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WO2018127504A1 - Codage polaire avec adaptation dynamique de la configuration binaire figée - Google Patents

Codage polaire avec adaptation dynamique de la configuration binaire figée Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018127504A1
WO2018127504A1 PCT/EP2018/050098 EP2018050098W WO2018127504A1 WO 2018127504 A1 WO2018127504 A1 WO 2018127504A1 EP 2018050098 W EP2018050098 W EP 2018050098W WO 2018127504 A1 WO2018127504 A1 WO 2018127504A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
polar
channel
frozen
frozen bit
bit pattern
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/EP2018/050098
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English (en)
Inventor
Baris GÖKTEPE
Cornelius Hellge
Thomas Wirth
Thomas Schierl
Thomas Fehrenbach
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Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Original Assignee
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Publication of WO2018127504A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018127504A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
    • H03M13/00—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
    • H03M13/03—Error detection or forward error correction by redundancy in data representation, i.e. code words containing more digits than the source words
    • H03M13/05—Error detection or forward error correction by redundancy in data representation, i.e. code words containing more digits than the source words using block codes, i.e. a predetermined number of check bits joined to a predetermined number of information bits
    • H03M13/13—Linear codes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03M—CODING; DECODING; CODE CONVERSION IN GENERAL
    • H03M13/00—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
    • H03M13/35—Unequal or adaptive error protection, e.g. by providing a different level of protection according to significance of source information or by adapting the coding according to the change of transmission channel characteristics
    • H03M13/353—Adaptation to the channel

