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WO2018112876A1 - 盘式双重制动机构与制动系统 - Google Patents

盘式双重制动机构与制动系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018112876A1
WO2018112876A1 PCT/CN2016/111691 CN2016111691W WO2018112876A1 WO 2018112876 A1 WO2018112876 A1 WO 2018112876A1 CN 2016111691 W CN2016111691 W CN 2016111691W WO 2018112876 A1 WO2018112876 A1 WO 2018112876A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
brake
disc
wheel
vehicle
electronic
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PCT/CN2016/111691
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
强海胜
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Individual
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Individual
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Priority to PCT/CN2016/111691 priority Critical patent/WO2018112876A1/zh
Priority to CN201780001031.0A priority patent/CN107466345B/zh
Priority to PCT/CN2017/073322 priority patent/WO2018113079A1/zh
Priority to PCT/CN2018/075032 priority patent/WO2018145601A1/zh
Priority to CN201880001075.8A priority patent/CN108700141B/zh
Publication of WO2018112876A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018112876A1/zh
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16DCOUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D55/00Brakes with substantially-radial braking surfaces pressed together in axial direction, e.g. disc brakes
    • F16D55/02Brakes with substantially-radial braking surfaces pressed together in axial direction, e.g. disc brakes with axially-movable discs or pads pressed against axially-located rotating members
    • F16D55/22Brakes with substantially-radial braking surfaces pressed together in axial direction, e.g. disc brakes with axially-movable discs or pads pressed against axially-located rotating members by clamping an axially-located rotating disc between movable braking members, e.g. movable brake discs or brake pads

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of braking technology and electronic active safety of wheeled motor vehicles such as automobiles and trains, and also relates to the technical field of wheel braking for aircraft taking off and landing.
  • the invention of the wheel has brought civilization to centuries. But when humans entered the wheel civilization, the car brought car traffic safety problems.
  • the root cause is mainly because the braking distance and time of the existing car are too long, and it is very prone to car collision accidents, which can not meet the emergency braking requirements of the car when driving at high speed in various complicated road conditions.
  • the existing wheel braking technology problem is mainly due to the long-term stagnation of the related system dynamics theory, which cannot break the technical bottleneck limitation of the maximum static friction between the wheel and the road surface.
  • the traffic accident accident rates of trains and airplanes are relatively low, but because they also use the existing wheel braking technology with the same dynamics principle, various maneuvers such as trains and airplanes.
  • Transportation vehicles also have similar safety hazards to automobiles.
  • the car brake safety technology is taken as an example here.
  • the first type is mechanical friction wheel brakes. According to its structure, it is mainly divided into two types: disc type and drum type brake.
  • the disc brake is an open structure, which uses the friction friction between the static friction plate and the two cylindrical end faces of the brake disc; and the drum brake is a closed structure, which uses a static friction shoe and a brake drum cylinder. Rotating friction between the faces works.
  • the working pressure, friction coefficient, friction contact area, relative motion speed, wear rate and operating temperature between the friction working parts determine their braking performance, working stability and use. The decisive parameter of life.
  • the second category is wheel tire technology.
  • Wheel tire technical performance indicators are mainly reflected in the tire's adhesion performance, load bearing capacity, wear resistance and driving noise.
  • the tire synthetic rubber material, the texture planning and the like are all for improving the adhesion ability of the wheel tire (ie, the maximum static friction between the wheel and the road surface), and the main purpose is to improve the safety and stability of the vehicle driving and braking.
  • the wide tire can improve the adhesion of the tire, it also increases the moment of inertia and rolling friction of the wheel, thus increasing the fuel consumption of the automobile. Since the existing disc brakes are superior to the drum brakes in terms of stability, reliability, heat dissipation, etc., in the current application, the drum brakes are being gradually replaced by disc brakes, especially in light vehicles.
  • the third category is the existing automotive electronic active safety technology.
  • the main typical application technologies are: ABS (anti-wheel brake lock system), EBD (electronic brake force distribution) and ESP (electronic stability program) three active application of electronic active safety technology. They are all electronic active safety control methods that use existing conventional wheel mechanical friction brake brake wheels or engine-driven wheels to generate static friction between the wheels and the road surface, all of which are designed to improve the high-speed driving and braking safety of automobiles in various complicated road conditions. Stability is nuclear Heart control purposes. The above is also a hot spot in the research and development of automotive active safety technology applications, but the basic research on the application of wheel brake technology has become an upset.
  • the invention focuses on the basic system dynamics theory of the wheel brake technology, firstly through the breakthrough of the relevant technical theory, and then proposes the corresponding wheel braking method and the cost-effective economic and technical design scheme.
  • the sliding rotary friction movement modes of the two cylindrical end faces of the brake disc and the cylindrical surface of the brake drum are respectively necessary features of the existing disc type and drum brake, and the two cylindrical end faces of the brake disc and the cylindrical surface of the brake drum
  • the rotary sliding friction mode determines the structure and mechanical principle of the existing disc and drum brakes, which are the principle features of the existing disc and drum brakes.
  • the friction type of disc type and drum brake it can be divided into the rigid body frictional friction movement and elasticity between the brake disc and the brake drum moving working part and the brake caliper friction piece and the brake shoe stationary working part.
  • body rotational friction motion There are two types of body rotational friction motion.
  • the metaphysical is the instrument, and the metaphysical is the way. Innovating the existing wheel brake technology and launching a truly practical wheel double brake technology product is a meaningful work, and the introduction of the scientific and advanced wheel double brake technology theory is another more meaningful work. It will promote the progress and development of global vehicle active safety technology, which is conducive to solving the global problem of high traffic accidents.
  • the invention provides a disc type double brake mechanism, and based on the disc type double brake mechanism, a double brake system for a vehicle is proposed, which aims to greatly improve the braking performance of the vehicle and undertake the design of the existing standardized electronic safety technology of the vehicle.
  • Application to solve the current traffic safety problems of global car accidents, can also be applied in trains, aircraft braking and electronic active safety technology.
  • the disc type double brake mechanism of the invention mainly comprises a flange box composed of two cylindrical components, a brake disc, an elastic body, a rolling bearing and two core working parts of the two brake calipers and the friction plate.
  • Brake disc The coaxial small angle is relatively freely rotatable and is disposed between the two cylindrical components of the flange box.
  • the corresponding vertical column, elastic cavity, flange hole and a combined bushing are uniformly arranged for the coaxial fixed connection between the two cylindrical components, the installation of the elastic body, and the two cylinders.
  • an elastic cavity, a rotary window and a sleeve are evenly arranged for the installation of the elastic body, the coaxial small angle between the brake disc and the two cylindrical components, and the relative free rotation and braking A fixed connection between the disc and the outer ring of the rolling bearing.
  • the elastic body should be provided as a working part that undertakes the conversion of elastic potential energy and kinetic energy, and is arranged in the elastic cavity of the brake disc and the flange box, and forms a parallel interaction relationship to ensure that the elastic body works linearly in its elastic force. A large enough elastic force can be generated in the zone to produce a corresponding amount of elastic moment between the brake disc and the flange box.
  • the two brake calipers are arranged on the two sides of the brake disc in an symmetrical manner of 180 degrees out of phase with each other to ensure frictional moment between the brake disc and the two brake calipers, and reduce the radial working of the rolling bearing. Pressure load.
  • a rolling bearing or a sliding bearing can be used between the brake disc and the flange box at a small angle relative to the freely rotating coaxial fixed joint.
  • the two brake calipers can be used either with floating brake calipers of existing disc brakes or with fixed brake calipers of existing disc brakes.
  • the two brake caliper sub-pumps can be operated either by hydraulic drive or pneumatic drive, or by existing mechanical or electric drive to meet the vehicle's driving, parking and auxiliary brake functions.
  • the present invention Designed with a vehicle dual brake system, the system consists mainly of: a disc-type double brake mechanism is mounted on each wheel and a wheel speed sensor is provided. In order to realize the real-time control of the working pressure of the brake caliper of each disc type double brake mechanism, an ECU electronic control unit based on a microprocessor and a brake hydraulic pressure adjusting device are respectively arranged in the system.
  • the brake hydraulic pressure adjusting device is provided with a brake hydraulic main pump, a motor pump, a liquid storage tank, a solenoid valve, a pressure regulating valve hydraulic adjusting component, and can work for the brake caliper of each disc type double brake mechanism. Pressure changes provide real-time control.
  • the ECU electronic control unit is equipped with a steering wheel angle, a lateral acceleration and a longitudinal acceleration sensor and their corresponding electronic detection input interfaces, and is equipped with electronic signals for the operation of the motor pump, solenoid valve and pressure limiting valve hydraulic adjustment components.
  • the control output interface also has a standard communication bus interface for the vehicle to meet various application requirements of real-time detection input, control output and communication control between the system and other vehicle systems.
