in a stack or a single layer.
- the capacitor 100 can improve the dielectric strength and can suppress electrostatic breakdown of the capacitor 100 by including the insulator 130.
- the conductor 120 is provided over the insulator 130 so as to overlap with the conductor 110.
- a conductive material such as a metal material, an alloy material, or a metal oxide material can be used. It is preferable to use a high melting point material such as tungsten or molybdenum which achieves both heat resistance and conductivity, and it is particularly preferable to use tungsten.
- tungsten In the case of forming simultaneously with other structures such as a conductor, Cu (copper) or Al (aluminum) or the like which is a low resistance metal material may be used.
- An insulator 150 is provided over the conductor 120 and the insulator 130.
- the insulator 150 can be provided using a material similar to that of the insulator 320.
- the insulator 150 may function as a planarizing film which covers the uneven shape below it.
- a transistor including an oxide semiconductor in a semiconductor device using a transistor including an oxide semiconductor, variation in electrical characteristics can be suppressed and reliability can be improved.
- a transistor including an oxide semiconductor with high on-state current can be provided.
- a transistor including an oxide semiconductor with low off current can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with low power consumption can be provided.
- FIG. 40 is a cross-sectional view of a memory device including the capacitor 100, the transistor 200, and the transistor 300.
- the same reference numerals are applied to components having the same functions as the semiconductor device shown in the above embodiment and ⁇ structure of memory device 1> and the components constituting the memory device. Note.
- the storage device shown in FIG. 40 differs from the storage device shown in ⁇ Structure of Storage Device 1> in that the cell 600 described in the above embodiment is provided.
- the memory device illustrated in FIG. 40 includes the cell 600 in which a part of the structure is shared by the capacitor 100 and the transistor 200.
- the projected area of the memory device can be reduced by overlapping part or all of the cell 600 and the transistor 300. Therefore, miniaturization or high integration of the cell 600 is facilitated. In addition, the process can be shortened.
- Embodiment 4 a transistor using an oxide as a semiconductor (hereinafter, referred to as an OS transistor) and a storage device to which a capacitor is applied according to one embodiment of the present invention with reference to FIGS. 41 to 43.
- OS transistor oxide as a semiconductor
- NOSRAM registered trademark
- NOSRAM is an abbreviation of "nonvolatile oxide semiconductor RAM” and refers to a RAM having memory cells of gain cell type (2T type, 3T type).
- a memory device using an OS transistor such as a NOSRAM may be referred to as an OS memory.
- OS memory a memory device in which an OS transistor is used for a memory cell is applied.
- the OS memory is a memory that has at least a capacitor and an OS transistor that controls charging and discharging of the capacitor. Since the OS transistor is a transistor with extremely small off current, the OS memory has excellent retention characteristics and can function as a non-volatile memory.
- the NOSRAM 1600 shown in FIG. 41 includes a memory cell array 1610, a controller 1640, a row driver 1650, a column driver 1660, and an output driver 1670.
- the NOSRAM 1600 is a multivalued NOSRAM that stores multivalued data in one memory cell.
- the memory cell array 1610 has a plurality of memory cells 1611, a plurality of word lines WWL and RWL, a bit line BL, and a source line SL.
- the word line WWL is a write word line
- the word line RWL is a read word line.
- 3-bit (eight-valued) data is stored in one memory cell 1611.
- the controller 1640 controls the entire NOSRAM 1600 in a centralized manner, writes the data WDA [31: 0], and reads the data RDA [31: 0].
- the controller 1640 processes external command signals (for example, a chip enable signal, a write enable signal, etc.) to generate control signals for the row driver 1650, the column driver 1660 and the output driver 1670.
- the row driver 1650 has a function of selecting a row to access.
- the row driver 1650 includes a row decoder 1651 and a word line driver 1652.
- Column driver 1660 drives source line SL and bit line BL.
- the column driver 1660 includes a column decoder 1661, a write driver 1662, and a DAC (digital-to-analog conversion circuit) 1663.
- the DAC 1663 converts 3-bit digital data into an analog voltage.
- the DAC 1663 converts 32-bit data WDA [31: 0] into analog voltages every three bits.
- the write driver 1662 has a function of precharging the source line SL, a function of electrically floating the source line SL, a function of selecting the source line SL, and an input of the write voltage generated by the DAC 1663 to the selected source line SL.
- the output driver 1670 includes a selector 1671, an ADC (analog-digital conversion circuit) 1672, and an output buffer 1673.
- the selector 1671 selects the source line SL to be accessed, and transmits the voltage of the selected source line SL to the ADC 1672.
- the ADC 1672 has a function of converting an analog voltage into 3-bit digital data. The voltage of the source line SL is converted into 3-bit data in the ADC 1672, and the output buffer 1673 holds the data output from the ADC 1672.
- the configurations of the row driver 1650, the column driver 1660, and the output driver 1670 described in this embodiment are not limited to the above. Arrangements of these drivers and wirings connected to the drivers may be changed according to the configuration or driving method of the memory cell array 1610 or the like, or functions of the drivers and wirings connected to the drivers are changed Or you may add. For example, part of the functions of the source line SL may be provided to the bit line BL.
- each memory cell 1611 is 3 bits in the above description, the configuration of the storage device described in this embodiment is not limited to this.
- the amount of information held by each memory cell 1611 may be 2 bits or less, or 4 bits or more.
- the DAC 1663 and the ADC 1672 may not be provided.
- FIG. 42A is a circuit diagram showing a configuration example of the memory cell 1611.
- the memory cell 1611 is a 2T-type gain cell, and the memory cell 1611 is electrically connected to the word lines WWL and RWL, the bit line BL, the source line SL, and the wiring BGL.
- the memory cell 1611 includes a node SN, an OS transistor MO61, a transistor MP61, and a capacitive element C61.
- the OS transistor MO61 is a write transistor.
- the transistor MP61 is a read transistor, and is formed of, for example, a p-channel Si transistor.
- the capacitive element C61 is a holding capacitance for holding the voltage of the node SN.
- the node SN is a data holding node and corresponds to the gate of the transistor MP61 here.
- the NOSRAM 1600 can hold data for a long time.
- bit line WBL functioning as a writing bit line and the reading bit line
- a functional bit line RBL may be provided.
- FIGS. 42C to 42E show other configuration examples of the memory cell.
- 42C-FIG. 42E show an example in which the bit line WBL for writing and the bit line RBL for reading are provided, but as shown in FIG. 42A, they are shared by writing and reading. Bit lines may be provided.
- a memory cell 1612 shown in FIG. 42C is a modified example of the memory cell 1611, and the read transistor is changed to an n-channel transistor (MN 61).
- the transistor MN61 may be an OS transistor or a Si transistor.
- the OS transistor MO61 may be an OS transistor without a back gate.
- the memory cell 1613 shown in FIG. 42D is a 3T type gain cell, and is electrically connected to the word lines WWL and RWL, the bit lines WBL and RBL, the source line SL, and the wirings BGL and PCL.
- the memory cell 1613 includes a node SN, an OS transistor MO62, a transistor MP62, a transistor MP63, and a capacitor C62.
- the OS transistor MO62 is a write transistor.
- the transistor MP62 is a read transistor, and the transistor MP63 is a selection transistor.
- a memory cell 1614 shown in FIG. 42E is a modification of the memory cell 1613, in which the read transistor and the select transistor are changed to n-channel transistors (MN62 and MN63).
- the transistors MN62 and MN63 may be OS transistors or Si transistors.
- the OS transistors provided in the memory cells 1611-1614 may be transistors without back gates or may be transistors with back gates.
- NOR type memory device in which memory cells 1611 and the like are connected in parallel is described, but the memory device described in this embodiment is not limited to this.
- NAND memory device in which memory cells 1615 as shown below are connected in series may be used.
- FIG. 43 is a circuit diagram showing a configuration example of a NAND type memory cell array 1610.
- the memory cell array 1610 shown in FIG. 43 includes a source line SL, a bit line RBL, a bit line WBL, a word line WWL, a word line RWL, a wiring BGL, and a memory cell 1615.
- the memory cell 1615 includes a node SN, an OS transistor MO63, a transistor MN64, and a capacitive element C63.
- the transistor MN64 is formed of, for example, an n-channel Si transistor.
- the transistor MN 64 may be a p-channel Si transistor or an OS transistor.
- the memory cell 1615a and the memory cell 1615b illustrated in FIG. 43 will be described as an example.
- reference numerals of a wiring or a circuit element connected to either the memory cell 1615 a or the memory cell 1615 b are denoted by a or b.
- the gate of the transistor MN64a, one of the source and the drain of the OS transistor MO63a, and one of the electrodes of the capacitive element C63a are electrically connected. Further, the bit line WBL and the other of the source and the drain of the OS transistor MO63a are electrically connected. In addition, the word line WWLa and the gate of the OS transistor MO63a are electrically connected. Further, the wiring BGLa and the back gate of the OS transistor MO63a are electrically connected. The word line RWLa and the other of the electrodes of the capacitive element C 63 a are electrically connected.