Definitions

  • Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of an example of a network infrastructure, such as a wireless communication network or wireless communication system, including a plurality of base stations eNB 1 to eNB 5 , each serving a specific area surrounding the base station schematically represented by the respective cells lOC to 100 5 .
  • the base stations are provided to serve users within a cell.
  • a user may be a stationary device or a mobile device.
  • the wireless communication system may be accessed by loT devices which connect to a base station or to a user.
  • loT devices may include physical devices, vehicles, buildings and other items having embedded therein electronics, software, sensors, actuators, or the like as well as network connectivity that enable these devices to collect and exchange data across an existing network infrastructure.
  • Fig. 1 shows an exemplary view of only five cells, however, the wireless communication system may include more such cells.
  • Fig. 1 shows two users UE1 and UE2, also referred to as user equipment (UE), that are in cell 100 2 and that are served by base station eNB 2 .
  • Another user UE 3 is shown in cell 100 4 which is served by base station eNB 4 .
  • the arrows 102 ⁇ 102 2 and 102 3 schematically represent uplink/downlink connections for transmitting data from a user UE UE 2 and UE 3 to the base stations eNB 2 , eNB 4 or for transmitting data from the base stations eNB 2 , eNB 4 to the users ⁇ E ⁇ , UE 2 , UE 3 .
  • Fig. 1 shows two loT devices 104 1 and 104 2 in cell 100 4 , which may be stationary or mobile devices.
  • the loT device 104 ⁇ accesses the wireless communication system via the base station eNB 4 to receive and transmit data as schematically represented by arrow IO6 1 .
  • the loT device 104 2 accesses the wire- less communication system via the user UE 3 as is schematically represented by arrow 106 2 .
  • the wireless communication system may be any single-tone or multicarrier system based on frequency-division multiplexing, like the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system, the orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) system defined by the LTE standard, or any other iFFT-based signal with or without CP, e.g. DFT-s- OFDM.
  • OFDM orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
  • OFDMA orthogonal frequency-division multiple access
  • Other waveforms like non-orthogonal waveforms for multiple access, e.g. filter- bank multicarrier (FBMC), generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) or universal filtered multi carrier (UFMC), may be used.
  • FBMC filter- bank multicarrier
  • GFDM generalized frequency division multiplexing
  • UFMC universal filtered multi carrier
  • a wireless backhaul channel connecting one or more of the base stations may have substantially constant channel properties.
  • a channel between an loT device like a sensor device located at a fixed posi- tion, may communicate to a base station over a communication channel having substantially constant channel properties.
  • data to be transmitted may be encoded using polar codes.
  • Polar codes are error-correcting codes that allow for encoding and decoding operations to be performed with low complexity.
  • the polar codes are constructed by identifying the indices of the bits in the information vector that see noiseless channels, also referred to as information bits. The remaining indices are set to predetermined values known by both the encoder and decoder, also referred to as frozen bits.
  • the overall channel includes information bit channels on which the information bits are transmitted, and frozen bit channels for which the values are predetermined and are known at the encoder and at the decoder. Fig.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic, high-level diagram for a transmission scheme using polar encoding and successive cancelation (SC) decoding.
  • An encoder 200 receives a vector u including information bits u 0 to u N to be transmitted.
  • the encoder 200 encodes the bits to be transmitted using a polar recursive encoding yielding the codeword vector x including the values x 0 to XIM which are transmitted over a channel 300.
  • the transmitted codeword y including the values y 0 to y N is received, on the basis of which the SC decoder 400 produces the original information vector u including the information bits u 0 to u N .
  • Some of the bits have a fixed value that is shared between the encoder 200 and the decoder 400 so that for such frozen bits the bit value is known at the decoder 400, independent of the actual information received over the channel for this bit, referred as a fro- zen bit channel.
  • the polar codes are constructed on the basis of a channel model, e.g., an AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise) channel, for a certain SNR (signal to noise ratio).
  • the frozen bits are calculated once for the overall channel, i.e., a frozen bit pattern to be used is determined.
  • the frozen bit selection may be suboptimal for the real channel.
  • Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of an example of a wireless communication system including a plurality of base stations
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic, high-level diagram for a transmission scheme using polar encoding and successive cancelation (SC) decoding
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic representation of a polar decoder in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic representation of a transmission scheme in accordance with embodiments of the inventive approach.
  • Fig. 5 is a flow chart of a method for a capacity estimation in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Fig. 6 illustrates an example of a computer system on which units or modules as well as the steps of the methods described in accordance with the inventive approach may execute.
  • Fig. 6 illustrates an example of a computer system on which units or modules as well as the steps of the methods described in accordance with the inventive approach may execute.
  • preferred embodiments of the present invention are described in further detail with reference to the enclosed drawings in which elements having the same or simi- lar function are referenced by the same reference signs.
  • the problem with a non-optimal or suboptimal frozen bit selections is addressed.
  • the frozen bits or the frozen bit pattern is used that has been calculated, for example, on the basis of a channel model of a real channel over which the encoder and the decoder or devices including the encoder and/or decoder are assumed to communicate with each.
  • the performance of the respective bit channels is monitored so as recognize an insufficient performance of info bit channels and/or a good performance of frozen bit channels.
  • the original frozen bit pattern are deter- mined on the basis of a certain realization of a channel model.
  • one or more of the information bit which were considered pure-noiseless or substantially noiseless channels, turn out to be not as noiseless as assumed.
  • Such channels may be recognized as being not suited for the transmission of information bits.
  • frozen bit channels correctly transmit the bit value which is known at the decoder, i.e., the originally assumed pure or substantially noisy channel turns out to have good transmission characteristics.
  • the decoder recognizes the insufficient performance of the information bit channels and/or the good performance of the frozen bit channels and causes a modification of the frozen bit pattern, e.g., the decoder may signal to the encoder to adapt the frozen bit indices used when encoding the data to be transmitted, i.e. tells the encoder to adapt its frozen bit pattern.
  • Embodiments of the present invention provide a polar decoder having input to receive a polar encoded code word over a channel, wherein selected bits of the polar encoded code word are frozen in accordance with the frozen bit pattern. Further, a processor is provided to decode the received polar encoded code word and to evaluate the quality of the transmission. Responsive to the determined quality, the processor may initiate the change of the frozen bit pattern. Further embodiments provide a polar encoder having an input to receive data to be encoded, and a processor to generate a polar encoded codeword by encoding the received data using a polar code. Selected bits are frozen in accordance with a frozen bit pattern. Responsive to a control signal received from a polar decoder, the polar encoder operates in accordance with a modified frozen bit pattern.