  • the ECU electronic control unit When the vehicle is running, the ECU electronic control unit, through the real-time detection of the steering wheel angle, lateral acceleration, longitudinal acceleration sensor and wheel speed sensor electronic detection input interface and real-time high-speed calculation analysis of vehicle running stability, when the vehicle detects the front wheel steering When the vehicle is over or under, the vehicle is unstable, the real-time closed-loop control method for automatically adjusting the working pressure and braking torque of the disc double brake mechanism by the brake hydraulic adjustment device, combined with the DABS double brake anti-wheel
  • the wheel torque control method in the control system and the ASR anti-skid drive control system function provides real-time correction for the vehicle steering out-of-control longitudinal deviation and lateral tailing phenomenon, thereby realizing the electronic active safety control function of the DESP double-braking electronic stability program, further improving Safe and stable driving can.
  • the disc type double brake mechanism of the invention is based on the static friction force between the wheel and the road surface. When the hot car is fully braked, the braking performance can be improved by 2 to 4 times compared with the existing single brake of the wheel, and the braking distance and time can be Shorten 2/3 to 4/5.
  • the disc type double brake mechanism of the invention can also be used for solving the safety hazard of various wheeled motorized transportation vehicles such as trains and airplanes.
  • Figure 1 is an axial plan view of the overall assembly structure of the disc type double brake
  • Figure 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the overall assembly structure of the disc type double brake
  • Figure 3 is an axial plan view of a disc double brake disc
  • Figure 4 is an axial plan view of the outer cylinder assembly of the disc double brake flange box
  • Figure 5 is an axial plan view of the cylindrical assembly of the disc double brake flange box
  • Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the analysis of the working principle of the disc double brake
  • Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of the force analysis of the wheel of the double braking method of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a block diagram of the vehicle double brake system of the present invention
  • 1 is a brake disc as a frictional moving working part
  • 2 is a flange box, which is composed of two cylindrical components
  • 4 is an elastic body
  • 5 is the elastic cavity on the flange box, used for the installation of the elastic body, through the elastic cavity and the elastic body, the flange box and the brake disc are coaxial
  • 6 is a rolling bearing, where a thin-walled deep groove ball rolling bearing is used, and other types of bearings can also be used
  • 8 is a rotating window on the brake disc, and there are five For the small angle between the brake disc and the flange box, the rotation is relatively free;
  • the floating calipers commonly used in automobiles are used, and fixed calipers can also be used to balance the parking of the vehicles.
  • Auxiliary braking function two brake caliper sub-pump pistons on the rear disc type double brake, can also work with hydraulic and non-hydraulic or motor hybrid drive; 11 is the friction plate on the brake caliper; 18 is the wheel spindle pass hole.
  • a schematic cross-sectional view of the overall assembly structure of the disc type double brake shows: 1 is a brake disc; 2, 3 are respectively an outer cylinder assembly of the flange box, an inner cylinder assembly; 4 is an elastic body, here It is indicated by a ring; 6 is a rolling bearing.
  • the thin-wall deep groove ball rolling bearing used here has the advantages of light weight, small volume, high speed, low noise, self-contained bimetal sealing ring, high temperature grease lubrication and maintenance-free.
  • FIG. 3 an axial plane schematic diagram of a disc type double brake disc is described as follows: 1 is a brake disc, and the friction working surface is located on the cylindrical end faces of the brake disc, and metal friction materials such as alloy cast iron and gray cast iron can be selected. Prepared by casting and machining methods; 7 is the elastic cavity on the brake disc for the installation of five compression steel springs; 8 is the rotary window on the brake disc, which is the brake disc and flange The coaxial small angle between the disc cartridges is relatively free to rotate; 15 is a rolling bearing bushing on the brake disc, and is used for fixed installation of the thin-wall type deep groove ball rolling bearing outer ring; 18 is a wheel spindle through hole.
  • the shaft of the brake disc is radially oriented to process a venting channel similar to the current ventilated brake discs for vehicles. But considering the reasons for drawing, it is not indicated.
  • FIG. 4 an axial plan view of the inner and outer cylindrical components of the disc double brake flange box is illustrated: 2 is the outer cylindrical assembly of the flange box, and 3 is the inner cylindrical assembly of the flange box. They can be prepared by machining with a suitable number of steels; 5 is the elastic cavity on the flange box, and there are five on each of the opposite cylindrical end faces of the two cylindrical components; 10 is a flange hole for The axial fixed connection between the flange box and the wheel flange, and the axial fixing function between the two cylindrical components; 14 is the combined sleeve on the flange box for the thin-wall deep groove ball The axial positioning of the inner ring of the rolling bearing, they can also provide a certain axial structural support strength between the two cylindrical components of the flange box; 16 is the column on the two cylindrical components of the flange box for the two cylindrical components There are five axial fixed connections. According to the actual situation, the number and position of the columns can also be changed appropriately. 9 is
  • the two cylindrical components constituting the flange box are basically the same, and therefore, they can also be designed to be processed by an identical component to facilitate mass production and reduce production costs.
  • the disc type double brake of the present invention is not only simple and compact in structure, but only by a brake disc, a flange box, a plurality of compression type steel springs, a thin-wall type deep groove ball rolling bearing, and two brake calipers and friction.
  • the film is composed of a small number of components, and in terms of reliability, durability and maintainability, there are corresponding process design considerations.
  • the system optimization design in a short time, it should be able to produce a cost-effective practical product.
  • Point O is the axial projection of the axis of the brake disc and the flange of the flange;
  • D circle is the axial projection of the outer cylindrical surface of the brake disc;
  • P circle represents the elastic action trajectory generated by the five compression type steel springs, also used It represents the axial projection of the flange box;
  • B1, B2 respectively represent the axial projection of the pair of friction plates on the two brake calipers.
  • r is the working radius of the compression steel spring force acting on the circumference of the brake disc and the flange box; R is the radius of the circumferential friction movement between the pair of brake caliper friction discs and the brake disc.
  • N is the working pressure of each brake caliper hydraulic sub-pump, and its time function is N(t); ⁇ d and ⁇ s are the dynamic friction coefficient and static friction coefficient between the brake disc and the two brake caliper friction discs, respectively, and ⁇ d ⁇ ⁇ s;fd(t), fs(t) are the time functions of dynamic friction and static friction between each friction plate and brake disc on the two brake calipers; fs(t) is the maximum static friction force fsmax(t0).
  • M1 and M2 are the braking force moment and the torque action on the axle respectively.
  • K, X0, X1, X(t) are the spring constant, natural length, initial working length and working instant length of each compression steel spring; f1(t) is the time function of spring force of five compression steel springs .
  • ⁇ 0 is the angular velocity at which the wheel and flange box rotate around the axle
  • ⁇ 1 is the angular velocity at which the brake coil rotates around the axle.
  • F+f 5f ⁇ 5fmax level horizontal backward braking force.
  • the maximum braking force of the technology of the present invention can be increased by 4 times, and the full braking distance of the hot car is shortened by 4/5.
  • the effect of the frictional contact angle ⁇ between the circumference of the wheel tire and the road surface in FIG. 7 will have a certain influence on the braking performance of the vehicle.
  • the complexity of the operation is considered, the description will not be repeated.
  • the maximum braking force that can be generated by the vehicle when the brake starts to work is related to the instantaneous static friction impact strength, and the higher the wheel angular velocity ⁇ 0, the greater the instantaneous static friction impact strength.
  • the braking performance of the disc type double brake of the present invention is related to the initial braking speed of the vehicle, and the higher the wheel speed, the better the working performance of the brake.
  • the instantaneous static friction impact strength of the above brake will be weakened, so the braking performance of the brake will be reduced. This is also the main scientific basis for the conclusion that the hot car is fully braked, compared with the existing single brake, the braking performance is improved by 2 to 4 times, and the braking distance and time is shortened by 2/3 to 4/5.
  • the disc double brake of the present invention also needs the corresponding ABS anti-wheel brake locking system control function, that is, based on the control method of the working pressure N(t) of the two brake caliper cylinder pistons, the DABS double brake prevention can also be realized. Wheel lock system function.
  • the disc type double brake of the present invention When the disc type double brake of the present invention is used for parking brake, since it does not generate the transient static friction shock process described above, the braking performance will be exactly the same as that of the existing single wheel brake, and this does not affect the most Important driving safety brake applications.
  • the static friction force fs(t) value sample due to the static friction force moment generated by the friction between the brake disc D and the two brake caliper friction plates B1-B2, It is highly concentrated in the infinitesimal time interval around t0, and its numerical sample distribution law is mathematically consistent with the ⁇ function. Therefore, only the special ⁇ function integral operation method (non-deterministic mathematical method) can get correct. Static friction force moment analysis results.
  • the physics meaning of the above formula (1) is that the instantaneous maximum static friction moment shock effect of the size of 4N(t0) ⁇ sR can be sampled by the above-mentioned instantaneous static friction impact process, and acts on the brake disc D at the above t0 time. on.
  • ⁇ (t-t0)dt 1 integration interval (t0- ⁇ , t0), including t0;
  • ⁇ (t-t0)dt 0 integral interval (t0- ⁇ , t0), excluding t0;
  • is an infinitesimal positive number.
  • the brake disk D in the time interval (t0- ⁇ , t0) including t0 described above, the brake disk D always has an instantaneous static friction shock that is not zero.
  • the force moment acts on the integral value, in other words, the wheel braking force moment M1 and the torque M2 coexist, and the wheel torque M2 is generated by the backward frictional force of the road surface; and the above does not include t0 (t0- ⁇ )
  • the static friction enters the steady sliding friction.