- the memory cell 1615 b can be provided symmetrically with the memory cell 1615 a with the contact portion with the bit line WBL as an axis of symmetry. Accordingly, the circuit element included in the memory cell 1615 b is also connected to the wiring in the same manner as the memory cell 1615 a.
- the source of the transistor MN64a included in the memory cell 1615a is electrically connected to the drain of the transistor MN64b in the memory cell 1615b.
- the drain of the transistor MN64a included in the memory cell 1615a is electrically connected to the bit line RBL.
- the source of the transistor MN64b included in the memory cell 1615b is electrically connected to the source line SL through the transistor MN64 included in the plurality of memory cells 1615.
- the plurality of transistors MN64 are connected in series between the bit line RBL and the source line SL.
- the memory device having the memory cell array 1610 shown in FIG. 43 performs the write operation and the read operation for each of a plurality of memory cells (hereinafter referred to as a memory cell column) connected to the same word line WWL (or word line RWL).
- the write operation can be performed as follows. A potential at which the OS transistor MO63 is turned on is applied to the word line WWL connected to the memory cell column to be written, and the OS transistor MO63 of the memory cell column to be written is turned on. Thereby, the potential of the bit line WBL is applied to one of the gate of the transistor MN64 of the designated memory cell column and the electrode of the capacitive element C63, and a predetermined charge is applied to the gate. Then, when the OS transistor MO63 of the memory cell column is turned off, the predetermined charge given to the gate can be held. Thus, data can be written to the memory cell 1615 of the specified memory cell column.
- the read operation can be performed as follows. First, to a word line RWL not connected to a memory cell column to be read, a potential that turns on the transistor MN64 regardless of the charge applied to the gate of the transistor MN64 is applied to read a memory cell column The other transistors MN64 are turned on. Then, a potential (read potential) is applied to the word line RWL connected to the memory cell column to be read by the charge of the gate of the transistor MN64 so that the on state or the off state of the transistor MN64 is selected. Then, a constant potential is applied to the source line SL, and the reading circuit connected to the bit line RBL is brought into an operating state.
- the conductance between the source line SL and the bit line RBL is for reading It is determined by the state (on state or off state) of the transistor MN64 of the memory cell column.
- the conductance of the transistor differs depending on the charge of the gate of the transistor MN64 in the memory cell column to be read, and accordingly, the potential of the bit line RBL takes a different value.
- Information can be read out from the memory cell 1615 of the specified memory cell column by reading out the potential of the bit line RBL by the reading circuit.
- the number of times of rewriting is in principle not limited, and data can be written and read with low energy.
- the refresh frequency can be reduced.
- the transistor 200 is used as the OS transistors MO61, MO62, and MO63
- the capacitor 100 is used as the capacitors C61, C62, and C63.
- the transistor 300 can be used as the transistors MP61, MP62, MP63, MN61, MN62, MN63, and MN64.
- DOSRAM a transistor using an oxide as a semiconductor
- a storage device to which a capacitor is applied according to one embodiment of the present invention with reference to FIGS. 44 and 45.
- DOSRAM registered trademark
- DOSRAM is an abbreviation of "Dynamic Oxide Semiconductor RAM” and refers to a RAM having 1T (transistor) 1C (capacitance) type memory cells.
- OS memory a memory device in which an OS transistor is used for a memory cell is applied.
- the OS memory is a memory that has at least a capacitor and an OS transistor that controls charging and discharging of the capacitor. Since the OS transistor is a transistor with extremely small off current, the OS memory has excellent retention characteristics and can function as a non-volatile memory.
- FIG. 44 shows a configuration example of the DOSRAM.
- the DOSRAM 1400 has a controller 1405, a row circuit 1410, a column circuit 1415, a memory cell and a sense amplifier array 1420 (hereinafter referred to as "MC-SA array 1420").
- the row circuit 1410 includes a decoder 1411, a word line driver circuit 1412, a column selector 1413, and a sense amplifier driver circuit 1414.
- the column circuit 1415 has a global sense amplifier array 1416 and an input / output circuit 1417.
- the global sense amplifier array 1416 has a plurality of global sense amplifiers 1447.
- the MC-SA array 1420 has a memory cell array 1422, a sense amplifier array 1423, and global bit lines GBLL and GBLR.
- the MC-SA array 1420 has a stacked structure in which the memory cell array 1422 is stacked on the sense amplifier array 1423.
- Global bit lines GBLL and GBLR are stacked on memory cell array 1422.
- a hierarchical bit line structure hierarchized by local bit lines and global bit lines is adopted as the structure of bit lines.
- Memory cell array 1422 includes N (N is an integer of 2 or more) local memory cell arrays 1425 ⁇ 0> -1425 ⁇ N-1>.
- FIG. 45A shows a configuration example of the local memory cell array 1425.
- the local memory cell array 1425 has a plurality of memory cells 1445, a plurality of word lines WL, and a plurality of bit lines BLL and BLR.
- the structure of the local memory cell array 1425 is an open bit line type, but may be a folded bit line type.
- FIG. 45B shows a circuit configuration example of a pair of memory cells 1445a and 1445b connected to a common bit line BLL (BLR).
- the memory cell 1445a includes a transistor MW1a, a capacitive element CS1a, and terminals B1a and B2a, and is connected to the word line WLa and the bit line BLL (BLR).
- the memory cell 1445 b has a transistor MW 1 b, a capacitive element CS 1 b, terminals B 1 b and B 2 b, and is connected to the word line WLb and the bit line BLL (BLR). Note that, in the following, when one of the memory cell 1445a and the memory cell 1445b is not particularly limited, the memory cell 1445 and the configuration attached to the memory cell 1445 may not be denoted by the symbol a or b.
- the transistor MW1a has a function of controlling charging and discharging of the capacitive element CS1a
- the transistor MW1b has a function of controlling charging and discharging of the capacitive element CS1b.
- the gate of transistor MW1a is electrically connected to word line WLa, the first terminal is electrically connected to bit line BLL (BLR), and the second terminal is electrically connected to the first terminal of capacitive element CS1a.
- the gate of transistor MW1b is electrically connected to word line WLb, the first terminal is electrically connected to bit line BLL (BLR), and the second terminal is electrically connected to the first terminal of capacitive element CS1b. It is done.
- the second terminal of the capacitive element CS1 is electrically connected to the terminal B2.
- a constant voltage (for example, low power supply voltage) is input to the terminal B2.
- the transistor 200a is used as the transistor MW1a
- the transistor 200b is used as the transistor MW1b
- the capacitor 100a is used as the capacitor CS1a and the capacitor 100b is used as the capacitor CS1b.
- the area occupied by the pair of the transistor and the capacitor in top view can be reduced, so that the memory device according to this embodiment can be highly integrated. Therefore, the storage capacity per unit area of the storage device according to the present embodiment can be increased.
- the transistor MW1 has a back gate, and the back gate is electrically connected to the terminal B1. Therefore, the threshold voltage of the transistor MW1 can be changed by the voltage of the terminal B1.
- the voltage of the terminal B1 may be a fixed voltage (for example, a negative constant voltage), or the voltage of the terminal B1 may be changed according to the operation of the DOS RAM 1400.
- the back gate of the transistor MW1 may be electrically connected to the gate, the first terminal, or the second terminal of the transistor MW1. Alternatively, the transistor MW1 may not be provided with a back gate.
- Sense amplifier array 1423 includes N local sense amplifier arrays 1426 ⁇ 0> to 1426 ⁇ N-1>.
- the local sense amplifier array 1426 includes one switch array 1444 and a plurality of sense amplifiers 1446.
- a bit line pair is electrically connected to sense amplifier 1446.
- the sense amplifier 1446 has a function of precharging the bit line pair, a function of amplifying a voltage difference between the bit line pair, and a function of holding the voltage difference.
- the switch array 1444 has a function of selecting a bit line pair and conducting between the selected bit line pair and the global bit line pair.
- bit line pair means two bit lines which are simultaneously compared by the sense amplifier.
- the global bit line pair refers to two global bit lines which are simultaneously compared by the global sense amplifier.
- a bit line pair can be called a pair of bit lines, and a global bit line pair can be called a pair of global bit lines.
- bit line BLL and the bit line BLR form a pair of bit lines.
- Global bit line GBLL and global bit line GBLR form a pair of global bit lines.
- bit line pair (BLL, BLR) and the global bit line pair (GBLL, GBLR) are also referred to.
- the controller 1405 has a function of controlling the overall operation of the DOS RAM 1400.
- the controller 1405 performs a logical operation on an externally input command signal to determine an operation mode, and generates a control signal for the row circuit 1410 and the column circuit 1415 so that the determined operation mode is executed. And a function of holding an address signal input from the outside, and a function of generating an internal address signal.
- the row circuit 1410 has a function of driving the MC-SA array 1420.
- the decoder 1411 has a function of decoding an address signal.
- the word line driver circuit 1412 generates a selection signal for selecting the word line WL in the access target row.