  • Embodiments of the present invention provide a polar decoder as schematically depicted in Fig. 3.
  • the polar decoder 400 includes an input 402 to receive a polar encoded codeword y over a channel, and a processor 404 to decode the received polar encoded codeword y to obtain a decoded codeword u that may be provided to an output 406 pf the polar decoder 400.
  • the processor 404 may include or implement a decoding unit 408. Selected bits of the decoded codeword u are frozen in accordance with a frozen bit pattern.
  • the processor 404 determines a quality of the transmission over the channel, and, responsive to the quality, initiates a modification of the frozen bit pattern.
  • the processor 404 may include or implement a quality determining unit 410.
  • the polar decoder may further include a memory or a storage 412 holding an initial frozen bit pattern or, later, the modified bit pattern which is provided to the decoding unit 410, which may include an SC decoder for decoding the codeword y.
  • the quality determining unit 410 may evaluate a plurality of transmitted code words to judge the transmission quality. When the transmission quality is determined to be insufficient, the quality determining unit 410 may generate a control signal c to be output at a feedback output 414 coupled to the encoder via a separate control line or via the channel. The control signal may indicate to the encoder a modified frozen bit pattern to be used for the following transmission(s). For example, in case it is determined that the transmission quality is not sufficient, the quality determining unit 410 may change or adjust the initial or currently used frozen bit pattern stored in the memory 412.
  • the quality determining unit 410 may evaluate the respective information bit channels and frozen bit channels so as to determine as to whether one of the frozen bit channels becomes an information bit channel and/or as to whether one of the information bit channels becomes a frozen bit channel. On the basis of this evaluation, the frozen bit pattern may be adjusted and signaled to the encoder.
  • the quality determining unit 410 may keep track of unsuccessfully decoded codewords.
  • the decoding unit 408 may send a non- acknowledgment (NACK) message to the encoder in case the codeword y is not de- codable.
  • NACK non- acknowledgment
  • the NACK message triggers a retransmission of the previously sent codeword y.
  • an insufficient transmission quality may be determined, and a modification of the fro- zen bit pattern may be initiated.
  • the transmitted and retransmitted codewords may be compared to determine erroneous bit channels. For example upon detecting a number of transmission errors in a specific bit channel and/or upon detecting that a specific frozen bit channel has only a low number of transmission errors, an adjustment of the currently used frozen bit pattern may be initiated.
  • the decoder 400 may only signal to the encoder that a modification of the frozen bit pattern is desired.
  • the actual modification of the currently used frozen bit pattern may be performed at the encoder.
  • the modified frozen bit pattern may be signaled back to the decoder 400 to be used as currently used frozen bit pattern for the following transmissions.
  • the control signal may indicate the bit channels to be changed.
  • the quality determining unit 410 may randomly modify the frozen bit pattern or randomly selecting a new frozen bit pattern from a set of predefined frozen bit patterns.
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic representation of a transmission scheme in accordance with further embodiments of the inventive approach described herein.
  • the decoder 400 may be a SC decoder including the decoding unit 408 receiving from the channel 300 the codeword y. Further, the decoding unit 408 receives from the memory 412 the frozen bit pattern F. Initially, the memory 412 stores the initial polar code/frozen bits. The same initial polar code/frozen bits is used at the encoder 200.
  • the decoding unit 408 decodes the codeword y and generates the information vector u that may be provided to the output 406.
  • the quality determining unit 410 estimates a channel capacity. The quality determining unit 410 receives the codeword y and the information vector u..
  • the quality determining unit 410 estimates for each bit u, of the information vector u the channel capacity. This estimation may be done iteratively over a predefined period of time.
  • the decoder 400 further includes an adjustment unit 416, and the quality determining unit 410 provides to the adjustment unit 416 an estimated channel capacitor vector J.
  • the adjustment unit 416 cause an adjustment of the frozen bits or the frozen bit pattern using the estimated channel capacitor vector J.
  • the adjustment unit 416 may generate an updated or adjusted frozen bit pattern F that is provided to a feedback unit 418 that may include the memory 412.
  • the adjusted frozen bit pattern F may replace the currently used frozen bit pattern stored in the memory 412.
  • the feedback unit 418 signals the adjusted frozen bit pattern to the encoder 200.
  • the de- coder 400 may only signal the changes between the currently used frozen bit pattern and the adjusted frozen bit pattern, as is indicated by AF in the feedback channel 450.
  • the encoder 200 includes an encoding unit 202 receiving the information u to be transmit- ted over the channel 300.
  • a polar encoding unit 202 is provided receiving the information to be transmitted as well as the frozen bit pattern F yielding, at the output, the codeword x to be transmitted over the channel 300.
  • the encoder 200 includes a feedback unit 204 holding the frozen bit pattern F. Upon receiving, via the feedback line 450, from the decoder 400 an adjusted or updated frozen bit pattern, the currently used frozen bit pattern, that is stored in feedback unit 204 of the encoder 200 is replaced by the updated or adjusted frozen bit pattern. Subsequent transmissions use the updated frozen bit pattern for generating the codeword x.
  • the quality determining unit 410 may iteratively estimate the channel capacity for each bit u, over a predefined time, i.e., for the bit channel carrying bit u, the channel capacity is estimated over time.
  • the bit when the estimated channel capacity after a specific observation period is below a predefined threshold, the bit is chosen as a frozen bit by the adjustment unit 416.
  • a bit currently considered a frozen bit may be adjusted to be an information bit by the adjustment unit 416.
  • the adjustment unit 416 processes the values of the vector J, which indicate the respective channel capacity values estimated over a pre- defined period of time for each of the bit channels carrying the respective bits u,.
  • the adjustment unit 416 may sort the channel estimate values and select the bit channels associated with the best ones of the values, up to the code rate, as data or information bit channels, and the remaining bits are frozen bits.
  • the interface between the decoder 400 and the encoder 200 transmitting the adjusted frozen bit pattern F may be an interface separate from the channel 300, for example an over the air interface.
  • the feedback instead of providing a separate feedback path 450, the feedback may also be signaled to the encoder 200 using the channel 300.
  • FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a method for a capacity estimation in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • SC-based decoders like the decoder described with reference to Fig. 4, use a successive decoding process, i.e., they decode bit by bit by using the previously decoded bits for decoding the next bit, this process is used to estimate the bit channel capacities. Regardless of the decoding result, the receiver saves the initially received vector 500 for the capacity estimation.
  • the second vector used is the corrected vector 502 that may be obtained either by an initial successful decoding or by additional retransmissions and further decoding attempts. For estimating the channel capacities several methods may be used.
  • a first method com- pares at 504 the faulty decoded vector from the initial transmission to the corrected vector 502. Since the decoding is performed successively, the first not matching bit position may be counted as an bit error to update at 506 the statistics for capacity estimation.