  • the instantaneous static frictional moment impact integral value of the working state can be completely completed by referring to the integral operation method in the above (t0- ⁇ , t0) time interval, and the same analysis conclusion can be obtained: due to [t0, including t0, In the time interval of t0+ ⁇ ), the brake disc D always has an integral value of the instantaneous static friction impact moment of the non-zero, that is, the wheel braking moment M1 and the torque M2 exist simultaneously, and the wheel torque M2 also passes through the road surface.
  • the friction force is applied to the wheel; however, in the (t0, t0+ ⁇ ) time interval excluding t0, the instantaneous static friction impact moment of the brake disc D is also 0, so the backward friction on the road surface
  • the present invention is designed with a vehicle dual brake system.
  • a brief description of its system composition and working principle will be given.
  • a disc-type double brake mechanism On each wheel, a disc-type double brake mechanism is installed and a wheel speed sensor is provided.
  • an ECU electronic control unit based on a microprocessor and a brake hydraulic pressure adjusting device are respectively arranged in the system.
  • the brake hydraulic pressure adjusting device is provided with a brake hydraulic main pump, a motor pump, a liquid storage tank, a solenoid valve, a pressure regulating valve hydraulic adjusting component, and can work for the brake caliper of each disc type double brake mechanism. Pressure changes provide real-time control.
  • the ECU electronic control unit is equipped with a steering wheel angle, a lateral acceleration and a longitudinal acceleration sensor and their corresponding electronic detection input interfaces, and is equipped with electronic signals for the operation of the motor pump, solenoid valve and pressure limiting valve hydraulic adjustment components.
  • the control output interface also has a standard communication bus interface for the vehicle to meet various application requirements of real-time detection input, control output and communication control between the system and other vehicle systems.
  • the system can realize the DABS double brake anti-wheel lock system for each wheel and the DEBD double brake electronic brake force distribution electronic safety brake control function to avoid the vehicle brakes when the vehicle is fully braked, and the wheel system
  • the power distribution is uneven and the sliding friction is generated on the road surface.
  • the vehicle has a steering out-of-control longitudinal deviation and a lateral tail-dangerous working condition to improve the vehicle braking safety performance.
  • the ECU electronic control unit in the system passes the steering wheel angle, lateral acceleration, longitudinal acceleration sensor and wheel speed sensor electronic detection input interface real-time detection and real-time high-speed calculation analysis of vehicle driving stability.
  • the real-time closed-loop control method of the working pressure and braking torque of the disc double brake mechanism will be automatically adjusted by the brake hydraulic adjusting device, and combined with DABS dual system.
  • Dynamic anti-wheel lock system and electronic safety brake control function of DEBD double brake electronic brake force distribution or at the same time, real-time control of existing vehicle engine management system through the vehicle standard communication bus interface, and reuse
  • the wheel torque control method in the TCS traction control system and the ASR anti-skid drive control system function provides real-time correction for the vehicle steering out-of-control longitudinal deviation and lateral tailing phenomenon, thereby realizing the electronic active safety control function of the DESP double brake electronic stability program. To further improve the driving of the vehicle Full performance and stability.
  • the application design of the vehicle double brake system of the present invention not only covers the functions of the existing conventional automobile brake system, but also can undertake the application of the existing standardized automotive electronic active safety control technology.
  • the global automotive industry with its strong comprehensive strength in personnel, technology, capital, research and development, production and test and testing, further completes the application design and industrialization of the disc double brake and brake system of the present invention. Will encounter too many problems.
  • the present invention breaks through the centuries-old shackles of the existing single brake technology theory of the wheel, and proposes the theory of the double brake technology of the wheel and an economic and technical solution that can greatly improve the active safety performance of the vehicle, and therefore, will certainly promote The world's three major transportation vehicles - safety brakes for cars, trains and aircraft take-off and landing and innovative development of electronic active safety technology.
  • Flange box - a two-steel short cylinder made of two steel, used for the two-cylinder assembly of the brake disc coaxially mounted at a small angle and relatively freely rotatable and coaxially fixed to the wheel flange, defined as a flange Disk box.
  • Brake disc a disc body that is coaxially mounted between the two cylindrical components of the flange box, and which can produce a relatively small angle relative to the flange box, which is defined as a brake disc; its function and present
  • the brake discs in the disc brakes for vehicles are the same.
  • Elastic body A metal or non-metallic body that will be mounted on a flange box and brake disc and that produces a linear stretch, defined as a spring body.
  • Elastic cavity - will be machined on the flange box and brake disc for the cavity of the elastic body installation, Defined as a spring cavity.
  • Flange hole - An axial through hole that is machined on the flange box for coaxially fixed connection to the wheel flange, defined as a flange hole.
  • Swirling window - An axial through hole that is machined on the brake disc so that a small angle relative to free rotation between the disc and the flange box is defined as a swirl window.
  • the existing wheel braking method of the principle is defined as a single braking method of the wheel, which is simply referred to as a single braking technology, and its English name is S imple B raking T echnology, abbreviated as SBT; the existing disk corresponding to the method, Drum brakes are collectively referred to as single brakes.
  • Double braking method When the wheel brake is working, the braking force can be generated by the rearward action of the wheel due to the friction of the road surface, and the braking force can be increased by the wheel simultaneously acting on the road surface. Therefore, the present invention will follow the wheel of the dynamic principle.
  • the braking method is defined as the double braking method of the wheel, which is simply referred to as the double braking technology.
  • the English name is D ouble B raking T echnology, abbreviated as DBT; the disc brake corresponding to the method is named as the disc double brake. To show the essential difference between the existing wheel braking technology.
  • DABS double brake anti-wheel lock system an electronic safety brake control function designed to prevent the wheels from being locked and the wheels slipping during braking, in the vehicle brake system composed of the disc double brake of the present invention, anti-lock braking a dual wheel system, the English name D ouble A nti-lock B raking S ystem, abbreviated as DABS.
  • DEBD double brake electronic brake force distribution - in the vehicle brake system composed of the disc type double brake of the present invention in order to prevent uneven distribution of the braking force of the left and right wheels when braking, the front and rear wheels are side slipped steering out of control deviation, drift body designed electronic safety brake control function, defined as a dual brake electronic brake force distribution, and English named D ouble E lectric B rake force D istribution, abbreviated DEBD.
  • the electronic active safety control function designed by the wheel side sliding body is defined as the double brake electronic stability program.
  • DESP D ouble E lectronic S tability P rogram, abbreviated as DESP.