- the column selector 1413 and the sense amplifier driver circuit 1414 are circuits for driving the sense amplifier array 1423.
- the column selector 1413 has a function of generating a selection signal for selecting a bit line of the access target column.
- the selection signal of column selector 1413 controls switch array 1444 of each local sense amplifier array 1426.
- the control signals of the sense amplifier driver circuit 1414 drive the plurality of local sense amplifier arrays 1426 independently.
- Column circuit 1415 has a function of controlling an input of data signal WDA [31: 0] and a function of controlling an output of data signal RDA [31: 0].
- the data signal WDA [31: 0] is a write data signal
- the data signal RDA [31: 0] is a read data signal.
- Global sense amplifier 1447 is electrically connected to global bit line pair (GBLL, GBLR).
- the global sense amplifier 1447 has a function of amplifying a voltage difference between the global bit line pair (GBLL, GBLR) and a function of holding this voltage difference. Writing and reading of data to the global bit line pair (GBLL, GBLR) are performed by the input / output circuit 1417.
- Data is written to the global bit line pair by input / output circuit 1417.
- Data of the global bit line pair is held by the global sense amplifier array 1416.
- the data of the global bit line pair is written to the bit line pair of the target column by the switch array 1444 of the local sense amplifier array 1426 specified by the address signal.
- the local sense amplifier array 1426 amplifies and holds the written data.
- the row circuit 1410 selects the word line WL of the target row, and the data held by the local sense amplifier array 1426 is written to the memory cell 1445 of the selected row.
- One row of the local memory cell array 1425 is designated by the address signal.
- the word line WL in the target row is selected, and the data of the memory cell 1445 is written to the bit line.
- the local sense amplifier array 1426 detects and holds the voltage difference of the bit line pair of each column as data.
- data in the column designated by the address signal is written to the global bit line pair by switch array 1444.
- Global sense amplifier array 1416 detects and holds data of global bit line pairs. The held data of the global sense amplifier array 1416 is output to the input / output circuit 1417. Thus, the read operation is completed.
- the number of times of rewriting is not limited in principle in the DOSRAM 1400, and data can be written and read with low energy.
- the circuit configuration of the memory cell 1445 is simple, the capacity can be easily increased.
- the transistor MW1 is an OS transistor. Since the off-state current of the OS transistor is extremely small, charge leakage from the capacitive element CS1 can be suppressed. Therefore, the retention time of the DOS RAM 1400 is very long compared to the DRAM. Therefore, since the frequency of refresh can be reduced, the power required for the refresh operation can be reduced. Therefore, the DOSRAM 1400 is suitable for a memory device that rewrites a large amount of data with high frequency, for example, a frame memory used for image processing.
- bit lines can be shortened to a length approximately equal to the length of local sense amplifier array 1426. By shortening the bit line, the bit line capacitance can be reduced and the storage capacitance of the memory cell 1445 can be reduced. Further, by providing the switch array 1444 in the local sense amplifier array 1426, the number of long bit lines can be reduced. From the above reasons, the load driven at the time of access to the DOS RAM 1400 is reduced, and power consumption can be reduced.
- FIG. 46 is a block diagram showing a configuration example of the AI system 4041.
- the AI system 4041 includes an operation unit 4010, a control unit 4020, and an input / output unit 4030.
- the operation unit 4010 includes an analog operation circuit 4011, a DOSRAM 4012, a NOSRAM 4013, and an FPGA 4014.
- the DOSRAM 1400 and the NOSRAM 1600 described in the above embodiment can be used as the DOSRAM 4012 and the NOSRAM 4013.
- the control unit 4020 includes a central processing unit (CPU) 4021, a graphics processing unit (GPU) 4022, a phase locked loop (PLL) 4023, a static random access memory (SRAM) 4024, and a programmable read only memory (PROM) 4025. , A memory controller 4026, a power supply circuit 4027, and a PMU (Power Management Unit) 4028.
- CPU central processing unit
- GPU graphics processing unit
- PLL phase locked loop
- SRAM static random access memory
- PROM programmable read only memory
- the input / output unit 4030 includes an external storage control circuit 4031, an audio codec 4032, a video codec 4033, a general purpose input / output module 4034, and a communication module 4035.
- the operation unit 4010 can execute learning or inference by a neural network.
- the analog operation circuit 4011 includes an A / D (analog / digital) conversion circuit, a D / A (digital / analog) conversion circuit, and a product-sum operation circuit.
- the analog arithmetic circuit 4011 is preferably formed using an OS transistor.
- the analog operation circuit 4011 using the OS transistor has an analog memory, and can perform the product-sum operation necessary for learning or inference with low power consumption.
- the DOSRAM 4012 is a DRAM formed using an OS transistor, and the DOSRAM 4012 is a memory for temporarily storing digital data sent from the CPU 4021.
- the DOSRAM 4012 has a memory cell including an OS transistor and a read out circuit unit including an Si transistor. Since the memory cell and the read out circuit portion can be provided in different stacked layers, the DOSRAM 4012 can reduce the entire circuit area.
- Calculations using neural networks may have more than 1000 input data.
- the SRAM 4024 has a limited circuit area and has a small storage capacity, so the input data can not but be divided and stored.
- the DOSRAM 4012 can arrange memory cells in a highly integrated manner even with a limited circuit area, and has a larger storage capacity than the SRAM 4024. Therefore, the DOS RAM 4012 can store the input data efficiently.
- the NOSRAM 4013 is a non-volatile memory using an OS transistor.
- the NOSRAM 4013 consumes less power when writing data as compared to other non-volatile memories such as flash memory, ReRAM (Resistive Random Access Memory) and MRAM (Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory).
- flash memory ReRAM (Resistive Random Access Memory)
- MRAM Magneticoresistive Random Access Memory
- the NOSRAM 4013 can store multi-value data of 2 bits or more in addition to 1-bit binary data.
- the NOSRAM 4013 can reduce the memory cell area per bit by storing multi-value data.
- the NOSRAM 4013 can store analog data. Therefore, the analog operation circuit 4011 can also use the NOSRAM 4013 as an analog memory. Since the NOSRAM 4013 can store analog data as it is, no D / A conversion circuit or A / D conversion circuit is required. Therefore, the NOSRAM 4013 can reduce the area of peripheral circuits.
- analog data refers to data having a resolution of 3 bits (eight values) or more. The above-mentioned multi-value data may be included in the analog data.
- Data and parameters used for neural network calculations can be temporarily stored in the NOSRAM 4013.
- the above data and parameters may be stored in a memory provided outside the AI system 4041 via the CPU 4021.
- the NOSRAM 4013 provided inside has higher speed and lower power consumption than the data and parameters. Can be stored. Further, since the NOSRAM 4013 can make the bit line longer than the DOS RAM 4012, the storage capacity can be increased.
- the FPGA 4014 is an FPGA using an OS transistor.
- the FPGA according to this embodiment can apply OS memory to configuration memory and registers.
- OS-FPGA Such an FPGA is called "OS-FPGA”.
- the AI system 4041 uses the FPGA 4014 to describe deep neural networks (DNN), convolutional neural networks (CNN), recursive neural networks (RNN), self-coder, deep Boltzmann machine (DBM), deep belief, which will be described later. Connections of neural networks, such as networks (DBNs) can be configured in hardware. The connection of the above neural network can be implemented at higher speed by configuring it with hardware.
- the FPGA 4014 is an OS-FPGA.
- the OS-FPGA can have a smaller memory area than an FPGA configured with an SRAM. Therefore, even if the context switching function is added, the area increase is small. Also, the OS-FPGA can transmit data and parameters at high speed by boosting.
- the AI system 4041 can provide the analog operation circuit 4011, the DOSRAM 4012, the NOSRAM 4013, and the FPGA 4014 on one die (chip). Therefore, the AI system 4041 can perform neural network calculations at high speed and low power consumption. Further, the analog arithmetic circuit 4011, the DOSRAM 4012, the NOSRAM 4013, and the FPGA 4014 can be manufactured by the same manufacturing process. Therefore, the AI system 4041 can be manufactured at low cost.
- the arithmetic unit 4010 need not have all the DOS RAM 4012, the NOSRAM 4013, and the FPGA 4014.
- One or more of the DOSRAM 4012, the NOSRAM 4013, and the FPGA 4014 may be selected and provided in accordance with the problem that the AI system 4041 wants to solve.
- the AI system 4041 can perform deep neural network (DNN), convolutional neural network (CNN), recursive neural network (RNN), self-coder, deep Boltzmann machine (DBM), deep belief network ( Methods such as DBN) can be implemented.
- the PROM 4025 can store programs for performing at least one of these techniques. In addition, part or all of the program may be stored in the NOSRAM 4013.
- the AI system 4041 preferably includes a GPU 4022.
- the AI system 4041 can execute the product-sum operation that is rate-limiting in the operation unit 4010 and can execute the other product-sum operations in the GPU 4022. By doing so, learning and inference can be performed at high speed.