  • a second method may employ a more complex estimation unit. For the estimation, the SC decoder computes at 504 likelihood ratios for all bit positions, also for the frozen bit positions as if they were information bits, by putting the corrected bits for the bit positions which were required for that bit position. The receiver may perform a channel estimation for each bit channel based on the computed likelihood ratio since it knows the correct result.
  • the inventive approach is advantageous over conventional approaches in that the use of a static frozen bit pattern is avoided.
  • non-optimal transmission of information are avoided, which are due to the fact that the frozen bit pattern is determined on the basis of channel models, which may be different from realistic channels used for actually transmitting information.
  • channel models which may be different from realistic channels used for actually transmitting information.
  • the channels are considered substantially static, nevertheless, slow changes may result in changes in the bit channels which differ from the model assumed.
  • differences in the environment of the communication system which have not been taken in consideration when modeling the channel, or that may change over time, may cause channels initially found to be suitable as information bit channels to be no longer sufficient and, vice versa, frozen bit channels may turn out to be suitable for information transmission.
  • the static use of bit patterns and the suboptimal transmission resulting therefrom is avoided by monitoring the performance of the respective bit channels, for example on the basis of the above-mentioned channel capacity, so that the frozen bit pattern may be dynamically adjusted or changed responsive to the detection of changes in the channel, thereby allowing for an improved transmission of data.
  • Various elements and features of the present invention may be implemented in hardware using analog and/or digital circuits, in software, through the execution of instructions by one or more general purpose or special-purpose processors, or as a combination of hardware and software.
  • embodiments of the present invention may be implemented in the environment of a computer system or another processing system.
  • Fig. 6 illustrates an example of a computer system 600.
  • the units or modules described above in Fig. 3 and in Fig. 4 as well as the steps of the methods performed by these units may execute on one or more computer systems 600.
  • the computer system 600 includes one or more processors 602, like a special purpose or a general purpose digital signal processor.
  • the processor 602 is connected to a communication infrastructure 604, like a bus or a network.
  • the computer system 600 includes a main memory 606, e.g., a random access memory (RAM), and a secondary memory 608, e.g., a hard disk drive and/or a removable storage drive.
  • the secondary memory 608 may allow computer programs or other instructions to be loaded into the computer system 600.
  • the computer system 600 may further include a communications interface 610 to allow software and data to be transferred between computer system 600 and external devices.
  • the communication may be in the form electronic, electromagnetic, optical, or other signals capable of being handled by a com- munications interface.
  • the communication may use a wire or a cable, fiber optics, a phone line, a cellular phone link, an RF link and other communications channels 612.
  • computer program medium and “computer readable medium” are used to generally refer to tangible storage media such as removable storage units or a hard disk installed in a hard disk drive.
  • These computer program products are means for providing software to the computer system 600.
  • the computer programs also referred to as computer control logic, are stored in main memory 606 and/or secondary memory 608 Computer programs may also be received via the communications interface 610.
  • the computer program when executed, enable the computer system 600 to implement the present invention.
  • the computer program when executed, enable processor 602 to implement the processes of the present invention, such as any of the methods described herein. Accordingly, such a computer program may represent a controller of the computer system 600.
  • the software may be stored in a computer program product and loaded into computer system 600 using a removable storage drive, an interface, like communications interface 610.
  • the implementation in hardware or in software may be performed using a digital storage medium, for example cloud storage, a floppy disk, a DVD, a Blue-Ray, a CD, a ROM, a PROM, an EPROM, an EEPROM or a FLASH memory, having electronically readable control signals stored thereon, which cooperate (or are capable of cooperating) with a programmable computer system such that the respective method is performed. Therefore, the digital storage medium may be computer readable.
  • a digital storage medium for example cloud storage, a floppy disk, a DVD, a Blue-Ray, a CD, a ROM, a PROM, an EPROM, an EEPROM or a FLASH memory, having electronically readable control signals stored thereon, which cooperate (or are capable of cooperating) with a programmable computer system such that the respective method is performed. Therefore, the digital storage medium may be computer readable.
  • Some embodiments according to the invention comprise a data carrier having electronically readable control signals, which are capable of cooperating with a programmable computer system, such that one of the methods described herein is performed.
  • embodiments of the present invention may be implemented as a computer program product with a program code, the program code being operative for performing one of the methods when the computer program product runs on a computer.
  • the pro- gram code may for example be stored on a machine readable carrier.
  • inventions comprise the computer program for performing one of the methods described herein, stored on a machine readable carrier.
  • an embodiment of the inventive method is, therefore, a computer program having a program code for per- forming one of the methods described herein, when the computer program runs on a computer.
  • a further embodiment of the inventive methods is, therefore, a data carrier (or a digital storage medium, or a computer-readable medium) comprising, recorded thereon, the computer program for performing one of the methods described herein.
  • a further embodiment of the inventive method is, therefore, a data stream or a sequence of signals representing the computer program for performing one of the methods described herein. The data stream or the sequence of signals may for example be configured to be transferred via a data communication connection, for example via the Internet.
  • a further embodiment comprises a processing means, for example a computer, or a programmable logic device, configured to or adapted to perform one of the methods described herein.
  • a further em- bodiment comprises a computer having installed thereon the computer program for performing one of the methods described herein.
  • a programmable logic device for example a field programmable gate array
  • a field programmable gate array may cooperate with a microprocessor in order to perform one of the methods described herein.
  • the methods are preferably performed by any hardware apparatus.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Probability & Statistics with Applications (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Error Detection And Correction (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un décodeur polaire comprenant une entrée destinée à recevoir un mot de code à codage polaire sur un canal. Le décodeur polaire comprend un processeur destiné à décoder le mot de code à codage polaire reçu pour obtenir un mot de code décodé. Des bits sélectionnés du mot de code décodé sont figés conformément à une configuration binaire figée. Le processeur détermine une qualité de la transmission sur le canal et, en réponse à la qualité, déclenche une modification de la configuration binaire figée.
PCT/EP2018/050098 2017-01-04 2018-01-03 Codage polaire avec adaptation dynamique de la configuration binaire figée Ceased WO2018127504A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP17150281.8 2017-01-04
EP17150281 2017-01-04