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Abstract

一种盘式双重制动器与制动系统,适用汽车、列车和飞机;该制动器包括一由两圆柱组件(2,3)组成的法兰盘盒、制动盘(1)、弹力体(4)、轴承(6)、两制动钳(12,13)和摩擦片(11),制动盘(1)以可同轴小角度相对自由转动的方式通过轴承(6)设在两圆柱组件(2,3)之间,弹力体(4)设在制动盘(1)与法兰盘盒之间,两制动钳(12,13)以轴线对称方式设置,法兰盘盒与车轴固定,制动盘(1)与摩擦片(11)同步摩擦时,对车轴产生制动力偶矩。与现有制动器相比,该盘式制动器能够改善制动效果。

Description

盘式双重制动机构与制动系统 技术领域
本发明涉及汽车、列车等轮式机动交通运输工具的制动技术与电子主动安全技术领域,同时也涉及飞机起降的机轮制动技术领域。
背景技术
车轮的发明,曾给人类带来了文明。但人类步入车轮文明时,汽车却带来了汽车交通安全问题。究其根本原因,主要是因为现有汽车刹车距离和时间太长,极易发生汽车碰撞事故,满足不了汽车在各种复杂路况上高速行驶时的紧急制动要求。而现有车轮制动技术问题,主要是因为相关制动力学理论长期停滞不前,无法突破车轮与路面之间最大静摩擦力这一技术瓶颈的限制。与汽车相比,目前列车和飞机的交通安全事故率,虽然相对较低,但由于它们也都采用了具有相同制动力学原理的现有车轮制动技术,所以,列车和飞机等各种机动交通运输工具,也都存在与汽车相类似的制动安全隐患。为了解决车轮制动技术问题,在此以汽车制动安全技术为例,进行论述。
目前,与汽车制动安全密切相关的技术产品,主要有如下三类:
第一类是机械摩擦式车轮制动器。按其结构划分,主要分为盘式、鼓式制动器两种。其中,盘式制动器为开放式结构,是利用静止摩擦片与制动盘两圆柱端面之间的旋转摩擦作用工作;而鼓式制动器为封闭式结构,是利用静止摩擦蹄片与制动鼓圆柱面之间的旋转摩擦作用工作。无论盘式制动器,还是鼓式制动器,摩擦工作部件之间的工作压力、摩擦系数、摩擦接触面积、相对运动速度、磨损率和工作温度等,都是决定它们制动性能、工作稳定性和使用寿命的决定性参数。
第二类是车轮轮胎技术。车轮轮胎技术性能指标,主要体现在轮胎的附着性能、承载能力、耐磨性能和行驶噪声等方面。其中,优选轮胎合成橡胶材料、纹路规划等方法,都是为了提高车轮轮胎的附着能力(即车轮与路面之间的最大静摩擦力),都是以提高汽车行驶与制动安全稳定性为主要目的。虽然宽胎能提高轮胎的附着能力,但也增加了车轮的转动惯量和滚动摩擦力,因而会增加汽车油耗。由于现有盘式制动器在稳定性、可靠性、散热性等方面优于鼓式制动器,所以,目前应用中,鼓式制动器正在被盘式制动器逐渐取代,尤其是在轻型汽车上。
第三类是现有汽车电子主动安全技术。主要典型的应用技术有:ABS(防车轮制动抱死系统)、EBD(电子制动力分配)和ESP(电子稳定程序)三大规范化应用的电子主动安全技术。它们均是利用现有传统车轮机械摩擦式制动器制动车轮或发动机驱动车轮与路面产生静摩擦力作用实现的电子主动安全控制方法,都是以提高汽车在各种复杂路况上高速行驶与制动安全稳定性为核 心控制目的。上述也是目前汽车主动安全技术应用研究发展的热点,但关于车轮制动技术的应用基础研究却成了冷门。
本发明,将重点从车轮制动技术的基础制动力学理论展开研究,首先通过相关技术理论的突破,然后,再提出相应的车轮制动方法及高性价比的经济技术设计方案。
制动盘两圆柱端面、制动鼓圆柱面上的滑动旋转摩擦运动方式,分别是现有盘式、鼓式制动器的充分必要性特征,而制动盘两圆柱端面、制动鼓圆柱面上的旋转滑动摩擦运动方式,分别决定了现有盘式、鼓式制动器的结构和力学原理,分别是现有盘式、鼓式制动器的原理性特征。
按盘式、鼓式制动器的摩擦运动类型划分,可分为制动盘、制动鼓运动工作部件分别与制动钳摩擦片、制动蹄片静止工作部件之间的刚体旋转摩擦运动和弹性体旋转摩擦运动两种类型。
按照已公开的PCT发明专利《盘式制动器的双向制动方法及其制动机构与应用》(PCT申请号:PCT/CN/2012/079070;中国专利号:2012800016028;美国专利证书号:9476467;欧洲专利申请号:12881924.0)中定义的车轮制动方法划分,可分为“车轮单向制动方法”、“车轮双向制动方法”两种方法。但考虑其中对于这两种车轮制动方法的定义不够科学和准确,因此,本发明对它们进行了更明确的定义,并将它们分别重新定义为车轮单一制动方法、车轮双重制动方法。
由于2012年7月申请的PCT发明专利《盘式制动器的双向制动方法及其制动机构与应用》中的盘式制动器,实现不了大幅提升车辆制动性能的技术设计目标,它只能产生与现有传统单一制动器大致相同的制动功效,甚至可能使车轮制动性能严重恶化,所以,本发明又提出了一种新的技术解决方案,并再次提出申请。
形而下者谓之器,形而上者谓之道。革新现有车轮制动技术,推出真正实用的车轮双重制动技术产品,是一项有意义的工作,而提出科学先进的车轮双重制动技术理论,则是另一项更有意义的工作,将推动全球车辆主动安全技术的进步发展,有利于全球车祸高发难题的解决。
发明内容
本发明提出一种盘式双重制动机构,并基于该盘式双重制动机构,提出一种车辆双重制动系统,旨在大幅提高车辆制动性能,承接现有规范化的车辆电子安全技术设计应用,解决目前全球车祸高发的交通安全难题,也能在列车、飞机制动及电子主动安全技术中应用。
为了实现已公开的PCT发明专利《盘式制动器的双向制动方法及其制动机构与应用》(PCT/CN/2012/079070)中的车轮制动方法和技术设计目标,本发明提出如下技术解决方案:
本发明盘式双重制动机构,主要有一由两圆柱组件构成的法兰盘盒、制动盘、弹力体、滚动轴承和两制动钳及摩擦片五种核心工作部件。制动盘以 同轴小角度相对自由转动方式,设置在法兰盘盒的两圆柱组件之间。在两圆柱组件圆柱端面圆周上,均匀设有相对应的立柱、弹力腔、法兰孔和一个组合轴套,分别用于两圆柱组件之间的同轴固定连接、弹力体的安装、两圆柱组件与车轮法兰盘之间的同轴固定连接、两圆柱组件与滚动轴承内圈之间的固定连接。在制动盘圆柱端面圆周上,均匀设有弹力腔、旋窗和一个轴套,分别用于弹力体的安装、制动盘与两圆柱组件之间的同轴小角度相对自由转动、制动盘与滚动轴承外圈之间的固定连接。其中,弹力体作为承担弹性势能积蓄与动能转化的工作部件应设置多个,设在制动盘和法兰盘盒的弹力腔内,并形成并联作用关系,以确保弹力体在其弹力线性工作区内都能产生足够大的弹性力作用,使制动盘与法兰盘盒之间产生相应大小的弹性力矩作用。两制动钳以互相错相180度的轴线对称方式,设置在制动盘两侧,以确保制动盘与两制动钳摩擦片之间能产生摩擦力偶矩作用,减轻滚动轴承的径向工作压力负荷。
制动机构不工作时,所述两制动钳摩擦片与制动盘工作面间都不会发生接触摩擦,制动盘和法兰盘盒之间,在所述弹力体产生的弹性力作用下,将与所述车轮法兰盘同步转动。
制动机构开始工作时,在两制动钳分泵同步轴向压力作用下,两制动钳摩擦片与制动盘工作面之间将产生同步接触摩擦冲击作用,与此同时,在法兰盘盒与制动盘之间,将产生同轴小角度相对自由转动,并产生相应大小的弹性力矩作用,因而在车轮法兰盘上产生相应大小的制动力偶矩作用,直至本次工作结束为止。
制动机构工作结束时,一旦两制动钳分泵同步迅速降压,两制动钳摩擦片与制动盘工作面之间将会同步快速分离。
为了有效降低盘式双重制动机构中的有害摩擦,在制动盘与法兰盘盒之间小角度相对自由转动的同轴固定连接处,既可使用滚动轴承,也可使用滑动轴承。
为了盘式双重制动机构能产生轴向工作压力,两制动钳,既可使用现有盘式制动器的浮动式制动钳,也可使用现有盘式制动器的固定式制动钳。两制动钳分泵,既可采用液压驱动方式工作,也可采用气压驱动方式工作,还可采用现有机械或电动驱动方式工作,以满足车辆的行车、驻车和辅助制动功能应用。