- the power supply circuit 4027 not only generates a low power supply potential for a logic circuit, but also performs potential generation for analog operation.
- the power supply circuit 4027 may use an OS memory.
- the power supply circuit 4027 can reduce power consumption by storing the reference potential in the OS memory.
- the PMU 4028 has a function of temporarily turning off the power supply of the AI system 4041.
- the CPU 4021 and the GPU 4022 preferably have OS memory as a register.
- OS memory By having the OS memory, the CPU 4021 and the GPU 4022 can keep data (logical value) in the OS memory even when the power supply is turned off. As a result, the AI system 4041 can save power.
- the PLL 4023 has a function of generating a clock.
- the AI system 4041 operates based on the clock generated by the PLL 4023.
- the PLL 4023 preferably has an OS memory.
- the PLL 4023 having an OS memory can hold an analog potential for controlling the oscillation cycle of the clock.
- the AI system 4041 may store data in an external memory such as DRAM. Therefore, the AI system 4041 preferably has a memory controller 4026 that functions as an interface with an external DRAM. In addition, the memory controller 4026 is preferably disposed near the CPU 4021 or the GPU 4022. By doing so, it is possible to exchange data at high speed.
- Part or all of the circuits illustrated in the control unit 4020 can be formed over the same die as the computing unit 4010. By doing so, the AI system 4041 can perform neural network calculations at high speed and low power consumption.
- the AI system 4041 preferably includes an external storage control circuit 4031 that functions as an interface with an external storage device.
- the AI system 4041 includes a voice codec 4032 and a video codec 4033.
- the audio codec 4032 encodes (decodes) and decodes (decodes) audio data
- the video codec 4033 encodes and decodes video data.
- the AI system 4041 can perform learning or inference using data obtained from an external sensor. Therefore, the AI system 4041 has a general purpose input / output module 4034.
- the general-purpose input / output module 4034 includes, for example, Universal Serial Bus (USB), Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C), and the like.
- the AI system 4041 can perform learning or inference using data obtained via the Internet. Therefore, the AI system 4041 preferably has a communication module 4035.
- the analog operation circuit 4011 may use a multi-level flash memory as an analog memory.
- the flash memory is limited in the number of rewrites.
- the analog arithmetic circuit 4011 may use ReRAM as an analog memory.
- ReRAM is limited in the number of times of rewriting, and there is a problem in storage accuracy.
- the element since the element has two terminals, the circuit design that separates writing and reading of data becomes complicated.
- the analog operation circuit 4011 may use an MRAM as an analog memory.
- the MRAM has a low rate of change in resistance, and has problems in storage accuracy.
- the analog arithmetic circuit 4011 use the OS memory as an analog memory.
- FIG. 47A shows an AI system 4041A in which the AI systems 4041 described with reference to FIG. 46 are arranged in parallel to enable transmission and reception of signals between the systems via a bus line.
- An AI system 4041A illustrated in FIG. 47A includes a plurality of AI systems 4041_1 to AI systems 4041 — n (n is a natural number).
- the AI systems 4041_1 to AI systems 4041 — n are connected to one another via a bus line 4098.
- FIG. 47B is an AI system 4041B in which the AI systems 4041 described in FIG. 46 are arranged in parallel in the same manner as FIG. 47A, enabling transmission and reception of signals between systems via a network. is there.
- An AI system 4041B illustrated in FIG. 47B includes a plurality of AI systems 4041_1 to AI systems 4041 — n.
- the AI systems 4041_1 to AI systems 4041 — n are connected to one another via a network 4099.
- the network 4099 may be provided with a communication module for each of the AI systems 4041_1 to 4041_n to perform communication by wireless or wired communication.
- the communication module can communicate via the antenna.
- the Internet intranet, extranet, PAN (Personal Area Network), LAN (Local Area Network), CAN (Campus Area Network), MAN (Metropolitan Area Network), WAN (Wide Area), which is the foundation of the World Wide Web (WWW).
- Communication can be performed by connecting each electronic device to a computer network such as Network) or GAN (Global Area Network).
- LTE Long Term Evolution
- GSM Global System for Mobile Communication
- EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
- CDMA2000 Code Division Multiple Access 2000
- W-CDMA registered trademark
- IEEE Wi-Fi
- Bluetooth registered trademark
- ZigBee registered trademark
- analog signals obtained by an external sensor or the like can be processed by different AI systems.
- information such as brain waves, pulse, blood pressure, and body temperature may be acquired by various sensors such as brain wave sensors, pulse wave sensors, blood pressure sensors, and temperature sensors, and analog signals may be processed by separate AI systems. it can.
- processing or learning signals in each of the separate AI systems it is possible to reduce the amount of information processing per AI system. Therefore, signal processing or learning can be performed with a smaller amount of calculation. As a result, recognition accuracy can be enhanced. From information obtained by each AI system, it can be expected that complex changing biological information can be integrated and grasped in an instant.
- Embodiment Mode 8 This embodiment mode shows an example of an IC in which the AI system shown in the above embodiment mode is incorporated.
- the AI system described in the above embodiment integrates a digital processing circuit consisting of a Si transistor such as a CPU, an analog operation circuit using an OS transistor, an OS memory such as an OS-FPGA and DOSRAM, NOSRAM, etc. into one die. be able to.
- FIG. 48 shows an example of an IC incorporating an AI system.
- An AI system IC 7000 shown in FIG. 48 has a lead 7001 and a circuit portion 7003.
- AI system IC 7000 is mounted on, for example, printed circuit board 7002.
- a plurality of such IC chips are combined and electrically connected on the printed circuit board 7002 to complete a board (mounting board 7004) on which electronic components are mounted.
- the various circuits described in the above embodiment are provided in one die.
- the circuit portion 7003 has a stacked structure and is roughly classified into a Si transistor layer 7031, a wiring layer 7032, and an OS transistor layer 7033. Since the OS transistor layer 7033 can be stacked on the Si transistor layer 7031, the AI system IC 7000 can be easily miniaturized.
- the QFP Quad Flat Package
- the aspect of the package is not limited to this.
- a digital processing circuit such as a CPU, an analog operation circuit using an OS transistor, an OS-FPGA and an OS memory such as DOSRAM or NOSRAM may be formed in the Si transistor layer 7031, the wiring layer 7032 and the OS transistor layer 7033 it can. That is, the elements constituting the above AI system can be formed by the same manufacturing process. Therefore, the IC shown in this embodiment does not need to increase the manufacturing process even if the number of elements is increased, and the above-mentioned AI system can be incorporated at low cost.
- the semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention can be used for various electronic devices.
- 49 and 50 show specific examples of electronic devices using the semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- a robot 2000 illustrated in FIG. 49A includes an arithmetic device 2001, a sensor 2002, a light 2003, a lift 2004, a driver 2005, and a moving mechanism 2011, and can capture still images and moving images while moving.
- a robot can be used as a security system or a surveillance system.
- the robot 2000 may further include a communication unit 2006, a speaker 2007, a microphone 2008, a display unit 2009, a light emitting unit 2010, and the like.
- the semiconductor device As the arithmetic device 2001, the semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention can be used.
- an IC in which the AI system according to one embodiment of the present invention is incorporated can be used.
- the sensor 2002 has a function as a camera that captures the surroundings of the robot 2000.
- the light 2003 can be used as a light when the sensor 2002 shoots the surroundings of the robot 2000. Note that the light 2003 preferably functions as a flashlight when shooting a still image with the sensor 2002.
- the sensor 2002 is connected to the robot main body via the lift 2004.
- the height of the sensor 2002 can be adjusted by the lift 2004.
- the lift 2004 is preferably telescopic.
- the lift 2004 may also be a foldable type constituted by a plurality of booms. Further, since the robot 2000 is provided with the drive unit 2005 and the moving mechanism 2011 connected to the drive unit 2005, the imaging range by the sensor 2002, that is, the monitoring range is expanded, which is preferable.
- the communication unit 2006 can transmit the information captured by the sensor 2002 to the administrator or a server owned by the administrator.
- the information captured by the sensor 2002 is analyzed by the computing device 2001, and if it is determined to be a crime, accident, fire, or other emergency, the security company, the police, the fire department, the medical institution, the owner of the land or building I can contact you.
- the speaker 2007 can transmit information around the robot, such as warning to a criminal, asking an injured person or a sudden sick person, and guiding evacuation.
- the microphone 2008 can be used to obtain sound around the robot 2000.
- the robot 2000 can have a function as a telephone by being used in combination with the communication unit 2006 and the speaker 2007. A person around the robot 2000 can talk with a manager or any person.
- the display unit 2009 can display arbitrary information. In an emergency, disaster information and evacuation routes can be displayed.
- the robot 2000 can have a function as a videophone by using in combination with the communication unit 2006, the speaker 2007, and the microphone 2008. A person around the robot 2000 can talk with the manager or any person while looking at the display portion 2009.
- the light emitting unit 2010 can indicate the traveling direction and the stop state of the robot 2000 with characters and light. It may also indicate an emergency.