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WO2018127504A1 true WO2018127504A1 (fr) 2018-07-12

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Cited By (1)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN113574806A (zh) * 2019-01-14 2021-10-29 上海诺基亚贝尔股份有限公司 极化编码

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CA2972922A1 (fr) * 2014-03-31 2015-10-08 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Procede et dispositif de demande de repetition automatique hybride de code polaire, et dispositif de radiocommunication
US20160204811A1 (en) * 2015-01-09 2016-07-14 Qualcomm Incorporated Adaptive channel coding using polarization
EP3054599A1 (fr) * 2013-11-11 2016-08-10 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Méthode et dispositif d'encodage par code polaire

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EP3054599A1 (fr) * 2013-11-11 2016-08-10 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Méthode et dispositif d'encodage par code polaire
CA2972922A1 (fr) * 2014-03-31 2015-10-08 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Procede et dispositif de demande de repetition automatique hybride de code polaire, et dispositif de radiocommunication
US20160204811A1 (en) * 2015-01-09 2016-07-14 Qualcomm Incorporated Adaptive channel coding using polarization

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DONG-MIN SHIN ET AL: "Design of Length-Compatible Polar Codes Based on the Reduction of Polarizing Matrices", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, IEEE SERVICE CENTER, PISCATAWAY, NJ. USA, vol. 61, no. 7, July 2013 (2013-07-01), pages 2593 - 2599, XP011522189, ISSN: 0090-6778, DOI: 10.1109/TCOMM.2013.052013.120543 *
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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN113574806A (zh) * 2019-01-14 2021-10-29 上海诺基亚贝尔股份有限公司 极化编码

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