基于上述盘式双重制动机构,为了进一步提高车辆安全性能,并承接汽车现有规范化的ABS防车轮制动抱死系统、EBD电子制动力分配、ESP电子稳定程序电子主动安全技术应用,本发明设计有一种车辆双重制动系统,其系统主要组成是:在每个车轮上,都安装一个盘式双重制动机构,并设有一只轮速传感器。为使每个盘式双重制动机构中的制动钳分泵工作压力能得到实时控制,系统中分别设有一个基于微处理器构成的ECU电子控制单元和一个制动液压调节装置。其中,制动液压调节装置,设有制动液压主泵、电机泵、储液罐、电磁阀、限压阀液压调节部件,能为每个盘式双重制动机构的制动钳分泵工作 压力变化提供实时控制。ECU电子控制单元,设有一只方向盘转角、一只侧向加速度和一只纵向加速度传感器及其相应的电子检测输入接口,并设有电机泵、电磁阀和限压阀液压调节部件工作需要的电子控制输出接口,还设有一个车用标准通信总线接口,以满足系统与其它车用系统之间的各种实时检测输入、控制输出与通信控制的应用要求。
系统工作时,通过ECU电子控制单元、制动液压调节装置之间的相互配合工作,基于轮速传感器的实时检测以及每个车轮与路面滑移率的实时计算分析判断、制动液压调节装置和盘式双重制动机构的制动钳分泵工作压力的实时控制方法,可实现每个车轮的DABS双重制动防车轮抱死系统和DEBD双重制动电子制动力分配电子安全制动控制功能,以避免车辆全力制动时因车轮制动抱死、车轮制动力分配不均而与路面产生滑动摩擦,车辆出现转向失控纵向跑偏、横向甩尾危险工况,提高车辆制动安全性能。
车辆行驶时,ECU电子控制单元,通过方向盘转角、侧向加速度、纵向加速度传感器和轮速传感器电子检测输入接口的实时检测以及车辆行驶稳定性的实时高速计算分析,当自动检测发现车辆前轮转向过度或不足、车辆行驶不稳定的预兆时,将会通过制动液压调节装置自动调整盘式双重制动机构工作压力、制动力偶矩大小的实时闭环控制方法,并结合DABS双重制动防车轮抱死系统和DEBD双重制动电子制动力分配的电子安全制动控制功能,或者,同时通过所述车用标准通信总线接口,对现有车辆发动机管理系统进行实时控制,再利用现有TCS牵引力控制系统、ASR防滑驱动控制系统功能中的车轮扭矩控制方法,对车辆转向失控纵向跑偏、横向甩尾现象,给予实时修正,从而实现DESP双重制动电子稳定程序电子主动安全控制功能,进一步提高车辆行驶的安全稳定性能。
本发明盘式双重制动机构,基于车轮与路面之间的静摩擦力作用,热车全力制动时,同比现有车轮单一制动器,制动性能可提高2至4倍,制动距离和时间可缩短2/3至4/5。本发明盘式双重制动机构,亦可用于解决列车、飞机等各种轮式机动交通运输工具的制动安全隐患。
附图说明
图1为盘式双重制动器总体装配结构的轴向平面示意图
图2为盘式双重制动器总体装配结构的俯剖视示意图
图3为盘式双重制动器制动盘的轴向平面示意图
图4为盘式双重制动器法兰盘盒外圆柱组件的轴向平面示意图
图5为盘式双重制动器法兰盘盒内圆柱组件的轴向平面示意图
图6为盘式双重制动器工作原理的分析示意图
图7为本发明双重制动方法的车轮受力分析示意图
图8为本发明车辆双重制动系统组成框图
具体实施方式
为便于发明技术的具体实施,针对本发明盘式双重制动器的结构组成和工作原理,以及车辆双重制动系统的组成及工作原理,做如下简要说明:
一、盘式双重制动器结构组成
参照图1,关于盘式双重制动器总体装配结构的轴向平面示意图说明:1为制动盘,作为摩擦运动工作部件;2、3为法兰盘盒,由两圆柱组件构成;4为弹力体,作为弹性势能积蓄与动能转化工作部件,在此采用五只压缩式钢制弹簧(根据实际需要,也可改变该数量和位置),与现有车用离合器中所用的钢制弹簧相同,但也可利用其它弹性材料加工成其它形状;5为法兰盘盒上的弹力腔,用于弹力体的安装,通过弹力腔和弹力体,使法兰盘盒与制动盘之间在同轴小角度相对自由转动范围内产生弹力作用;6为滚动轴承,在此采用薄壁型深沟球滚动轴承,也可采用其它种类的轴承;8为制动盘上的旋窗,在此共设有五个,为制动盘与法兰盘盒之间小角度相对自由转动而设;9为紧固螺栓,在此设有五个,用于法兰盘盒两圆柱组件之间的轴向固定连接;10为法兰孔,在此设有五个,用于法兰盘盒与车轮法兰盘之间的轴向固定连接,也是车轮轮毂安装到车轮法兰盘上所需要的螺栓通孔;12、13为两制动钳,以互相错相180度的轴线对称方式,固定安装在车辆底盘上,在此采用目前汽车上通用的浮动式制动钳,也可以采用固定式制动钳,为兼顾车辆的驻车和辅助制动功能,后轮盘式双重制动器上的两制动钳分泵活塞,也可采用液压与非液压或电机混合驱动方式工作;11为制动钳上的摩擦片;18为车轮主轴通孔。
因两制动钳同时工作将会使盘式双重制动器的制动力偶矩作用大小加倍,故两制动钳分泵缸径可以按比例减小,或按比例适当减小制动盘直径,以满足产品小型化、轻量化应用需求。
参照图2,关于盘式双重制动器总体装配结构的俯剖视示意图说明:1为制动盘;2、3分别为法兰盘盒的外圆柱组件、内圆柱组件;4为弹力体,在此以圆环示意;6为滚动轴承,在此使用的薄壁型深沟球滚动轴承,具有质量轻、体积小、转速高、噪声低、自带双金属密封圈、可高温油脂润滑和免维护等优点,但考虑该种滚动轴承工作时,主要承受力偶矩作用且转动角速率极低,更何况全力制动并非经常使用,因此其不耐强烈冲击作用、耐高温性较差等缺点可被大大弱化;5为法兰盘盒上的弹力腔,7为制动盘上的弹力腔,两者共同构成的腔体用于弹力体的安装,也可将它们加工成其它形状;9为紧固螺栓,用于法兰盘盒内、外圆柱组件之间的轴向固定连接;10为法兰孔,用于法兰盘盒与车轮法兰盘之间的轴向固定连接;11为制动钳上的摩擦片,每个制动钳上均设有一对工作面相向的摩擦片;12、13为两制动钳,在此采用两型号相同的浮动式制动钳;14为法兰盘盒上的滚动轴承的组合轴套,用于薄壁型深沟球滚动轴承内圈的轴向定位安装;16为法兰盘盒两圆柱组件上的立柱,用于法兰盘盒两圆柱组件之间的轴向固定连接,为制动盘与法兰盘盒两圆柱组件之间的同轴小角度相对自由转动安装提供空间;17为滚动轴承的轴向定位挡圈,两侧各设置一只,用于薄壁型深沟球滚动轴承外圈与制动盘之间的轴向 定位;18为车轮主轴通孔。
参照图3,关于盘式双重制动器制动盘的轴向平面示意图说明:1为制动盘,其摩擦工作面位于制动盘的两侧圆柱端面,可选用合金铸铁、灰铸铁等金属摩擦材料,通过铸造及机加工方法制备而成;7为制动盘上的弹力腔,用于五只压缩式钢制弹簧的安装;8为制动盘上的旋窗,为制动盘与法兰盘盒之间的同轴小角度相对自由转动而设;15为制动盘上的滚动轴承轴套,用于薄壁型深沟球滚动轴承外圈的固定安装;18为车轮主轴通孔。
另外,在保证制动盘的整体结构强度基础上,为提高制动盘的通风散热性能等,除了在制动盘摩擦工作面的轴向上,可加工一定数目的通孔外,还可以在制动盘的轴径向上,加工一些类似于目前车用通风制动盘的通风沟道。但考虑制图原因,所以没有表示。
参照图4、5,关于盘式双重制动器法兰盘盒的内、外圆柱组件的轴向平面示意图说明:2为法兰盘盒的外圆柱组件,3为法兰盘盒的内圆柱组件,它们可选用合适标号的钢材,通过机加工方法制备而成;5为法兰盘盒上的弹力腔,在两圆柱组件相向圆柱端面上,各设有五个;10为法兰孔,用于法兰盘盒与车轮法兰盘之间的轴向固定连接,并兼有两圆柱组件间的轴向固定功能;14为法兰盘盒上的组合轴套,用于薄壁型深沟球滚动轴承内圈的轴向定位安装,它们还可为法兰盘盒两圆柱组件之间,提供一定的轴向结构支撑强度;16为法兰盘盒两圆柱组件上的立柱,用于两圆柱组件间的轴向固定连接,在此共设有五个,根据实际情况,也可以适当改变该立柱的数量及位置;9为螺栓通孔或螺纹孔,加工在每个立柱内部,以供螺栓固定两圆柱组件之用;18为车轮主轴通孔。
另外,考虑构成法兰盘盒的两圆柱组件结构,基本上一样,因此,也可将它们设计成一种完全相同的部件进行加工,以便于大规模批量生产、降低生产成本。
综上所述,本发明盘式双重制动器,不仅结构简单紧凑,仅由制动盘、法兰盘盒、几只压缩式钢制弹簧、薄壁型深沟球滚动轴承和两制动钳及摩擦片等少量部件构成,而且,在其可靠性、耐用性和可维护性等方面,都有了相应的工艺设计考虑。在上述发明设计基础上,再经系统优化设计后,在短时间内,应该能生产出高性价比的实用产品。
二、盘式双重制动器工作原理
参照图1、6,为便于盘式双重制动器工作原理的分析说明,根据图1可得到图6所示的工作原理示意图,并做如下统一假设:
O点为制动盘和法兰盘盒轴线的轴向投影;D圆为制动盘外圆柱面的轴向投影;P圆表示五只压缩式钢制弹簧所产生的弹力作用轨迹,也用其来表示法兰盘盒的轴向投影;B1、B2分别表示两制动钳上摩擦片对的轴向投影。
r为压缩式钢制弹簧弹力作用于制动盘与法兰盘盒圆周上的工作半径;R为两制动钳摩擦片对与制动盘之间的圆周摩擦运动轨迹半径。