- FIG. 49B is a block diagram showing a configuration of the robot 2000.
- the arithmetic device 2001 performs on / off and lightness adjustment of the light 2003 based on information such as an image obtained by the sensor 2002. Further, the height of the lift 2004 is adjusted, or the drive unit 2005 is controlled, and the alignment of the robot 2000 and the sensor 2002 is performed. Further, the operating condition of the drive unit 2005 can be indicated using the light emitting unit 2010. Further, the communication means 2006 can be used to transmit information around the robot 2000 obtained from the sensor 2002 or the microphone 2008 to a manager or a server owned by the manager. Further, information can be transmitted around the robot 2000 using the speaker 2007 or the display portion 2009 according to the determination of the arithmetic device 2001 or the administrator.
- the light 2003 may not be provided.
- an image sensor using selenium (Se) in a light receiving portion can be used.
- Such a robot 2000 can be used for security of commercial facilities and offices.
- Information obtained from the sensor 2002 and the microphone 2008 is stored in the arithmetic device 2001 and a server.
- the stored information is analyzed by the AI system to determine the presence or absence of an abnormality such as loss or damage of an article, intrusion of a suspicious person, or a disaster such as a fire.
- Deep learning may be used to analyze information. If it is determined that an abnormality has occurred, the robot 2000 contacts the administrator and sends information to the surroundings, and records the surrounding situation.
- the robot 2000 may also be used to monitor the growth condition of agricultural products.
- a robot 2000 installed in a rice field or field monitors the shape, size, and color of the leaves or fruits of the crop by using a sensor 2002, and determines whether or not there is disease or adhesion of a pest. Since the robot 2000 is provided with the moving mechanism 2011, the growth status of a wide range of crops can be monitored. In addition, since the robot 2000 is provided with the lift 2004, it is possible to monitor leaves and fruits of any height regardless of the type of crop and the growing condition.
- the monitoring results are sent to the producer using the communication means 2006, and the producer can determine the type, amount, and application time of fertilizers and pesticides necessary for the crop. Further, the monitoring result may be analyzed by the AI system using the computing device 2001 to determine the type, amount, and application time of fertilizers and pesticides necessary for agricultural products, and may be notified to the producer. Deep learning may be used to analyze the monitoring results.
- FIG. 50A shows a sorting system 6000 using a robot 6001.
- the robot 6001 includes an arithmetic unit 6002, a boom 6003, and an arm 6004.
- the robot 6001 may include a wired or wireless communication unit 6011.
- the sorting system 6000 also includes a housing 6008 having a sensor 6009.
- the housing 6008 includes a communication unit 6010.
- the housing 6008 is provided on the sorting system 6000 or on a ceiling, a wall, or a beam (all not shown) of the sorting work area.
- the housing 6008 may be provided in the robot 6001.
- the boom 6003 or the arm 6004 may be provided.
- the information obtained by the sensor 6009 may be sent to the arithmetic device 6002 and processed without passing through the communication unit 6010 and the communication unit 6011.
- the boom 6003 is movable, and the arm 6004 can be disposed at a desired position. Further, the arm 6004 may be extendable. After the arm disposed on the desired article 6007 is extended, the desired article 6007 is grasped, and the arm 6004 is contracted, the arm 6004 may be moved by the boom 6003.
- the sorting system 6000 can move the articles 6007 in the container 6005 to the container 6006.
- the container 6005 and the container 6006 may have the same shape or different shapes. Further, a plurality of articles 6007 placed in one container 6005 may be moved to a plurality of containers 6006 and distributed.
- a container, a cardboard box, a box for packing goods, a case, a film, or a bag, a vat for storing food, a lunch box, and the like are used.
- at least one of the container 6005 and the container 6006 may be a cooker such as a pot or a frying pan.
- the semiconductor device can be used for the arithmetic device 6002.
- an IC in which the AI system according to one embodiment of the present invention is incorporated can be used as the arithmetic device 6002 as the arithmetic device 6002.
- the sensor 6009 reads the position of the container 6005, the position of the container 6006, the inside of the container 6005, and the state of the article 6007 in the container 6005, and transmits information to the arithmetic device 6002 using the communication unit 6010. Transmission of information is wireless or wired. Alternatively, the information may be transmitted by wire without using the communication unit 6010.
- the arithmetic device 6002 analyzes the transmitted information.
- the state of the article 6007 refers to a shape, a number, an overlap of the articles 6007, and the like.
- the arithmetic device 6002 analyzes based on the information from the sensor 6009 and derives detailed information of the article 6007.
- the three-dimensional shape and stiffness (softness) of the article 6007 are derived by comparison with data stored in the computing device 6002 or a server that can communicate with the robot 6001. Further, the shape of the arm 6004 can be changed from the three-dimensional shape and the rigidity (softness) of the article 6007.
- Analysis using an AI system can be used to derive detailed information on the article 6007.
- Deep learning may be used to analyze information.
- FIG. 50B illustrates an arm in which a pair of plates 6021 moves in the horizontal direction and can sandwich an article 6007. By moving the pair of plates 6021 in the horizontal direction toward the center, the article 6007 can be held. Such an arm can capture an article 6007 in a plane, and is suitable for grasping an article 6007 having a columnar shape, such as a cube or a rectangular parallelepiped.
- FIG. 50C shows an arm in which the plurality of bars 6022 move in the horizontal direction and can sandwich an article 6007. By moving the plurality of bars 6022 in the horizontal direction toward the center, the article 6007 can be sandwiched.
- Such an arm can catch an article 6007 at a point, and is suitable for grasping an article 6007 having a spherical shape, or when the form of the article 6007 is not constant, that is, grasping an irregular article 6007.
- the number of bars 6022 is four in FIG. 50C, the present embodiment is not limited to this. The number of bars 6022 may be three, or five or more.
- FIG. 50D shows an arm which can hold an article 6007 by rotating a pair of plates 6023 so that they approach each other about a common axis. Such an arm can capture an article 6007 in a plane, and is suitable for grasping an article 6007 having a thin film shape such as paper or film.
- 50E shows an arm which can pinch an article 6007 by rotating a pair of hook-like plates 6024 so that their tips approach each other about a common axis.
- Such an arm can catch an article 6007 with a point or a line, and is suitable for grasping an article 6007 having a thin film shape such as paper or film, or an article 6007 having a smaller granular shape .
- a spatula 6025 may be attached to the tip of the arm to scoop an article 6007 having a smaller granular shape.
- FIGS. 50A to 50F are examples, and one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to these shapes. Further, the description of the use of each arm is also an example, and one aspect of the present invention is not limited to these descriptions.
- the robot 6001 moves the boom 6003 based on a signal from the computing device 6002 to move the arm 6004 onto a desired article 6007 in the container 6005.
- the arm 6004 is extended and the tip of the arm 6004 is lowered to the height of the article 6007.
- the tip of the arm is moved to grip the desired article 6007.
- the arm is retracted.
- the boom 6003 is moved again to move the arm 6004 to the desired position of the container 6006.
- the arm 6004 may be rotated. Extend arm 6004 and place article 6007 in container 6006, and arm 6004 releases article 6007. The above operation is repeated, and the robot 6001 can move the article 6007 from the container 6005 to the container 6006.
- the article 6007 can be reliably moved regardless of the shape and stiffness of the article 6007.
- the article 6007 include not only articles packed in a cube or rectangular box, or a box or case of any shape, but also processed food such as eggs, hamburgs and croquettes, potatoes and tomatoes, etc. Foods such as fixed vegetables, machine parts such as screws and nuts, thin films such as paper and films, etc. may be mentioned.
- the sorting system 6000 shown in the present embodiment can change the shape of the arm in consideration of the shape and rigidity of the article 6007. Therefore, the article 6007 exemplified above is a container regardless of the shape and rigidity. It can be moved from 6005 to the container 6006.
- a memory device using the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention can hold control information of the electronic device described above, a control program, and the like for a long time.
- a highly reliable electronic device can be realized.
- an IC in which the above-described AI system is incorporated in the arithmetic device of the electronic device described above can be used. Accordingly, the electronic device described in this embodiment can perform appropriate operation according to the situation with low power consumption by the AI system.
- This embodiment can be implemented in appropriate combination with the structures described in the other embodiments and the like.
- FIG. 51 illustrates a specific example of an electronic device using the semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the monitor 830 is shown in FIG.
- the monitor 830 includes a display portion 831, a housing 832, a speaker 833, and the like. Furthermore, an LED lamp, an operation key (including a power switch or an operation switch), a connection terminal, various sensors, a microphone, and the like can be included.
- the monitor 830 can be operated by the remote controller 834.
- the monitor 830 can also function as a television device by receiving broadcast waves.
- Examples of broadcast radio waves that can be received by the monitor 830 include ground waves, radio waves transmitted from satellites, and the like. Further, as the airwaves, there are analog broadcasting, digital broadcasting and the like, and also there are broadcasting of video and audio or audio only. For example, broadcast radio waves transmitted in a specific frequency band in the UHF band (300 MHz to 3 GHz) or the VHF band (30 MHz to 300 MHz) can be received. Further, for example, by using a plurality of data received in a plurality of frequency bands, the transfer rate can be increased, and more information can be obtained. Thus, an image having a resolution exceeding full high vision can be displayed on the display portion 831. For example, images having resolutions of 4K-2K, 8K-4K, 16K-8K, or higher can be displayed.
- a computer network such as the Internet, LAN (Local Area Network), Wi-Fi (registered trademark) or the like It may be At this time, the monitor 830 may not have a tuner.
- the monitor 830 can be connected to a computer and used as a computer monitor. Further, the monitor 830 connected to the computer can be viewed by a plurality of people simultaneously, and can be used for a conference system. Further, the monitor 830 can be used for a video conference system by displaying information of a computer via a network or connecting the monitor 830 to the network.
- the monitor 830 can also be used as digital signage.
- the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention can be used for a driver circuit of a display portion or an image processing portion.
- the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention for a driver circuit of a display portion or an image processing portion, high-speed operation and signal processing can be realized with low power consumption.
- image processing such as noise removal processing, gradation conversion processing, color tone correction processing, luminance correction processing, and the like is performed by using an AI system using the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention for the image processing unit of the monitor 830.
- inter-pixel interpolation processing accompanying resolution up-conversion
- inter-frame interpolation processing accompanying frame frequency up-conversion.
- gradation conversion process not only conversion of the number of gradations of an image, but also interpolation of gradation values in the case of increasing the number of gradations can be performed.
- high dynamic range (HDR) processing which extends the dynamic range, is also included in the tone conversion processing.
- a video camera 2940 illustrated in FIG. 51B includes a housing 2941, a housing 2942, a display portion 2943, an operation switch 2944, a lens 2945, a connection portion 2946, and the like.
- the operation switch 2944 and the lens 2945 are provided in the housing 2941
- the display portion 2943 is provided in the housing 2942.
- the video camera 2940 includes an antenna, a battery, and the like inside a housing 2941.
- the housing 2941 and the housing 2942 are connected by the connection portion 2946, and the angle between the housing 2941 and the housing 2942 can be changed by the connection portion 2946.
- the direction of the image displayed on the display portion 2943 can be changed and the display / non-display of the image can be switched.
- the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention can be used for a driver circuit of a display portion or an image processing portion.
- the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention for a driver circuit of a display portion or an image processing portion, high-speed operation and signal processing can be realized with low power consumption.
- an AI system including the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention for the image processing unit of the video camera 2940, imaging in accordance with the environment around the video camera 2940 can be realized. Specifically, shooting can be performed with the optimal exposure according to the ambient brightness. In addition, high dynamic range (HDR) shooting can be performed in the case of simultaneously shooting a situation with different brightness, such as shooting in back light, indoors and outdoors.
- HDR high dynamic range
- the AI system can learn the habit of the photographer and assist the imaging. Specifically, by learning the blurring of the camera shake of the photographer and correcting the camera shake during shooting, it is possible to minimize the disturbance of the image due to the camera shake in the photographed image. In addition, when using the zoom function during shooting, it is possible to control the orientation of the lens so that the subject is always shot at the center of the image.
- An information terminal 2910 illustrated in FIG. 51C includes a housing 2911, a display portion 2912, a microphone 2917, a speaker portion 2914, a camera 2913, an external connection portion 2916, an operation switch 2915, and the like.
- the display portion 2912 includes a display panel and a touch screen in which a flexible substrate is used.
- the information terminal 2910 includes an antenna, a battery, and the like inside the housing 2911.
- the information terminal 2910 can be used as, for example, a smartphone, a mobile phone, a tablet information terminal, a tablet personal computer, an electronic book reader, or the like.
- a memory device using the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention can hold control information of the data terminal 2910, a control program, and the like for a long time.
- image processing such as noise removal processing, tone conversion processing, color tone correction processing, and luminance correction processing is performed. be able to. Further, it is possible to execute inter-pixel interpolation processing accompanying resolution up-conversion and inter-frame interpolation processing accompanying frame frequency up-conversion. Further, in the gradation conversion process, not only conversion of the number of gradations of an image, but also interpolation of gradation values in the case of increasing the number of gradations can be performed. Also, high dynamic range (HDR) processing, which extends the dynamic range, is also included in the tone conversion processing.
- HDR high dynamic range
- the AI system can learn the habit of the user and assist the operation of the information terminal 2910.
- An information terminal 2910 equipped with an AI system can predict touch input from movement of a user's finger, eyes, or the like.
- a laptop personal computer 2920 illustrated in FIG. 51D includes a housing 2921, a display portion 2922, a keyboard 2923, a pointing device 2924, and the like.
- the laptop personal computer 2920 includes an antenna, a battery, and the like inside a housing 2921.
- a memory device using the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention can hold control information of a laptop personal computer 2920, a control program, and the like for a long time.
- an image such as a noise removal process, a gradation conversion process, a color tone correction process, and a luminance correction process. Processing can be performed. Further, it is possible to execute inter-pixel interpolation processing accompanying resolution up-conversion and inter-frame interpolation processing accompanying frame frequency up-conversion. Further, in the gradation conversion process, not only conversion of the number of gradations of an image, but also interpolation of gradation values in the case of increasing the number of gradations can be performed. Also, high dynamic range (HDR) processing, which extends the dynamic range, is also included in the tone conversion processing.
- HDR high dynamic range
- the AI system can learn the habit of the user and assist the operation of the laptop personal computer 2920.
- a laptop personal computer 2920 equipped with an AI system can predict touch input to the display portion 2922 from movement of a user's finger, eyes, or the like.
- input prediction is performed from past text input information, and figures such as texts and photographs before and after, and conversion is assisted. This makes it possible to reduce input errors and conversion errors as much as possible.
- FIG. 51 (E) is an external view showing an example of a car
- FIG. 51 (F) shows a navigation device 860.
- the automobile 2980 has a car body 2981, wheels 2982, a dashboard 2983, lights 2984 and the like.
- the automobile 2980 includes an antenna, a battery, and the like.
- the navigation device 860 includes a display unit 861, operation buttons 862, and an external input terminal 863.
- the car 2980 and the navigation device 860 may be independent of each other, but it is preferable that the navigation device 860 be incorporated in the car 2980 and be configured to function in conjunction.
- a memory device using the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention can hold control information of a vehicle 2980 or a navigation device 860, a control program, and the like for a long time.
- the AI system learns the driving technology and habit of the driver, and assists safe driving, gasoline, and battery Assist the operation of using fuel efficiently.
- it comprehensively learns the behavior of the car such as the speed and movement method of the car 2980, road information stored in the navigation device 860, etc.
- the navigation device 860 can transmit the road information to the car 2980 to control the speed of the car 2980 or assist steering operation.
- This embodiment can be implemented in appropriate combination with the structures described in the other embodiments and the like.