N为每个制动钳液压分泵的工作压力,其时间函数为N(t);μd、μs分别为制动盘与两制动钳摩擦片之间的动摩擦系数、静摩擦系数,且μd<μs;fd(t)、fs(t)分别为两制动钳上每个摩擦片与制动盘之间动摩擦力、静摩擦力的时间函数;fs(t)最大静摩擦力为fsmax(t0)。
M1、M2分别为车轴上的制动力偶矩、转矩作用大小。
K、X0、X1、X(t)分别为每只压缩式钢制弹簧的弹性系数、自然长度、初始工作长度、工作即时长度;f1(t)为五只压缩式钢制弹簧弹力的时间函数。
ω0为车轮和法兰盘盒环绕车轴转动的角速度;ω1为制动盘绕车轴转动的角速度。
当制动器不工作时,两制动钳摩擦片对B1-B2与制动盘D的工作面之间保持分离状态,在五只弹簧的并联作用下,制动盘D和法兰盘盒P(与车轮一起)将绕O点、以ω0=ω1角速度作同步顺时针自由旋转。此时,车轴上不会产生制动力偶矩M1作用,即M1=0。根据统一假设,可得制动盘和法兰盘盒之间的弹性力矩作用大小:f1(t)r=5K(X0-X1)r。
当制动器开始工作时,在两制动钳液压分泵活塞同步快速增压作用下,两制动钳摩擦片对B1-B2与制动盘D工作面之间将同时发生接触,并产生制动盘摩擦力偶矩作用。刚开始时,由于制动盘D和法兰盘盒P之间的弹性力矩作用大于制动盘摩擦力偶矩作用,所以,制动盘D将产生瞬间的滑动摩擦力偶矩作用4fd(t)R,即f1(t)r>4fd(t)R。随着两制动钳液压分泵活塞轴向压力N(t)的迅速增加,制动盘滑动摩擦力偶矩作用大小4fd(t)R=4N(t)μdR将会迅速增加,一旦制动盘D和法兰盘盒P之间的弹性力矩作用小于制动盘滑动摩擦力偶矩作用,即f1(t)r<4fd(t)R,则制动盘D与两制动钳摩擦片对B1-B2之间将会立刻从滑动摩擦变成静摩擦作用,制动盘D将产生静摩擦力偶矩作用4fs(t)R,因而制动盘D与两制动钳摩擦片对B1-B2之间将产生瞬间静摩擦冲击过程;与此同时,制动盘D相对法兰盘盒P将会产生小角度逆时针自转(即ω1<ω0)、五只钢制弹簧被同步压缩,制动盘D和法兰盘盒P之间的弹性力矩作用也会相应同步迅速增加。从能量守恒角度理解,上述五只钢制弹簧的同步压缩过程,实质上,就是车辆运动动能变成为弹性势能而被积蓄在五只弹簧中的瞬间能量转化过程。
上述瞬间静摩擦冲击过程开始后,制动盘D与两制动钳摩擦片对B1-B2之间,虽然瞬间处于相对静止状态,但由于五只钢制弹簧仍能被同步压缩(即在积蓄弹性势能),法兰盘盒P和制动盘D之间仍能产生同轴小角度相对自由转动,即制动盘绕O点除了有顺时针公转外,还会叠加小量的相对逆时针自转,所以,制动盘D和法兰盘盒P之间的弹性力矩作用将会继续增加,此时车轮仍在转动。当制动盘D和法兰盘盒P之间的弹性力矩作用增大到f1(t0)r=4fs(t0)R=4N(t0)μsR时(此时刻设为t0),因为制动盘D与两制动钳摩擦片对B1-B2之间最大静摩擦力fsmax的突现,所以,制动盘D的静摩擦力偶矩作用又将会立刻变成滑动摩擦力偶矩作用4fd(t)R,此时ω1≤ω0。至 此,上述制动器开始工作时的瞬间静摩擦冲击过程立刻结束。与此同时,制动器将立刻进入其稳态滑动摩擦工作过程,此时法兰盘盒P(车轮)上的作用力矩平衡方程为M1=M2。
参照图6、7,而针对上述瞬间静摩擦冲击过程,基于后续δ函数的积分运算分析可知:制动盘D与两制动钳摩擦片对B1-B2之间,在包括t0时刻在内的时间区间内,所产生的同步瞬间静摩擦力偶矩冲击作用积分运算数值存在,即车轮制动力偶矩M1≠0,路面(作为施力方)向后作用车轮(作为受力方)的静摩擦力f将一直存在,并使车轮能产生M2=fR1大小的转矩作用;而在不包括t0时刻在内的时间区间内,所产生的瞬间静摩擦力偶矩冲击作用积分运算数值却为0,即车轮制动力偶矩M1=0,车轮(作为施力方)能同时以M2=fR1大小的转矩向后作用路面(作为受力方);加之,由于制动盘D和法兰盘盒P之间的五只钢制弹簧在压缩积蓄或伸展释放弹性势能过程中,车轮也能同时产生相应大小的弹性力矩作用,所以,通过上述瞬间静摩擦冲击作用,车轮(作为施力方)能同时以F=4f大小的力向后作用路面(作为受力方)。上述基于δ函数的积分运算所得到的分析结果,将会进行专门的阐述。根据牛顿第三运动定律(作用力与反作用力定律),车轮(作为施力方)以F=4f大小的力向后作用路面(作为受力方),则路面必将同时对车轮产生F=4f大小的前向反作用力,再根据施力方和受力方之间可等效互换的作用原则,车轮(作为施力方)以F=4f大小的力向后作用路面(作为受力方)时,也可以将车轮看作是受力方,因受路面的前向作用力所能产生F=4f大小的后向反作用力;而车辆以路面作为前向运动坐标系,因此,车轮在路面f大小的后向静摩擦力作用下,通过上述制动器瞬间静摩擦冲击过程,车轮总共能产生的后向作用力应为F+f=5f。也就是说,基于路面f大小的后向静摩擦力作用车轮,当上述制动器瞬间静摩擦冲击过程结束、进入稳态滑动摩擦工作过程时,前向运动车身通过车轮及车轴能产生图7所示Fi=F+f=5f≤5fmax大小的水平后向制动力。众所周知,应用现有车轮单一制动器,车辆制动力仅为Fi=f≤fmax。显然,在同比条件下,本发明技术最大制动力可以提高4倍,热车全力刹车距离缩短4/5。另外,图7中车轮轮胎周缘与路面的摩擦接触角θ的作用,将会对车辆制动性能产生一定的影响,但因考虑其作用复杂性,故不再分析说明。
通过上述分析说明可知,制动器开始工作时,车辆所能产生的最大制动力与上述瞬间静摩擦冲击强度有关,车轮角速度ω0越高,则其瞬间静摩擦冲击强度就会越大。由此可见,本发明盘式双重制动器的制动性能高低,与车辆制动初速度有关,车轮转速越高,则制动器的工作性能就会越好。在热车全力制动过程中,随着车轮转速的不断降低,上述制动器的瞬间静摩擦冲击强度将会不断减弱,因此,制动器的制动性能将会有所下降。这也是本发明“热车全力制动时,同比现有单一制动器,制动性能提高2至4倍,制动距离和时间缩短2/3至4/5”结论的主要科学依据。
当制动器进入稳态滑动摩擦工作过程时,若两制动钳液压分泵活塞处于同 步保压状态,即N(t0)为恒定压力,则制动器将会对车辆产生相应大小的制动力作用。换言之,每次制动器开始工作时,只要两制动钳分泵活塞工作液压N(t)一次性迅速上升到N(t0)工作压力上,车辆就能产生所需不同大小的制动功效。当热车全力制动时,一旦车轮与路面之间的静摩擦力超过其最大值,则车轮也会出现制动抱死现象。因此,本发明盘式双重制动器也需要相应的ABS防车轮制动抱死系统控制功能,即基于两制动钳分泵活塞工作压力N(t)的控制方法,也可实现DABS双重制动防车轮抱死系统功能。
当制动器工作结束时,通过两制动钳液压分泵活塞同步迅速减压作用,两制动钳摩擦片对B1-B2将会立刻与制动盘D工作面产生同步分离,制动器将立刻停止工作。
本发明盘式双重制动器用于驻车制动时,由于其不会产生上述瞬态静摩擦冲击过程,所以,其制动性能将与现有车轮单一制动器完全一样,而这丝毫不会影响到最重要的行车安全制动应用。
三、盘式双重制动器数学分析
在上述制动盘D与两制动钳摩擦片对B1-B2之间的瞬间静摩擦冲击过程的简单定性与定量分析说明基础上,下面将其基于δ函数的积分运算分析方法,进行重点说明,以揭示本发明盘式双重制动器工作时,车轮为何能同时以F=4f大小的力向后作用路面之奥秘。
继续参照图6、7,在上述瞬间静摩擦冲击过程中,由于制动盘D与两制动钳摩擦片对B1-B2之间同步产生的静摩擦力偶矩作用的静摩擦力fs(t)数值样本,高度集中在t0附近无限小的时间区间内,其作用数值样本分布规律,在数学上符合δ函数特性,所以,只有基于特殊的δ函数积分运算方法(非确定性数学方法),才能得到正确的静摩擦力偶矩作用分析结果。
在基于δ函数的下述积分运算过程中,将用到δ函数的四个重要性质:
性质1(抽样性)、∫fs(t)δ(t-t0)dt=fs(t0)积分区间(-∞―+∞)
性质2、fs(t)δ(t-t0)=fs(t0)δ(t-t0)
性质3、(t-t0)δ(t-t0)=0
性质4(对称性/偶函数)、δ(t-t0)=δ(t0-t)
在此,符号“∫”为积分运算符号,积分时间区间将会用文字说明。
根据上述分析说明可知,制动盘D与两制动钳摩擦片对B1-B2之间的同步瞬间静摩擦冲击过程,只发生在上述t0前后的瞬间,fs(t)的最大静摩擦力在t0时刻出现,即fsmax(t0)=N(t0)μs。
利用上述δ函数性质1,通过在包括t0在内(-∞―t0]时间区间内的如下积分运算,即可得到在上述两制动钳液压分泵活塞同步快速升压作用的瞬间静摩擦冲击过程中,制动盘D与两制动钳摩擦片对B1-B2之间刚开始同步接触,从滑动摩擦进入静摩擦状态并显现最大静摩擦力fsmax(t0)所能产生的瞬间最大静摩擦力偶矩冲击作用积分数值:
∫4fs(t)Rδ(t0-t)dt=4fs(t0)R=4N(t0)μsR-------------(1)
上式(1)物理学上的含义是,大小为4N(t0)μsR的瞬间最大静摩擦力偶矩冲击作用数值,可通过上述瞬间静摩擦冲击过程抽样出来,并在上述t0时刻作用于制动盘D上。
在上述瞬间静摩擦冲击过程中,由于制动盘D与两制动钳摩擦片对B1-B2之间的静摩擦力fs(t),是通过制动盘D与法兰盘盒P之间的五只钢制弹簧弹性力作用而产生,所以,静摩擦力fs(t)数值将会随着压缩五只钢制弹簧的弹性力f1(t)变化而发生变化,而f1(t)=5K(X0-X)将会随着每只弹簧的即时工作长度X变化而改变,为时间连续函数。
计算上述制动盘D的瞬间静摩擦冲击力偶矩作用积分数值,可以利用上述δ函数的性质2,其确切含义是,在等式fs(t)δ(t-t0)=fs(t0)δ(t-t0)的左、右两边,同乘以一时间连续函数Ψ(t)之后,左、右两边分别同时对时间变量t在(-∞―t0]时间区间内的积分运算结果也相等,因此可得:
∫Ψ(t)fs(t)δ(t0-t)dt=∫Ψ(t)fs(t0)δ(t0-t)dt--------------(2)
若将Ψ(t)=f1(t)r(即fs(t)可以用f1(t)fs(t)的内积形式来表示,即f1(t)fs(t)为泛函函数)和上式(1)的积分结果fs(t0)=N(t0)μs同时代入上式(2)的左、右两边,并经简单整理,则可以得到,在(-∞―t0]时间区间内,制动盘D瞬间静摩擦冲击作用力偶矩的积分运算结果:
∫f1(t)rfs(t)δ(t0-t)dt=4N(t0)rμs∫f1(t)δ(t0-t)dt-----------(3)
通过对上式(3)右边的f1(t)时间连续函数中的所有时间变量t进行t0-(t0-t)简单数学变换并进一步展开之后,再利用上述δ函数的性质3、(t-t0)δ(t-t0)=0和性质4、δ(t-t0)=δ(t0-t),便可将积分算运算符里f1(t)的时间变量t全部消除。最后,可将消除f1(t)时间变量t后所剩下的t0时间常数以及其它常数项,全部提到∫δ(t-t0)dt积分运算符号之前。也就是说,上式(3)右边的制动盘D瞬间静摩擦冲击作用力偶矩积分运算数值,最后仅须完成∫δ(t-t0)dt积分即可得到。
根据δ函数的定义可知,在(-∞―t0]时间区间内,当t≠t0时,δ(t-t0)=0;当t=t0时,∫δ(t-t0)=1,所以,上述积分等式(3)右边的积分运算,无须在(-∞―t0]时间区间内进行,只须在包含t0时刻在内的无限小时间区间(t0-ε、t0]内进行即可:
∫δ(t-t0)dt=1积分区间(t0-ε、t0],包括t0在内;
∫δ(t-t0)dt=0积分区间(t0-ε、t0),不包括t0在内;
其中,ε为无限小的正数。
通过对上式(3)的积分运算结果,可得到如下重要分析结论:在上述包括t0在内的(t0-ε、t0]时间区间内,制动盘D始终存在不为0的瞬间静摩擦冲击力偶矩作用积分数值,换言之,车轮制动力偶矩M1和转矩M2同时存在,且车轮转矩M2是通过路面后向摩擦力作用车轮产生;而在上述不包括t0在内的(t0-ε、t0)时间区间内,制动盘D瞬间静摩擦冲击力偶矩作用积分数值却为0,也就是说,在路面后向摩擦力f作用车轮产生M2=4N(t0)μdR=fR1大 小的转矩,同时压缩五只钢制弹簧积蓄弹性势能的过程中,将会让车轮同时以F=2f大小的力向后作用路面。因此,通过制动盘D与两制动钳摩擦片对B1-B2之间刚开始同步接触,从滑动摩擦进入静摩擦状态并显现最大静摩擦力fsmax(t0)的瞬间冲击过程,路面对车轮能产生3f大小的后向作用力。
而制动盘D与两制动钳摩擦片对B1-B2之间,在显现最大静摩擦力fsmax(t0)后,即[t0、t0+ε)时间区间内,再从静摩擦进入稳态滑动摩擦工作状态的瞬间静摩擦力偶矩冲击作用积分数值,完全可以参考上述(t0-ε、t0]时间区间内的积分运算方法完成,也可以得到相同的分析结论:由于在包括t0在内的[t0、t0+ε)时间区间内,制动盘D始终存在不为0的瞬间静摩擦冲击力偶矩作用积分数值,即车轮制动力偶矩M1和转矩M2同时存在,且车轮转矩M2也是通过路面后向摩擦力作用车轮产生;但在不包括t0在内的(t0、t0+ε)时间区间内,制动盘D瞬间静摩擦冲击力偶矩作用积分数值也为0,所以,在路面后向摩擦力f作用车轮产生M2=4N(t0)μdR=fR1大小的转矩和五只钢制弹簧已积蓄的弹性势能转矩的共同作用下,车轮也将会同时以F=2f大小的力向后作用路面。因此,在(t0-ε、t0+ε)时间区间内,制动器经过一次完整的瞬间静摩擦冲击过程,车轮对路面总共能产生4f大小的后向作用力。
通过上述分析说明可知,若无上述基于δ函数的数学分析,则本发明将很难理解和完成。因此说,δ函数分析是本发明的数学灵魂!
四、车辆双重制动系统组成及原理
参照图8,基于本发明上述盘式双重制动器,为了进一步提高车辆安全性能,并承接汽车现有规范化的ABS防车轮制动抱死系统、EBD电子制动力分配、ESP电子稳定程序电子主动安全技术应用,本发明设计有一种车辆双重制动系统。在此,将其系统组成和工作原理,进行简要说明。
系统组成
在每个车轮上,都安装一个盘式双重制动机构,并设有一只轮速传感器。为使每个盘式双重制动机构中的制动钳分泵工作压力能得到实时控制,系统中分别设有一个基于微处理器构成的ECU电子控制单元和一个制动液压调节装置。其中,制动液压调节装置,设有制动液压主泵、电机泵、储液罐、电磁阀、限压阀液压调节部件,能为每个盘式双重制动机构的制动钳分泵工作压力变化提供实时控制。ECU电子控制单元,设有一只方向盘转角、一只侧向加速度和一只纵向加速度传感器及其相应的电子检测输入接口,并设有电机泵、电磁阀和限压阀液压调节部件工作需要的电子控制输出接口,还设有一个车用标准通信总线接口,以满足系统与其它车用系统之间的各种实时检测输入、控制输出与通信控制的应用要求。
工作原理
系统工作时,通过ECU电子控制单元、制动液压调节装置之间的相互配合工作,基于轮速传感器的实时检测以及每个车轮与路面滑移率的实时计算分析判断、制动液压调节装置和盘式双重制动机构的制动钳分泵工作压力的实时控 制方法,可实现每个车轮的DABS双重制动防车轮抱死系统和DEBD双重制动电子制动力分配电子安全制动控制功能,以避免车辆全力制动时因车轮制动抱死、车轮制动力分配不均而与路面产生滑动摩擦,车辆出现转向失控纵向跑偏、横向甩尾危险工况,提高车辆制动安全性能。
车辆行驶时,系统中的ECU电子控制单元,通过方向盘转角、侧向加速度、纵向加速度传感器和轮速传感器电子检测输入接口的实时检测以及车辆行驶稳定性的实时高速计算分析,当自动检测发现车辆前轮转向过度或不足、车辆行驶不稳定的预兆时,将会通过制动液压调节装置自动调整盘式双重制动机构工作压力、制动力偶矩大小的实时闭环控制方法,并结合DABS双重制动防车轮抱死系统和DEBD双重制动电子制动力分配的电子安全制动控制功能,或者,同时通过所述车用标准通信总线接口,对现有车辆发动机管理系统进行实时控制,再利用现有TCS牵引力控制系统、ASR防滑驱动控制系统功能中的车轮扭矩控制方法,对车辆转向失控纵向跑偏、横向甩尾现象,给予实时修正,从而实现DESP双重制动电子稳定程序电子主动安全控制功能,进一步提高车辆行驶的安全稳定性能。
通过上述简要说明可知,本发明车辆双重制动系统的应用设计,不仅涵盖了现有传统汽车制动系统功能,而且,还能承接现有规范化的汽车电子主动安全控制技术应用。全球汽车产业界,凭借其在人员、技术、资金、研发、生产和试验测试等方面的强大综合实力,进一步完成本发明盘式双重制动器及制动系统的全部应用设计和产业化工作,应该不会遇到太大的问题。
结束语
综上所述,本发明突破了现有车轮单一制动技术理论的百年束缚,并提出了车轮双重制动技术理论及其可以大幅提升车辆主动安全性能的经济技术解决方案,因此,必将推动全球三大交通运输工具--汽车、列车和飞机起降的安全制动与电子主动安全技术的创新发展。
生命,每人只有一次。希望本发明能给世界带来平安、幸福!