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Abstract
Description
以下では、本発明の一態様に係るトランジスタ200を有する半導体装置の一例について説明する。
図1は、本発明の一態様に係るトランジスタ200、およびトランジスタ200周辺の上面図および断面図である。
図1(B)に示すように、トランジスタ200は、基板(図示せず)の上に配置された絶縁体214および絶縁体216と、絶縁体214および絶縁体216に埋め込まれるように配置された導電体205(導電体205aおよび導電体205b)と、絶縁体216および導電体205の上に配置された絶縁体220と、絶縁体220の上に配置された絶縁体222と、絶縁体222の上に配置された絶縁体224と、絶縁体224の上に配置された酸化物230(酸化物230a、酸化物230b、および酸化物230c)と、酸化物230の上に配置された絶縁体250と、絶縁体250上に配置された導電体260(導電体260a、および導電体260b)と、絶縁体224の上面、酸化物230aの側面、酸化物230bの側面、酸化物230bの上面、酸化物230cの側面、絶縁体250の側面、および導電体260の側面に接して配置された絶縁体273と、を有する。また、絶縁体273は、絶縁体224を露出する開口を有し、絶縁体280は、該開口を介して絶縁体224と接する。導電体260は、導電体260aおよび導電体260bを有し、導電体260bの底面および側面を包むように導電体260aが配置される。ここで、図1(B)に示すように、導電体260の上面は、絶縁体280の上面と略一致する。
図4は、本発明の一態様に係るトランジスタ200a、およびトランジスタ200a周辺の上面図および断面図である。
図4に示すように、トランジスタ200aは、基板(図示せず)の上に配置された絶縁体214および絶縁体216と、絶縁体214および絶縁体216に埋め込まれるように配置された導電体205と、絶縁体216と導電体205の上に配置された絶縁体220と、絶縁体220の上に配置された絶縁体222と、絶縁体222の上に配置された絶縁体224と、絶縁体224の上に配置された酸化物230(酸化物230a、酸化物230b、および酸化物230c)と、酸化物230の上に配置された絶縁体250と、絶縁体250上に配置された導電体260(導電体260a、および導電体260b)と、導電体260上の絶縁体270と、絶縁体224の上面、酸化物230aの側面、酸化物230bの側面、酸化物230bの上面、酸化物230cの側面、絶縁体250の側面、導電体260の側面および絶縁体270の側面に接して配置された絶縁体273と、絶縁体273を介して、導電体260の側面に配置された絶縁体275と、を有する。また、絶縁体273は、絶縁体224を露出する開口を有し、絶縁体280は、該開口を介して絶縁体224と接する。導電体260は、導電体260aおよび導電体260bを有し、導電体260bの底面および側面を包むように導電体260aが配置される。ここで、図4(B)に示すように、絶縁体270の上面は、絶縁体273の上面および絶縁体275の上面と略一致する。
以下では、半導体装置に用いることができる構成材料について説明する。
トランジスタ200およびトランジスタ200aを形成する基板としては、例えば、絶縁体基板、半導体基板または導電体基板を用いればよい。絶縁体基板としては、例えば、ガラス基板、石英基板、サファイア基板、安定化ジルコニア基板(イットリア安定化ジルコニア基板など)、樹脂基板などがある。また、半導体基板としては、例えば、シリコン、ゲルマニウムなどの半導体基板、または炭化シリコン、シリコンゲルマニウム、ヒ化ガリウム、リン化インジウム、酸化亜鉛、酸化ガリウムからなる化合物半導体基板などがある。さらには、前述の半導体基板内部に絶縁体領域を有する半導体基板、例えばSOI(Silicon On Insulator)基板などがある。導電体基板としては、黒鉛基板、金属基板、合金基板、導電性樹脂基板などがある。または、金属の窒化物を有する基板、金属の酸化物を有する基板などがある。さらには、絶縁体基板に導電体または半導体が設けられた基板、半導体基板に導電体または絶縁体が設けられた基板、導電体基板に半導体または絶縁体が設けられた基板などがある。または、これらの基板に素子が設けられたものを用いてもよい。基板に設けられる素子としては、容量素子、抵抗素子、スイッチ素子、発光素子、記憶素子などがある。
絶縁体としては、絶縁性を有する酸化物、窒化物、酸化窒化物、窒化酸化物、金属酸化物、金属酸化窒化物、金属窒化酸化物などがある。
導電体としては、アルミニウム、クロム、銅、銀、金、白金、タンタル、ニッケル、チタン、モリブデン、タングステン、ハフニウム、バナジウム、ニオブ、マンガン、マグネシウム、ジルコニウム、ベリリウム、インジウム、ルテニウムなどから選ばれた金属元素を1種以上含む材料を用いることができる。また、リン等の不純物元素を含有させた多結晶シリコンに代表される、電気伝導度が高い半導体、ニッケルシリサイドなどのシリサイドを用いてもよい。
酸化物230として、酸化物半導体として機能する金属酸化物(以下、酸化物半導体ともいう)を用いることが好ましい。以下では、本発明に係る酸化物230に適用可能な金属酸化物について説明する。
以下では、本発明の一態様で開示されるトランジスタに用いることができるCAC(Cloud−Aligned Composite)−OSの構成について説明する。
酸化物半導体(金属酸化物)は、単結晶酸化物半導体と、それ以外の非単結晶酸化物半導体と、に分けられる。非単結晶酸化物半導体としては、例えば、CAAC−OS(c−axis aligned crystalline oxide semiconductor)、多結晶酸化物半導体、nc−OS(nanocrystalline oxide semiconductor)、擬似非晶質酸化物半導体(a−like OS:amorphous−like oxide semiconductor)および非晶質酸化物半導体などがある。
続いて、上記金属酸化物をトランジスタのチャネル形成領域に用いる場合について説明する。
ここで、金属酸化物中における各不純物の影響について説明する。
ここでは、金属酸化物に含まれる、弱いZn−O結合について説明し、該結合を構成する酸素原子および亜鉛原子を低減する方法の一例について示す。
次に、図1に示す、本発明に係るトランジスタ200を有する半導体装置について、作製方法を図6乃至図20を用いて説明する。また、図6乃至図20において、各図の(A)は上面図を示す。また、各図の(B)は、(A)に示すA1−A2の一点鎖線で示す部位に対応する断面図であり、トランジスタ200のチャネル長方向の断面図でもある。また、各図の(C)は、(A)にA3−A4の一点鎖線で示す部位に対応する断面図であり、トランジスタ200のチャネル幅方向の断面図でもある。なお、各図の(A)の上面図では、図の明瞭化のために一部の要素を省いている。
次に、図4に示す、本発明に係るトランジスタ200aを有する半導体装置について、作製方法を図21乃至図31を用いて説明する。また、図21乃至図31において、各図の(A)は上面図を示す。また、各図の(B)は、(A)に示すA1−A2の一点鎖線で示す部位に対応する断面図である。また、各図の(C)は、(A)にA3−A4の一点鎖線で示す部位に対応する断面図である。なお、各図の(A)の上面図では、図の明瞭化のために一部の要素を省いている。
以下では、図5を用いて、先の<半導体装置の構成例1>および<半導体装置の構成例2>で示したものとは異なる、本発明の一態様に係るトランジスタ200を有する半導体装置の一例について説明する。
本実施の形態では、上記実施の形態とは異なる、記憶装置として機能する半導体装置の一形態を、図33乃至図36を用いて説明する。
図33(A)(B)に記憶装置を構成するセル600を示す。セル600は、トランジスタ200a、トランジスタ200b、容量素子100a、および容量素子100bを有している。図33(A)は、セル600の上面図である。また、図33(B)は、図33(A)にA1−A2の一点鎖線で示す部位の断面図である。なお、図33(A)の上面図では、図の明瞭化のために一部の要素を省いている。
図33(A)(B)に示すように、容量素子100aは、トランジスタ200aと重畳する領域に設ける。同様に、容量素子100bは、トランジスタ200bと重畳する領域に設ける。なお、容量素子100bは、容量素子100aが有する構造と、それぞれ対応する構造を有する。以下において、容量素子100aの詳細な構造について説明するが、特にことわりが無い限り容量素子100bについては、容量素子100aの説明を参酌することができる。
次に、上記のセルを行列またはマトリクス状に配置した、セルアレイの一例について、図34乃至図37を用いて説明する。
本実施の形態では、半導体装置の一形態を、図38乃至図40を用いて説明する。
図38および図40に示す記憶装置は、トランジスタ300と、トランジスタ200、および容量素子100を有している。図38および図40は、トランジスタ200およびトランジスタ300のチャネル長方向の断面図である。図39には、トランジスタ300とその近傍のチャネル幅方向の断面図を示す。
本発明の一態様の記憶装置は、図38に示すようにトランジスタ300、トランジスタ200、容量素子100を有する。トランジスタ200はトランジスタ300の上方に設けられ、容量素子100はトランジスタ300、およびトランジスタ200の上方に設けられている。
以下では、図40を用いて、本発明の一態様に係る記憶装置の一例について説明する。
本実施の形態では、図41乃至図43を用いて、本発明の一態様に係る、酸化物を半導体に用いたトランジスタ(以下、OSトランジスタと呼ぶ)、および容量素子が適用されている記憶装置の一例として、NOSRAM(登録商標)について説明する。NOSRAMとは「Nonvolatile Oxide Semiconductor RAM」の略称であり、ゲインセル型(2T型、3T型)のメモリセルを有するRAMを指す。なお、以下において、NOSRAMのようにOSトランジスタを用いたメモリ装置を、OSメモリと呼ぶ場合がある。
図41にNOSRAM1600の構成例を示す。図41に示すNOSRAM1600は、メモリセルアレイ1610、コントローラ1640、行ドライバ1650、列ドライバ1660、出力ドライバ1670を有する。なお、NOSRAM1600は、1のメモリセルで多値データを記憶する多値NOSRAMである。
図42(A)はメモリセル1611の構成例を示す回路図である。メモリセル1611は2T型のゲインセルであり、メモリセル1611はワード線WWL、RWL、ビット線BL、ソース線SL、配線BGLに電気的に接続されている。メモリセル1611は、ノードSN、OSトランジスタMO61、トランジスタMP61、容量素子C61を有する。OSトランジスタMO61は書き込みトランジスタである。トランジスタMP61は読み出しトランジスタであり、例えばpチャネル型Siトランジスタで構成される。容量素子C61はノードSNの電圧を保持するための保持容量である。ノードSNはデータの保持ノードであり、ここではトランジスタMP61のゲートに相当する。