本发明的名词定义:
法兰盘盒——将由两钢制短圆柱体加工而成,用于制动盘同轴小角度相对自由转动安装并能与车轮法兰盘同轴固定连接的两圆柱组件,定义为法兰盘盒。
制动盘——将同轴安装于法兰盘盒的两圆柱组件之间,与法兰盘盒之间能产生小角度相对自由转动的圆盘体,定义为制动盘;其功能与现有车用盘式制动器中的制动盘相同。
弹力体——将安装在法兰盘盒和制动盘上,并能产生线性弹力的金属体或非金属体,定义为弹力体。
弹力腔——将加工在法兰盘盒和制动盘上,共同用于弹力体安装的空腔, 定义为弹力腔。
法兰孔——将加工在法兰盘盒上,用于与车轮法兰盘同轴固定连接的轴向通孔,定义为法兰孔。
立柱——将加工在法兰盘盒的两圆柱组件上,用于该两圆柱组件之间轴向固定连接的立柱体,定义为立柱。
旋窗——将加工在制动盘上,使制动盘与法兰盘盒之间能产生小角度相对自由转动的轴向通孔,定义为旋窗。
单一制动方法——现有车轮制动器工作时,因路面摩擦力向后作用车轮能产生制动力,但却不能通过车轮同时向后作用路面增加制动力,故本发明将遵循这种制动力学原理的现有车轮制动方法,定义为车轮单一制动方法,简称为单一制动技术,其英文命名为Simple Braking Technology,缩写为SBT;将与该方法对应的现有盘式、鼓式制动器,统称为单一制动器。
双重制动方法——车轮制动器工作时,因路面摩擦力向后作用车轮能产生制动力,还能通过车轮同时向后作用路面增加制动力,故本发明将遵循这种制动力学原理的车轮制动方法,定义为车轮双重制动方法,简称为双重制动技术,其英文命名为Double Braking Technology,缩写为DBT;将与该方法对应的盘式制动器命名为盘式双重制动器,以示与现有车轮制动技术之间的本质性区别。
DABS双重制动防车轮抱死系统——将在由本发明盘式双重制动器构成的车辆制动系统中,为防止制动时车轮被抱死、车轮滑动而设计的电子安全制动控制功能,定义为双重制动防车轮抱死系统,其英文命名为Double Anti-lock Braking System,缩写为DABS。
DEBD双重制动电子制动力分配——将在由本发明盘式双重制动器构成的车辆制动系统中,为防止制动时左、右两侧车轮制动力分配不均,造成前、后轮侧滑转向失控跑偏、车身甩尾而设计的电子安全制动控制功能,定义为双重制动电子制动力分配,并将其英文命名为Double Electric Brake force Distribution,缩写为DEBD。
DESP双重制动电子稳定程序——将在由本发明盘式双重制动器构成的车辆制动系统中,为实现主动监测控制汽车的行驶安全稳定性,防止前轮转向过度或不足与失控跑偏、后轮侧滑车身甩尾而设计的电子主动安全控制功能,定义为双重制动电子稳定程序,其英文命名为Double Electronic Stability Program,缩写为DESP。

Claims (4)

  1. 一种盘式双重制动机构,其特征是:盘式双重制动机构主要有一由两圆柱组件构成的法兰盘盒、制动盘、弹力体、滚动轴承和两制动钳及摩擦片五种核心工作部件;所述制动盘以同轴小角度相对自由转动方式,设置在所述法兰盘盒的两圆柱组件之间;在所述两圆柱组件圆柱端面圆周上,均匀设有立柱、弹力腔、法兰孔和一个组合轴套,分别用于两圆柱组件之间的同轴固定连接、所述弹力体的安装、两圆柱组件与车轮法兰盘之间的同轴固定连接、两圆柱组件与所述滚动轴承内圈之间的固定连接;在所述制动盘圆柱端面圆周上,均匀设有弹力腔、旋窗和一个轴套,分别用于所述弹力体的安装、制动盘与所述两圆柱组件之间的同轴小角度相对自由转动、制动盘与所述滚动轴承外圈之间的固定连接;所述弹力体,作为弹性势能积蓄与动能转化的工作部件应设置多个,设在所述制动盘和法兰盘盒的弹力腔内,并形成并联作用关系,以确保弹力体在其弹力线性工作区内都能产生足够大的弹性力作用,使制动盘与法兰盘盒之间能产生相应大小的弹性力矩作用;所述两制动钳以互相错相180度的轴线对称方式,设置在制动盘两侧,以确保制动盘与两制动钳摩擦片之间能产生摩擦力偶矩作用;制动机构不工作时,所述两制动钳摩擦片与制动盘工作面间都不会发生接触摩擦,制动盘和法兰盘盒之间,在所述弹力体产生的弹性力作用下,将与所述车轮法兰盘同步转动;制动机构开始工作时,在所述两制动钳分泵同步产生的轴向压力作用下,所述两制动钳摩擦片与制动盘工作面之间将产生同步接触摩擦冲击作用,与此同时,在所述法兰盘盒与制动盘之间,将产生同轴小角度相对自由转动,并产生相应大小的弹性力矩作用,因而在所述车轮法兰盘上产生相应大小的制动力偶矩作用,直至本次工作结束为止;制动机构工作结束时,一旦所述两制动钳分泵同步迅速降压,两制动钳摩擦片与制动盘工作面之间将会同步快速分离。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的盘式双重制动机构,在所述制动盘与法兰盘盒之间小角度相对自由转动的同轴固定连接上,既可使用滚动轴承,也可使用滑动轴承。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的盘式双重制动机构,所述两制动钳,既可使用现有盘式制动器的浮动式制动钳,也可使用现有盘式制动器的固定式制动钳;所述两制动钳的分泵,既可采用液压驱动方式工作,也可采用气压驱动方式工作,还可采用现有机械或电动驱动方式工作,以满足车辆的行车、驻车和辅助制动功能应用。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的盘式双重制动机构,为了进一步提高车辆安全性能,并承接汽车现有规范化的ABS防车轮制动抱死系统、EBD电子制动力分配、ESP电子稳定程序电子主动安全技术应用,设计有一种车辆双重制动系统,其系统主要组成是:在每个车轮上,都安装一个盘式双重制动机构并设有一只 轮速传感器;为使每个盘式双重制动机构中的制动钳分泵工作压力能得到实时控制,系统中分别设有一个基于微处理器构成的ECU电子控制单元和一个制动液压调节装置;所述制动液压调节装置,设有制动液压主泵、电机泵、储液罐、电磁阀、限压阀液压调节部件,能为每个盘式双重制动机构的制动钳分泵工作压力变化提供实时控制;所述ECU电子控制单元,设有一只方向盘转角、一只侧向加速度和一只纵向加速度传感器及其相应的电子检测输入接口,并设有所述电机泵、电磁阀和限压阀液压调节部件工作需要的电子控制输出接口,还设有一个车用标准通信总线接口,以满足系统与其它车用系统之间的各种实时检测输入、控制输出与通信控制的应用要求;
    系统工作时,通过所述ECU电子控制单元、制动液压调节装置之间的相互配合工作,基于所述轮速传感器的实时检测以及每个车轮与路面滑移率的实时计算分析判断、所述制动液压调节装置和所述盘式双重制动机构的制动钳分泵工作压力的实时控制方法,可实现每个车轮的DABS双重制动防车轮抱死系统和DEBD双重制动电子制动力分配电子安全制动控制功能,以避免车辆全力制动时因车轮制动抱死、车轮制动力分配不均而与路面产生滑动摩擦,车辆出现转向失控纵向跑偏、横向甩尾危险工况,提高车辆制动安全性能;
    车辆行驶时,所述ECU电子控制单元,通过所述方向盘转角、侧向加速度、纵向加速度传感器和轮速传感器电子检测输入接口的实时检测以及车辆行驶稳定性的实时高速计算分析,当自动检测发现车辆前轮转向过度或不足、车辆行驶不稳定的预兆时,将会通过所述制动液压调节装置自动调整盘式双重制动机构工作压力、制动力偶矩大小的实时闭环控制方法,并结合所述DABS双重制动防车轮抱死系统和DEBD双重制动电子制动力分配的电子安全制动控制功能,或者,同时通过所述车用标准通信总线接口,对现有车辆发动机管理系统进行实时控制,再利用现有TCS牵引力控制系统、ASR防滑驱动控制系统功能中的车轮扭矩控制方法,对车辆转向失控纵向跑偏、横向甩尾现象,给予实时修正,从而实现DESP双重制动电子稳定程序电子主动安全控制功能,进一步提高车辆行驶的安全稳定性能。
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CN113202887A (zh) * 2021-05-21 2021-08-03 深圳市太美亚电子科技有限公司 一种新能源汽车制动装置
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CN118757521A (zh) * 2024-06-28 2024-10-11 北京少仕科技有限公司 盘式制动器及制动系统
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CN120466335A (zh) * 2025-07-15 2025-08-12 太原理工大学 一种涡流液压分段盘式制动器及带式输送机

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