本実施の形態では、図44および図45を用いて、本発明の一態様に係る、酸化物を半導体に用いたトランジスタ(以下、OSトランジスタと呼ぶ)、および容量素子が適用されている記憶装置の一例として、DOSRAM(登録商標)について説明する。DOSRAMとは、「Dynamic Oxide Semiconductor RAM」の略称であり、1T(トランジスタ)1C(容量)型のメモリセルを有するRAMを指す。
図44にDOSRAMの構成例を示す。図44に示すように、DOSRAM1400は、コントローラ1405、行回路1410、列回路1415、メモリセルおよびセンスアンプアレイ1420(以下、「MC−SAアレイ1420」と呼ぶ)を有する。
MC−SAアレイ1420は、メモリセルアレイ1422をセンスアンプアレイ1423上に積層した積層構造をもつ。グローバルビット線GBLL、GBLRはメモリセルアレイ1422上に積層されている。DOSRAM1400では、ビット線の構造に、ローカルビット線とグローバルビット線とで階層化された階層ビット線構造が採用されている。
コントローラ1405は、DOSRAM1400の動作全般を制御する機能を有する。コントローラ1405は、外部からの入力されるコマンド信号を論理演算して、動作モードを決定する機能、決定した動作モードが実行されるように、行回路1410、列回路1415の制御信号を生成する機能、外部から入力されるアドレス信号を保持する機能、内部アドレス信号を生成する機能を有する。
行回路1410は、MC−SAアレイ1420を駆動する機能を有する。デコーダ1411はアドレス信号をデコードする機能を有する。ワード線ドライバ回路1412は、アクセス対象行のワード線WLを選択する選択信号を生成する。
列回路1415は、データ信号WDA[31:0]の入力を制御する機能、データ信号RDA[31:0]の出力を制御する機能を有する。データ信号WDA[31:0]は書き込みデータ信号であり、データ信号RDA[31:0]は読み出しデータ信号である。
本実施の形態では、図46を用いて、上記実施の形態に示す半導体装置を適用した、AIシステムについて説明を行う。
<AIシステムの応用例>
本実施の形態では、上記実施の形態に示すAIシステムの応用例について図47を用いて説明を行う。
<電子機器>
本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置は、様々な電子機器に用いることができる。図49および図50に、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置を用いた電子機器の具体例を示す。
<電子機器>
本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置は、様々な電子機器に用いることができる。図51に、本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置を用いた電子機器の具体例を示す。
Claims (12)
- 第1の絶縁体と、
前記第1の絶縁体上の酸化物と、
前記酸化物上の第2の絶縁体と、
前記第2の絶縁体上の第1の導電体と、
前記第1の絶縁体の上面、前記酸化物の側面、前記酸化物の上面、前記第2の絶縁体の側面および前記第1の導電体の側面に接する、第3の絶縁体と、
前記第3の絶縁体上の第4の絶縁体と、を有し、
前記第3の絶縁体は、前記第1の絶縁体を露出する開口を有し、
前記第4の絶縁体は、前記開口を介して前記第1の絶縁体と接する、
ことを特徴とする半導体装置。 - 第1の絶縁体と、
前記第1の絶縁体上の開口を有する第1の酸化物と、
前記第1の酸化物上の第2の酸化物と、
前記第2の酸化物上の第2の絶縁体と、
前記第2の絶縁体上の第1の導電体と、
前記第1の絶縁体の上面、前記第1の酸化物の側面、前記第2の酸化物の側面、前記第2の酸化物の上面、前記第2の絶縁体の側面および前記第1の導電体の側面に接する、第3の絶縁体と、
前記第3の絶縁体上の第4の絶縁体と、を有し、
前記第3の絶縁体は、前記第1の絶縁体を露出する開口を有し、
前記第4の絶縁体は、前記第3の絶縁体の開口を介して前記第1の絶縁体と接する、
ことを特徴とする半導体装置。 - 請求項1または請求項2において、
前記第1の絶縁体および前記第4の絶縁体は、前記第3の絶縁体よりも酸素を透過し易い、ことを特徴とする半導体装置。 - 請求項1において、
前記酸化物は、Inと、元素M(MはAl、Ga、Y、またはSn)と、Znと、を有する、 ことを特徴とする半導体装置。 - 請求項2において、
前記第1の酸化物は、Inと、元素M(MはAl、Ga、Y、またはSn)と、Znと、を有し、
前記第2の酸化物は、Inと、元素M(MはAl、Ga、Y、またはSn)と、Znと、を有する、
ことを特徴とする半導体装置。 - 請求項2において、
前記第2の酸化物は、前記第1の酸化物よりも酸素を透過し易い、 ことを特徴とする半導体装置。 - 請求項1乃至請求項6のいずれか一において、
前記第3の絶縁体は、アルミニウム、およびハフニウムの一方または両方を含む酸化物であることを特徴とする半導体装置。 - 基板上に第1の絶縁体を形成し、
前記第1の絶縁体の上に、酸化物層を形成し、
前記酸化物層の上に、第1の絶縁膜およびダミーゲート膜を順に成膜し、
前記第1の絶縁膜および前記ダミーゲート膜を加工して、第2の絶縁体、およびダミーゲート層を形成し、
前記第1の絶縁体、前記酸化物層、および前記ダミーゲート層に接する、金属を含む第1の膜を形成し、
窒素を含む雰囲気で第1の加熱処理を行い、
前記第1の膜を除去し、
前記第1の絶縁体、前記酸化物層および前記ダミーゲート層を覆って、第2の絶縁膜を成膜し、
前記第2の絶縁膜を加工することで、開口を有する第3の絶縁体を形成し、
前記第3の絶縁体上に、第3の絶縁膜を成膜し、
第1のCMP処理を行うことによって、前記ダミーゲート層、前記第3の絶縁体および前記第3の絶縁膜の一部を、前記ダミーゲート層の一部が露出するまで除去し、
前記ダミーゲート層をエッチングすることによって、前記第2の絶縁体を露出させ、
導電体膜を成膜し、
第2のCMP処理を行うことによって、前記導電体膜の一部を、前記第3の絶縁膜が露出するまで除去して、第1の導電体層および第4の絶縁体を形成し、
前記第4の絶縁体に酸素を注入し、
前記第1の導電体層上および前記第4の絶縁体上に第5の絶縁体を形成し、
酸素を含む雰囲気で第2の加熱処理を行う、
ことを特徴とする半導体装置の作製方法。 - 請求項8において、
前記第1の膜は、
アルゴン、窒素、及び酸素の中から選ばれるいずれか一または複数のガスを用いて、スパッタリング法により形成される、 ことを特徴とする半導体装置の作製方法。 - 請求項8または請求項9において、
前記第2の加熱処理を行うことで、前記酸素は、前記開口および前記第1の絶縁体を介して、前記酸化物層に注入される、 ことを特徴とする半導体装置の作製方法。 - 請求項8乃至請求項10のいずれか一において、
酸素の注入は、イオン注入法、イオンドーピング法、プラズマ処理法、およびプラズマイマージョンイオンインプランテーション法から選ばれた一を用いて行う、 ことを特徴とする半導体装置の作製方法。 - 請求項8乃至請求項11のいずれか一において、
前記酸素の注入は、イオン注入法を用いて行う、 ことを特徴とする半導体装置の作製方法。
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Cited By (3)
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| JPWO2022043810A1 (ja) * | 2020-08-27 | 2022-03-03 | ||
| KR20240032037A (ko) | 2021-07-09 | 2024-03-08 | 가부시키가이샤 한도오따이 에네루기 켄큐쇼 | 트랜지스터 |
| US12563755B2 (en) | 2020-08-27 | 2026-02-24 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Semiconductor device and manufacturing method thereof |
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| US11544621B2 (en) * | 2019-03-26 | 2023-01-03 | International Business Machines Corporation | Cognitive model tuning with rich deep learning knowledge |
| US12068198B2 (en) | 2019-05-10 | 2024-08-20 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Method for manufacturing semiconductor device |
| WO2021070007A1 (ja) | 2019-10-11 | 2021-04-15 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | 半導体装置 |
| KR20220120577A (ko) | 2019-12-27 | 2022-08-30 | 가부시키가이샤 한도오따이 에네루기 켄큐쇼 | 반도체 장치, 반도체 장치의 제작 방법 |
| US12058873B2 (en) * | 2020-06-29 | 2024-08-06 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited | Memory device including a semiconducting metal oxide fin transistor and methods of forming the same |
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| JP7679530B2 (ja) | 2025-05-19 |
| KR20200044040A (ko) | 2020-04-28 |
| KR102651186B1 (ko) | 2024-03-27 |
| US20200194310A1 (en) | 2020-06-18 |
| KR20240042546A (ko) | 2024-04-02 |
| JPWO2019048983A1 (ja) | 2020-10-15 |
| KR102894624B1 (ko) | 2025-12-03 |
| JP2023100721A (ja) | 2023-07-19 |
| JP7514358B2 (ja) | 2024-07-10 |
| US11195758B2 (en) | 2021-12-07 |
| US11804407B2 (en) | 2023-10-31 |
| US20220059409A1 (en) | 2022-02-24 |
| US12154827B2 (en) | 2024-11-26 |
| US20240055299A1 (en) | 2024-02-15 |
| JP2024124466A (ja) | 2024-09-12 |
| JP2021170660A (ja) | 2021-10-28 |
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